1. .. , .. 11 . 11 .: . . . / .. 2- ., . .: , 2002 .

2. 2 1 1. 1. - . 2. , , . - - . 3. , - , , - . 4. , - . 5. - . , . 2. 1. - . 2. , q, , t . I = q/t = q'. I = q/t. 3. 3 3. , , . 4. . 1 = 1 /. 5. , - . . 1. : t = 60 c, I = 2 A q-? : I = const, , = = q I q It t q = 60 2 = 120 . : q = 120 . 2. : t = 1 c I = 1,6 A N ? : = = q I q It t ; e , = = q It N e e ; 19 19 1 6 1 10 1 6 10 = = , , N : 19 10=N . 3. : t = 1, I = 1 A e/me = 1,761011 / M ? : = = e e Itm M N m e (. ) M = 11 1 365 24 60 60 1 76 10 /, = 1,8 104 . : 0,18 . 4. : S = 1 2 I = 1,6 A n = 1023 3 T = 20C m = 9,1 1031 V ? : 0 0 0 23 3 6 19 1 6 100 10 10 1 6 10 = = = = = = 2 /. , , , q I q q nSvt I q nSv v t q nS v - 4. 4 2 3 3 2 = = 2 2 mV V m 23 3 31 3 1 38 10 293 11 5 10 9 1 10 = = / / , , , : V = 100/. 5. : t = 4 c I1 = 1 A I2 = 5 A q ? : q = It, q I t (. ). q = 12 . : q=12. 3. 1. - - , . 2. , . - . 3. , . SO4 2- - Cu2+ Zn2+ - . , . 4. - - , - - , . 5. , . , , . U = 1,5 . 4. 1. , . - . 5. 5 , .. , . 2. . , . , . 3. , - . = /q. [] = 1 = 1 / 4. U = |/q|. 5. , . 5. ( ) 1. , - . , . 2. , . 3. . - , 2 . 4. - . 5. - - . , , . 1. : R = 44 U = 220 I ? : 220 5 44 = = = B A , U I I R : I = 5 A. 6. 6 2. : U = 6 , I = 2 = 2106 R ? : 6 6 6 3 10 2 10 = = = = B O. A , U U I R R R I : R = 3106 . 3. : q = 2,88 t = 60 c R = 5 ? : 3 5 2 88 10 240 60 = = = = = B. , , Rq U RI t : = 240 . 4. : N, e, U, R t ? : ; . U q Ne Nre I t R t t U = = = : U erN t = . 5. : R1 = 2 , R2 = 3 , I = 1 A, U = 12 U1; U2; I1; I2 ? : U1 = 2 U2 = 3 I1 = 6 I2 = 4 I, A I1 I2 0 1 1U1 U2 U, B R = 2 R = 3 : U1 = 2 , U2 = 3 , I1 = 6 , I2 = 4 . 6. 1. , - , . 2. , - . ( - ), - ( ). 3. - . , - 7. 7 . []=1. 4. < 105 ; 105 < < 105 ; > 105 . 5. . 1. : = 1,610-8 S = 0,4 2 = 4107 2 l = 240 R ? : 8 7 1 6 10 240 9 6 4 10 2 , , , l R R S = = = : R = 10,2 . 2. : = 8,9103 /3 = 1,610-8 R = 10 l = 1 = 103 m ? : 2 2 , , l m l l R R m S Sl m R = = = = 8 2 3 1 6 10 1000 8 9 10 14 2 10 = = 2 3 / , , ,m : m = 14,2 . 3. : R = 4 , = 2,810-8 d = 1 = 103 l ? : 2 2 8 4 4 0 001 112 4 2 8 10 = = = = = 2 3,14 , , , l RS R d R l S l : l = 112 4. : R = 2,8 = 2,810-8 m = 0,27 =2,7103 /3 l ? S ? : = = = = , , l m m R V Sl S S l 2 l mR R l m = = = 8 0 27 2 80 100 2 8 10 = = 3 3 , 2,7 10 / , , , 4 20 27 10 1 2 8 = = = = 8 2 3 3 2,8 10 2,7 10 / , , m S R : l = 100 , S = 1 2 . 8. 8 5. : n = 10, Al = 2,810-8 , Cu = 1,710-8 , Cu = 8,9103 .3 , Al = 2,7103 3 k ? : , = = Al Cu Al Al Al Cu Cu Cum m S l S l , 1 = = Al Al Al Cu Al Al Cu Cu Cu , l S S S l n = = Cu Al Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Al , l n l n R S S 2 200 = = = Cu Cu CuAl Al Al Al Al Al Al . Rl R k n S R : k 200. 7. 1. , , . 2. - = 0(1 + T), [] = K1 . 3. - , . 4. - , , - . 5. , - . - . , : . 1. : t1 = 0C, R1 = 4 , t2 = 50C, = 4,310-3 K-1 R2 ? : 1 0 1 1 01 1 2 0 2 2 2 2 0 1 11 1 1 1 = + + + = = = + + + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) R R t t tR t R R t R t t t 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 + = + ( ) ( ) t t R R t t 9. 9 3 2 3 1 4 3 10 50 4 4 86 1 4 3 10 20 + = = + 1 , , , R . : R2 = 4,86 . 2. : t1 = 20C, R1 = 25 , t2 = 35C, R2 = 25,17 ? : 41 0 1 0 1 0 0 17 1 4 5 10 15 = + = = = 1 25 , ( ), , R R R R t tR : = 4,5104 K1 . 3. : t1 = 10C R1 = 10 = 1,01 = 6103 K1 t2 ? : 1 0 1 2 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 = + + = = + + ( ) , ( ) R R t t R R t t 1 2 1 1 + = ( ) , t t 3 2 3 1 1 01 1 6 10 10 1 11 8 6 10 + = = o1 C C , ( ) ,t . : t2 = 11,8C. 4. : t1 = 20C, R1 = 20 , U = 220 , I = 0,5 A, = 4,6103 K1 t1 ? : 2 1 0 11= = + ; ( ); U R R R t I 0 1 3 0 220 0 5 45650 2 4 6 10 0 5 = = = o 1 B A 20 C K A 20 , , , u JR t JR : t2 =5005C. 5. : S, R, d, , v, W ? : 0 0 = = = , ,v R W tc m R R t t R 2 220 0 2 v v l R c mS d R c S d Rm RS dS R t W m m mS dSl d = = = = = = : 2 = vc S d R W . 10. 10 8. 1. , , . . 2. , . 3. , - - . , - . 4. , ( ) . - , - , - , . 5. - , . - - - , . 9. 1. - . 2. , . - . 3. - . 4. - , 11. 11 . . 5. , - . , , ( ) . , , , . 1. : R1 = 12 , R2 = 20 , R3 = 30 R ? : R2 R3, , R4 2 3 4 2 3 = + , R R R R R R4 R1 R 2 3 1 4 1 2 3 20 30 12 24 20 30 = + = + = + = + + O, R R R R R R R R R : R = 24 . 2. : R1 = 12 , R2 = 18 , R3 = 5 , R4 = 10 R ? : R1 R2 , - R5 = R1 + R2, R3 R4 R6 = R3 + R4. R R5 R6 : 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 30 15 10 45 + + = = = = + + + + O ( )( ) , R R R R R R R R R R R R R R : R = 10. 3. : R1 = 3 , R2 = 2 , R3 = 6 , R4 = 8 , R5 = 3 , R6 = 2 R ? : - : R2, R4 R6 , - R7 = R2 + R4 + R6. R7 R3 - , 7 3 2 4 6 3 8 7 3 2 4 6 3 + + = = + + + + ( )R R R R R R R R R R R R R . R8 R1 R5. 12. 12 2 4 6 3 5 2 4 6 3 2 8 2 6 3 3 10 2 8 2 6 + + + + + + + + + = + + = + + + 1 5 8 1R= R +R +R =R O ( ) , ( ) R R R R R R R R R R : R = 10 . 4. : R; 2R R ? : : R1 R7 , 7 7+ 1 17 1 = R R R R R , - R2 , - 7 2 7 + + 1 172 1 = R R R R R R . , - . 2R R R R R R 2R 2R 2R 2R 2R 2R 1 7 2 3 4 8 9 5 6 : 1 7 127 82127 2 1278 1 7 127 8 = + = = = + + , R R R R R R R R R R R R R , 12378 9212378 1278 3 123789 12378 9 = + = = = + , , R R R R R R R R R R 123478921234789 123789 4 1234789 1234789 = + = = = + , , R RAR R R R R RA R RA 212345789 1234789 5 12345789 1234789 12345789 = + = = = + , , R R R RA A R RA BR RAB R RA B 13. 13 2123456789 12345789 6 123456789 123456789 123456789 = + = = = + ,R R R RA AB R RAB CR RABC R RAB C , - 1-2-1, - R. : R = R 5. : I3 = 3 A I6; I8; U6; U8 ? : : , , D ( ), , , .. 3 6 282= +I I I , , , CE, EF, FD, . 8 2 3 6 8= = +I I I I I . C D ( ) : 6 6 2 2 8 8 8 2 8 6 82 2 2= = + = + =( )U R I R I R I I R R I I , 3 8 8 88 3 8 6 6 6 6 8 81 3 3 12 2 2 = == = = = = = = BA B A I U I RI I I U I R I I : I6 = 2 ; I8 = 1 ; U6 = 12 ; U8 = 8 . 10. 1. , - . , - , 2. , . , , - . 14. 14 . 5. 1 3 2 4 1 3 2 4 1 3 2 4 1 1 1 + + = + = + + + + + ( )( )R R R R R R R R R R R R R R , R5 . 1. : R R ? : (. ). 1 3 3 1 5 5 5 11 = + + =e e R R R R R R . : 5 11 =cxR R . 2. : R Rac; Rad; Rbd ? : - 2R . Rac , - 2R, - . 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 22 1 2 ac ac R R R R R RR + = + + = = + , 1. : 2R 2R - , 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 R R R R R = = + + . 15. 15 R1 R, 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 R R R R R + = + = + + . 2 3 2 32 1 2 3 2 2 4 2 1 ad R R R R R R R R R + ++= = + + + + 2, , ( , - ). - 2R . - 2R, . - Rbd = R. : 2 1 2 Rac R = + , 2 3 2 2 4 ad R R R + = + , Rbd = R. 3. : R Rab ? : , - . : 7 6 adR R= . 16. 16 4. : R R ? : h, d, (. ) , - R, . g, d, e. - , ( - R). . 1 1 1 5 3 6 3 6 R .ab R R R R= + + = : 5 . 6 abR R= 5. : R R ? : , , - . - Re, ( Re) 2 2 2 2 2 3e e e e e e e e R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R = + + = + + = + . , 3aR R R= + . : 3R R R= + 11. 1. c| | ab A U q = , - . 17. 17 2. . = + I R r . 3. , 2- , , , , . 3- , , , . 4. - . = I R . 5. 1 2 3 0 + > ... , . - . 1. : = 12 I = 2 A U= 10 r; R ? : = + = = = + += , I I UR r I r UU U rI IrR II M, M 10 12 10 5 O 1 O 2 2 R r = = = = . : 5 1M; M.O OR r= = 2. : R1=10 I1 = 1 A R2 = 4 I2 = 2 A ; r-? : 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 = + + = = = + = + O I R r I R r I R I R r I R r I I I R r 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ( ) ( ) 12 B I R I R I R r I R I I = + = + = : M;2 O 12 B.r = = 3. : = 6 R = 9 I = 0,6 A r; I. ? : ; .1 O 6 A IR I r I R r I r = = = = = + : M; .1 O 6 A. r I= = 18. 18 4. : 1= 4,5 2 = 6 r1 = 0,2 r2 = 0,3 U = 0 R ? : 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 , , ,R r r R I r r R + = + = + + = + + 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0U Ir r r r R + = = = + + 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 r R r r r r r R + + = = + + 1 2 1 1 2 1 R r r r + = =0,2 : 1 2 1 1 2 1 R r r r + = = 0,2. 5. : , r, R I(R); U(R) ? : I R r = + . 0R I , 0R I r = = . R U R r = + . R U , 0 0,R U= = . 19. 19 12. 1. : M1 M2 M22 M8 M4 1 O 2 O 22 O 8 O 4 O 27 B R R R R R U = = = = = = 2 4; ?U U : R (. - ): 1 CDEFR R R = + , 2 22 8 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 8CDEF CD EFR R R R R R R = + = + = + + 2 22 8 4 2 22 8 4 2 22 8 4 1 1 2 22 8 4 8 9 3 M M O O A . ( )( ) ( )( ) . CDEF CDEF AB CD EF R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R I I I R + + = = + + + + + = + = + = + + + = + = = RCD 2 , REF, CD .=> ICD = 1 A, IEF = 2 A. 2 2 4 82 8 , .CD EFU I R U I R= = = = : 2 42 8 , .U U= = 2. : 3 5 6 3 5 6 M M M O O O R R R = = = : 3- : 20. 20 2- : 1- : 3. : 1 2 3 4 5 40 60 120 15 25 240 = = = = = = ; ; ; ; B ;R R R R R 1 4 2 1 ; ; ; ; ?ACI I I I I : 21. 21 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 20 60 4 80 60 = = + + = + + = = = = = = = = = O, , A, B, B e e . CA CA AB CA AC AC AC R R R R R R R R R R R R R R I I I R U R I U R I R1, R2, R3 , 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 80 2 401 1 1 80 4 60 3 80 2 120 3 = = = = = = = = = = : : : : AB I A I I I R R R I A I I I I I A : 5 4= A,I 41,80 A, 60 B,ACU U= = 2 1 4 2 3 3 = =A A, .I I 4. : R; C; U ? q ? : (. ) : 2 2 2 2 2 = + = + e R R R R R R R . a, b. , , D, 2 = +D B IR . ( 2 IR , - .) 22. 22 32 4 2 = = = = e . R C C IR U U U U U U I R 3 4 = =Cq CU CU . : 3 4 = .q CU 5. : R, C, U Uab ? : . : Uab=0,05U. 13. 1. , , . - , . 2. . , . , ( ). 3. - ( , - ). , , . - , , - , . 23. 23 4. . , . , . 5. - . - Umax n , n . - (n-1) . , - . 1. : 10 9 9 1 = = = mA A , ' I R I r ? : ' ' 100 I nI I n I = = = ; = + + = = U U nI RR rn I I nI U r I R ; 1 9 90 0 1 1 1 100 = = = = M O . , , ( ) IR R r I n n ; : 100 0 1= = MO ., ,n r 2. : 1 2 2 50 0 05 = = = M A A O, I I r R ? : : 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 = + = + = = = U U I I IRR r I I I R r U r I I R 50 2 0 05 = = A A 1,2 2 , . : 1 2= MO,R . 24. 24 3. :r1 = 2 A 1 2 2 A 10 A 200 B I I U = = = 2 ; ?R r : : U = IRg. 200 = = B 2 A g U R I = 100 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 2 4 2 = + = + = = = = 2 U U I I IRR r I I I R r U r I I R : 2 1 1 1 4 = = MO I I R r I , Rg = 100 . 4. : 1 2 6 2 240 = = = M B O B U R U ; ?DR n : 2 1 40= = U n U , - , , - : 1 11 = = ( ) D m U U I R R , m = n + 1 . 1 80= = = O.( )DR R m Rn : RD = 80 , n = 40. 5. : R = 103 = 1 U = 12 S = 107 = 0,1 2 l = 450 = 210-7 U1 ? : - : 1 1 1 = = = = = , ( ) . D D D l R S Rn U U l I n R R R S R n . 7 1 3 2 10 12 120 10 = = = = 7 450 B 10 . l U nU U SR : 1 120= B.U 25. 25 14. . - 1. - . 2. , , . 3. , , , . Q = I2 Rt. 4. , - - , , . 2 2 = = = U P I R IU R 5. , - . . 1. : q = 3 = 106 U = 220 A ? : 6 3 3 10 220 0 66 10 = = = ,A qU . : 3 0 66 10 = ,A 2. : R = 20 I = 15 t = 1 = 60 Q ? : -: 2 2 3 = =225 200 60 = 18 10 =18 .Q I Rt : =18Q . 3. : r, R1 = R2 R ? : 1 2R R= 2 2 R R = 26. 26 2 2 1 1 1 P I R R R r = = + , 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 / 2 2 ( ) (2 ) 2 / 2 2 2 2 ( 2 ) 2 (2 ) R R R R R r R r R r R r R R r R R r R r = + = + + + + = + = :R = r. 4. : t1 = 10 = 600 c t2 = 15 900 c P; ?t t : 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 = = = = = = P PQ I R t I R t I R t I R t t R t R t R R t 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 11 2 2 1 2 1 1 900 25 + + = = = + = = P 600 = 1500 = 900 + 600 ( ) ( ) ( ) t t R R R R R t t t t t t t tR R t R t 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 12 1 2 1 1 2 1 900 360 6 = = = = + + + = = 600 = 900 + 600 ( ) ( ) ( ) t R R t t t t t t tR R t t R t : 25=Pt , 6 =t . 5. : 1 2 60 40 110 220 = = = = T T B B B B H P P U U 1 2 ' ' ; ?P P : U: 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 = = = =;H H H HU U U U P R P R R P R P - U: 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 = = + +( )H UP PU I R R U P R 27. 27 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 11 2 1 2 48400 60 38 4 60 = = = = + + = = 2 2 2 1600 12100 + 40 ) ' ( ) ( ) , ( H H H U P P U U P P P I R PU P R U P R 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 21 2 1 2 2 48400 3600 40 57 6 1 100 = = = = + + = = 2 2 T 2 B (60 + 40) ' ( ) ( ) , H H H U P P U U P P P I R PU P R U P R : ' T,2 38,4 BP = 2 57 6= T.B' ,P . 15. 1. - . 2. , . , . 3. 2 2 2 ( ) . ( ) H R P R I R R r = = + 4. , - - . 5. - . 1. : 100 220 200 = = = TB B B P U U P ? : - . 2 = . U P R U, . 2 = . U P R 28. 28 22 2 2 100 82 6 48400 = = = = 2 2 40000 , . UU U P P P P U : 82 6= , .P 2. : ; ;N r P ? : 2 ' ' P r = , , r . 2 2' ' . ' ' N N P r Nr r r = = = = : 2 . N P r = 3. : 8 150 450 = = = A B I U m 7V = / = = 0,116 / ? : : = =P Fv mgV , =P UI . 450 0 116 0 42 8 = = = = 2 9,8 / / 150 , , . P mgV P UI : 0 42 = , ( 42%). 4. : 0 2 10 250 = = = M 4 O B = 10 B ,r P U ? : 2 2 2 4 1 10 0 2 1 0 97 62500 = = = = = = =2 Pr , , . P r P P P P U P P P U : 0 97 = , ( 97%). 5. : T 12 95 BP = = 150= A It t-? : , . 150 18 9 95 = = = = = A 12 B . B , It P I Pt It t P : 18,9 It t P = = . 29. 29 16. 1. , - . - , - , . 2. , - . ( , , - ) . 3. , , . 4. =m kQ , - . 1 = M m Q F n , F , M - , n , Q . 5. , , , - . 1. : 6 5 6 1 12 10 = = 3 = 5,6 10 / , , m k q ? : : 3 6 3 5 6 10 1 12 10 5 10 = = = = = / . , , m m kq q k : 3 5 10= .m 2. : 7 10 3600 3 28 10 = = = = 2 10 /, m t k I ? : : 2 10 8 5 = = = = = = 7 3,28 10 / 3600 ; , m m kq q k q m I A t kt . : 8 5= ,I . 30. 30 3. : 3 28800 10 27 10 3 = = = = / t I n m ? : : 3 4 4 1 1 27 10 9 65 10 2 69 10 26 9 = = = = = = = = / 10 28800 / 3 , , , . M m Q M m ItF n F n Q It . : 26 9= , .m 4. : 4 50 50 10 = = 2 2 S , 6 50 50 10 == h , 1 3= ,I , M = 0,108 /, n = 1, d = 10,5 108 /3 : t ? : : 4 8 1 1 12 12 12 9 65 10 5 5 10 5 10 0 108 21600 6 = = = = = = = = = = -3 2 -5 3 / 12 10 10 / / 1,3 . , , , M m Q F n M ShdFn m Shd Shd It t F n MI Q It : 6=t . 5. : t = 5 V = 1 = 103 3 P = 105 k = 8,29 / T ? : : = =m kQ kIt -: = = m PV PV RT m RT . 5 3 3 3 10 10 32 10 8 29 258 15 = = = = = = = / / 5 3600 8,31 /( ) C. , PV PV kIt T RT kItR 31. 31 2 17. 1. . , , , . 2. . 3. - . 4. , , . 5. - . 18. 1. , , , , . , - . 2. r B . , . : () - , . 3. : , , . 4. 1 2= + + + r r r r K nB B B B , , - 32. 32 . ( - .) 5. : , . - . 19. 1. , - . 2. . 3. . 4. , . 5. , , . 20. 1. , . . 2. : , - ( ), , , . = sinAF IB l . 3. . 4. : , - , - 33. 33 , , . 5. , - , - , . 1= H A [ ]B =1 (). 1. : l=15 = 0,15 B=0,4 I=6 A FA ? : , A sinF IB l= . 1 =sin ,B I , 6 0 4 0 15 0 36= = = , , ,AF IB l . : 0 36=A H, .F 2. : l = 20 = 0,2 B = 0,1 I = 1 A, = 30 FA ? : = A sinF IB l . 1 30 2 = =$( ) sin ,B I 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 5 0 01 2 = = = , , , ,AF IB l . : 0 01=A ,F . 3. : l = 10 = 0,1 m = 10 = 0,1 I = 4,2 A B = 0,1 T ? : , , (. ). I m B ur Mg+FA , . - , 2- : 34. 34 2 90 2 0 01 9 81 4 2 0 1 0 1 0 07 2 = + + = = = + = A A 2 / sin , , , , , , . T mg F mg IB l T F IB l : 0 07= , .T 4. : l = 10 = 0,1 m = 10 = 0,1 I = 9,8 A, B = 0,1 ? : 2- (. ): 2 0+ + = r r r AF T mg . 2T mg FA : 2 2= = A sin sinF T BI l T . (1) : 2= cosmg T . (2) (1) (2): 0 1 9 8 0 1 1 45 0 01 9 8 = = = = / , , , , , BI l tg mg . : 45 = . 5. : l12 = 20 = 0,2 l23 = 15 = 0,15 l34 = 12 = 0,12 l45 = 15 = 0,15 I = 5 A, B = 0,1 F12; F23; F34; F45 ? : 12 45 I B , - , F12 = F45 = 0. 23 23 23 90= =sinF BI l 23 0 1 5 0 15 75= = = ., ,BI l 34: 34 34 45 = = =sinF BI l BI l 1 0 1 5 0 12 42 2 = = , , .. : F12 = 0; F23 = 75 ; F34 = 42 ; F45 = 0. 35. 35 21. 1. , . 2. , , . 3. = sinM ISB . , . 4. - . , . . 5. . , - , - , . 1. - . - , , ( 180). , . 2. : a = 10 = 0,1 B = 0,1 I = 5 A M ? : = sinM ISB , 2 ,S a= 2 sin 1 M IBa= = = 5 5= = 2 M 0,1 0,01 H . : 2 5= = M MHM IBa 3. : a = 4 = 0.04 b = 5 = 0,05 B = 0,2 I = 5 A, = 60 F1; F2; M-? : , , . a (. ): X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X . I B ur oB ur 36. 36 1 90 60 5 0 02 2 = = = 0,2 0,04 sin( ) , .aF IBa b: 5 0 05= = = 0,2 0,05 ,bF IBb . sinM ISB= , = = =sinS ab M IabB 3 5 2 = = 0,04 0,05 0,2 3 1 73 10 = ., : 0 05= ,bF , 0 02= , .aF 3 1 73 10 = .,M 4. : a = 5 = 0,05 b = 6 = 0,06 B = 0,2 M = 0,24 I ? : M = ISB sin , 1 1 2 = =, sin .S bh 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 = = b b b h a M IB a 3 2 2 0 24 10 0 0036 0 2 2 4 4 = = = 2 2 0,03 0,0025 , , , M I b b B a : I = 1 . 5. : 2 2 3 5 10 10 10 2 1000 = = = = = max 2 H M S I N B ? : , sin = 1, => 2 3 3 5 10 250 2 10 10 = = = = = max max 2 . M M IBSN B ISN : 250= .B aF uur X bF uur a b I OI bF uur b a aF uur Z M B ur oB ur Y 37. 37 22. 1. = AF F N , N . 2. , . = sinF qvB . 3. , - . ( - , .) 4. 90 1 = = ,sin , F v , , , - . , F v . 5. 2 = = = ,n v mv ma F qvB R R qB 2 2 = = R m T v qB . , . 1. : 6 5 10= v / 19 1 6 10+ = ,e B = 0,3 ?F : = sinF qvB - , - , sin = 1. 19 6 13 1 6 10 5 10 0 3 2 4 10+ = = = / , , , .F e vB : 13 2 4 10 = , .F 2. : mp=1,6710-27 v = 5 106 / + = 1,6 1019 = 0,3 r; T ? : 2- 2 27 6 19 1 67 10 5 10 0 17 1 6 10 0 3 = = = = = / , , . , , p p p v F m a qvB m r m v r qB 38. 38 27 6 19 22 2 3 14 1 67 10 0 22 10 1 6 10 0 3 = = = = , , , . , , pmr T v qB : 0 17= ,r , 6 0 22 10 = , .T 3. : 27 6 68 10 2 1 0 064 = = + = = 0 , , m q e U D B ? : : 2 2 = = = mv D mv R B qB Dq . : 2 2 2 = = mv qU qU v m . , 27 19 2 2 1000 6 68 102 2 2 2 0 2 0 064 3 2 10 = = = = . , , , , m qU Um B Dq m D q . : 0 2= .,B . 4. :v = 5 106 / 31 19 8 0 08 9 1 10 1 6 10 = = = = , , , e D m e B ? : - , , - , OY (. ). OD , . 6 31 4 19 2 2 5 10 9 1 10 7 1 10 2 0 08 1 6 10 = = = = / . , , , , e evm vmD B eB De : 3 0 71 10 = .,B 5. : d, r d B , e : : - (R > d)(. ). Z B Ve e 0 V Y X 39. 39 0= = = . mv deB R d v eB m 1 2 2 = = =, . mv deB R d v v eB m v1 < v < v0, , . v > v0, . v v1 . 23. - 1. , - . . - . , . 2. - , . , 0 0 = qBB m R E . 3. - . . . 4. . , - , .. 5. , - , ( ), - . 24. 1. . - e v B d 40. 40 , - - . 2. . 3. . , . 4. . . 5. , - . , , . 25. 1. - , - . 2. , , - , - . - . 3. - . 4. 1= [ ]I . 1 , - , 1 , 7 2 10 . 5. = m I B k r . 26. 1. . 41. 41 2. , , , - . 3. , . 4. - , , , . 5. . 27. 1. , - . = r cosv v S . 2. S , - rr B S . = = rr ( ) cosB S B S 3. , , - . 4. 1 =[ ] (). 5. 1 , - 1 12 , - . 1. : B = 0,1 = 0,1 R = 10 = 60 1; 2-? : 2 cos cos 4 r B S B = = 2 2 1 3 14 0 1 0 1 0 785 4 4 = = = 2 , , , , . r B 2 2 2 3 14 0 1 1 0 1 0 392 4 4 2 = = = 2 , , cos , , . r B : 1 0 785 = , , 2 3 92 = , . 42. 42 2. : t = 2 a = 10 = 0,1 v = 3 / = 0,03 / B = 0,01 -? : , - t = 2 c. = .S atv 5 0 1 0 03 2 0 01 6 10 = = = = .cos , , ,B S avtB : 5 6 10 = . 3. : R, = 180, B ? : , : 2 0 = = cos cost B R t , , 180 - . 2 2 = BR . : 2 2 = BR . 4. : t, a, b, w, B (t) ? : 0 = = ( ) cos cost t Bab t t Bab -Bab 2 3 2 3 2= / , . : = ( ) cost Bab t . 5. : B, R ? : S , - . 2 2 1 = = = = = cos . n i i i S S R S B R B : 2 = .R B B S S 43. 43 28. 1. , - . - , , . 2. , .B B I I 3. , , - . 1=[ ]L (). 4. - . 5. . 2 2 =m LI W . 1. - , , .. . 2. : 0 5 20 6 = = = = 0,2 ,l d I A = 60 = 6 102 B ? : 2 6 10 6 0 5 0 2 0 1 = = = = = . , , , A A IBld B Ild : 0 1= ,B 3. : I = 2,5 A = 5 = 5103 L ? : 3 35 10 2 10 2 5 = = = = , LI L I : L = 2 . 4. : L = 0,5 I = 6 A W ? : 2 0 5 36 9 2 2 = = = 2 . ,LI W : W = 9 . 44. 44 5. : = 0,2 = 2107 U0 = 100 L = 1 = 103 U = 50 , I = 5 A, t Q ? : : 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 + = + LI CU LI CU 2 2 22 0 0 2 2 2 = = + = ( )LI C U ULI Q 3 7 10 25 2 10 2500 10000 2 2 = + = 2 2 2 ( ) = 5 25 10 0 25 = ., : Q = 0,25 . 29. 1. , - , , . - , - , - , . - , - , , . - . 0 = B B . 1 . 1 . - >>1. 3. , , - B0. , . 4. (, - ) , - . 5. , , , - . 45. 45 30. 1. - , . 2. - . . 3. . - . 4. - , - , - . 5. . - . 46. 46 3 31. , 1. , - . 2. - , . 3. , , , . 4. = vl, v , l , . 5. (81) . 1. : v = 1080 / = 300 / l = 30 B = 5 10-5 U ? : 5 300 30 5 10 0 45 = = = = =/ ., U vB l : = 0,45 . 2. : v1x>0, v1y = 0 v2x < 0, v2y = 0 v3x = 0, v3y = 0 I1, I2, I3 ? : , (. ). . Y B v I X Y r v r 47. 47 , , - . . 3. : l = 0,2 S = 0,017 2 = 1,7108 2 B = 0,1 v = 3,2 / R = 0,3 I ? : I = U/R . = U = vB l I = vB l/R + r, = l r s - . 6 6 3 2 0 1 0 2 0 128 0 2 0 3 0 017 10 10 = = + 2 / . 0,017 , , , , , , , I : I = 0,128 . 4. : l = 0,2 ; B = 0,2 ; v = 5 /; R = 2 F ? : I = U/R = vB l/R . 2 2 = =A /F IB l vB l R , . F = FA v = const 3- 2 2 35 0 04 0 04 4 10 2 = = = 2 2 / H. , , /F vB l R : I = 5 . 5. : l = 0,5 ; B = 0,2 ; v = 5 / r = 0,2 ; = 1,5 I ? : = = + / ( ) /I U r vB l r ( , ). 5 0 2 1 5 5 0 2 + = = / . , , , I : I = 5 . 32. 1. , - 48. 48 , - . 2. - , - ; ; , . 3. - , . - , . 4. - , . 5. , , , - . , , , , . - , . 1. : a = 4 ; R = 2 ; B = 0,5 ; V = 5 / I ? : t: vt. = = = B S B la B tva ' /i t= = -. /i Bv ta t Bva= = / /iI R Bva R= = . 2 0 1 5 4 10 0 01 10 2 = = = / . , ,I I ( ). : I = 10 . 2. : t = 0,05 = 5105 = 6 = 6103 i ? : ' /i t= = - . , . : i = 120 . 49. 49 3. : 1 2 2 3 0 1 0 2 10 10 0 001 100 = = = = = = 3 , , , B B S t U N ? : 1 2' / ( ) /i t B B S t= = = -. 2 1 2 | | | | /( )/ / i u t U N N U t B B S B S = = = = 100 0 001 500 0 2 = =3 2 B /10 , . , : N = 500. 4. : 2 3 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 002 5 10 2 = = = + = = = , / , , , a R B B t B t F1, F2, F3,F4 ? : ' 2i t= = = /I U R . 2= | | / ;I t R =Fa BIL . 2 1 2 3 4 0 2= = = = + =( ) /F F F F B t at R 3 3 0 002 5 10 4 2 5 10 0 1 2 0 2 + = = 2 2 2 / / ( , ) , , = 2,2 104 . : F = 2,2 104 . 5 : R, S, , B ? : , - . / /i c cq I t t R R= = = , 2= = / / .cR l S R S 2 2 2 0 2 2 = = = = = ( ) . B S B R B R B R S BRS q R 33. 1. , - , , . 2. - , .. 50. 50 . , , , (. . 110). - . , - 0, 0. , ( - ). 3. , - , . - . , . , ( ). 4. ( ), , . , , - . 5. , - . , - , . 34. 1. - . 2. N , N2 , , -, - N , , -, , , N . 3. - , , - , . - - , . - . 51. 51 4. , - , - . , - . - . 5. . . 35. 1. , . 2. - , - . , (). 3. , - - . . 1. . - 1. 4. - - . - , . 5. ( - , ) ( - - ). , , . , , - . , . 52. 52 36. 1. - , - , . , , . 2. , , . 90 - . 1 3 (. . 119 ) , - 2 4 , , - , . 3. 2= / B S B S t 2 3 2 3 0 5 22 t 2 3 2 3 2= / B S 5 2 0 B S 2 ( )t 4. () - . 5. ( ) . 1. : 5 8 0 02 0 2 = = = = = 0,05 = 0,08 , , a b T B ; ( ) ?im i t : Lx 0 sin( )i im t= ; i = 0,25 sin 100t. : 0 25 0 25 100B;, , sin .m i t = = 53. 53 2. : 2 4 20 0 5 7 85 25 10 = = = = 2 = 25 , ,m N B S ? : = m BS , = /im m N 4 1 2 50 2 3 14 20 25 10 0 5 = = = = = 2 7,85 . / ( /( )) / , , m mNSB NSB : 50 = . 3. : 2 10 1200 0 12 50 0 58 = = = = = 2 , , N S B ?m : 2im BS SB= = 2 2 3 14 10 50 0 12 0 58 220 = = = = 2 , , , m iN N SB : m = 220 4. : 4 30 5 10 5 10 = = = = o R B ? : = sin .F evB : = = A RF e . = sin ;evBR 2 4 2 2 2 3 14 25 10 5 10 30 0 4 = = = = = =o2 B sin , sin , v R R R B : 0 4 = B., 5. : 2 2 200 100 0 01 20 2 10 0 2 100 = = = = = = = 2 c , , N S T B R ( ); ; ?mI t I : sin sin ;i im t BS t= = = = siniU N BSN t 2 = = = sin( ) sinU BSN t BSN t I R R TR 2 2 3 14 200 0 2 0 01 100 = = = 2 0,02 , , , m NBS I RT =1,26 . 54. 54 2 2 3 14 314 0 02 = = = / , , ; I(t) = 1,26 sin 314t. : Im = 1,26 A; = 314 /; I(t) 1,26 sin 314 t. 37. 1. - , . 2. - ( ), . 3. 20, - () . 4. - , - . 5. 50 - , 0,05 . , - . 38. 1. - t. , - . t = 0 ( ). 2. , - , , , . 3. - Im , 0. - /2. 55. 55 4. ( ). 5. - . 1. : 2 10 6 = + cos(( )( )) T u t t 4 ;; ; ?m T u U : 10= Bu ; 0 3 = 5 10 5 3 4 6 = = B.cos T U : 10 5 3 3 4 = = = 0B B.; ;m T u u 2. : 3 4 10 4 = + cos( )i t : 0 y x Im 3 4 4 = =0A;mI 3. : 6 5 3= Bsin( / )u t 0 y x um 06 B; 3 mu = = 4. : 1 2 10 4 10 4 = + = + cos( ) sin( ) u t u t ? 1 3 10cos( ) 10sin( ); 4 4 u t t = + = + 2 = , 2- 56. 56 x u1 u2 u 5. : 1 2 10 4 10 4 = + = + cos( ) sin( ) u t u t 1 2= +u u u : 2 2 1 2( ) 10 2 10 2 cos mu u u u t = + = = : 10 2 cosu t= 39. 1. : = U i R 2. 1 , - , 1 . - . 3. , , - . 4. () - 2 . () 2 . 5. , - . 40. 1. . 57. 57 2. RC R. 3. UC - UC(t). t = 0, t = RC. 4. . 5. - /2. : XC = Um / Im = 1 / C. 1. : 2 10 0 25 2 = = = = 2 / / c , q t t t I : 2 10 2 0 25 2 9= = = =2 / / ., dq I t dt : I = 9 2. : 0 5 10 100 = = , sin( ) C u t ( ) ?i t 7 100 100 5 10 10 100 3 14 100 1 57 100 = = = = = = = ' ( / ) cos( ) , cos , cos( ) I q C dU dt CU t t t : 1 57 100= , cos( )i t 3. : 0 5 10 100 = = , sin( ) C U t p ? 10 100 1 57 100 200 15 7 7 85 200 2 = = = = B . sin( ) , cos( ) sin( ) , , sin( ) p IU t t t t p t 7,85 7,85 4 T 2 T 3 4 T 58. 58 4. : 3 3 2 3 2 1 = = = 6 = 10 , ,cx C ? 1 = ;cx C 1 1 2 2 2 = = = c c x c cx = 6 3 1 50 2 3 14 10 3 2 10 = = , , . : = 50 . 5. : 1 = ;cx c . 2,3 , xc 2,5 . 41. 1. . 2. xL = L. 3. /2 . 4. - . 5. , - 0, . - . 1. : 2 20 2 10 50 = = = L Lx ? : 2 2 2 3 14 50 2 10 6 28 = = = = = . , , Lx L l : xL = 6,28 . cx 0 59. 59 2. : xL = L . 3 xL 3 . Lx 0 3. : 10 0 01 10 10 = = = = ,L R N ? 1 1 2 2 1 1590 2 3 14 10 100 0 01 = = = = = , , Lx NR L NRL : = 1590 . 4. : 0 35 220 50 = = = , L U I 7 : 2 220 2 3 14 5 0 35 = = = = = B . 2 , , m m L U U I I x L 0 y x u I 5. : 311 100 7 = = cos( ) U t I L ? 2 0 1 2 = = = /( ) ,m m U I L U I L : L = 0,14 . 60. 60 42. 1. , L - C, , - . 2. (R 0). 3. t = 0 - . t = T/4 , . - , , . t = T/2 0. - , . , t = T . - . - . 4. . q = q0cos 0t; i = Im sin 0t. 5. 0 0 2 2 = .T LC 1. : 6 10 0 01 1 10 225 = = = = = B ,L C U mI ? : 2 2 225 2 25 = = = = = 6 10 B A. 0,01 , m m C LI CU I U L : Im = 2,25 A. 61. 61 2. : 3 2 3 3 4 4 10 10 10 1 10 = = = = = = 2 L S d T ? : 0 3 12 3 3 5 2 2 4 10 8 85 10 10 2 3 14 10 11 8 10 = = = = = = 3 / = 118 . , , , L S T L C d : T = 118 . 3. : 3 11 1 11 2 1 10 40 4 10 90 9 10 = = = = = = L C 1 2 ? : 4 1 3 11 2 3 14 3 14 10 10 4 10 = = , , 4 2 3 11 2 3 14 2 1 10 10 9 10 = = , , : 1 = 31,4 ; 2 = 21 . 4. : 5 50 5 10 = = T 2T ? : 2 , ; 2 , 2 C C C C T LC= = = L = const, 2 2 2 100 2 = = / C C T T T C C . : T2 = 100 . 5. : 200 1000 0 1 = = cos( ) , cu t C ; ?mL I : 2 7 1 1 0 1 1000 10 = = = 2 . /) , ( L C 2 2 =m mLI CU : 5 10 200 0 2 = = = B A. 0,1 / ,mI U C L : L = 0,1 ; Im = 0,2 . 62. 62 43. 1. : uL = ULmcos (t + /2), ULm = ImXL = ImL. : uC = Um cos (t /2), Um = ImXC = Im / C. 2. y x Lmu mIRmU CmU 3. : Z = Um / Im = 2 2 1 + R L C (R2 +( L 1 / C)2 ). 4. - , - . , , . 5. 0 0 1 mU R R1 > R R Im 1. : 100 60 230 = = = B B B C L R U U U ?U : 2 2 2 2 2 900 60 100 50 = + = + = + = = B ( ) ( ) ( ) m Rm Lm Cm R L C U U U U U U U U : U = 50 B. 63. 63 2. : 2 5 2 = = ,C L x x ?Z : 0 5= = ,L CZ x x : Z = 500 . 3. : 3 5 5 1 10 220 = = = = = R L U ? : 2 2 6 2 6 2 4 4 3 14 8 10 10 5 = = = = ( , ) C LC L 2 2 1 220 44 = = + = = = = B A. 5 / ( /( )) / I U Z U R L C U R : = 8 ; I = 44 . 4. : 7 3 0 2 0 1 10 367 1 10 = = = = = = , , L C R ; ; ?L Cx x Z : 2 6 28 = = , 2 2 3 3 1 26 1 1 6 1 1346890 1 26 10 1 6 10 500 = = = = = + = = + = 2 , /( ) , ( /( )) ( , , L x L x C Z R L C : xL = 1,26 ; xC = 1,6 ; Z = 500 5. : 6 0 5 4 4 10 54 100 0 5 = = = = = = , , L C R I Z; Um ? : 2 2 2 2 628 1 1 54 682 0 5 628 100 2 0 5 1 42 100 70 7 = = = + = = + = = = = = = 2 6 / / 4 10 ( /( )) ( , , , ,m m Z R L C U I Z I Z : Z = 100 ; Um = 70,7 . 64. 64 44. 1. - , . - . 2. - , - . - (). 3. , , . . - , . 4. - As Ge. n-, . 5. Ga Ge. - p-, . 45. 1. , - p- n-, p-n-. - p- - 1000 , - n-, . - , n-. . - p- n-. 65. 65 2. - , p-n- , . p-n- n- p- , , , p- n-. p- , n- . p-n- - () . 3. : p-, n-. . - , - . , - , - . 4. p-n- - , . p-n- - . , . , . 5. - - , . - . U 0 t U 0 t D2 D1 D3 D4 R 66. 66 46. 1. p- n- . , - , . . 2. , , . . n p n + - ( -) ( -) I = I + I U = I R -+ +- R + - I I I U U I 3. , . . p n p - + ( -) ( -) - + + - R + - I I I U U I + + + + + + + + - -- . . - 67. 67 - . 4. - + +- R U U U U U U U U=U+UC U U = 5. -+ U + - L L - + . , , . - . 68. 68 4 - - 47. 1. - , . - = 3 108 /. 2. , (- ). - , . (- ). , . 3. , , - . 1 (. 155, ) , 2 - 3, - . - , - . - . 4. - , - . - . 69. 69 5. - . 48. 1. 1 v v. 2 vT/4. 3, 4 5 v( T/2); v( 3T/4) v( T). 1-5 vT - . 2. , - . . 3. E = E0 sin (t x/v). B = B0 sin (t x/v). 157 ) - . XY, - . 7T/4 . 157 ) - ( ). - XY. 4. - . , r E ( B r ) , . , - . 5. - . , - . 70. 70 1. : 8 8 100 10 3 10 / v c = = = ? : 8 8 3 10 3 10 / . c = = = : = 3 . 2. : 4 300 100 10 L = = = ? : 2 2 2 4 2 16 2 1 2 4 10 9000 2 5 4 3 14 9 10 2 2 , ( , ) / c L C LC c = = = = = : = 2,5 . 3. : 1 = 108 ; 2 = 4 108 ; L=1 =106 1; 2 ? : 8 8 6 1 1 2 2 2 3 14 3 10 10 10 188 5/ ; , , c c LC LC = = = = = 8 8 6 2 2 3 14 3 10 4 10 10 377/ ., = = : 1= 188,5 ; 2 = 377 . 4. : 0 = 1 / = 105 /; = 600 ? : 0 sin( ( / ))E E t x c= - - . 15 2 3 77 10 = = .,v = 5 15 7 10 sin(3,77 10 1,26 10 ) /.E t x : = 5 15 7 10 sin(3,77 10 1,26 10 ) /.E t x 71. 71 5. : = 100 sin (6 104 t + + 2 106 x E0; ; ; ; v ? : 0 14 15 6 8 100 3 10 2 1 3 3 10 1 2 10 2 1 3 10 = = = = = = = = = = /. . . /. / , / /( ) E v T v v v : E0 = 100 /; = 3 1014 ; = 3,3 1015 ; = 1 ; v = 3 108 /. 49. , 1. - , - S . , , - . 2. - . 3. - . 4. . . 5. - . - - , . 72. 72 50. 1. , - . - . 2. - . 3. 3 8 2 2 1 4 10 9 4 3 10 = = = , , I p c . 4. t: p = 2p; F = p / t = 2p / t; P = ISt / c. 5. - . 51. 1. . 2. , 0 2 104 , = 1,5 104 . , 2 104 109 , = 0,3 1,5 104 . , 109 3 1011 , = 1 0,3 . , 3 1011 3,85 1014 , = 780 1. , 3,85 1014 7,89 1014 , = 380 780 . , 8 1014 3 1016 , = 10 380. , 3 1016 3 1020 , = 10 12 10 8 . -, > 3 1020 , < 10-12 . 3. - . . 73. 73 . . 4. - , - . : 780 620 . 620 590. 590 560 . 560 500 . 500 480 . 480 450 . 450 380 . , . - , . . 5. - . - , . - , - . , , . - , . - . . 52. - - 1. - . - - , . 2. : ( ); ; ; . 74. 74 (- ). 3. , =103 104 , v = 105 , =102 103 , v = 106 . , = 10 102 , v = 107 , . , = 1 10, v = 108 , = 10-1 1, v = 109 . , = 10-3 10-1 , v = 1010 1011 - . 4. - ( ). 5. . - , , , - , . 53. , : 1. , , - , - . 2. - . , . 3. - , . - . - . , - . 4. - . 75. 75 . - . : - , - . 5. - : = 0 + cos t. 76. 76 5 54. 1. , . - . 2. , . 3. , - . . . 4. . . . 5. - , . - , . 55. 1. . - . 2. . , - , - , . 77. 77 - . - - , . - , - . 3. , - . 4. . , , . 5. , - . - , , - . , . , . . 1. : = 90 ? : , = 2 = 45 : = 45 2. : , ? : , 2( + ) = 2 + = 2 : = 2. 3. : h ? : h 1 2 1 = 2 ( ) h =( h) h = /2 : h = /2. 78. 78 4. : = 1,8 ; = 30 d ? : d = H / tg = 1,8 / tg 30 = = 3,1 . : d = 3,1 . H d 56. 1. . - , - . 2. - , . , - , , . - , . , . - . 3. , - . . 4. - . , - , . 5. , - , - . , . , . 79. 79 1. : n = 2,42 v ? : v = c / n = 8 3 10 2 42 / , = 1,2 108 /c. : v = 1,2 108 /c. 2. : = 540 n = 1,333 ? : = / nv = 540 1,333 = 406 . : = 406 . 3. : = 60 n = 1,333 ? : , = . - : 3 0 649 2 1 333 = = = = sin sin sin , sin , n n = 180 = 120 = 120 40 = 80 : = 80. 4. : n2 = 1,52; n1 = 1,333 = 90 ? : 2 1 1 14= = , n n n = 180 o sin arcsin ; n 90 o sin arcsin ; n 90 = sin sin( ); n = =tg sin cos n n . = 48,4. : = 48,4. 80. 80 5. : h = 1 ; = 90 r ? : = arccos (sin / n) r = H ctg (arccos (1/n) = 1,13 . : r = 1,13 . 57. 1. - . 2. - . 3. - . 4. . , . 5. - , . 58. 1. n , . 2. n , . 3. , , , . 4. , . = (n 1). 5. . . - 90. . 81. 81 1. : n = 1,5 d = 1 a = 50 b ? : b = AB + BC = d tg tg (90 ) = = d sin / sin cos / cos + a = = 51,3 : b = 51,3 . d a A B C b 2. : n1 = 1,33 h1 = 4 n2 = 1,5 h2 = 6 H ? : , H = h1 sin + h2 sin = h1 / n1 + h2 sin / n2 n1 = = h1 / n1 + h2 /n2 = 7 : = 7 . 3. : n = 1,5 d = 10 = 60 h ? : h = AB sin ( ) = = d / cos (arcsin (1/n)) sin arcsin (1/n)) = 5,1 : h = 5,1 d h A B 4. : n = 1,5 = 60 ? : = 180 180 + 2 = 2arcsin (sin / n) arcsin (sin / n)) = 30 sin = n / 2 = 48,6 : = 48,6 5. : AB = BC = AC n = 1,52 ? : = arcsin (1 / n) = 41,8 = 90 (180 60 ) = 11,8 sin / cos = 1 / n = arcsin (cos / n) = 40,7 = 40,7 30 = 10,7 : = 10,7. 82. 82 59. 1. - , . - . 2. , . , - . 3. R1, R2 >0; - R1 > 0, R2 ; - R1 < 0, R2 > 0; R1 < 0, R2 < 0; - R2 < 0, R1 ; - R1 > 0, R2 < 0. 4. , . 5. , - . 60. 1. , , - , . - . , - . 2. 1 / F = (n 1) / R. 3. , - . (). 4. D = (n 1) (1/ R1 + 1 / R2). 5. 1) , . 2) , . 83. 83 3) , . , - . 1. : n =1,58 R = 11,6 = 0,116 F; D ? : 1 / F = (n 1) / R F = R / (n 1) = 0,2 D = 1 / F = 1 / 0,2 = 5 . : D = 5 ; F = 0,2 2. : n = 1,5 d = 4 = 4 102 H = 2 = 2 103 D ? : R2 = (R H / 2)2 d2 / 4 R = = (H2 / 4 d2 / 4) / H = = 6 2 4 4 10 16 10 4 4 + 2 : 2 103 = = 20,05 . D = (n 1) / R = 1 5 1 20 05 + , , = 4,95 . : D = 4,95 . 3. : R = 12 = 0,12 F = 24 = 0,24 n ? : F = R / (n 1) n = R / F + 1 =1,5 : n = 1,5 4. : n1 = 1,5 R1 = R2 = 9,2 n2 = 1,33 D1; D2 ? : D1 = 1 / F1 = (n1 1) (1 / R1 + 1 / R2) = = (n1 1) (2 / R1) = 0,5 (2 / 9,2 ) = 10 D2 = 1 / F2 = (n2 1) (1 / R1 + 1 / R2) = (n2 1) (2 / R1) = 0,33 (2 / 9,2 ) = 7 . : D1 = 10 ; D2 = 7 . 84. 84 5. : F1; F2 ? : F2 F1 O 61. 1. . , . 2. - , . = yf / yd = h / H = f / d. 3. . 4. , 2F. 5. 1. : OF F2F 2F 2. : FF2F 2FO 85. 85 3. : OF F2F 4. : A B 1F A B 5. : A B B A 1F 62. 1. || = f / d = (f F )/ F, 1 / d = 1 / F 1 / f. 1 / F = 1/ d + 1 / f. f / d = (f + F )/ F, 1 / F = 1/ d 1 / f. 2. 1 / F = 1/ d + 1 / f. 3. d < F, f . 86. 86 4. 2F F 0 F 2F d f 5. d f d > 2F F < f < 2F - ( > 0) (|| < 1) d 2F f = 2F - ( < 0) (|| 1) F < d < 2F f > 2F - ( < 0) (|| > 1) f F f = d < F f < 0; |f| < d ( > 0) (|| > 1) +1 0 -1 d 2FF 1. : d = 1 f = 0,25 F ? : F = (1 / d 1 / f)1 = 20 - . : F = 20 . 2. : d = 15 D = 10 f ? : F = 1 / D = 1 / 10 = 0,1 = 10 f = (1 / f 1 / d)1 = 30 - . : f = 30 . 87. 87 3. : N = 100 d = 10 D ? : (d) = f / d = N f = 1000 , dx < 0 D = 1 / F = 1 / f + 1 / d = 10,1 . : D = 10,1 . 4. : d > F (d + f)min ? : 1 1 1 = = ( / / ) /( )f F d dF d F ; 2 + = /( )d f d d F ; 2 2 2+ = ( )' ( ( ) ) /( )d f d d F d d F ; ( )' 0 2d f d F+ = = . 4+ = d f F . : (d + f) = 4F. 5. : l = 40 F = 30 d1; d2 ? : 1 1 1 = ( / / )l d F d 2 2 = = = /( ) /( ) l d dF d F l d d F d ld lF 2 1 2 4 2 10 30 = = =; ( ) / . d l L Lf d d : 1 210 30= =; .d d 63. 1. - , - , , - . , - ( ). 2. 1/ F = (n 1) (1 / |R|). 3. , . , . , . 88. 88 4. - . 5. .206 ) F FO 2 1. : n = 1,5 R = 20 = 0,2 D; R ? F = R / (1 n) = 40 d + 1 / F = 2,5 . : F = 40 ; D = 2,5 . 2. : d = 4 = 0,04 H = 4 = 4 103 h = 2 = 2 103 D ? : R2 = (R H)2 d2 /4 R1 = (H2 + d2 / 4) / 2H; R2 = (h2 + d2 / 4) / 2h D = (n 1) (1 / R1 + 1 / R2) = 4,95 . : D = 4,95 . 3. : F = 20 ; R = 10 n ? : F = (R) / (n 1) n = R / F + 1 = 1,5 : n = 1,5/ 4. : R1 = 20 R2 = 10 n1 = 1,5; n2 = 1,62 D1; D2 ? : D = (n1 1) (1 / R1 1 / R2) = 2,5 . : D2 = (n1 n2) (1 / R1 1 / R2) = = (0,12) (1 / 0,2 1 / 0,1 ) = 3,1 . : D1 = 2,5 ; D2 = 0,6 . 5. : 1F2F 89. 89 64. 1. () . 2. . 3. |f| / d = (|F| |f|) / |F|, 1 / d = 1 / |f| 1 / |F|, 1 / |F| = 1 / d 1 / |f|. 4. , . , . |f| |F| -|F| 0 |F| d 5. , . -|F| |F| d0 1,5 1 1. 2. : : F F A B B A F 2F 90. 90 3. : F = 10 f ? : 1 / |f| = 1 / d + 1 / |F| = 1 / 5 5 . : f = 5 . 4. : F = 20 ; N = 3 d ? : = 1 / N = |F| / (|F| + d) d = |f| 9N 1) = 40 : d = 40 5. : a = 4 c b = 6 F ? : 4 6 6 6 12 6 4 = = = + = + = = ctg ctg ctg ctg ; ; ; f H h h f H f f f H f h : F = 12 65. 1. - , , , . 2. 1 B F1 F1 F1 F F F2F2 2F N F2 M K L O1 O2 F2 3. D = |D1| +D2. 4. 1 2 2 1 1 F1 F1 F1 F2 F2 F1 F2 FL N F B O1 O2 l 5. D1 = |D1|, D = D1+D2. 91. 91 1. : F h ? : , h=2F.( - ). 2. : F1 = 20 F2 = 15 l = 30 F ? : F = (1 / F1 l) + 1 / F2)1 = 30 . : F = 30 . 3. : D1 = D2 = 2 . D = 1,2 l ? : - D = 1 / (F1 l) + D2 l = =1 / D1 1 / (D D2) = 42 . : l = 42 . 4. : D1 = 5 D2 = 6 l = 60 = 0,6 d = 40 = 0,4 f2; ? : 1 / f = D1 1 / d f1 = 40 . 2- d2 = (l f1) 1 / f2 = D2 1 / (d2 f1) f2 = 100 . 1=|f1 / d| = 1; 2 = |f2 / d2| = 5; = 1 2 = 5 : f2 = 1 ; = 5 5. : f1 = 25 F1 = 3,6 F2 = 12 l ? : , , , F = f 1 / f = 1 / (F1 l) + 1 / F2 l = F1 (1 / f 1 / F2)1 l = 3,6 (1 / 25 + 1 / 1,2 )1 = 2,34 : l = 2,34 . 92. 92 66. 1. , , ( ), - , , , , - , , , , . 2. ( ) . 3. - . 4. , . = 25. , - , . - , . - , . 5. ( ). ( ). ( - ). ( ). 1. : d = 100 = 1 h ? : tg = h / d d tg = 2,91 : h = 2,91 . 93. 93 2. : F1 = 25 F2 = (D2 D1) ? : D1 D2 = 1 / F2 1 / F1 = 4 : D = 4 . 3. : d = 20 D ? : - , . . f = F. 1 / d = 2 / F . F = d / 2 = 10 , D = 1 / F = 1 . : D = 1 . 4. : d = 2 D ? : 1 1 59 1 1 62 5 = + = = + = max / / . / / , .n D f d D f d D0 = D Dmax = 3,5 . : D = 3,5 . 5. : D = 2,25 d = 25 d ? : 1 1 16= = / / .D d d d : d = 16 . 67. , 1. . , - , . = dD. 2. (- ) ( ). . 94. 94 3. = D1D2dL. 15 1200. - , . (. 222 .) 4. - . , . . , , . 5. = / = F1 / F2. . - . - , , . - , - . 1. : F = 5 = ? : =dn / F = 5. : = 5. 2. : = 8 D ? : = dnD, D = / dn = 32 : D = 32 3. : F1 = 1 ; F2 = 2 L = 19 ? : = (L F1 F2) dn. / (F1 / F2) = 200 : = 200 4. : d = 27 D1 = D2 = 40 . L0; ? : 1 / f = |D2 1 / d| f = 51,3 L0 = 51,3 + F1 + F1 + F2 = 58,8 = (f F) / F 130. : L0 = 58,8 ; = 130. 95. 95 5. : D1 = 0,5 D2 = 60 a = 385000 d = 3480 ? : 1 2 2 1 2 = = ( )h f FH f F F f = (1 / F2 1 / a)1 = h((D2 1 / a)1 1 / D2) D1D2 = 31 : = 31. 96. 96 6 68. 1. : , . 2. - . 3. , , - . - , . 4. , - . 5. , - . . 69. 1. . 2. - - 97. 97 , : tmax = mT, m = 0, 1, 2, . Imax = I1 + I2 + 1 2I I . 3. - - , - : tmin = mT, m = 0, 1, 2, . Imin = I1 + I2 1 2I I . 4. - . 5. : = m, m = 0, 1, 2, . : = (2m + 1)/2, m = 0, 1, 2, . 1. : l = 550 / 1 = 1500 / 2 = 340 / = 40 m ? : r2 r1 = 0 = . = m m = 0, , - . - . : . 2. : n = 1,5 d = 6 t ? : t = d / (cos (arcsin (1 / n) c 1,5 d / c 2- , - - , 98. 98 d / cos (), d. t = 0,1 . : t = 0,1 . 3. : 1 = 6 n = 4/3 2 ? : = t. 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 8 = = = = c n c n : 2 = 8 . 4. : = 1,2 = 400 2 ? : = 3, . : m = 3 - 5. : I = 1 /2 = 694 = 4,47 I ? : = 6 - . IA = I1 + I2 + 1 22 I I = 4I1 = 4 /2 . : IA = 4 /2 . 70. 1. - , . 2. . . , , - . 3. = dym / Rm, 99. 99 m = 0, 1, 2, ; ym - ; d , R . 4. : - . : - . 5. . : d = v1T/4 = 1/4, 1 . 71. 1. , . , - , , . 2. : - , . 3. , . - , /2 ( ). 4. m- : asin m = m, 100. 100 m = 0, 1, 2 . . 5. , , - , . 1. 2. ( - ), . 3. - . 20 . 4. , . 5. LiD, . 20 . 89. 1. - , , . (1 = 1 / ). 2. . 3. . - (1 ). 4. . - , - , 2 . 5. - 55%, 11%, 11%, 8%, 8%, . 4%, 3%, 1%. 119. 119 9 90. 1. , . , . 2. , , . 3. : - . , - 1, - s = 1/2. , - s = 0 s = 1. 1/2 3/2. 4. : - . . - , . - , - , . . 5. - , - () . 120. 120 91. 1. : - () (). 2. 12 ( 6 6 ): - , , , , , - . L ( ) 1, L = 0, L = 1. 3. . , . , - . + + . 4. , () 1956 . m0 = / Rc 3 1025 . 5. W , W . 92. 1. : (s = 0, 1, ) (s = 1/2, 3/2, - ). (s =1/2) (s = 1/2, 3/2). 2. , . , - 20 . 121. 121 - , , , . 3. Q q . 0 = Q + 2q; e = 2Q + q. Q = +2/3e ( u-); q = 1/3e (d-). 4. - , - . : . - . - 1/3, ( ) = 1 ( - ). - 1 = 1 + 0 + 0. 5. . () s = 1/2 q B u, c, t +2/3e 1/3 d, s, b 1/3e 1/3 93. 1. () : - , . . . 2. 0. , . . - , . - , . 122. 122 3. - , - 6 6 . 48 - . , . 4. ( 1), ( ) - , - , . 5. , - .