中央大學。范錚強 1

SCM──Some details

國立中央大學、資訊管理系范錚強

Tel: (03)426-7250

Fax:(03)427-1990

mailto: ckfarn@mgt.ncu.edu.tw

http://www.mgt.ncu.edu.tw/~ckfarn

2005

中央大學。范錚強 2

Interactions among SC partners – in the past

Internal activitiesSales forecasts, Product design, Inventory management, marketing, sales

External activitiesProcurement

Supplier Focal Buyer

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Interactions among SC partners – trends

Supplier Focal Buyer

Increased external activitiesLow frequency activities

Vendor selection, Collaborative product design

High frequency activitiesCollaborative forecast, order processing, collaborative logistics

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The “C” word – C-commerce

Collaboration

E.g. Pendulum swing in Taiwanese mass production business

1. OEM – Original equipment Manufacturingbrand-name buyer designed products

2. ODM – Original design and ManufacturingContract manufacturer designed products

CDM – Collaborative Design and ManufacturingCollaboration

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Example: Procurement

Inter-firm Activities:Negotiation, order placing, delivery, goods received and verification, payment

Collaboration: tightly coupled activitiesShort AVL – approved vendor listProduct design – collaborative engineeringForecast – CPFR (Collaborative Planning, Forecasts and Replenishment)

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Challenges from the Market

Problems facing the IT contract manufacturers in Taiwan

Customer requirements955 – 95% of all orders fulfilled within 5 days

Actions: VMI, resulting in higher inventory costs

Requirements in 2001: 983

Requirements in 2003??

Requirements in 2005??

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Traditional Production Model

Traditional BTS: Build to StockSales forecast production plan procurement production FG warehousing order taking delivery

Slow movement of goods, capital tied up

Traditional BTO: Build to OrderCustomer order production scheduling procurement production delivery

Long delivery cycle, lack of competitiveness

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Exploiting IT capabilities

Speed

Accessibility

Visibility

Opportunities:Early involvement and early availability of information

Postponement of decisions

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Current Production Models

BTF/VMI– Build to ForecastCustomer rolling forecast procurement production scheduling production customer delivery notice delivery to VMI

BTOCustomer rolling forecast procurement customer order production scheduling production delivery

CTO/ATO: Configure to order, Assemble to orderCustomer rolling forecast procurement production scheduling production of components customer order final assembly delivery

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What are the differences?

Customer ROLLING forecast

What do you do with the forecast?

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Example:

A Shoe ManufacturerShortened Cycle time

12weeks

Production

10weeks

Procurement

12~13weeks

In the Past

Current

6weeks 4weeks

Order

Rolling Forecast

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Evolution of Collaboration

QR: Quick Response1984, garment retailersQuick response to customer demand changesInformation sharing of Point-of-sales dataEffective in reducing lead time, inventory and obsolescence

ECR: Efficient Consumer Response1992, retailers of general merchandiseAn extension of the QR conceptCovering Suppliers and manufacturers

VMI/SMIVendor/Supplier Managed InventoryChange of ownership at buyer warehouseEliminating the buyer side warehouse

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CPFR: Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment

Early 1990’s Wal-Mart 和 Warner-Lambert tried out CPAR

Evolution into CPFR (trademark of VICS: Voluntary Interindustry Commerce Standards Association)

New generation of CPFR in 2004

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CPFR

Supply Chain Visibility

Collaboration

Accurate forecast

Lower inventory

Develop front-end agreement

Create joint business plan

Create sales forecast

Identify and resolve exceptions

Create order forecast

Identify and resolve exceptions

Order generation

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Resolve / Collaborate On Exception Items

Identify Exceptions for Sales Forecast

Create Joint Business Plan

Distributor Business Development Activities

Manufacturer Business Development Activities

Manufacturer Materials & Production

Planning

Create Sales Forecast

Create Order Forecast

Identify Exceptions for Order Forecast

Resolve / Collaborate On Exception Items

Order Generation Produce Product

Delivery ExecutionOrder Filling /

Shipment ExecutionDistributor Receiving

Retail Store

Consumer

LongTerm

Feedback

POS Data

Short Term

Order / PO

Distributor Exception Triggers

2

3

4

5

6

Product

Updated Data for Exception Items

Exception Items

Order filling feedback

Manufacturer Exception Triggers

Frozen Forecast

Key :Distributor

Activities

Either / J oint

Activities

Manufacturer

Activities

Business Model - Scenario B

Exception Items

7

8

Distributor Exception Triggers

Manufacturer Exception Triggers

Distributor Decision Support Data

ManufacturerDecision Support Data

Plan

nin

gF

orecastin

gR

eplen

ishm

ent

Develop Front-End Agreement1

9

Order Forecast

Constraints

Excep

tion

Criteria

Excep

tion

Criteria

Distributor Decision Support Data

ManufacturerDecision Support Data

Unresolved Supply Constraints

Business model: B

Source: www.cpfr.org

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Basic Concept: Exception Handling

Mutual long term commitmentChange of business relationshipFrom ad hoc, one shot to long term

Collaborative PlanningJoint business plan

Collaborative ForecastResolve exception

Collaborative ReplenishmentInformation sharing, visibilityResolve exception

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Accurate Forecast

Time

Sales

Retailer forecast too low

Retailer forecast too high

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Differences at different stages

Time

Sales

using point-of-sales data to rapidly update forecasts for new products

sharing of planning information automatic

monitoring of sales, shared exception alerts

using the supplier’s forecast

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The technical solutions

B2Bi

RosettaNet

ebXML

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Fixed relationship B2B IOS

Inter-organization Systems AlternativesServices provided by the Focal

Integrated with in-house ERPIndependent EC server (owned or ASP)

Linking the Focal with suppliersWeb-basedInformation ExchangeProcess integration

Outsourcing?

Technology?

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Focal(1)back

ERP Server

資料庫

XML格式

EC Server

ERP

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Independent serviceproviders

ASPCSP

Focal(2)

XML format

ERP Server

資料庫ERP

EC Server

資料庫EC

轉出檔案

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Linking with Suppliers(1)

ERP/MIS

Browser

EC Server

DBEC

DBERP

EC interface

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ERPXML EC Server

(Enterprise Ver.)

EC Server(Standard Ve

r.)ERP

RosettaNet PIPs

Internet

Internet

Rosettanet/XML

XML

B2Bi Process IntegrationB2Bi Process Integration

Focal Supplier

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Alternatives

ERP

SCM

B2B

Server

Portal

ASP

AP1

AP2

Browser1

Browser2

In-house Service Provider

Users

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Interchange of information

DataData files, codingNeed “Data interchange” standards

MessageThe information on a traditional document reflecting a single activity (e.g. order, confirmation, delivery)Need “Message interchange” standards

ProcessThe process involved in a single activityProcess integration

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Data Interchange

Paper documents, computer files, spreadsheetsPaper, fax, magnetic media, network (e.g FTP)Normally by batch

EDITransaction data for a single transactionTraditionally run on proprietary networksInternational message standards: UN/EDIFACTEOI- EDI over Internet

HTML

XML

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Markup Language

“Markup” is a method of conveying metadata (that is, information about a dataset).

Markup Language use string literals, or “tags”, to delimit and describe this data.

Ease of reading, printing and exchangeprinter typesetting, proofreader, punctuation, ASCII, C, RTF

SGML: Standard Generalized ML

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Example: HTML Document

<HTML><H1 ALIGN=CENTER>Hardware</H1><FONT FACE size=2>Notebook</FONT><FONT FACE size=2>IBM</FONT><FONT FACE size=2>Synnex</FONT><FONT FACE size=2>John</FONT>

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Example: XML Document

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="Big5" ?>

< 產品搜尋 >

< 摘要 > 搜尋字串：“超薄手提電腦”，共找到 2 筆 </ 摘要 >

< 產品 >

< 貨號 >12478943</ 貨號 >

< 品名 >IBM 240</ 品名 >

< 定價 >$58,455</ 定價 >

< 說明頁 網址 ="http:/www.ibm.com.tw/product/nb/tp240">ThinkPad 240</ 說明頁 >

</ 產品 >

< 產品 >

< 貨號 >83424723</ 貨號 >

< 品名 >Dell A123</ 品名 >

< 定價 >$58,999</ 定價 >

< 說明頁 網址 ="http://www.dell.com.tw/product/nb/a123">NB A123</ 說明頁 >

</ 產品 >

</ 產品搜尋 >

“extended” data tags

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XML advantages

Open, platform-independent

Vocabulary: Definitions of TAGS for different Application Domain

An XML vocabulary is a description of XML data that is used as the medium for information exchange, often within a specific domain of human activity(business, chemistry, law, music, for example)

Program Readable

Note: XML is not a programming language, nor an object-based system, nor an operating system. It is a powerful, elegant technique for thinking about, exchanging, and presenting data in a platform-independent manner.

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XML and Browser

XML – changes in internal structure of browsersHTML Interpreter XML Parser

A normal Hypertext web-page becomes Application page

Application Software Browser Software

XML– XML data can be processed by application systems, instead of a browser

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Client Side of Web-XML

ParserPresent-ation Modul

e

Browser

HTTP Server

URL

XML FileValid-

aterDocumentHandler

Application

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RosettaNet

RosettaNet is a consortium of major Information Technology, Electronic Components and Semiconductor Manufacturing companies working to create and implement industry-wide, open e-business process standards.

Cluster 0: RosettaNet SupportProvides administrative functionality

Cluster 1: Partner, Product and Service ReviewAllows information collection, maintenance and distribution for the development of trading-partner profiles and product-information subscriptions

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RosettaNet

Cluster 2: Product InformationEnables distribution and periodic update of product and detailed design information, including product change notices and product technical specifications

Cluster 3: Order ManagementLets partners order catalog products, create custom solutions, manage distribution and deliveries, and support product returns and financial transactions

Cluster 4: Inventory ManagementEnables inventory management, including collaboration, replenishment, price protection, reporting and allocation of constrained product

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RosettaNet

Cluster 5: Marketing Information ManagementEnables communication of marketing information, including campaign plans, lead information and design registration

Cluster 6: Service and SupportProvides post-sales technical support, service warranty and asset management capabilities

Cluster 7: ManufacturingEnables the exchange of design, configuration, process, quality and other manufacturing floor information to support the "Virtual Manufacturing" environment

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RosettaNet PIP

Partner Interface Process (PIP) message guidelines and XML DTD's (Document type definition).

Understand what the PIP number represents. A PIP number has 3 parts:  a number + a letter + another number.  Example: 3A4

The first number represents the Cluster.   PIP 3A4 is in Cluster 3.

The letter represents the Segment.  PIP 3A4 is in Segment A of Cluster 3.

The second number is a sequential number which completes the PIP number.  PIP 3A4 is the 4th PIP in Segment A of Cluster 3.

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RosettaNet 3A4 PIP

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To provide an open XML-based infrastructure enabling the global use of electronic business information in an interoperable, secure, and consistent manner by all parties.

ebXML Mission

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Individual Transaction Choreography

ebXML Repository