中央大學。范錚強 1 補充資料：供應鏈管理 e-supply chains, collaborative commerce,...

中央大學。范錚強 1

補充資料：供應鏈管理E-Supply Chains, Collaborative Commerce, and Corporate Portals

國立中央大學、資訊管理系范錚強

http://www.mgt.ncu.edu.tw/~ckfarn

2011.04 updated

中央大學。范錚強 2Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

1. Define the e-supply chain and describe its characteristics and components.

2. List supply chain problems and their causes.

3. List solutions provided by e-commerce (EC) for supply chain problems.

4. Define c-commerce and list the major types.

6-2

Learning Objectives


5. Describe collaborative planning and collaboration, planning, forecasting, and replenishing (CPFR) and list the benefits of each.

• Discuss integration along the supply chain.• Describe Collaboration 2.0 technology and tools.

6-3

Learning Objectives2


Supply chain

The flow of materials, information, money, and services from raw material suppliers through factories and warehouses to the end customers

e-Supply chain

A supply chain that is managed electronically, usually with Web technologies

6-4

Supply Chains 供應鍊


Exb 6 .1


Supply Chain Parts

Upstream supply chainprocurement

The process made up of a range of activities by which an organization obtains or gains access to the resources (materials, skills, capabilities, facilities) they require to undertake their core business activities

Internal supply chain and value chain

Downstream supply chain


Supply Chain Management (SCM)

A complex process that requires the coordination of many activities so that the shipment of goods and services from supplier right through to customer is done efficiently and effectively for all parties concerned. SCM aims to minimize inventory levels, optimize production and increase throughput, decrease manufacturing time, optimize logistics and distribution, streamline order fulfillment, and overall reduce the costs associated with these activities


什麼是供應鏈？

聯強

Nova

顧客

華碩

友達

Intel

世平

TSMC

華通

國巨

三星

供應

源頭：供應商工廠碼頭

區域性倉庫

需求點：顧客

生產與採購成本

倉儲成本

運輸成本

地方性倉庫

倉儲成本運輸成本

供應鏈上下游


供應鍊的兩層

價值鍊： Value generating上下游供應商

實體物流確保供應交通運輸、倉儲國際貿易手續買賣雙方自行負責？委外由第三方進行？

LSP: Logistics Service Provider

3PL: 3rd Party Logistics


服務的層級：旅行

價值鍊：價值創造

安排：Arrangement,Non Asset

實體物流：Asset-basedService

觀光客旅遊景點

旅行社、導遊

船公司、航空公司、旅館、遊覽車、火車


服務的層級：價值鍊 / 物流




Supplier Focal Customer

貨物承攬、報關行、報驗行、 4PL...

船公司、航空公司、倉庫、卡車、拖車


國際物流




Supplier Focal Customer

貨物承攬、報關行、報驗行、 4PL...

船公司、航空公司、倉庫、卡車、拖車


e-Supply Chain Management (e-SCM)

The collaborative use of technology to improve the operations of supply chain activities as well as the management of supply chains

information visibility 能見度The process of sharing critical data required to manage the flow of products, services, and information in real time between suppliers and customers


Activities and Infrastructure of e-SCM

Supply Chain Replenishment

e-ProcurementThe use of Web-based technology to support the key procurement processes, including requisitioning, sourcing, contracting, ordering, and payment. E-procurement supports the purchase of both direct and indirect materials and employs several Web-based functions such as online catalogs, contracts, purchase orders, and shipping notices

collaborative planningA business practice that combines the business knowledge and forecasts of multiple players along a supply chain to improve the planning and fulfillment of customer demand


Collaborative Design and Product Development

e-Logistics

Infrastructure for e-SCM

6-16

Other eSCM Activities


全球經濟的趨勢

專業分工擴大單項產品、技術的經濟規模降低代理成本

比交易成本增加快降低團隊風險


產業結構和風險

電晶體收音機

手機

手提電腦

遊戲機

市場（產品創新更替，風險 =100 ）

收音機

手機

手提電腦

遊戲機

RF 組件 CPU

電源供應器

塑膠機殼

模具

電阻電容

風險 =100

風險 =60

風險 =40

風險 =20

風險 =10

風險 =10

自行生產零組

件

一條龍專業分工


供應鏈管理根本的問題

為何導入供應鏈管理？追隨時髦？

增加價值：價值在那裡？環境和顧客需求改變科技改變下的營業條件改變


Typical Problems Along The Supply Chain

Bullwhip effectErratic shifts in order up and down supply chains

Need for information sharing along the supply chain

VisibilityThe knowledge about where materials and parts are at any given time, which helps in solving problems such as delay, combining shipments, and more


供應鏈風險

市場動態需求波動價格波動規格變動

特用性投資的程度專用／通用？

交易的不確定性無法掌握的交易成功機率


長鞭效應 The Bullwhip Effect

傳播方向


長鞭效應和供應鏈動態

時間Source: Tom Mc Guffry, Electronic Commerce and Value Chain Management, 1998

訂單數

量零售商訂單

批發商訂單

生產計畫

顧客需求


訂單的變異往上游增加

Lee, H, P. Padmanabhan and S. Wang (1997), Sloan Management Review

顧客銷售零售商向批發商訂貨

批發商向製造商訂貨製造商向供應商訂貨


增加需求能見度

Distributor

Manufacturer

Store Store Store

Replenishments from supplier

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Demand at retailer's warehouse

0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 4 0 0

orders

sell-through


通用系統觀念

輸入、處理、輸出、回饋

ProcessInput Output

回饋


庫存

ProcessInput Output

回饋

ProcessInput Output

回饋

ProcessInput Output

回饋

系統和系統連接互相摩擦

避免摩擦增加緩衝（庫存）

庫存為企業又愛又恨的東西

最佳的庫存管理：沒有庫存


企業組織的目標

彈性反應快速價格有競爭力高效率良好的顧客服務


目標衝突？

降低庫存的壓力昂貴的庫存成本呆滯料的價值低

增加庫存的壓力前置時間長顧客服務非常重要需求極難預測降低運輸量


增加能見度的結果

過去：大家只看到手邊的原料倉庫和成品倉庫傳統的庫存管理

低於安全庫存採購

日本豐田汽車的 JIT 零庫存管理庫存成本和溝通協調成本的拉鋸


庫存的成本

假設：某公司 10 億營業額， 60% 原料成本庫存週期 120 天

庫存金額： 2 億庫存週期 30 天

庫存金額： 5 千萬庫存週期 120 天 30 天

庫存減少： 1 億 5 千萬假設利率 5 ％，光是資金壓積的成本﹐每年節省 7.5 百萬。


庫存和訂貨

假設需求確定

數量

時間0

EOQ: 理性訂貨量 Q

交貨時間點

交貨時間點

訂貨時間點

交貨前置時間

D1 D2 D3B


庫存的決定

經濟訂貨量：訂貨的交易成本

訂貨的手續物流

庫存成本資金積壓缺貨

但，交易成本的成本結構改變了！不確定性降低了！


平均存貨數量

時間0

EOQ: 理性訂貨量

交貨時間點

交貨時間點

訂貨時間點

需求不確定

D1 D2 D3BY

XS

平均存貨

訂貨時間點 B ＝交貨時間點 ─ 訂貨前置期

安全庫存


訂貨成本降低

EOQ 量降低數量

時間0


D1 D2 D3

S

平均


前置期降低

安全存量降低數量

時間0


交貨時間點

交貨時間點

D1 D2 D3BY

XS

訂貨時間點1

訂貨時間點2

需求不確定


庫存的改變數量

時間0

交貨時間點

交貨時間點

訂貨時間點

需求不確定

D1 D2 D3BY

XS

平均存貨平均存貨

訂貨時間點2


通路經營模式 1

傳統方式中間商的加值服務顧客價格提高

困難多層的架構，行動緩慢

機會科技帶來資訊透通

製造商

代理商

批發商

經銷商

顧客


通路經營模式 2

直接配銷配送問題

產生其他問題，如何解決？

製造商顧客經銷商


改善供應鏈的關鍵

能見度資訊科技帶來能見度的改變上下游透通

延緩決策將必要的事延後處理必須有足夠的反應速度


供應鏈的活動

訂單議價、訂單、交貨、驗收、付款

緊密結合之下產品設計的互動需求預測的互動選定供應商、議價、長期合約重複多次的訂單


市場需求改變營運挑戰

以台灣資訊業的代工生產業務為例 88 年前的買方需求

955 ： 95% 的訂單在 5天內交貨應變： VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory) 在買方地點設立倉儲中心

成品折舊、庫存成本大幅提高目前的買方需求

9839821002!!


台灣大批量生產的生產模式改變 1

市場預測生產計畫生產入庫接單倉庫出貨（傳統 BTS ）

庫存週轉緩慢、資金積壓顧客訂單生產排程購料生產交貨（傳統 BTO ）

交貨週期長、缺乏競爭力

問題顧客競爭壓力產品時效性


IT 特性

速度提高能見度提高

Accessibility, Visibility

偷看、偷跑預先取得資訊上下游關係的改變

延緩決策降低風險


短跑

100米短跑世界紀錄？大約 9.8秒四個 100米世界紀錄相加： 39.2秒

400米接力賽世界紀錄？大約 36秒

為何？


延緩：減少風險

兩個高手過招，先出手還是後出手者佔上風？為何？

前提：出手速度要快！

情勢不明朗，絕不貿然出手

延緩在供應鏈中的意義何在？


延緩決策─ Postponement

產品延遲標籤延遲包裝延遲組裝延遲設計製造延遲

地點延遲最後才從集中倉庫出貨

時間延遲


台灣大批量生產的生產模式改變 2

機會提前獲得資訊──偷跑資訊處理傳遞快──延遲決策

顧客訂單滾動預測備料生產排程生產客戶補貨通知交貨至 VMI 補貨倉（ BTF/VMI ）顧客訂單滾動預測備料訂單生產排程生產交貨至最終顧客（ BTO ）顧客訂單滾動預測備料生產排程生產半成品訂單最後組裝交貨（ CTO/ATO ）


滾動預測

+0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8

W1

W2

W3

W4

W5

100 110 80 75 120 120

假設：預測 5 週，對後一週凍結黃底色：訂單、藍底色：凍結預測

110 90 80 100 110 110

90 95 110 115 100 120

95 100 110 100 110 120

100 110 120 100 110


因應營運挑戰（甲公司實例）

縮短採購時程

12 週

生產

10 週

原物料採購

12~13 週

預告訂單

2000

2003

正式訂單

6 週 4 週


後續

以上只涵蓋了供應鏈的買賣關係尚有其他議題

技術架構顧客管理電子化金流供應鏈規劃協同設計


Collaborative Commerce (c-Commerce)

協同商務The use of digital technologies that enable companies to collaboratively plan, design, develop, manage, and research products, services, and innovative EC applications

collaboration hub (c-hub)The central point of control for an e-market. A single c-hub, representing one e-market owner, can host multiple collaboration spaces (c-spaces) in which trading partners use c-enablers to exchange data with the c-hub


Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR)

Project in which suppliers and retailers collaborate in their planning and demand forecasting to optimize flow of materials along the supply chain


CPFR: 協同規劃、預測和供貨

1990代初， Wal-Mart 和 Warner-Lambert 開始新嘗試根據此觀念 VICS (Voluntary In

terindustry Commerce Standards ) 發展 CPFR 模型優點

降低庫存降低缺貨增加營業額

Develop front-end agreement

Create joint business plan

Create sales forecast

Identify and resolve exceptions

Create order forecast

Identify and resolve exceptions

Order generation

Source: www.cpfr.org


What is CPFR®?

A business practice that combines the intelligence ofmultiple trading partners in the planning and fulfillmentof customer demand. CPFR® links sales and Marketing best practices, such as category management, to supply chain planning and execution processes to increase availability while reducing inventory, transportation and logistics costs.

1. Collaborative Planning2. Collaborative Forecasting3. Collaborative Replenishment


9. Order Generation

交貨執行

3. Create Sales Forecast

4. Identify SF exception

5. solve SF exception

6. Create order Forecast

7. Identify OF exception

8. solve OF exception

1. Frond-End Agreement

2. Joint-Business Plan賣方商業發展活動買方商業發展活動

賣方決策支援資料

買方決策支援資料

訂單預測

凍結預測

訂單履行 / 運送執

行

生產產品

異常項目

異常項目

買方

買方驗收進貨

消費者

POS 資料

長期

短期

賣方決策支援資料

買方決策支援資料

產品

訂單履行回覆

訂單採購

異常狀況條件

買方異常狀況條件觸發

賣方異常狀況條件觸發

買方異常狀況條件觸發

賣方異常狀況條件觸發

賣方原物料與生產規劃

無法解決之供

給限制因素

限制因素 / 條件

回饋賣方活動

買方活動

CP

OF

CR

SF

CF

Business Process Model- Generic (1998) 九大步驟


CPFR reference modelCPFR 2004

中央大学。范铮强 58

Asia Buying OfficeHead Office

Asia WarehouseConsolidation Yard

US DC

Store

AsiaFactoryReplenishment

5 Day Lead Time

ASN

Factory PO Factory PO2W Lead Time

Facto

ry PO

Rec

eivi

ng

4W4W6W6W

FactoryOn WaterImportWarehouse

Store

4W

Inventory Production

特力貿易的全球供應鍊

中央大学。范铮强 59

Complete Supply Chain Visibility

Weekly Store Sales

Monthly Store Sales

Monthly DC Demand

Monthly DC Demand Forecast

Monthly DC Supply

Monthly DC On Hand QtyDay On Hand


8+ Inventory TurnoverTest Rite Logistics Operation SummaryPeriod: August,05 ~ August,068+DC Inventory Yearly Turnover Rate


Warehouse Inventory Reduction

5.8

3.4

4.9

1.9

3.9

1.2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

US Millions

Storage Tool Automotives

Inventory Reduction Management

Before GSS*

After GSS*

Test Rite Logistics Operation SummaryPeriod: August,05 ~ August,06

Store Count 2500 2500 2200

Average

In Stock %97.5% 95.6% 98.5%

Average Turn/Year 10.5 9.6 8.8


Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) systems

Programs that use algorithms to identify optimal solutions to complex planning problems that are bound by constraints


Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)

前身為 PDM: Product Data Management處理有關產品設計的問題零組件、物料清單 (BOM: Bill of Material)

Supporting Joint Design協同設計C-Design, c-Engineering

Business strategy that enables manufacturers to control and share product related data as part of product design and development efforts


How Information Systems Are Integrated

Web ServicesAn architecture enabling assembly of distributed applications from software services and tying them together

B2Bi: Business to Business Integratione.g. Rosettanet


資料交換

資訊資料欄位、編碼需要資料交換標準

訊息反映單一事件（如：訂貨、確認、交貨）所需的資訊，傳統文件（如：訂單、確認單、交貨單等）訊息交換標準

程序單一事件所牽涉到的過程過程整合 Process integration


資料交換方式

文字檔案、試算表檔案（批次，可多交易）書面、傳真、媒體（如磁片）、網路（如 ftp, e-mail ）

EDI單獨交易的交易資料通常是專屬網路國際標準 UN/EDIFACT等EOI- EDI over Internet

HTML （目視）XML

程序整合（如 RosettaNet, ebXML)


什麼是標示語言 (Markup Language)

“Markup” is a method of conveying metadata (that is, information about a dataset).

Markup Language use string literals, or “tags”, to delimit and describe this data.

用途：方便閱讀、印刷、資訊交換printer typesetting, proofreader, punctuation, ASCII, C, RTF


Example: HTML Document

<HTML><H1 ALIGN=CENTER>硬體 </H1><FONT FACE size=2>顯示卡 </FONT><FONT FACE size=2>誠洲 </FONT><FONT FACE size=2> 世旻電腦 </FONT><FONT FACE size=2>林宏明 </FONT>


Example: XML Document

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="Big5" ?>

< 產品搜尋 >

<摘要 >搜尋字串：“超薄手提電腦”，共找到 2 筆 </摘要 >

< 產品 >

< 貨號 >12478943</ 貨號 >

< 品名 >IBM 240</ 品名 >

< 定價 >$58,455</ 定價 >

<說明頁網址 ="http:/www.ibm.com.tw/product/nb/tp240">ThinkPad 240</說明頁 >

</ 產品 >

< 產品 >

< 貨號 >83424723</ 貨號 >

< 品名 >Dell A123</ 品名 >

< 定價 >$58,999</ 定價 >

<說明頁網址 ="http://www.dell.com.tw/product/nb/a123">NB A123</說明頁 >

</ 產品 >

</ 產品搜尋 >

“extended” data tags


XML 的優點

開放平台： open, platform-independent

Vocabulary: 可以依 Application Domain 定義 tagAn XML vocabulary is a description of XML data that is used as the medium for information exchange, often within a specific domain of human activity(business, chemistry, law, music, for example)

Program Readable註： XML is not a programming language, nor an object-

based system, nor an operating system. It is a powerful, elegant technique for thinking about, exchanging, and presenting data in a platform-independent manner.


XML與瀏覽器

XML 改變了瀏覽器的內部結構HTML Interpreter XML Parser

XML使“ Hypertext”網頁變成“ Application”網頁

Application Software Browser Software

XML網頁不需瀏覽器，可經由應用系統直接處理


Client Side of Web-XML

ParserPresent-ation Modul

e

Browser

HTTP Server

URL

XML FileValid-

aterDocumentHandler

Application


RosettaNet

RosettaNet is a consortium of major Information Technology, Electronic Components and Semiconductor Manufacturing companies working to create and implement industry-wide, open e-business process standards.

Cluster 0: RosettaNet SupportProvides administrative functionality

Cluster 1: Partner, Product and Service ReviewAllows information collection, maintenance and distribution for the development of trading-partner profiles and product-information subscriptions


RosettaNet

Cluster 2: Product InformationEnables distribution and periodic update of product and detailed design information, including product change notices and product technical specifications

Cluster 3: Order ManagementLets partners order catalog products, create custom solutions, manage distribution and deliveries, and support product returns and financial transactions

Cluster 4: Inventory ManagementEnables inventory management, including collaboration, replenishment, price protection, reporting and allocation of constrained product


RosettaNet

Cluster 5: Marketing Information ManagementEnables communication of marketing information, including campaign plans, lead information and design registration

Cluster 6: Service and SupportProvides post-sales technical support, service warranty and asset management capabilities

Cluster 7: ManufacturingEnables the exchange of design, configuration, process, quality and other manufacturing floor information to support the "Virtual Manufacturing" environment


RosettaNet PIP

Partner Interface Process (PIP) message guidelines and XML DTD's (Document type definition).

Understand what the PIP number represents. A PIP number has 3 parts: a number + a letter + another number. Example: 3A4 The first number represents the Cluster. PIP 3A4 is in Cluster 3. The letter represents the Segment. PIP 3A4 is in Segment A of Cluster 3. The second number is a sequential number which completes the PIP number. PIP 3A4 is the 4th PIP in Segment A of Cluster 3.


RosettaNet 3A4 PIP


RosettaNet 3A4 PIP

RN 3A4


ebXML

聯合國推動的企業間整合標準以 XML 為基礎

延伸過去的 EDI 資料交換標準動態的整合

需要一個中心的文件格式庫 repository

可能進行文件格式的轉換


Collaboration and Groupware: Some Basic Concepts

groupwareSoftware products that support groups of people who share common tasks or goals and collaborate on their accomplishmentSynchronous Versus Asynchronous Communicationvirtual teamA group of employees using information and communications technologies to collaborate from different work bases

– Mass Collaboration


Electronic Meeting Systems: Face-to-face Support And Virtual Meetings

virtual meetings

Online meetings whose members are in different locations, even in different countries

group decision support system (GDSS)

An interactive computer-based system that facilitates the solution of semistructured and unstructured problems by a group of decision makers


Real-time Collaboration Tools for Virtual Meetings

screen-sharing software

Software that enables group members, even in different locations, to work on the same document, which is shown on the PC screen of each participant

Sharing Documents and Workspaces


Electronic Teleconferencing

teleconferencing

The use of electronic communication that allows two or more people at different locations to have a simultaneous conference

video teleconference

Virtual meeting in which participants in one location can see participants at other locations on a large screen or a desktop computer


data conferencingVirtual meeting in which geographically dispersed groups work on documents together and exchange computer files during videoconferencesWeb Conferencing

Unified communication (UC)

Simplification of all forms of communication in the enterprise

Web CollaborationWeb Suites

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Electronic Teleconferencing2


Collaboration 2.0

The technology and tools used for collaboration in the Web 2.0 world and in Enterprise 2.0 that are in sync with social networking and user-generated content

collaborative workspaceAn interconnected environment in which all the participants in dispersed locations can access and interact with each other just as inside a single entity


instant messaging

Technologies that create the possibility of realtime text-based communication between two or more participants over the Internet/intranet

presence information

Status indicator that conveys ability and willingness of a potential communication partner

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Other tools


Mobile Collaboration in the Web 2.0 EnvironmentMobile social networking serviceMobile handset

mobile instant messagingMessaging service that transposes the desktop messaging experience to the usage scenario of being on the moveMobile Unified Communication

voice-over-IP (VoIP)Communication systems that transmit voice calls over Internet Protocol–based networks

Blogs, Wikis, Virtual Worlds, Forums, and Other Tools

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Other tools2

中央大學。范錚強 1 補充資料： 供應鏈管理 e-supply chains, collaborative commerce,...

Documents

中央大學。范錚強 1 補充資料：供應鏈管理 e-supply chains, collaborative commerce,...