: (, , 1985 1987) (, , 1991) (, , 1993) (, , 1997) Towards an Inclusive Democracy (Cassell, , 1997) (, , 1999) Per Una Democrazia Globale (Eleuthera, , 1999) : ( , , 1999) , (, , 1999) , , : ( , , 2000) ( , , 2000) , ( , , 2002) Vers une Dmocratie Gnrale: Une Dmocratie Directe, conomique, cologique et Sociale (Seuil, Paris, 2002) Hacia una Democracia Inclusiva (Nordan, Montevideo, 2002) Umfassende Demokratie (Trotzdem Verlag, Grafenau, , 2003) (, , 2003) , (, , 2004) (, , 2005) ( Jinan, 2008) , : ; (, , 2009)

M M

: , , To : - - 3.0

: : : . : : 53, 106 81 , . 210-3802040 : 2008

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 : : . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 . . . 34 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.2. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 1.3. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 1.4. : . . . . . . . . . . 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 1.5. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 -; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 ( ); . . . . . . . . .108 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 . . . . . . . . . .117

. . . . . . . . . . . .121 2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 2) . .. . . . . . .144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 . . . . . . . . . .206 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210 3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 . . . . . . . . .214 , . . . . . . . .220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 : . . . . . . . .243 4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 4.3. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 : : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 5.2. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 ;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 5.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333 - . . . . . . . . .335

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339 5.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369 6.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374 6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384 6.3. . . . . . . . . . . . .390 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395 : . . . . . . . . . . .401 : . . . . . . . . . .405 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 ) . . . . . . . . . . .410 6.4. . . . . . . . . . . . .417 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441 7.1. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450 7.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464 7.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470 Life-style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476 7.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485 7.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488 . . . . . . . .490 7.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496 7.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504 . . . . . . . . . . . . .511 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512

: : ; . . . . . . .517 8.1. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521 (...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528 8.2. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539 H . . . . . . . .552 8.3. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569 ; . . . . . .571 . . . . . . . . . . . .577 . . . . . . . . . . . .580 : . . . . . . . . . . . .584 .............................................................. 587

, 10 , (.. 7 ), . , , . (Towards An Inclusive Democracy, 1997) . (1999) (Per Una Democrazia Globale, 1999) (Vers Une Dmocratie Gnrale, 2002), Hacia Una Democracia Inclusiva, 2002) (Umfassende Demokratie, 2003), ( 2008). , , , , . , 10 , , , (.. Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy, Cambridge Blue Book, Great Minds of the 21st Century, Dictionary of International Biography, Wikipedia ..) , Google, Yahoo! .. , ( , , . Steve Best, . , 2008) 15

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. , / , . , , , , .., (, ) (, ..). , , . 2.500 ( ) , ( , ), . , , , , , , , , , . , . , , , . , 1999

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, , . , , , . , , . , ( , - ), ( , ). , , , . , , . , ( , , ), , . , , , , . , 19

, . , , .. , , , . , , , , . ( ), ( , . , ..). , , , , . , , , . , . , , . , , . , . , ( ) ( , , ..). , , , , 20

. , , , , . , , . , (, , , , ) , . , , , , . , , , , . , ( ), , , . , , .. , , . , 21

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, , , . , : ( 2), , /, , ( 3). , (, , , ), , , , , . , ( 4). , ( , ), ( 5). , ( 6). , , ( 7). , , , . 23

( 8).

24

:

: , , . , ( , , ), . , -, , , . , . - . , , . (. ), . , . . , , 19 . 20 , 29

, . , . , . , -. 20 ( ), - , . -. , , . , .

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30

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31

. , ( ), ( ), , . (. 8). , , . (, ) , . . , , . . , , . , . . GATT, .. (, , ..) , , , (, ..). 32

, , , , . (, , ..). , , . . , , .. , . , ( ), . , , . , . , , , . , , , 3.

3. , . Robert Pollin, Financial Structures and Egalitarian Economic

33

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34

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, , . , , . , , . , 19o , , , . , 7.

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35

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36

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37

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38

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41

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43

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. , , . . : ( , , , ..). , , , . , 24. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, . 75 41-42.

44

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45

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46

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48

, .

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, Polanyi ( ), arx,33 32. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, . 71. 33. K. Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1971), . 21.

49

, , , , , . , , . , ( ). , (laisser-faire), . , ( , , . 2), , . , . , , , , ( ), , ( , , ), ( ). 18 ( 1795 ), . , , , , , . 1824, , British Combination Acts [] 1799 1800, 50

, . , . , (1834), ( 1830 1860), ( 1840). , 1830 1840 ( 1980 1990), ( ) : , . () . ( 1821, 1850 1870, 1880), . , , . , Ludwig von Mises, . ( ) , . , . , . , 51

- . , . , , . 1870, 1800. , , , , , 1860 1870, , .34 , , 19 . , . , , , , , . , 1830 1850, , , 1880, 5,3% 1840-70.35 , 1850, 2.000 . . . 1870, , 1900 23.000 . ., 43.000 . . 1914.36

34. A.G. Kenwood A.L. Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy, 1820-1980 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983), . 74. 35. Kenwood Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy, . 79-80. 36. Kenwood Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy, . 40.

52

, 1821 1915 51 . .37 . , 38 , , . , 40 , 1870 1880 . , , : , . , . , 1880 . 1880 1913, , .

37. Kenwood Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy, . 6. 38. Kenwood Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy, . 143.

53

, , 1840-70. , 1840-1914, 3,4%, (2,1% ). , 3% 1800 33% 1913.39 , ( ) . 1871. , , , . , , , ... , Will Hutton, 19 , ..., laisser-faire , , , .40 , 20 , .41 , 19 , ( ..), 1870 ( ) , . 1873-86, , , 39. Kenwood Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy, . 91. 40. Will Hutton, The State Were In (London: Random House, 1995), . 174. 41. . Nicholas Barr, The Economics of the Welfare State (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987), . 2.

54

, . , (. ) , 19 , , . , , - , Engels -: . . . .42

, -, , , . , . , ,43 . , ,42. Fr. Engels, The Role of Force in History (New York: International Publishers, 1968), . 34-35. 43. E. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (London: Oxford Press, 1983), , (16/5/1993).

55

19 , , 20 . , : , , , , , Polanyi, , , [] .44 , , . , , 19 , . , , Polanyi,45 100 (1815-1914) : . , , , . , . , , , , . ( , , ), (, , ), (, ). , , ( ..), ( , ..), 44. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, . 218. 45. Polanyi, The Great Transformation., . 233-34.

56

, , , , , . , 1920, ,46 ( ), ( 1917). . , , D. Moggridge: (1926) , .47 1930, . , . , . , , . ! , , , , ( , ), ... , 1930, . , 46. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, . 1. 47. Victor Argy, The Postwar International Money Crisis (London: Allen & Unwin, 1981), . 17.

57

Polanyi, , . , Goldfrank Polanyi : , , . , , .48

1.3. : , . . , , , ,49 1930 (, ..). , , 19 , . 1917, 1930 . , , , ,

48. W.L. Goldfrank, Fascism and the Great Transformation, K. Polanyi-Levitt, ., The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi (Montreal: Black Rose Press, 1990), . 90. 49. Kenwood Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy, . 185-86.

58

. , . , . , , , , . , (. , ), , . ( ) . 1930 1970, . , , , , , . , , (, , Tony Blair Gordon Brown), , ( , , , ). , , : , 1933 , , 1970. 59

1929 . , . , , . , ,50 ( , 10 ), , .. , , New Deal , , , . ( .. ), (, ..). . , , , , , , . , , , , , . , , , ;

50. Michael Bleaney, The Rise and Fall of Keynesian Economics (London: Macmillan, 1985), . 66.

60

. , , . , , , . , , . , (1934-36). , , , , (1937-38).51 , ( , ), , Bleaney: , .52

, , ( , ..) , . ,

51. Bleaney, The Rise and Fall of Keynesian Economics, . 41-52. 52. Bleaney, The Rise and Fall of Keynesian Economics, . 75.

61

, , . , . . ( ), , . , , . , : 30 . . , , - , . Polanyi, .53 , . , , , , . , , . , ( 1930 ), .

53. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, . 245.

62

, , , , -, , 1970. - Beveridge, , .54 1942 , (, , ). , , , . ( ) , . . , , . , ... 1946. 1940, , 1970. , , , , , , , / ( ), . , . ,54. UK, Social Insurance and Allied Services (The Beveridge Report), Cmd. 6404 (London: HMSO, 1942).

63

, - . , , - . , , , , , (. . 7), , , . , , , , , , . . , , -, , . , , , , . , , , , , . , . 1,4% 1820-1950 3,8% 1950-70. , 2,9%

64

1870-1913 1,7% 1913-50 5,5% 1950-70.55 ,56 . , , . , .57 . , ,58 , , . , 1870-1913 16 5,7% 1913-1950 7,3%, 1950-70 3,1%.59 , - , 1970, 1/5 ( ) .60 - 55. A. Maddison, Phases of Capitalist Development (London: Oxford University Press, 1982), . 91. 56. , . Bleaney, The Rise and Fall of Keynesian Economics, . 4. 57. Andrew Glynn, Social Democracy and Full Employment, New Left Review, no. 211 (- 1995), . 1. 58. . R. Matthews, Why Has Britain Full Employment Since the War?, Economic Journal, vol. 78, no. 3 (1968). 59. Bleany, The Rise and Fall of Keynesian Economics (London: Macmillan, 1985), . 92. 60. Ian Gough, The Political Economy of the Welfare State (London: Macmillan, 1979), . 5.2., . 79.

65

, 4% () 1910 11% , 25% 1970.61 , , ( ), -. , , , ( shop stewards movement), . , , , . : , , , . , . , / , , . . ( ), ( ) . , ,

61. Ian Gough, The Political Economy of the Welfare State, . 5.1., . 77.

66

. , / , (. ) (. ), . , , () , . , Polanyi Great Transformation [ ], . , , . , , , . , . , , , . , / ... , 1930, , , . , , . , , 67

, . Bretton Woods, 1944, . , , , ( ), . , Bretton Woods , , , , - , , . , Bretton Woods , , , , , 1970. . Bretton Woods . , - . , , . , , , . , ( ), , . , , 68

20 , ( ). 7% 1948-1973, 5%.62 , 1970, 1/6 . , ( ) 6% 1937 1950, 11% 1963 17% 1971, 13% 1913.63 , , , 19% 25 1973, 26% 1974-79.64 , , . , , , , , ,. , , , ( , , ..), ... , , . , 1970, 62. David Greenaway, International Trade Policy: From Tariffs to the New Protectionism (London: Macmillan, 1983), . 153. 63. Philip Armstrong et al., Capitalism Since World War II (London: Fontana, 1984), . 10.3., . 215. 64. Andrew Glynn, Social Democracy and Full Employment, . 2.

69

-, , .65 , , . , , , , , : ( GATT ) ( .. E), ( ... 1970 ..). , , , . , , 90% . , . , . , . , . , , . 1.1. 1.2. 1.1. 65. , , , . Will Hutton, The State Were In, . 3.

70

1.1. 1 2 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2003 4,8 2,6 2,8 1,7 4,3 3,5 3,5 2,8 . 3 5,6 8,4 5,1 2,3 4,1 2,7 6,0 5,0 6,5 3,2 3,4 2,6

1. - (), . 2. . ( , , , , ..). 3. 1990-99. : World Bank, World Development Report 1981 & 1995 World Development Indicators 2005

, . , , .66 , , , , , ( 1.2.).

66. . A.P. Thirlwall, Balance of Payments Theory (London: Macmillan, 1980), . 11.

71

1.2. (%) 1 1960 1970 1980 1990 2003 15 16 16 17 18 63 60 61 60 63 21 23 24 23 20 & 2. 12 14 19 19 22

1. . 1.1. . 2. , 100. : World Bank, World Development Report ( ) World Development Indicators 2005.

1.1. 1.2. : , 1960-70 1980-2003 , . , ( ) 83% 1960 2003, 20% , . , .., , . , , 1960 , , .

72

, ( ), . , , ( ), ( ). , , , , , . , , , . , , , : ( , ) . , , , . , - , . , , ( ), 44% 1955-59 48,6% 1967-70.67 , , , 67. A. Glynn Bob Sutcliffe, British Capitalism, Workers and the Profits Squeeze (London: Penguin, 1972), . F.1., . 260.

73

. ( ) 1968-73, , , . , 1960-68 (4%), 1968-73, 4,5%, 3,4% .68 , 15% 1968-73.69 , , 1970. , , , . : 1) - . , , , . , , , . 2) / , .

68. Ph. Armstrong et al., Capitalism Since World War II, . 11.10., . 260. 69. Ph. Armstrong et al., Capitalism Since World War II, . 246.

74

, .70 , (. ), , . , , . 1970. , , , , 21,8% 1968 20,9% 1973 17,4% 1979.71 1970, , , . , , , , , . , , , , .

70. , 9% 1951 1975, , , 29%, Ian Gough, The Political Economy of the Welfare State, . 5.1., . 77. 71. A. Glynn, Social Democracy and Full Employment, . 1.

75

1.4. : 1970, Bretton Woods , . , , , , .72 , -. , 1960 ! , ( , Hayek ...), , , . , . , 5 . , , Samuel Huntington, Daniel Bell J. M. Buchanan, (. , , -), .73

72. Bosanquet, After the New Right (London: Heinemann, 1983), . 126. 73. . , , -, 1973-1990 (: , 1994).

76

Huntingdon, . Daniel Bell, , , . , J.M. Buchanan, - , -, , , . ( , , ), Huntington 1960 , .74 . , , -, (, , ), . , , . , , . , , .74. M.J. Crozier, S. P. Huntington J. Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission (New York: New York University Press, 1975).

77

, , , . , , Thatcher/Reagan , : ) . , , . . , , , .75 , , , , , . , , , . , , , . , ( 7 G7 . ..., , , , , ), 1973 2003 ( 3,4% 197376 7,2% 2000-02).77 ( ), ,

75. Will Hutton, The State Were In, . 103. 76. Ph. Armstrong et al., Capitalism Since World War II, . 14.1. 77. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005. . 2.4.

78

1980 ( 18,5% 1980 30% 2000-02).78 , , , ( ), . , - , ..., .., 30% ... .79 , , 15 , 1979 1994, 50% ( 11,4% 16,7% 80) . ) , ( ..). , -, . , . ) , , , GATT. 78. OECD in figures, no. 152 (1988) . 10 World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, . 2.4. 79. Hazel Henderson, Resurgence (- 1993), . 10-14. 80. OECD in figures, no. 152 (1988) .. 14-5 & OECD in figures, no. 200 (1996) . 10-11.

79

1990, , 1920 .81 . , . , , , , . , 1980, Thatcher, , , 54% 1963 28% 1981 20% 1988.82 - (, , ..). , . . , , Thatcher 1979-80 1990-91. , 1,6% 30% 81. Eric Helleiner, From Bretton Woods to Global finance: a world turned upside down, Richard Stubbs Geoffrey R.D. Underhill, Political Economy and the Changing Global Order (London: Macmillan, 1994). 82. Christopher Johnson, The Economy Under Mrs . Thatcher, 1979-1990 (London: Penguin, 1991), . 168.

80

, 11% 2%.83 , . . , , . , , 17,4% 1979, 23,7% 1989, 26% 1952-66.84 , , 1% , 1929!85 ( ), . , . , 7 ( ), 83. Johnson, The Economy Under Mrs . Thatcher. 27. 84. A. Glynn, Social Democracy and Full Employment, . 1. 85. Robert Brenner, That hissing? Its the sound of bubblenomics deflating, The Guardian, (26/9/2007) T. Fotopoulos & John Sargis, The credit crisis and the New World Order of capitalist anarchy, The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy, vol. 4 no.1 (January 2008)

81

1/3 1972-73 1992-93 ( 31% 1972-73 20% 1992-93).86 . , ..., , 35 . 15.87 , 14 13,3 . 1979 9 . 1993 (31%) 1946.88 , , 12,8% 1951 31,9% 1978.89 , , 1/3 20 (1964-83).90 , , : . ( , , ), ( , ..), . , , . , ( ), 30% ,91 -

86. International Labor Organization (ILO), Yearbook of Labor Statistics (Geneva: ILO, ) Frank Blackaby (.), De-Industrialisation (London: Heinemann, 1979), . 10.2. 87. Union Decline in 18 Advanced Capitalist Countries, Frances Fox Piven, Is It Global Economics or Neo-Laisser-faire?, New Left Review, no. 213 (-O. 1995). 88. Will Hutton, The State Were In, . 92. 89. Bosanquet, After the New Right, . 126. 90. Bob Jessop et al., Popular Capitalism, Flexible Accumulation and Left Strategy, New Left Review (- 1987). 91. Will Hutton, The State Were In, . 106.

82

14% .92 , . , - 93 . , , , . ..., , 1% 2005 14% , , , 1% 21% .94 , . , 70% . , 40% , , Hutton,95 , , Galbraith,96 . , , . , 40% 62% ( , , 66%)97 , , . , , 30% , , ( , Hutton). , -

92. Alissa Goodman Steven Webb, For Richer, For Poorer (London: Institute of Fiscal Studies, 1994), . 2.3. 93. (BBC, Panorama, 29/1/1996). 94. Paul Harris, Welcome to Richistan, USA, The Observer, (22/7/2007) & Tessa Thorniley, Will anyone stop the rise of Britains super-rich, The Independent, 2/9/2007 95. Will Hutton, The State Were In, . 108. 96. Galbraith, The Culture of Contentment, (London: Penguin, 1993) . 15. 97. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, . 2.7.

83

. . , 2/3, . 40%. -, , , . - . , , , ( ). , , , , . , / . (. ). 25 , , (, , , ), , -, , , (, ..), ! 84

, , , , , ! . , , , , , : . / . , , , , , . , . / laisser-faire. , . , . , , , , , . , , , , , , ( Clinton, ). , 85

, . . , : , (.. ), , 21 , 19! , 40%. , , (, , ). , , ... , , , , , (), , , (...), (, , , ). , , , . , . , , 40% ( ), . , , 86

... , , , ... , 1990, 73% . , 1991, 66% 70% .98 , , (., .., , ), ( ) . , , 75% .99 , , , ( !). . , , . . , , , 98. Film and Television Handbook 1993 (London: British Film Institute, 1993), 14, 16 38. 99. K. , , (9/2/1992).

87

, . , , 8, , ( ) . ( ) , , , , , 1970 , . , , 1970. , 1,6 1960-70, 2,5 1990-2003.100 , , 30 , 43% ( 14% 1970 20% 2001).101 , ( [..] [NAFTA]), , . , 7 41% 1965-80 1980-93 ( 3,9% 1965-80 5,5% 1980-90),102

100. . . 1.1. 101. World Bank, World Development Report 2003, (New York: World Bank) . 1&4. 102. World Development Report 1995 (New York: World Bank), . 13.

88

60% 1970 1990.103 , , . , , .104 , 1970 10% 1990,105 1.3 2007, , , .. .106 , -. 1990 1 5% , .107 , 1970 90% , 10% . , 14 15 ( 25.000 . 1983 350.000 . 1998),

103. , , , , 16% 1970 25,7% 1985-90 Andrew Glynn, Social Democracy and Full employment, . 2. 104. Paul Hirst Grahame Thompson, Globalisation in Question (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996), . 54-55. 105. UN-TCMD, World Investment Report, 1993. 106. . World Investment Report 2007 UN Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD). 107. The Guardian (7/3/1995).

89

( 3.000 . 1983 7.000 . 1998).108 , Paul Volcker, Federal Reserve System, 1970 ( 50%), .109 , . , ,110 - ( ) , - , . 1970,111 ,112 . , 108. Charlotte Denny, Downs and Ups, The Guardian (31/8/2001). 109. Noam Chomsky, Rollback IV, Zmagazine ( 1995). 110. Hirst Thompson, Globalization in Question, . 51. 111. , 10 1970 1980: 96 . 1976-80 819 . 1993 Hirst Thompson, Globalization in Question, . 2.9. 112. 50% 1980 ( 10% 1983 15% 1989) Hirst Thompson, Globalization in Question, . 2.11.

90

. , , , , , , , .113 , , , .114 . - , - . , . (NAFTA). (, ...), - ( , , , ..) , , ( , ). , . (ASEAN), (MERCOSUR) - (APEC), 2020. , , .

113. Glynn, Social Democracy and Full Employment, . 41. 114. Will Hutton, The State Were In, . 61.

91

. , , . , , .., . , , . , , . , .., , , ( ) (, ), 1990 .115 , , (668) !116 , , . , , -, , . , . 1980, , 1,5 ,115. Eurostat, A Social Portrait of Europe (Luxembourg: Statistical Office of the European Communities, 1991), . 6.13., . 72. . Eurostat, Basic Statistics of the European Union (Luxembourg: Statistical Office of the European Communities, 1996) . 3.40. 116. Eurostat 2006, , (14/7/2006).

92

.117, , . , 2,5 , 2,1 !118 , .., , , , . , (). , .., , . , , , , , . , , . , . , () . , . (, , ),119 117. Eurostat, Basic Statistics of the Community (Luxembourg: Statistical Office of the European Communities, 1992), 2.12.-2.19., . 56-65. 118. Eurostat, Basic Statistics of the European Union (Luxembourg 1997), . 2.18. 119. ., , Mica Panic, European Monetary Union (London: St. Martins Press, 1993).

93

... , , Polanyi , 1930, 120 . , . , . , Polanyi, , 19 , , . , , , Polanyi, . : , ( ), . , , , , , , , . 121 ... 120. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, . 29. 121. . , . , ,

94

, , , , , , , . , .. , , , (, ). , , . , , . , , , . . , (. ) , , ( , ), .. ( , , ..), , (: , 2002), . 1

95

. (/) .

1.5. - ; , , . , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , 96

. , . , , .., . . , . ( ) ( ) , (orderly marketing arrangements), , , .122 ( ), , , .123 , , - , . , , ( ..), -, , . , , 19 . , , . , 122. Richard Stubbs Geoffrey R.D. Underhill, Global Issues in Historical Perspective, Political Economy and the Changing Global Order (London: Macmillan, 1994), . 156. 123. UN, Human Development Report, 1992.

97

. , , 40%, , . , - , , , . - ( ) . Paul Hirst Grahame Thompson,124 - . , , , . : , 1870-1914. 1) , . 2) , , , . ( , ). 3) , . , .125

124. Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question, . 1. 125. Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question, . 3.

98

, , . , . , , , . , , , Susan Strange , , , , .126 , . , 30 , . , , ,127 . , , , ,128 , , , ,

126. Suzan Strange, Rethinking Structural Change in the International Political Economy: States, Firms and Diplomacy, Stubbs Underhill, Political Economy and the Changing Global Order, . 104. 127. Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question, . 6. 128. Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question, . 17.

99

.129 : , (trickle-down effect), . ( ), .130 . , , , .131 , , , 40% , . , , ( ) ! , , , . , , (openness)129. : . , . . Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question, . 134-35. 130. Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question, . 152. 131. Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question, . 163.

100

. , , , , , ( ), . Hirst Thompson, ,132 . , , , . , , , , , , -, (.. NAFTA). , . , , , . , , , , ,133 132. Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question, . 15. 133. ,

101

. , , .

1.3. * 1913 ... 35,4 35,1 31,4 44,7 11,2 1950 21,2 20,1 16,9 36,0 7,0 1973 29,0 35,2 18,3 39,3 10,5 1991 37,0 50,2 16,3 45,0 16,1 2001 46,6 54,5 16,5 41,8 19,3

* (. ) . : Paul Hirst Grahame Thompson, Globalisation in Question, 2.5. 1913, 1950 1973, World Development Report ( ) .

, , , Hirst Thompson, , ,

. , , . , , , , , .

102

. : , , , . , . , , . , , , 20 (. ). , , ( ), . 5 40% . , 31,5% 1913, 35,7% 2001. Hirst Thompson 1913 , 134 ( , , 1973, . !), . , , , , 1913, , , ( ), ..., .135 ,

134. Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question, . 27. 135. Hirst Thompson ( ), , .., . ... 32,3 . 1960-67 5 . 1968-81

103

. , , , , , . -; , -, , . . , , . , , , , , o , , .. . () [Ph. Armstrong et al., Capitalism Since World War II (London: Fontana, 1984), 10.7., 12.2. 16.6.]. .. . , ... 3,4% ... 1960-69 4,4% 1970-79 (Grazia letto-Gillies, Some Indicators of Multinational Domination of National Economies, International Review of Applied Economics, vol. 3, no. 1, 1989, . 1, ! . ..., , , . , , ..., .

104

, , , , , .136 , , - , , , , - , .137 , , , , . de facto de jure. , , . . , , , , . , - . , , , .., .

136. . . , : (: , 1991), (: , 1999) , , (: , 2003). 137. Robert W. Cox, Global Restructuring: Making Sense of the Changing International Political Economy, Richard Stubbs Geoffrey R.D. Underhill, Political Economy and the Changing Global Order, . 53.

105

, , . - , , , . .., (.. ) : () -. . - . -, , () . .138 , , , . , , , - , . , , ( ), ( ), 138. ., .., Eric Heffer, A Rallying Call for Eurosocialists, The Guardian (1/11/1990).

106

. , , , ( Chomsky), , . , , , . () . , . . ( , , ...). , , . , ( ), , . , . , , .139 , .

139. ., , . , (: 1993), . 12.

107

, .. . .. - . ( ); . . , , , - , .140 , , , - .141 , . , . , , , ,

140. Jean-Marie Guehenno, The End of the Nation-State (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995). 141. . , Robert Wade, Globalisation and Its Limits: The Continuing Economic Importance of Nations and Regions (University of Sussex: Institute of Development Studies, 1994) Linda Weiss John Hobson, States and Economic Development: A Comparative Historical Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question (. 1.5.1.).

108

.142 .143 , , , , , , , Guehenno; -, : . . , , .144

, . , , 5, , , . , , - . , , , , . , - ( ), 142. Jean-Marie Guehenno, The End of the Nation-State, . 19. 143. Guehenno, The End of the Nation-State, . 138. 144. Guehenno, The End of the Nation-State, . xii.

109

. , , , . , -, , ! , Jean-Marie Guehenno, , , .145 , , , 6, . . , , . , , , , , (. 6 7). , .146 , , . , , . , , 145. Guehenno, The End of the Nation-State, . 141. 146. Penny Kemp et al., Europes Green Alternative: A Manifesto for a New World (London: Greenprint, 1992), . 42.

110

( ), . , , , , . (, , ) (, ). , , , , . . , , . , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , .

111

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, . , , .., per se. . , . , , , , , . , , . .

2.1. , , , 1 . , , , , , . 114

. H 1 . , , . , , . , , .2 , , , , (, ), . , , ( ) . , ( ), . , 1989 .., . . , , ,

1. , , , , . 2. . . , : (: , 1985 1987), . .

115

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116

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) ( ). , , ( - ) ( ) !

117

, , , . , . , , , , . , 4 , , . , , , (, , , ..), . , , , . , dam Smith5 arl arx,6 , , . , arx 4. , , . 8, , , , . 5. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (London: Harmondsworth, 1970), . 104. 6. Sean Sayers, , . 3, Grundrisse, arx Sean Sayers, Moral Values and Progress, New Left Review, no. 204 (- 1994), . 67-85.

118

. John Grahl: () (), , .7

, , , . , , , , . , (/). . , , , , , .8 , , , . . , 7. John Grahl, Elman Altvater, The Future of the Market (London: Verso, 1993), New Left Review, no. 214 (- 1995), . 155. 8. . James OConnor, Capitalism, Nature, Socialism: An Introduction, Society and Nature, vol. 1, no. 2 (1992), . 174-202.

119

( , ), ( , ). , , , ( ), . , Bookchin: , . ( ), , , , .9

, , , . , , , .

9. M. Bookchin, The Philosophy of Social Ecology (Montreal: Black Rose, 1995), . 142.

120

, ( ) ( ), , . : , (, ) , , , . , , , , , , . , , , , . 1 , , , , , , , , , ( , , ..) . 121

, . , ( ), , . , , . (, , ), ( ), , , ( ). , , , . , , .10 . , , . , , , , .11 , 10. Martin J. Conyon, Industry profit margins and concentration: evidence from UK manufacturing, International Review of Applied Economics, vol. 9, no. 3 (1995), . 288. 11. P. Nolan K. ODonnell, Restructuring and the politics of industrial renewal: the

122

, . , , , . , , 500 , , 2/3 , , .12 , , , ,13 ( ), , , , . , , , . , ropotkin, , , 19 , , .14 , , , , . , , limits of flexible specialisation A. Pollert (.), Farewell to Flexibility? (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), . 161. 12. Tim Lang Colin Hines, The New Protectionism: Protecting the Future Against Free Trade (London: Earthscan, 1993), . 34. 13. ., .., Petr Kropotkin, Fields, Factories and Workshops Tomorrow (London: Hutchinson, 1899), Colin Ward 1974 (London: Allen & Unwin) . . . . ., , Kropotkin, The Conquest of Bread (London: Penguin, 1972), . 16. 14. P. Kropotkin, Fields, Factories and Workshops Tomorrow, . 32-34 41-44.

123

, , . , , Toyota, , , Apple Dell , , .15 , ( !), . , , , 60% 100% .16 , , Kropotkin, , , 1/8 , . , , ( , ) , ... .. , , . , ( , , ..), 12% (2003) 2/3 !17

15. Steve Schifferes, Globalisation shakes the world, BBC News, (01/21/2007). 16. Will Hutton, The Writing on the Wall: China and the West in the 21st Century (London, 2007). 17. World Development Indicators 2005, . 1.1.

124

, , . 200 , , 1,5 .18 100 , 1900, 6 , 1950, 8,5 , 1970, 13 .19 , , , 2003, 22 !20 , , . , , 100 16% 1909, 24% 1935, 32% 1958 40% 1970 1980.21 .22 , ( , , ..),

18. P.J. McGowan B. Kurdan, Imperialism in World System Perspective, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 1 ( 1981), . 43-68. 19. Paul Bairoch, The Economic Development of the Third World Since 1900 (London: Methuen, 1975), . 190-92. 20. 2003, ( ) $28.600 $1.280 , World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005 (Washington DC, 2005), . 1.1. 21. Mike Campbell, Capitalism in the UK (London: Croom Helm, 1981), . 3.2. John Allen Doreen Massey, The Economy in Question (London: Sage Publications, 1988), 5.1. 22. Ph. Armstrong et al., Capitalism Since World War II (London: Fontana, 1984), . 216-18.

125

. 23 , , . , , , . . , 100 1/3 .24 , ,25 ( ), , . , . . , , , . , , - - . , , : , , , 23. John Allen Doreen Massey, ., Restructuring Britain: The Economy in Question, . 192-200. 24. Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question, . 53. 25. ., , Alvin Toffler The Guardian (13/1/1996).

126

. , , , . , , . , , . , , , . , , . , , , , , , , . , . . , . , 127

, , , , . , , , . , (. 3), . , , , . , , , . . : , , 40% , . , : . . , 130 .26 . , 26. Michael Carley Ian Christie, Managing Sustainable Development (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), . 50.

128

. , , . , , . , , , . , , , . , , , , , ,27 . ( , ), , , . , , . , , , , . , , ( , ..), . , 27. Hirst Thompson, Globalisation in Question, . 163.

129

, . / , , . /. , , , , . , , , .

2.2. , . , , : , . , 19 , , , , , . ( ) . , , , , , . 25 , 130

. ( ), , . , 100 , , . , , - , , . , , Lenin,28 , , Bakunin,29 (). , , , . , 20 : . , , : . , , , . , 28. V. Lenin, The State and Revolution (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1917), . 30. 29. G.P. Maximoff, The Political Philosophy of Bakunin (Toronto: Macmillan, 1953), . 287.

131

, , ( ), , ( ). , , , , , . - . ( ), ( ). , , . , , , , . . . , . . 132

. , . , , , , ,30 , .31 , ,32 , . , . . 1990, Boris Saltykov, , 10% 3 10% ,33 , , , 10% 7 10% .34 , . , 90 , , Finans, !35 , , 30. ., , M. Bleaney, The Rise and Fall of Keynesian Economics (London: Macmillan, 1985), . 12. 31. ., , Paul Sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1942), . 87-92. 32. Michael Ellman, Socialist Planning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), . 267-68. 33. The Guardian (26/11/1992). 34. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, . 2.7. 35. Tom Parfitt, Super- wealthy enjoy, The Guardian, (19/2/2008).

133

( ) . , , , . , , , , , , -. , . , 7% 1960 4% 1970 2% 1980.36 , 7% 1960 5% 1970 2% 1980.37 , . , : , - . , . - , . , . , ( , ),

36. Michael Barratt-Brown, Models in Political Economy (London: Penguin, 1984), . 144. 37. A. Szymanski, The Socialist World System, Socialist States in the World System, C.K. Chase-Dunn, . (London: Sage Publications, 1982), . 2.3. 1980 (World Development Report 1997).

134

, ( , ), - . ,38 , (planability) , . . , , . , , , 39 . , , ( ), . , , , . , , . ,

38. ( Hayek ..), ., , Alec Nove, The Economics of Feasible Socialism (London: Allen and Unwin, 1983). Nove , - , . E. Mandel, In Defence of Socialist Planning, New Left Review, no. 159 (- 1986). 39. Alec Nove, The Soviet Economy: Problems and Prospects, New Left Review, no. 119 (.-. 1980), . 3-19.

135

, , , (, , ). . ( - 40), , , , , . ; , , . , , , , . , : , , , . . , , , ,

40. , C. Castoriadis, Political and Social Writings (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), vol. 1-2, , Rudolf Bahro, R. Bahro, The Alternative in Eastern Europe (London: Verso, 1978). , , Bahro , (. Janet Biehl, Ecology and the Modernisation of Fascism in the German Ultra-right, Society and Nature, vol. 2, no. 2 (1994).

136

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, , . , Alexander Yakovlev,41 . ! , , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , . , , , , .., () .

41. . Alexander Yakovlev The Guardian (20/8/1991), , The Fate of Marxism in Russia (Yale: Yale University Press, 1993).

138

, , , - , . () , . , . , , , () , () . , , , , , de facto , , , , . : , , de facto , de jure . , , , 1979 ( ) , 139

. , , , . , , () (), - , status quo. , , . . , , . , , , . . , , ( ), , , , .., , , . 140

, . , , , ! , , 42 . , , , . , , . (.., ..), . , ( ), , , 8, ..

1) 19

42. Leon Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed (New York: Merit, 1965).

141

. 100 , Sergei Witte , . , , . , , , , ( ), . , . .43 , , , , . 90 ( 1998), . , !44 1998 2% 40% .

43. , K , 1,5 ., . .. , , The Guardian (26/5/1993). 44. Joseph Stiglitz, The ruin of Russia, Guardian, (9/4/2003).

142

, . , , (, ), .45 1990-2003 (-11.5%), .46 , . M. Kaser, , 1988, , 4/5 27% .47 , : , 1/3 .48 , (, ), , 100 . , , 60% , -

45. The Guardian (24/3/1993). 46. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, . 4.1 & 4.10. 47. The Guardian (16/3/1994). 48. OECD, Integrating emerging market economies into the international trading system (Paris: OECD, 1994), Peter Gowan, Neo-Liberal Theory and Practice, . 17.

143

, 66% !49 , , 2007, 1990, , 80% 1989!50 . , 1/4 1970 1993, 44%, 1989.51 , 1990 2003 65 67 , 69 66!52 , , , , , , ( , , .. ). : , . , .

2) . .. . , 49. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, . 4.5 & 4.6. 50. Jean Marie Chauvier, Tsar Putins Russia, Le Monde Diplomatique, (February 2007). 51. World Bank, World Bank Development Report 1995, . 26. , 11,4 1991 14,4 1993 16,2 1994 Michael Ellman, The Increase in Death and Disease Under Katastroika, Cambridge Journal of Economics, no. 18 (1994), . 349. 52. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, . 2.19.

144

Monde Diplomatique, .53 , , , 1 , . , 1956 , , (.. ) , . , , , , ( !) ! , 1980, , , . , Ronald Reagan, 1981, ... .54 , . , (. ), . , 1980, 53. Catherine Samary, Eastern Europe heads into the unknown, Le Monde Diplomatique, (November 1999). 54. Sheldon Wolin, What revolutionary action means today Dimensions of Radical Democracy, . Chantal Mouffe (London: Verso, 1995 1992), . 241.

145

( ), . , , B. Cumings.55 , , , , . , , , . , , , . 4 5 , , , , , .56 , , 40%, . ( ) . . , Jean-Yves Potel : 57 , .

55. B. Cumings, The Abortive Abertura, New Left Review, no. 173 ( 1989), . 5-32. 56. P. Bachrach, The Theory of Democratic Elitism (Boston, 1967), . 8-9. 57. Jean-Yves Potel, Les Cent portes de lEurope centrale et orientale, . 214-218, (Editions de lAtelier: Paris, 1998), Catherine Samary, Eastern Europe heads into the unknown ..

146

1989 , . , . .. (, , , , , , , , , ) 1990-92 2000-02 50%, 10% 15% , . , , .. 2004, 2 . (10% ) .58 , , , ( ) 59 ( ) . .. . , , , , . .. (, , ), . , , 58. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, . 2.4 The Independent, (24/4/2008). 59. Catherine Samary, Eastern Europe heads into the unknown, ..

147

2007-13 1% , ( ) , ! , , , Catherine Samary, o ( ).60 . : , , , , , , . , ( , , ..), , . , , . , , , . , ( , ..). . , .. , 60. Catherine Samary, Europe: Yes is not a triumph, (Le Monde Diplomatique, April 2005).

148

, . , , , , , . , , ( 55.000 1993), . , , . , , Sachs61 . ( 7) ,62 - . 50% .., .. .63 .. .64 (, , , ), , . , , , .

61. Jeffrey Sachs, What is to be done?, Economist (13/1/1990). 62. Gowan, Neo-Liberal Theory and Practice for Eastern Europe, . 6-7. 63. Gowan, Neo-Liberal Theory and Practice for Eastern Europe, . 24. 64. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, . 4.15.

149

. (, , ) , , , , . () 2007 , , 65. , ( ) . , , , Wng Hui, Tiananmen Square.66 , , , , , . 1979. , 1979 1984,

65. Michael Sheridan, China puts limit on free enterprise, The Sunday Times, (21/10/ 2007). 66. Wng Hui, ow iananmen protests led to the new market economy, Le Monde diplomatique, (April 2002).

150

. , - , . 1984 . , , . , , , 34.2% 1953-78 19.3% 1988 67 . , , , . , , , , 20% 50% 20% 4.7%, (Gini coefficient) 44,7 ( 0 100), (36 40,8 ) ( 25)!68 , , .. , . , 1989, , ,

67. . 68. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, . 2.7

151

( ..) . , . Wng Hui, , () Tiananmen Square 4 1989.69 , , , , , , , , , , , , ( ). , , , , , . , de facto, , , de jure, , . , , , Marxism Today70 (, ..).

69. Wang Hui, ow iananmen protests led to the new market economy, .. 70. Martin Jacques, China is well on its way to being the other superpower, The Guardian, (8/12/05).

152

, . 1980, , , (, ..) . , 90 ( , ..), . , , , , . , , , .71 2025 2041 !72 , 21% , 1%. , , , ( ) 17% .73 , , , . , 1994, 14 - 10%, 10% 74. 10 -, 2003, 71. ., .., : . , (29/4/05) : . , , (08/05/2005) . 72. B., .., Le Monde diplomatique, The China Dossier ( 2004) Ignacio Ramonet, China wakes up and alarms the world, Le Monde diplomatique ( 2004). 73. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, (. 1.1). 74. World Bank, From Plan to Market, World Development Report 1996 (. 1).

153

13,0% !75 , (10,3% 1980-90 9,6% 1990-2003, 3,6% 3,3% )76 , , , ! , . , , , ( ) ,77 . , .78 , , 90% ,79 2005 300% 700%. , , , . ( 1 . ) . (. . 3), 422 .

75.World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, (. 1.1). 76. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, (. 4.1). 77. Ignacio Ramonet, China wakes up and alarms the world, Le Monde diplomatique, 2004. 78. Heather Stewart, China leads for foreign investors, The Guardian, (5/9/03). 79. Heather Stewart, Why Mr. Brown went to China, The Observer, (27/2/05).

154

1981-2001 1 . ( ), 64% 1981 17% 2001!80 , , , !81 100 30 . . ( ) , . , 1997 (1,3% ) 31% , (44% ) 3%.82 . , .83 10 . , 19 . 6,7 . , , , !84 , , , , 5.000 (75% ), .85 , , 2,5 . .8680. World Bank, World development indicators 2005, . 2.5a. 81. Jonathan Watts, Guardian (12/5/2007). 82. Jean-Louis Rocca, fter the reforms in 1997 massive unemployment, Le Monde diplomatique ( 1999). 83. Jon Watts, A tale of two countries, The Guardian (9/11/04). 84. Jonathan Watts, Chinas farmers cannot feed hungry cities, The Guardian (26/8/04). 85. Jonathan Watts, Blood and coal: the human cost of cheap Chinese goods, The Guardian (14/3/05) . 86. Philippe Pataud-Celerier, China: Shanghai privatised, Le Monde diplomatique

155

, , , . , 1990 2003, , 32,5% 60% , 1,2% 4,5%.87 60% , 1/30 !88 , , , ( Brown, Blair89) , , , .90 . , , . , , , , ! . , , , 2020 ( ..)

( 2004). 87. World Bank, World development indicators 2005, . 6.1. 88. Will Hutton, Maos children seek their fortune, The Observer (20/3/05). 89. Heather Stewart, Why Mr. Brown went to China, .. 90. Will Hutton, The Writing on the Wall: China and the West in the 21st Century, (London: Little, Brown, 2007).

156

(2003) 5% 91. , , , 25 , , 400.000 . 92 , , , 1993 2003 93 . , , , , : .94 , , , , 120-150 , , 95 , , . , , 2004 74.000 , 3 . , 10.000 .96 . 2006 300.000 ( ..) 85.000

91. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, . 4.5 92. Will Hutton, .. 93. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2005, . 2.4. 94. Jon Watts, A tale of two countries, The Guardian (9/11/2004). 95. Jean-Louis Rocca, he reality behind the worlds workshop, Le Monde diplomatique (May 2007). 96. Martine Bulard, n uncertain future fo