課程大綱課程大綱1.1. An Overview of Labor MarketAn Overview of Labor Market

2.2. Labor Supply: Theory and EvidenceLabor Supply: Theory and Evidence

失業率─如何解讀你看到的統計數字失業率─如何解讀你看到的統計數字3.3. Labor Demand Labor Demand 全球化經濟時代之人力需求全球化經濟時代之人力需求4.4. Labor Market Equilibrium Labor Market Equilibrium 勞基法與就業市場勞基法與就業市場5.5. Investment in Human Capital Investment in Human Capital 高教膨脹下的升學與就業抉高教膨脹下的升學與就業抉

擇擇6.6. Labor Market Contracts and Work IncentivesLabor Market Contracts and Work Incentives

年薪五百萬不是夢─淺談年薪五百萬不是夢─淺談 CEOCEO 的報酬的報酬7.7. Compensating Wage Differentials Compensating Wage Differentials

「要工作，也要健康」─魚與熊掌可以兼得嗎？「要工作，也要健康」─魚與熊掌可以兼得嗎？8.8. Labor Supply over Time Labor Supply over Time 上班族或創業族─生涯規劃面面觀上班族或創業族─生涯規劃面面觀9.9. Labor Market Discrimination Labor Market Discrimination 如何看待職場中的性別議題如何看待職場中的性別議題10.10. Unemployment Unemployment 畢業即失業─網路尋職更有效率嗎？畢業即失業─網路尋職更有效率嗎？

HighlightsHighlights

Labor economics studies how labor Labor economics studies how labor markets work.markets work.

Models in labor economics typically Models in labor economics typically contain three actors: workers, firms, and contain three actors: workers, firms, and governments.governments.

A good theory should have realistic A good theory should have realistic assumptions and can be tested with real-assumptions and can be tested with real-world data.world data.

The tools of economics are helpful in The tools of economics are helpful in answering positive questions.answering positive questions.

An Overview of Labor MarketAn Overview of Labor Market

Labor ForceLabor Force:: All those over 15 years of age All those over 15 years of age who are either employed, actively seeking who are either employed, actively seeking work, or awaiting recall from a layoff. (The work, or awaiting recall from a layoff. (The age may vary in different countries. For age may vary in different countries. For example, it is 16 years of age for the U.S.)example, it is 16 years of age for the U.S.)

Labor Force Participation RateLabor Force Participation Rate:: The ratio of The ratio of the labor force to those of age over 15.the labor force to those of age over 15.

Science is built up with facts, as a house is with stones. But a collection of factsis no more a science than a heap of stones is a house. -Jules Henri Poincar’e-

UnemploymentUnemployment:: Those in the labor force who Those in the labor force who are not employed(for pay).are not employed(for pay).

Unemployment RateUnemployment Rate: : The ratio of those The ratio of those unemployed to those in the labor force. This is unemployed to those in the labor force. This is the most widely cited measure of labor market the most widely cited measure of labor market condition.condition.

Wage RateWage Rate: : TheThe price of labor per working price of labor per working hour.hour.

Wage rate Wage rate ×× Units of time worked = Earnings. Units of time worked = Earnings.

Earnings + Fringe benefit = Compensation.Earnings + Fringe benefit = Compensation.

Compensation + Unearned income (interest, Compensation + Unearned income (interest, dividends, transfer payments etc.) = Income dividends, transfer payments etc.) = Income

Population(Age 15 and

over)

Labor Force(Employed plus Unemployed)

Not in Labor Force

New EntrantsReentrants

DropoutsRetirements

Employed

Unemployed(Not employed, butlooking for work or

awaiting recall)

LayoffsQuits

New HireRecalls

人力資源調查人力資源調查目的：為瞭解民間人力供給情況，凡年滿目的：為瞭解民間人力供給情況，凡年滿

十五歲具有工作能力與意願之經濟活動人十五歲具有工作能力與意願之經濟活動人口，定期予以調查與分析。口，定期予以調查與分析。

創始於民國五十一年四月。創始於民國五十一年四月。本處查編臺灣地區人力資源統計，係以家本處查編臺灣地區人力資源統計，係以家

庭為對象，透過抽樣調查，蒐集民間十五庭為對象，透過抽樣調查，蒐集民間十五歲以上人口之品質、數量、勞動力結構、歲以上人口之品質、數量、勞動力結構、就業、失業、失業原因、非勞動力構成等就業、失業、失業原因、非勞動力構成等有關基本資料。有關基本資料。

人力資源調查人力資源調查為應各機關人力資源運用與經社決策施政為應各機關人力資源運用與經社決策施政

需要，獲取較為詳細資料，乃於六十七年需要，獲取較為詳細資料，乃於六十七年至八十年間利用同一樣本附帶舉辦下列十至八十年間利用同一樣本附帶舉辦下列十四種專案調查，包括：人力運用、工作經四種專案調查，包括：人力運用、工作經驗、住宅狀況、婦女婚育與就業、傷病醫驗、住宅狀況、婦女婚育與就業、傷病醫療與就業、國內遷徙、職業訓練、青少年療與就業、國內遷徙、職業訓練、青少年狀況、老人狀況、時間運用、國民休閒生狀況、老人狀況、時間運用、國民休閒生活、工作期望、國民文化活動需要、國民活、工作期望、國民文化活動需要、國民生活型態與倫理等。生活型態與倫理等。

§ Demand for Labor§ Demand for Labor

Product demandWages, amount of KChoice of technologies

Determines number of workers employed

Wage Changes: (1) Scale Effect (2) Substitution Effect

A demand curve for labor tells us howthe desired level of employment varieswith changes in the price of labor whenthe other factors affecting demand are held constant.

Wages

# of workers

D

§ Supply of Labor§ Supply of LaborMarket Supply: The supply of labor to a particular market is positively related to the wage rate prevailing in that market holding other wages constant.

Wages Wages

# of workers # of workers

S S2

S1

Supply to Firms:The supply to a firm would be a horizontal line since each firm is a price taker in the competitive labor market .

Wages

# of workers

W*

§ Determination of the Wages§ Determination of the Wages

Wages

# of workers

Demand

Supply

W2

W*

W1

W1： demand exceeds supply

W2： supply exceeds demand

W*：Market-Clearing Wage

Determination of the WagesDetermination of the Wages

Labor market equilibrium Labor market equilibrium

coordinates the desires of firms coordinates the desires of firms

and workers, determining the wage and workers, determining the wage

and employment observed in the and employment observed in the

labor market.labor market.

Wage rates are determined by the market and announced to individual firm.

Wages

# of workers

Demand

Supply

W*

Wages

# of workers

DA

W* SA

Market A Typical Firm

項目別 總計 男性 女性

年度( 民國 )

經濟成長率(%)

勞動力

( 千人 )

就業者( 千人 )

失業者( 千人 )

勞動力參與率(%)

勞動力( 千人 )

就業者( 千人 )

失業者( 千人 )

勞動力參與率(%)

勞動力( 千人 )

就業者( 千人 )

失業者( 千人 )

勞動力參與率(%)

6713.67

6337623

1106

58.76

4250 4183 6777.96

2087

2048 3939.13

68 8.44 6515643

283

58.73

4356 4306 5077.95

2159

2126 3339.23

69 7.36 6629654

782

58.26

4406 4357 4977.11

2223

2191 3339.25

70 6.24 6764667

292

57.82

4503 4448 5576.78

2261

2224 3738.76

71 3.47 6959681

1149

57.93

4605 4509 9676.47

2354

2301 5339.30

72 8.32 7266707

0197

59.26

4687 4561 12676.36

2580

2509 7142.12

7310.71

7491730

8183

59.72

4778 4661 11676.11

2713

2647 6743.30

74 5.02 7651742

8222

59.49

4860 4719 14175.47

2790

2709 8143.46

7511.49

7945773

3212

60.37

4957 4821 13675.15

2988

2912 7545.51

7612.66

8183802

2161

60.93

5065 4966 10075.24

3118

3057 6146.54

77 8.04 8247810

7139

60.21

5130 5043 8774.83

3116

3064 5245.56

78 8.45 8390 8258 132 60.12 5231 5149 82 74.84 3159 3110 49 45.35

79 5.70 8423 8283 140 52.94 5263 5175 88 73.96 3160 3108 52 44.50

80 7.58 8569843

9130

59.11

5355 5274 8073.80

3214

3165 4944.39

重要人力指標

項目別 總計 男性 女性

年度( 民國 )

經濟成長率(%)

勞動力

( 千人 )

就業者( 千人 )

失業者( 千人 )

勞動力參與率(%)

勞動力( 千人 )

就業者( 千人 )

失業者( 千人 )

勞動力參與率(%)

勞動力( 千人 )

就業者( 千人 )

失業者( 千人 )

勞動力參與率(%)

83 7.39 9081 8939 14258.96

5595 5511 8472.44

3485 3428 5845.40

84 6.49 9210 9045 16558.71

5659 5558 10172.03

3551 3487 6445.34

85 6.30 9310 9068 24258.44

5662 5508 15471.13

3648 3560 8845.76

86 6.59 9432 9176 25658.33

5731 5562 16971.09

3701 3613 8845.64

87 4.55 9546 9289 25758.04

5780 5610 16970.58

3767 3679 8845.60

88 5.75 9668 9385 28357.93

5812 5624 18869.93

3856 3761 9546.03

89 5.77 9784 9491 29357.68

5867 5670 19769.42

3917 3821 9546.02

90 -2.17 9832 9383 45057.23

5855 5553 30268.47

3977 3830 14846.10

91 4.64 9969 9454 51557.34

5896 5547 34868.22

4074 3907 16746.59

92 3.50 1007

69573 503

57.34

5904 5579 32667.69

4172 3994 17747.14

93 6.15 1024

09786 454

57.66

5968 5680 28867.78

4272 4106 16647.71

94 4.16 1037

19942 428

57.78

6012 5753 25967.62

4359 4190 16948.12

95 4.891052

21011

1411

57.92

6056 5810 24567.3

54467 4301 166

48.68

96 5.721071

31029

4419

58.25

6116 5868 24867.2

44597 4426 171

49.44

97( 半年 )

4.3 ( f )

10818

10397

42158.24

6158 5904 25467.10

4660 4493 16849.59

重要人力指標 ( 續 )

67-96年台灣地區趨勢圖

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

( )民國 年

千人

( )勞動力 千人 ( )就業者 千人 ( )失業者 千人

勞動力參與率

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

( )民國 年

(%)

(%) 勞動力參與率 (%) 男性勞動力參與率

(%)女性勞動力參與率

項項目目 年年

總平均 女性平均 有偶婦女平均 子女均在６歲以上有偶婦女

有未滿 6 歲子女有偶婦

女尚無子女有偶婦女

6958.2

6 39.25 33.23 35.64 28.90 39.10

7057.8

2 38.76 31.42 32.75 28.26 39.30

7157.9

3 39.30 31.51 32.29 28.99 41.12

7259.2

6 42.12 35.53 35.70 33.40 48.89

7359.7

2 43.30 38.74 38.55 37.34 50.88

7459.4

9 43.46 39.84 39.63 39.07 48.95

7560.3

7 45.51 41.82 41.85 40.55 50.62

7660.9

3 46.54 43.74 43.18 42.95 56.75

7760.2

1 45.56 42.66 41.82 42.29 56.55

7860.1

2 45.35 43.65 42.35 44.64 54.79

7959.2

4 44.50 42.49 41.04 43.69 55.21

8059.1

1 44.39 44.00 42.66 44.36 60.50

歷年五月台灣地區有偶婦女勞動參與率

項目項目年年

總平均 女性平均 有偶婦女平均 子女均在６歲以上有偶婦女

有未滿 6 歲子女有偶婦女

尚無子女有偶婦女

81 59.34 44.83 43.23 42.49 42.30 58.24

82 58.82 44.89 44.39 43.78 42.99 59.71

83 58.96 45.40 45.41 44.03 45.73 64.16

84 58.71 45.34 45.75 44.45 45.75 65.01

85 58.44 45.76 47.11 45.70 48.15 62.66

86 58.33 45.64 46.98 45.48 48.16 62.42

87 58.04 45.60 46.50 44.20 49.60 65.58

88 57.93 46.03 46.82 44.87 49.24 64.99

89 57.68 46.02 46.34 43.54 51.39 65.97

90 57.23 46.10 46.48 43.23 52.99 66.76

91 57.34 46.59 47.30 44.39 53.57 63.94

92 57.34 47.14 47.34 44.69 53.46 64.30

93 57.66 47.71 47.84 44.92 54.15 69.37

94 57.78 48.12 47.88 44.54 55.64 71.21

95 57.92 48.68 48.38 44.67 58.14 71.31

96 58.25 49.44 49.57 45.90 61.18 70.09

歷年五月台灣地區有偶婦女勞動參與率 ( 續 )

歷年子女年齡別有偶婦女勞動力參與率

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

( )民國 年

(%)

總平均 女性平均 有偶婦女平均 子女均在６歲 以上有偶婦女

6有未滿 歲子女有偶婦女 尚無子女有偶婦女