** 1202* /&$!0 - soci.rihu.ac.ir

!"#$% &' ()*+ , -$ .! (/.0123 4536/ 78! 9.:;<3 (=<

>.&?@3 (A'BC D6E/ F.-G$3+ >.*6HG$3+

!"#$%&'()* +,-.*

/&$!01202***

+3$(4 $%&***

!"#$

!"#$ %&'"()*+ ,&-!."()*+ /0-+ 12') &3 /$&456* 78*!$ 9:3 ;&<=>* /?>23 @2A&B CD&E8 F!A!8G?* ,&HIJ* /KLMN .O?2N /$&"456* 7"8*!$ 9:"3 ;&<=>* /')!'P %>&3>+ Q:ER= S&T) @%+*!)&"U

C)&?> V /LW!8X Y:R8 @,Z&[4T %V2\ /]46 ;&<=>* S&T ( + ,&-!."()*+ /"0-+ 12"') &3 %&'"()*MN !#$ C6!=&3 ,&HIJ* /KL ̂ "T F!) W* /I:J!= 1V> C3 _"L %+*+ `"?&N /'5"[3 . S>&"8X C"]8&6

/#:"aR= b&? >+ ,&HIJ* /KLMN !#$ %&'()*+ ,&-!.()*+ C4T %_)2:\23>+ OTVcN1389 -1390

2[N ,&-!.()*+ +*_]= Cd +!32213 2"5U+ ,&-!.()*+ V 2I)3876 F!"4.8 >+ V 2"I)6089 2"I)*_]= 9-* W* V _)+!3 @+161 C)!4) 1V> e&?*23 2I) C"E<f /g+&"a= S2":\ C"3 ^".B &"3 h"?&058 S*

_)_L i&j5)* C)!4) ,*!0$ C3 %_K()*+ V G:[06 k:KI= .%W*_)* >*M3* 9"-* >+ C"5g> >&"d C"3 S2:\O?2N V+ 78&L OTVcN C5U&? QER8 C8&)) /$&"456* 78*!$ O.0? V /0-+ 12') O.0? ( G"?* .

C5g&- 8 ,&() Q:ER= 9-* S&T/ 78*!$ C$!4.8 V ,&-!.()*+ /0-+ 12') %24) 9:3 Cd _T+) @%+*!)&"UC)&?> V /LW!8X Y:R8 @,Z&[4T %V2\ /]46 ;&<=>* S&T( @74/0+>*+ +!6V S>*+&0]8 Cl3*>.

%&' (!")* (+,: C)&?> @/LW!8X Y:R8 @,Z&[4T %V2\ @%+*!)&U @/$&456* 78*!$ ;&"<=>* S&"T+ @S_)V2HL /0-+ 12') @/]46,&HIJ* /KLMN !#$ %&'()*+ ,&-!.()*.

* !"#$% &!'()%* +,-. /012 34. 5 6!7*!89%.

**63) :!1; &!'()%* <6=> ? !"#$% &!'()%* +96* @>!)AB CA8D* C3E()%* Email: [email protected]

*** !"#$% 63) :!1; &!'()%* +,-. /012 34..

!"#$ %&'(#)*+,!-.+/0

!"#$%& '()! * '+,&

-./ 012 3"$456 * 789": 01;<=

>"?@A11< -1B1

Islam & Social sciences

Vol.5, No.10

Full & Winter

!" #$%&'() *+,$ - *./) /01 /2 " / 3%'456 - 789%: ;<!

. !"#!

!"# $#%&' (% )*+,-./012% 3% 4 1#52 4+ 4%67 .38"9 :,"; )*+ 3&7,7+ 4%<=*+ +,> ,?@ 4+ %4

A# A# ,--B0 3&#%,-C D8E+%<* 4 1FGH I+&H (% %4 % AFG0 (,J +(82 <E+ . %4 +&KH 4%<K=*+ +,K>

L@89 MNE OPQ 1*8NR 1S0T U4VW I<@ %<H A# +&9&# D ,-@ )*,0 X8YR% Z-0,0 )*<W <=-W

[#%4\ 38=-NJ% A# 12+ D MW AF-N' D&=]# ^6Q <E+ . ^8KN*5#8@ TPK2% MW D+,> )-=;

A#8_8@ 8@ 48;+ A7<@( D8EAN@ `%,Pa% D<-#% K# [*&KH A#8KR %4 <K@ %<H %,*( I++,7A <K@%+

)I( ,_1 bccdI efgf.(

8W h ,i j=9 AG-NS0 k8lmn% 1-]a Ao=9 p8q#r4&s_ j=E,> D(82 MK=*+8"@ 3+&KN@

j=E,> t(&#\ D8E A=*+ MW ^4&u !qY=# 3 <# MPW8a <=# MW +&9 t<#8-@ 80 D+ <KR VK-@

+4&# 1Gvw 4%,n Mm2%&H8@ 1>,7 .<]W (% x8N0% rj=9 D( ,-C Ao=E,> x8K?@ D4&K"N9 A#5K2%

r3%,*% <-#%8@ 3 D 4 <K@+4 \ 8K0 8KW OK*,S0

x52% D%&mS#,--B0 x52% 8W x8@ x52% `5F@% 3%,*% %4 8W 1Yyi $#8_ M9%&# <==_ .)K*%(% r 4 4+

[zW D8KKE AKKmQ + MKK_ p8KKq# A=*Vo*8KK9 1*,*<KK# A#5KK2% %4 %<KK-C t+,KKy@ r+&KKW D%,KKW {6KKR

A|=H D(82 1-Q8]> D8KE AKo=E,> ALE6K# MK=H4 +&KN@. ^4%( jK=E,> +8Ki4% A#5K2% MK_

AGu% )*,0 Mv-} A0%~ �% )--L0 �* ,0 j=E,> x52% �(4% D8E Zmy# $E% 1-W 1K2% 8KW

M=*VE 1-W rp8NQ% $*<L0 MW MSG2% `5F@% AKGH%+ A948KH

MW 4 3 V> 12% V-@ M9&08W MW A@&7,7+ D8E Ai(4% MK_ 4+ MK]#89 D 4 t+%+ I1K2% )mH%+,KC MKW

$�8Y# ^8'&a&# D+8Fm'% �&W,# MW I8"@\ 1-NE% t�* D% A# <W8*.

t( ,#% 38*&qs@%+ 4+ �P2 38"9 8W D4&�0 D8E <a ALE6# MW 4 4 <E8Ki �* ,K0 4 8W8KE

�(4% 8E D1Y2 4%<*8C8@ <=mKYE. MKq-m@ )K*% +4&KH,W 4+ I38K"9 �K'8W A'&K@ AW D+8KFm'%

�&C A*%,7 [*%,7 MW t%4 A*8E t<i M_ t87 1-�zi A@8Y@% 38@\ %4 �KY# t+,K_ 1K2%. 8K#% [KF@

ZE6# 4+ �vR D8FW x8?@ A'8Nm9% V-@ 4+ 1*&F0 !E AomYW )-W D8l'% M]#89 ZLK2 MK9&0

M]#89 3828=i 3% 4 3828=i MW 3\ t8W

ALE6# I�% t8o*89 A*�% +4%+ kV9 A@<s@%<9 A7<@( x+,# r12% 80 D<R M_ MK@&7,E A#%<Kn%

M_ ZL2 O-]l0 ZE6# [E8_ D4%<=*+ x+,# I+&i x8?@ A'8Nm9% %4 8W p5mH% MW 4 4 <KE%&H

+,_. 8W M9&0 MW My=*% Ay* (% A7�* D8E 1-]N9 I8# 3%&9 3+&W 3\ r12% I)*%,W8=W 1-NE% ZE6#

1. Krause

!"#$%& '()* +$," -. '/-0123 4536/ 78. 9-:;<3 '=<$. ...>?>

,PH [E8_ D4%<=*+ $Y@ 3%&9 D8E<#8-C 3\ D%,W x8?@ IA'8Nm9% (% tV-o@% D8KE AGKu% )K*%

�-FS0 MW 48Ni A# I+ 4 M_%,; $Y@ 3%&9 3 <W 4 8W A=*+ ^%+8Fm'% ALE6# MW A@82\ $KW8n ~&Kv@

12% M=-#( D8E {%,S@% 4+ % +8q*% A# +&Ki. jK-=�&_1 4+ )-K-L0 �,Ko@ ALE6K# 3%<@ ,"Ki

MvQ�# D8E A'8Nm9% 38-W A# +4%+: f. ZE6# ZL2 �,o@ 1L|# 1LKY@ MKW 8K-@+ 4+ +,K> AK# +&Kir

b. ZE6# MW A7<@( +,> 8=]# {<E A# <E+r d. +%,>% ALE6# 8W �+%&R �-08# ,0 A7<@( M_ $W8n

�,*6C I<=mY-@ 1R%4 ,0 487(82 A# <@&ir �. ZE6# �'8W +8q*% <-#% 4+ +,K> A# +&Kir �. +%,K>%

ALE6# X8YR% D+%(\ A�zi D,ms-W 1LY@ MKW 3%,Ko*+ A# <K==_r g. X8KYR% p,Km=_ 4+ +%,K>%

ALE6# MW MP2% 8'+ 3+,_ +8q*% A# r+&Ki �. +%,K>% ALE6K# (% D&KoQ% !-NK�0 D,-7 D8KE <K-v#

t<@(82 D%,W +&H 3%,o*+ t,"W A# <@,-7 )*% ,#% 80 D<R (% ^ (% 1*8NR A'8Nm9% ,ms-W A# +&i )Ij=-�&_ f��I ebbc.(

t8i D<NS# )fd��( 4+ AsE �C 8W 3%&=' »A24,W ,-./K0 �(&K#\ D8KE MK#8@,W D8KE IA@&K*V*&G0

e8H 38@%&9&@ ,W D 4 �(4% D8E A=*+ 38@\«I MW A24,W �(4% D8E A=*+ 4+ M2 <]W I�5H% <K*8F'

x8yR% mH%+,CM MW )*% Mq-m@ <-24t M_ (% t%4 M#8@,W D8E t�K* D<K-Q&0I <K=@8# MK#8@,W !-K@ �4 AK# 3%&K0

D8C D<=W A=*+ 38@%&9&@ %4 [*%V>% +%+. )-=�NE A@8Y_ M_ 48Lm'% �L=# x8-C %4 1L|# AW8*(4% t+,_ I<K@+&W

�(4% D8E A=*+ D,ms-W %4 MW MG-2 )*% M#8@,W 8E MW 12+ t+4 \ <@% )MW $F@ (% IA@%&a4 fd�cI ed�.(

A@<N0 )fd��( 4+ sE �CA MPW%4 �,o@ A=*+ D(8YNE A'8KNm9% %4 8KW MK9&0 MKW �=K9

1-]a 0/$E 38*&qs@%+ A24,W t+,_ 12%. WM )*% 4&?=#I t ,7 MK@&N@ D% MKW !KqR �b� )f�b

,mH+ bdb ,YC( D&qs@%+ t8os@%+ +%(\ A#52% <R% 3%,"0 `&=9 8W � 4 MK@&N@ D4%+,KW <K=;

MGR,# D% `8zm@% it< 12%. �*8m@ $-GS0 !E AomYW 3&2,-C 3&#(\ t 38s@ +%+ MK_ )-KW �,Ko@

A=*+ �(82 Aom>8* A'8Nm9% �F> 4+ 3%,mH+ MKPW%4 AKv=# 4%+8K=]# ) / P>( +&K9 1Ki%+

�,o@ A=*+ 38*&qs@%+ ,mH+ D&n ,0 (% 3%,YC +&Wr 4+ AQ8R M_ 4+ D(8YNE A'8KNm9% A0 8Kv0 (%

�8KSQ �=9 MW 12+ <#8K-@. I)*%,W8=W �*8Km@ 3&-K2,74 ,o@8Ks@ x<K' [-KC AK=-W �(8K2 Aom>8K*

A'8Nm9% X82%,W �,o@ A=*+ �=9 +&W. 3&#(\ M@8-# V-@ A0 8v0 )-W t,N@ D8E 38*&qs@%+ m#/$E

+,q# 4+ 3%V-# �,o@ A=*+ D(8YNE A'8Nm9% 38s@ +%<@. (% MKm>8* D8E )K*% �K-FS0 1Ki%+,W

A# +&i M_ 4+ ,�' I( ,#% 38@( 38YNE 3%+,# 4+ MNE Mu,' D8E A'8Nm9% 4&lR AQ8]> <@4%+.

Avq@ [@%48yNE )fd��( V-@ )-W A*\48_ t+%&@8H 3%,SW 1*&E MPW%4 A2&y]# Mm>8* <@%

D4%<=*+ %4 AGu% )*,0 [-C A=-W t<==_ A*\48_ t+%&@8H 4+ t(82 D8E [F@ 8E $R MG�Y# MmKY@%+ <@%.

1. Koenig

>?? '/-0123 @6A/ # @B=3 /CD /+>E / F-1G5H # I8)-J>KL?

4+ A24,W I38@\ 3%,mH+ D4%<=*+ D,ms-W 1LY@ MW 3%,YC Mmi%+ r<@% 8#% 4+ 3%,SW 1*&E 4+ + t ,7

^ 8v0 D4%+8=]# +&9 Mmi%<@ 12% .

4+ [E �C An+8u D,E8?# )fd�g(I MPW%4 4&�0 (% %<H 8W 4&�0 (% I)*<Q% +&H 3%,o*+

!"# 4+ 3%,mH+ 3%,YC &qs@%+ AR%,J %,9% i<. �*8m@ M*Vq0 $-GS0 t+%+ D8KE �K-FS0 38Ks@

+%+ MKK_ D8KKE,-Bm# 4&KK�0 (% )*<KKQ% 4&KK�0 (% +&KKH 1LKKY@ MKKW ,KK-Bm# 4&KK�0 (% 3%,KKo*+ !KK"#

[-C A=-W t<==_ D8E D,0,Lm]# D%,W 4&�0 (% %<H <=mKYE )*,mKs-W !"K2 �@8K*4% 4+ [-KC AK=-W

4&�0 (% %<HI %<mW% 4&�0 (% )*<Q% ��2 4&�0 (% +&H 12%. )-=�NE �*8m@ $K-GS0 t+%+ 8KE 8KW

MW D,-748_ 3&#(\ t @8s@,o ^ 8v0 )-o@8-# ,N@t D8E 4&�0 (% I%<H I)*<Q% +&H 3%,o*+ !K"# 4+

3%,mH+ 3%,YC MW M@&7 D% 4%+8=]# 12%r 8#% MW 4&J IAG_ 4&�0 3%,mH+ (% h&a&# D8E MPW%4 I)*<Q%

+&H %<H 1LY@ MW 3%,YC ,m"W 1L|# ,0 12%. I)*%,W8=W $-GS0 3&-2,74 38s@ +%+ M_ !"2 �@8*4%

)*% 8E,-Bm# 4+ [-C A=-W 4&�0 (% %<H 4+ )-W + �=9 ^ 8vm# 12%r MW ^48L' ,o*+I 4+ AQ8KR MK_

[F@ 4&�0 (% )*<Q% +&H 4+ [-C A=-W 4&�0 (% %<H 4+ 3%,mH+ ,ms-W (% 3%,YC I12% [KF@ 4&K�0

(% )*<Q% V-@ 4+ [-C A=-W 4&�0 (% +&H 4+ 3%,YC ,mKs-W (% 3%,KmH+ 1K2% )38KNE.( 4+ I�Kn% )-K=;

Mm>8* D% MW ,mYW Ao=E,> M@&N@ 48-YW AomYW +4%+.

)-=�NE [E �C D,o*+ 8W {<E A24,W MPW%4 )-W � 4 1-W,0 A=*+ 3%V-# ALE6# 3+&W )*<Q%

8W 0/<-_ ,W �L2 D8E Am-W,0 4+ 3%,mH+ 3%,KYC x8Kq@% t<Ki 1K2% )An+8Ku ID,E8K?# fd��(.

M]#89 D48#\ )*% I�-FS0 d�� ,v@ &qs@%+ )f�� ,KYC f�� ,KmH+( MKW 3%&K=' MKFLJ MK@&N@ D%

X,m2+ 4+ AmLY@+&W .t+%+ $-GS0 M*Vq0 8W 8ED,-748_ MW �* �@8*4% $-GS0 3&#(\ 38Ks@ MKE%4

,N@ )-o@8-# M_ +%+t D8E 4+ 4+8# 3+&W ALE6# 3%V-#t&-i MKW 1LY@ 4<mF# Am-W,0t&-Ki ,Ko*+ D8E

12% ,0�8W . )-=�NEMm>8* D8E Mvi AL-F]0 3&#(\,o@8-W ,N@ )-o@8-# 4+ 4%+8=]# ^ 8v0t D8E 3%V-#

)-W 4+8# 3+&W ALE6#t&-i <mF# Am-W,0 D8EMS#8Y# M@%4 M@%48_12% .I)*%,W8=W A=*+ 1-W,0 � 4

4%+8=]# ^ 8v0 3%,YC 3%,mH+ D%,WD r+4%+ MW M@&7 D% 4+ )*<KQ% t ,K7 + ,KE 4+ 3%,mH+ +%<]0 M_

� 4 MS#8KY# AKm-W,0 � 4 4+ 3%,YC +%<]0 48?m@% +4&# A@% %,> (% ,0�8W M@%4<mF# Am-W,0 IMK@%48_

&# A@% %,> (% ,0�8W 48?m@% +412% .A24,W 4+ �-n+ <Ki t+%+ 38Ks@ ,0MK_ t 8KWD,-748K_ MKW 3&K#(\

4 6q# + D8_ M>,J�L2 I D8E D+,W48K_ Am-W,0�K2&0 ^ 8Kv0 3%,KYC 3%,KmH+ D%,KW )*<KQ%

4%+8=]#D +4%+r MW M@&7 D% 4+ 3%,mH+ A@% %,> M_t&-i 48K?m@% +4&K# A@% %,> (% ,0�8W M@%4<mF# Am-W,0 I

8#% 4+MS#8Y# Am-W,0 � 4 48?m@% +4&# A@% %,> (% ,0�8W 3%,YC A@% %,> IM@%48_12% .4+ )*% I1*8"@

MW [E �C A24,W �L2 [F@ Am-W,0 D8EAo@&o; t(&#\ �(&#\ ^8K-�V9 MKW MK9&08W A=*+ D8E

Mm>8* D8E 12% t<i MmH%+,C �-FS0 )38NE(.

!"#$%& '()* +$," -. '/-0123 4536/ 78. 9-:;<3 '=<$. ...>?K

�-FS0D<NS# )fd�g(�,o@ A24,W {<E 8W I K=*+ D8E MKW I(%,-Ki t8oKs@%+ 38*&qKs@%+ A

M_ 12% Mm>,7 ^4&u [*8N-C t&-i D%,W AKF-vG0 I�-FS0 D,?@ `&;48; MmYW% ,-Bm# ,m"W )--L0

*,?@ (%M D8E A#�8E I^48"Go=*% I,W 12% t8* D8E A# 38s@ �-FS0 <E+

M_ 1-]N9 D8E,-Bm# X82%,W =]# ^ 8v0 AmH8=i8o@ )-W D4%+ MmKi%+ +&K9 38*&qs@%+ A=*+ �,

12% .38=; t<yKs@%+ 4+ $-K�S0 MKW $w8Ki 38*&qKs@%+ AK=*+ �,o@ It<ys@%+ h&@ X82%,W M_

D&n A2<="# 38*&qs@%+ (% A@8Y@% x&G' ^8-W+% t+&W ,0,W t 5' r 38*&qKs@%+ AK=*+ �,o@ My@\

m#/D&n +,q# 38*&qs@%+ (% $E 12% ,0 .F# )-W MPW%4 A24,W )-=�NE A=*+ �,o@ AG-�S0 �P

M_ 12% 3\ ,o@8-W A# [*%V>% AG-�S0 �PF# 4<n ,E 38*&qs@%+ A=*+ �,o@ I<W8*A# !_ +&i . 4+

I[E �C )*% M]#89 D8E,-Bm# )-W 8KW AJ8KL04% $*8K2 (% ALE6K# t+8vmK2% 3%VK-# ALE6# D,*6C

A=*+ �,o@ I1L|# MPW%4 8#% rA=*+ �,o@ A*%,o*+8# 3%V-# )-WI Av=# MPW%4 1K2% t<Ki �4%VK7

)(% $F@ MW ID<=q-Wfd�geIdg.( Mmi4 38*&qs@%+ )-W ^ 8v0 D8m2%4 4+ A@8KY@% x&KG' D8KE

)*% A=*+ �,o@ 3%V-# 4+ )*,*82 4+ ^ 8v0 t48W4+r+&N@ �8L=m2% 3%&0 A# M@&7,-./0Mmi4 D,*6C D8E

MY*8F# 4+ 8"@\ ALE6# �,o@ <"]0 A=*+ �W8=# (% A@8Y@%MmKi4 8W A# ,Ko*+ D8E )*% 3%&K0 MK@&7

M_ +,_ 1i%+,W !"# <*8i Mmi4 )*% 1-E8# MW I$-Q+ )*,0 12% �&W,# 8E .MKW �W8K=# I,Ko*+ ^48L'

M#8@,W 4+ A=*+ r+4%+ 1*+ <S# Ai(&#\ A24+ D8EMmi4 1-E8# M_ AQ8R 4+ A2<="# A=> D8E

D4 8=> (% %4 D,ms-W t+8vm2% D8E&oQ% Ai(&#\ D8EA# %4 Ay-@8y# <@4%+ Ay-@8y# <*+ <LGJ.

A# 38Y@% &E 8NW 38Y@% MW A@8Y@% x&G' M9&0 I12% 38Y@% M_ �8SQ 3\ (% 38Y@% MW A=]* r+(%+,C

A# A# $K-GS0 M*Vq0 %4 A'8Nm9% D+,> (% !'% ID +&9 3&78@&7 +8]W% <=_ <K=_ .MKW ^48L'

[@%+ (% t ,7 )*% I,o*+ [=_ I[=-W MW 8E[*%,7 t�K* 1-NE% A#+\ D8E A# D% <KE+ . I�Kn% 4+

A7�* ,7 4+ 38Y@% 1-@8Y@% 12% % t+%4% ,y> <=@8# A*8E . A@8Y@% x&G' M_ 12% A*89 38NE )*%

<s*<@% A# 3\ t48W4+ +4%+ M9&0 3\ MW. A# �8SQ )*% (% AKW,q0 x&G' $Ny# )_4 %4 A@8Y@% x&G' 3%&0

,q0 x&G' 4+ %,*( r1Y@%+ ,Ko*+ 3%4%<K@89 8KW % �,mKs# t&9 8* IA#+\ X&YS# X&NG# +8]W% AW

A# M]Q8P# t48o@% I8E4%<=C M]Q8P# MW A@8Y@% x&G' M_ AQ8R 4+ I+&i MW 8E48m>4 8E MKW IMKu5H 4&KJ

A# D A'%Vm@% +8]W% +(%+,C. MH8i <=mKYE p&Bs# A@8Y@% 3&78@&7 +8]W% [E �C MW A@8Y@% x&G' D8E .

D%,WM]#89 [@%+ IM@&N@ 3% 4 [@%+ IA'8Nm9% D8E48m>4 ,W A28=i A#+\ 3% 4 D+,> +8]W% ,W A28=i

D+,> �W% 4 ,W �&FR [@%+ � <@4%+ V_,N0 A'8Nm9%) I+%4 A]@8nfd��I e��.(

t48W4+ AsE �C Mq-m@D+8�mn% t8o*8C ,-Bm# A24,W� AK=*+ �,Ko@ 3\ +8K]W% )-KW A'8KNm9%

A# 38s@ <E+ M_ A=*+ �,o@ 4+8# 4<C ^5-�S0 $Bi )-WI =]# MPW%48+4%<@ +&9 D4%+r 8#%

A=*+ �,o@ <#\4+ M=*VE )-WI =]# MPW%48+4%+ +&9 D4%+ ) ID,-o@8"9 (4 8s_fd��.(

>?M '/-0123 @6A/ # @B=3 /CD /+>E / F-1G5H # I8)-J>KL?

)KK*%MKKm>8* ��8KKNmR% 8E A@8KKYy* O*8KK} (% MKKm>,7 MNKKs;,2�-KKS# 4+ MKK_ 1KK2% D8KKE

ANG'�A'8Nm9% 0 �=9 + ,E D%,WA# O*,] +&i .I�n% 4+ ( ,#% D8-@+ 4+ A'8Nm9% $#%&' �*

A0%<-"N0 Am*8NR ,�=' ^ 8v0 (% 4 + MW D+,> ,E D%,W D4 ,a D+%�K@ A#&Kn IAm-KY=9 D8E

12%r Mq-m@ 4+I 4+ A=*+ �,o@ A'8Nm9% $#%&' )-W �8L04% 12% [*%V>% MW 4 38@( .

Mm>8* [@%48KyNE AK=N"W [E �KC A08#<F# D8E )fd�d ( A7<K@( 1K-v-_ 1-]Ka t48KW4+

MPW%4 V-@ 38*&qs@%+ A# 38Ks@ AG-K�S0 +,yGN' A=*+ �,o@ 8W �% A7<K@( 1K-v-_ MK_ <KE+

+ <KR 8K#% r12% 3\ (% ,m"W AN_ 8* �2&m# <R 4+ 38*&qs@%+ (% AN-@ + <Rb� 8K"@\ (% <Ku4+

`&GP#8@ �*%,i AG]> 1-]a 4+ A282% ,--B0 <*8W M_ <@4%+ D,0 Ki+&Ki t+%+ 38 . I�=K9 $K#%&'

3 <W IM@&N@ t ,7 A7<@( 1-v-_ 4+ ZE6# h&@ I)2,-./0 (% AKH,W Ip8BmKi% I$KE/0 $K#%&' 8K#% r

8K"@\ A7<@( 1-v-_ ,W )*<Q% AGBi AG-�S0 &P2,-./01K2% t+&KW 4%6K7 . VK-@ AK=*+ �,Ko@

t,N@ t+&W �2&m# A=*+ �,o@ M=*V7 D8E»D&n 48-YW « »O-]a 48-YW «LY@ $K_ (% DV-;8K@ 1

1K2% t+%+ $-ys0 %4 �*(&0 . IAG-K�S0 +,KyGN' �8KSQ (%�/fb p<K]# 8K"@\ (% <Ku4+»OKQ%« I

�/b� p<]# 8"@\ (% <u4+»` « + <R �b p<K]# 8K"@\ (% <Ku4+»¡ «MmKi%+ 3\ (% ,KmN_ <@% .

+ <R p<]# )-=�NE�c 38*&qs@%+ (% <u4+»` « »¡ « + <KR t+&KW� VK-@ 8K"@\ (% <Ku4+

p<]#»+ « <@% Mmi%+)38NE .(

I,o*+ {,J (%sE �CA <Q% �8L04% 1-v-_ A24,W {<E 8W� 1K-W,0 �,Ki [-KC 3%&=' MW <@(,>

%,9% AR%,J 3%<@(,> A=*+<Ki . +%<K]0d�� &qKs@%+ ,Kv@)f�� ,KYCf�� ,KmH+ (D%,KW MK@&N@

MKKFLJ <@<KKi `8KKzm@% X,mKK2+ 4+ AmLKKY@ D%MKK_ [KK2,C 8KK* AKKm-W,0 �LKK2 MKK#8@A7+%&@8KKH �-KKS#

) I38i8F@fd��IA@%&a4 (% $F@ MW Ifd�ce I��( [2,C $K-Ny0 %4 MmH8K2 �KFS# M#8@,_<K@+.

MW AG_ 4&JI 8_ 4 6q# 3&#(\ �*8m@D 38s@A# <E+ MKW AK@% %,> )*,mKs-W M@%4<mF# Am-W,0 �L2 4+ M_

A@+&#(\ %4 +&H )*<Q% M_ 12% �&W,# A*8E»,?@ 4+ ALE6# D+%,>% Mm>,7 % AK=*+ 1K-W,0 D%,KW MK_ <@

t+,_ �50 A]2 8"@\ <@%«8#% r MS#8Y# Am-W,0 �L2 4+ M@%48_I A@+&K#(\ MKW AK@% %,> )*,mKs-W A*8KE

+4%+ �G]0 %4 +&H )*<Q% M_»AW D+%,>% 8"@\ A=*+ 1-W,0 D%,W M_ Mm>,7 ,?@ 4+ ZE6# MW 1LY@ ^ 8v0

Mmi%<@ �50 A]2 <@%« .A@+&#(\ <u4+ )-=�NE A*8E t ,7 4+ %4 +&H M_ D8E» !mKYE 38NGY# )#

,7% !mY-@ )-=; AE87 AQ I!=_ 1*8'4 %4 A=*+ ^%4&m2+ M_ x4%+ 12 + M; « » 38KN*% %<H MW )#

,7% x4%+ Mm2%&H x4%+ 12 + M; !E+ x8q@% %4 % D8EI AN@ ^8n % AE87 AQ !@%&0« t+%+ 4%,n I<K@% 4+

%,> )*,ms-W M@%4<mF# Am-W,0 �L2 A@%<@4%+ %4 .8#% A@+&#(\ <u4+ t ,7 4+ %4 +&H M_ A*8E D8E» (&=E

Mm>,o@ AN-N�0 +&H )*+ +4&# 4+ x% « » A7<K@( MKW ,#% )*% AQ I<i8W Mmi%+ +&9 %<H 12% )yN#

+4%<@ AJ8L04% )# «t+%+ 4%,n MS#8Y# Am-W,0 �L2 4+ I<@% 4%+ %4 A@% %,> )*,ms-W 48_@<.

!"#$%& '()* +$," -. '/-0123 4536/ 78. 9-:;<3 '=<$. ...>?D

4+ V-@ ,a8R MQ8F#12% t<i 38-W 4+ A=*+ 1H8=i �W8=# M_t&-i D8E Am-W,03&78@&7 ^ 8vm#

12%MW r M@&7 D% 4+ A=*+ 1H8=i M_t&-i 4<mF# Am-W,0I ,ms-W�K2&0 4+ t+%&@8KHt&-Ki AKm-W,0

MS#8Y# (% ,ms-W 48_t%4 ALE6# )_8#%A# ^4&u +,-7 . )--L0 4+Mm>8* )*% 8E Q% �8L04% MW<� <K@(,>

3%4 + 4+ MW M9&08W A_+&_ M*,?@ t48i% A'8Nm9% D,-7+8* AomYLQ+ IA'&a&# �W% 4 D8E <KE%&H

 3%<K@(,> A=*+ D,*6C

AN"# [F@ +4%+) ID,E8?# An+8ufd�gI e��c.(

�-FS0 D8E �#QAyY1 [@%48yNE )bcc�( A# 38s@ t<Sm# 1Q8*% 4+ p8]> �(&#\ M_ <E+

D,-748_ MW)*,N0 I^ 8vm# D8E�-S# %4 �(&#\<=@8# ,.�# <@ 4 �* +,_ <E%&H A=*+ 3\ `80(8W M_I

^ 8v0 )m>,7 ,?@ 4+ 1K2% 3%,K-7%,> A'8Nm9% D+,> D8E. ^ 8Kv0 )K*% t<K*+ Am=K2 �(&K#\ 4+ 8KE

AN@ <i8#% r j=E,> 4+ t( ,#% 8W �#%&9ALE6# A28-2 ID+8�mn% �*%,i A# X8y]@% <W8*.

X8@%,W V=#&-@ 2 )bccd( D(8KW M_ <@4 8W )*% ,W 4+ AKN"# [KF@ X4%<K# 4+ AKi(&#\ D8KE

[@%+ MW ZE6# �(&#\ +4%+ 3%(&#\r 1-Q8]> 4+ %4 �(4% 8W Amu,> %,*( ALE6# D8E48-mH% 4+ 4%,Kn

A# <E+ .,W %3 ,G*80 3 )bccg ( AsE �C 4+ x8@ 8W»�(&#\ ZE6#«I M]2&0 M]Q8P# (% D<E%&i

[@%+ ,W AG# 3%(&#\ t+4 \ <@% 1-G_ 4+ �(&#\ M_ I8E,-./0 t�* [K@%+ ZE6# 4+ D% AKmR 3%(&K#\

+4%+ 8"@\ )*<Q% .I[E �C �*8m@ 8Y-G_ 4+ 4&lR �(&#\ )-W D4%+8=]# 1L|# �8L04% %4<-*/0 +,_.

3894 3%48yNE )bcc� () MWI3&* 3&mY@89 (% $F@5

bcc�I e�b�( MK_ AKF-FS0 4+8KW

3%&='» <i4 ZE6#[@%+ 3%(&K#\« t+%+ x8Kq@% <K@%I MKW t<-K24 MKq-m@ )K*% ALE6K# <Ki4 MK_ <@%

[@%+ W 3%(&#\ M 38s=*<Q% D+,> ZE%6# MG-2 A# ^4&u +,-7.

D8W(%6 4+ AsE �Ct48W �8KL04% A'8KNm9% $K#%&' )-W �W% 4{,K�# $KyQ% KW M D,-748K_

�4%V7 +&H 4+ 1@&sH [K@%+ (% AK]N9 38-# AE+ +%+ x8Kq@% MK-_,0 3%(&K#\ . �#8K9 �KW% 4 4+

t+,mY7I A'8Nm9% $#%&'t<@4%+,W4+ 4<C `8m_ IA28-2 �W% 4 I4+8# )*<KQ% p,Km=_ IM#8@( 4 I8E

�W% 4 ,W 38@%&9 38-# +&W ZE6# . ZE6# 4+ ,ms-W A'8Nm9% $#%&' ,-./0D8KE L# AKo=E,> MKQ+8

�W% 4 4+ AE<@8#(82 3825yNE 38-# D£4 MW +8Fm'% +&W AE+. Mm>8* 8EM_ 12% 3\ ,o@8-W �KW% 4

A# D,-7 t(%<@% %4 A�zs# �W% 4 IA'8Nm9% <=_ A�zs# D8=L# ,WMmi%67 12% TL=9 + ,E

1L|# Av=#+4%+ %4 . ALE6# t ,7 )-=�NE 48Km>4 ,W 1L|# {,KS=# t ,K7 D8KE,-./K0 A# +4%6K7

) ID8W(%bcc�e I�cd.(

1. Mclesky 2. Branas & Neumans

3. Brown & Taylor 4. John

5. Johnstone & Yoon 6. Ozbay

>?N '/-0123 @6A/ # @B=3 /CD /+>E / F-1G5H # I8)-J>KL?

p+%&�2% [E �C 4+1 x8@ 8W»ZE6# ,-F> 38@%&9&@« A# <K-_ /0 +&Ki ^ 8Kv0 MK_ $KW8n D8KE

A"9&0 1-Q8]> 38-# ALE6# D8E ,?@�,o@ 8E D8E +&K9 A*8Ky*,#\ ,K-F> ,-w ,-F> 38@%&9&@

+4%+ . M*Vq0 t+%+ $-GS0 38s@ 8E2% t+%+r1 A*8y*,#\ ,-F> 38@%&9&@ 38K@%&9&@ ,*8K2 8W MY*8F# 4+

ID,ms-W 3%V-# MW $K-q@% I8'+ 3<@%&H MW 4+ 4&KlR ALE6K# !K2%,# +&K9 8KW <=mKi%+ MKn5'

3% %,> AP-S# ^5ys# ^8>5mH% 1-Q8]> 4+ ALE6# D8E MKW Ao=E,> 1_48Ks# ,NmKY# 4&KJ

A# <==_)Ip+%&�2%2 bcc� ^48W (% $F@ MW rI)*&Q Ay2%&_3

bcc�I ebf .(

MvQ�# 1-NE% MW M9&08W I8m2%4 )*% 4+ ,a8R [E �C I3%&9 $Y@ A=*+ �,o@ 4+ A'8Nm9% D8E

�K-n+ ^4&Ku MKW MKvQ�# + )K*% MKPW%4 AK24,W MW MKvQ�# (% D48-KYW 8K0 1K2% MKmH%+,C D,0 D8E

$-"Y0 +&i MmH8=i ,l# t<==_.

$ .%&'( )*#+, -./

f . �8L04% 3%V-#¤12% M@&o; 38"vu% AyiVC x&G' t8os@%+ 38*&qs@%+ A=*+ �,o@ 8W t+%&@8H $#8' )-W

b .A25yNE 38m2 + $#8' )-W �8L04% 3%V-# x&KG' t8oKs@%+ 38*&qKs@%+ AK=*+ �,Ko@ 8W 8E

¤12% M@&o; 38"vu% AyiVC

d .C x&KG' t8oKs@%+ 38*&qKs@%+ A=*+ �,o@ 8W Ai(&#\ �-S# $#8' )-W �8L04% 3%V-# AyKiV

¤12% M@&o; 38"vu%

� .M@824 $#8' )-W �8L04% 3%V-# x&KG' t8oKs@%+ 38*&qKs@%+ A=*+ �,o@ 8W A]N9 �8L04% D8E

¤12% M@&o; 38"vu% AyiVC

� .AK25yNE I38mK2 + It+%&@8KH $K#%&' MK'&Nq# )-KW �8L04% 3%V-# AKi(&#\ �-KS# I8E

M@824 os@%+ 38*&qs@%+ A=*+ �,o@ 8W A]N9 �8L04% D8E¤12% M@&o; 38"vu% AyiVC x&G' t8

0. )*#+, "1234 5 6*7/2

h&a&# 1-NE% MW M9&08WA'8Nm9% $#%&' IA=*+ �,o@ ,.% D8E D+,K> AQ8K]0 1>,s-C 4+ 3\

IA'8Nm9%)*% [E �C M@&7 8E12% x(�A# �'8W %,*( r M_ +&i M@824 A'8KNm9% IAKi(&#\ D8KE

p&u% MW AJ8L04%@( 4+ A=*+ �,o@ A7< 3\ ,W ,.�# D8E<=*8s-C <@(%+,�W 1K_,R �K* 3%&=' MW

3\ MW AG#<@,o=W.

1. Schwadel 2. Schewdoal

3. Bartkowski & Levin

!"#$%& '()* +$," -. '/-0123 4536/ 78. 9-:;<3 '=<$. ...>?O

)-=�NE X8YR% My=*% )m>,7 ,?@ 4+ 8WA7<K@( 4+ AK=*+ �,Ko@ AK@ ,-W AK@ 4+MKW MG-K2

3&78@&7 D8E,-Bm#I MGN9 (%A# +8q*% A'8Nm9% $#%&' I+&i A# 3%&0 t+%&@8KH M9&0 X4%<K# I8KEI

)Nq@% A'8Nm9% 1*8NR V_%,# IAQ8' �(&#\ V_%,# D8E3&78@&7 )*% MW %4h&Ka&# ZKG9+,K_ .

t 5' ,WA# I3\ 3%&0 t8os@%+ 80 38mYW+ �P2 (% A2 4+ +,K_ )* <0 A*828=i MK_ 3\ 4+ X8KYR%

A7<@( 4+ A=*+ �,o@ Mm2+ IO*,]0 %4 D<=W 1-E8# A28=i <Ki8W t+,K_ t%4 �,mKY7 D8KE I3\

8=#<*<9 �W A'8Nm9% $#%&' 8W [J8L04% %4<=_ 38-W .A# I8m2%4 )*% 4+ t8748_ 3%&0 t4 + 8E A*8KE

38#(8K2 38K=_48_ 38KNG]# I3�8Y74VW I)*<Q% D%,W MK@&7 )K*% 8K0 1K>,7 ,K?@ 4+ OKGmz# D8E

M=-#( KL|# �8L04% A_+&_ 3%4 + (% A=*+ �,o@ ,ms-W M; ,E �FS0 A7<@( �L2 5u% (82 1

<i A'8Nm9% $#%&' 8W 3\ t<@(82.

38m248N-W A@8#4+ V_%,# 8E V-@ A# ,.% MW M9&08W <=@%&0D8E A7<@( 4+ A=*+ �,o@ D%,KW +8Kq*%

Am#52 A@% 4 ANY9I 3\ %4 [-C 3%&=' MW M#<F# 38#4+<@,W 48_ MW �-KS# A'8KNm9% %4 +&KH

�*%,i (% t<=_ \ $-"Y0 A#52% A7<@( �L2 t<==_ _<== MKW AGN' D,?@ M9&0 xVGmY# ,#% )*% M_

t(&#\ ZE6# 3\ D8E 12% A'8Nm9% $#%&' 8W [J8L04% .

MW)*%Z-0,0�-FS0 )*% 1-NE% I (% 12% ^48L' ,�mz# 4&J MW :

OKKQ% .MKKY2�# MKKW D+,KKyGN' MKK�H8i �KK* 3%&KK=' MKKW AKK=*+ �,KKo@ �PKK2 3+%+ 38KKs@ D8E

rAi(&#\ ,-w Ai(&#\

` . 3%V-# 3+,_ 38-W,-./0M@8K24 I38m2 + It+%&@8H <=@8# IA*8E,-Bm# (% A=*+ �,o@ D,*6C D8E

rAi(&#\ �-S# Ai(&#\

¡ .[@%+ [*%V>% MvQ�# A=*+ �,o@ t48W4+ AmH8=i rA'8Nm9% D8E

E K .$yi <"]0 1*&F0 4+ AQ8' �(&#\ V-@ �4 ,C �(&#\ 38#(82 3%&0 [*%V>% MKW AE+

vQ�#M I�4 ,C �(&#\ 38#(82 +,_48_ Z28=0 Z28=# A7<@( �L2 3<*V7,W A=*+ �,o@ D8E

MY2�# IAQ8' �(&#\ ^ 8v0 8W A28-2 A'8Nm9% D8E A'8Nm9% Ao=E,> D8E.

8 .)*#+, 9"! 5 -':; <3=>.=

A# h&Ka&# 8KW Z28=m# 12% �-FS0 D,?@ D8N=E%4 M_ AW&;48; K*,?@ I+,KW t,K"W 3\ (% 3%&K0 M

,#&GW ^,W,E1 )3%48yNE ,0%(+ (% $F@ MWI¥ ¥¦¦� ( MP2% 3<i A'8Nm9% t48W4+ 12% 3\ D8E .

)*+8KKN@ $KKW8Fm# [=KK_ MKK*,?@ ,#&KKGW3 I<KK-# ^,KKW,E ¡4&KK9 3&KK; +&KKH 38-=-KKs-C (% ,./KKm# %4

1. Herbert Blumer 2. Dezutter, J.; B., Soenens & D., Hutsebaut

3. Symbolic Interactionism

>?P '/-0123 @6A/ # @B=3 /CD /+>E / F-1G5H # I8)-J>KL?

A@%,=z2 4+ p82 4+ �%f�d� M]#89 Zmy# 3%&=' MW %4 3\ ,P# +,K_ AK>,]# [*&H AmH8=i .

(%A# ^4&u MGR,# + 4+ 3 ID ,?@ +,-7:

OQ% .�(4% D,-7+8* MGR,# 3<Ki ` ~ 8K* 3% 89 12% {+%,m# D,*6C.

` .M]#89 MGR,# (% <]W M_ 3 (% �C +,> ,7%

A# [-C 3MG-2 MW [Ki A'8KNm9% $#%&' MK@87 D%

38y#% (% 12% ^48L' M_ 12% ,*6C:

f .)*<Q% :1

4+8# 4<C $#8iD+%,>% A# A# U4VW %4 �+&_ M_ +&i <==_I 8K* t<@%&H4<C <=@8#

t<@%&H4+8# t8oi4 ,C.

b .!"# ,o*+:2 $-#8> 4+ M_ D+%,>% A=]*,-./0MN' <=@8# I<=mYE 4%67 MKQ8H I8KE AK*%+ I8KE I8KE

38m2 +8"=*% <=@8#.

d .3�8KKYNE t ,KK7:3 A#,W 4+ %4 D+%,KK>% X8KK2%,W MKK_ +,KK-7 MF-GKK2 ^+8' I8KKE 8KKE�G]0 I 8KKE

&2kD,-7 A# �N9 !E 4 + D,y> Am-�zi D8E <@&i.

� .X4%<#4 38#(82 AN24 D8E:

5 $#8iA7�* 38NG]# Am-�zi D8E ,-./0 38#(8K2 D8KE

AN24 A# +&i.

� .A#&N' �#8q#:6 �48C <=@8# 8E D(8W,"i A# 8q@\ 4+ %4 +&H 1w%,> ^8n % x+,# M_ I8E <=@%467.

g .M@824 A]N9 �8L04% D8E:7

!"# (% M_ $#%&' )*,012% ,-./0 3<Ki A'8KNm9% 4+ D,ms-W

+4%+ .IM@&N@ D%,W e8K�mH% +&KH MKW %4 +%,K>% 1n )*,ms-W M_ 3&*V*&G0 8N=-2 D<]W M2 D8-@+

A# E+=<M@8K24 r A*8E MK_ <=mKYE38Ky#% x+,K# D%,KW %4 �,mKs# D8K=]# p&Ku p&K�R VK-@

1s7,W %4 38i1R%4 ,0A# <==_ ) IA*8"=0fd�� e Ib��(.

)*% 4+IMQ8F# 8-# (% 3 AGKu% $K#8' 48"; MW �F> I3 4+ MmLQ%A#5K2%I

+4%+ +%,>% 3<i A'8Nm9% 4+ AN"# t8o*89 V-@ t+%4% .()-=�NE MK*,?@ )K*% X8K2%,W �K-FS0 p<K#

,*( ^4&u MW M_ t<i MmH8212%:

1. Parents 2. Significant

3. Peer group 4. Formal education

5. Formal organization 6. Public

7. Mass Media

!"#$%& '()* +$," -. '/-0123 4536/ 78. 9-:;<3 '=<$. ...>?L

?@AB :'!3CD E'D'/ 1':; F.&2'D )*#+, 9"!

8W �FS# MW M9&0 12% )*% +<u4+ t<i 38-W ZQ8P# M_A'8KNm9% $K#%&' TKPW%4 %4 �,Ko@ 8KW

A=*+§zs# I A# =_< .[E �C AG_ {<E I,o*+ ^48L' MWAK24,W I A'8KNm9% $K#%&' TKPW%4 8KW

A=*+ �,o@ 38*&qs@%+ {%<E% 8#% r12%(% 12% ^48L' A�V9:

f . rA=*+ �,o@ 8W t+%&@8H $#8' )-W �8L04% )--L0

b .A25yNE 38m2 + $#8' )-W �8L04% A24,W rA=*+ �,o@ 8W 8E

d . r38*&qs@%+ A=*+ �,o@ 8W Ai(&#\ �-S# $#8' )-W �8L04% )--L0

� .M@824 $#8' )-W �8L04% A24,W rA=*+ �,o@ 8W A]N9 �8L04% D8E

� .-L0AK25yNE 38mK2 + It+%&@8KH $K#%&' MK'&Nq# )-KW �8L04% )- AKi(&#\ �-KS# I8E

M@824 A=*+ �,o@ 8W A]N9 �8L04% D8E.

G .H5> )*#+, I&.JA

�-FS0 h&@ (% MQ8F# )*% 12% D+,W48_ D8E . 8E,-Bm# )-W MPW%4 )m>8* p8L@+ MW [E �C )*% My=*% $-Q+ MW

Z28=# �C r12% !E h&@ (% Av-u&0 � 4 I3\ D%,W � 4 )*,0 12% AomYW . MNE I3\ D48#\ M]#89

AG-�S0 p82 4+ 38"vu% AyiVC x&G' t8os@%+ 38*&qs@%+fd�f�fd�b A# ,W 4+ %4 +%<K]0 M_ +,-7

I,YC 38*&qs@%+bbfd I,mH+ 38*&qs@%+ ,v@d��g Ih&Nq# 4+ ,v@gc�� )*% (% M_ <@+&W ,v@

I+%<]0fgf M@&N@ � 4 X82%,W ,v@ MFLJ A>+8�0 D,-7 1-KY=9 �K-yv0 MKW !KqR 8W Z28=m# D%

<@+8�0 D,-7 1>4 48_ MW D48#\ M@&N@ )--]0 D%,W ALY@ D% . D%,KW

M@&N@ � 4 V-@ MFLJ ,E (% 38*&qs@%+ `8zm@% +8�0 D,-7.

!"

#$%

&'()*

#(&+

,-&+ !"

, .+ #$%/0123' $'

4$506#

/3738

9:;%

)#$50((

<()5=%

/>-)%?

@1A <$'

B)C D%$E&+

)F#(

4)F.F):GH ()'$% IE&5JF(

K5A

/0 #&7LM1N%

DOPQ% DOPQ% DOPQ% DOPQ%

H#()E$*H6&R

4S$T3'

U7=%/>-)%?

DE$0 <$'/;3V W$XG (

&7Y5% &7Y5% &7Y5% &7Y5%

ZE([?4!> /\$35V( <$'

) ]%()\/\$35V((

>KE '/-0123 @6A/ # @B=3 /CD /+>E / F-1G5H # I8)-J>KL?

K .%/5L( >2MD2

M9&08W I[E �KC )K*% {%<E% �-FS0 � 4 MWZK28=# t+%+ D4 \+,K7 D%,KW 4%VKW% )*,0 � 4 I8KE

[2,C M#8@ +&W D% .[2,C + I4&?=# )*% D%,W (% 1K2% ^48KL' MK_ 1>4 48_ MW MmH82 �FS# M#8@ :

OQ% .[2,C ` r)*+ �,o@ [q=2 M#8@ .[2,C A'8Nm9% $#%&' [q=2 M#8@ .

[2,C 4+ 38FFS# # A=*+ �,o@ D,?@ A@8L# A24,W 8W A=*+ �,o@ M#8@ A#5K2% $-Ku% �W8=

M*&7 [2,C D8E 38"9 t48W4+ %4 M#8@ ^%+8KL' I<K*8F' ^8K-n5H% IAK=*+ A7<K@( 1K-v-_ A=-W

(% <K]W %,K9% IA08#<KF# ^4&Ku MW <@+,_ AR%,J A@ 4+ 1*&=]# A'8Nm9% D8E48m>4<K-*/0

<@+,_ �*(&0 D48#\ M@&N@ D 4 ,W A*8"@ .t,N@ � 4 [2,C D4%67 D4%<=*+ M#8@ MKW ALE6K# �,Ko@

^,y-Q ^4&u� MPF@ 12% D% .[2,C MNE t,N@ !-FmY# ^4&u MW 8E 12% t<i D4%67.

[K2,C 4+ 3%,oKsE �C IA'8KKNm9% 1K*8NR D,K?@ A@8KL# AK24,W 8KKW A'8KNm9% $K#%&' M#8@

; �-FS0 `&;48)MP2% 3<i A'8Nm9% t48W4+ ,#&GW ^,W,E M*,?@ X82%,W M_ 12% 3\ D8E(

�C �W8=# V-@M*&7 IAsE [2,C D8E M@8K24 AKi(&#\ �-KS# It+%&@8H I38m2 + t48W4+ %4 M#8@ D8E

(% <]W %,9% IA08#<F# ^4&u MW <@+,_ AR%,J A]N9<-*/0 �K*(&0 D48K#\ M@&N@ D 4 ,W A*8"@

<@+,_ .[2,C )*% $#8i IM#8@bg $#8' t+8# D8E)M@824 Ai(&#\ �-S# It+%&@8H I38m2 + D8E

�8L04% A]N9 (12%.

.!"#$ %&'()* + ,-*+% ./&0 &1

23* .,-*+%1

!"# $%& '%&() *+)(, -!+ ./ 0&"/ .123 -!& 456 4+278!& '%&98:1 ;() <& 2= .>= $?@/ 'A8@B/

CD2E !"# F2GH)& 4)2/)+ *&"I3 5@6 "/&"/ *91<, J5= 2/ 2=) 02@="?K81 L2@?M1 .@N3, O@?P+ .@/

.GH) Q)9E ./ R?M:H >= S-!& 0& -T) )2U ./ $1"V!& 'A8B/ .( <& 5W/5?%XH <& '=2@Y , )9IZ1 ./ S

!"# *+9/ J276 @!"# S.WP2[1 +)91 .39\3 4("Y "I3 <& 2]3, *+9/ )̂+ O/2_ ( 2= )2@?8`& )+ .123

56 4+&+ )&"_ .WP2[1 +)91 4("Y <& 9ab3&+ 4+ . .U 56 45?\]T S0+"T )9c ./ 2]3, "I3 -T2%)+ <& 5W/

0&98:1 !"# -!& >]T ( )̂+ O/2_ d?3 *2%9ab3&+ "I3 <& .123 .'1 S$%&"/2Z/ .U +"U -6&+"/ *&9H

!"# .123 +)&+ '%&98:1 '%&() 2=.

1. Validity

!"#$%& '()* +$," -. '/-0123 4536/ 78. 9-:;<3 '=<$. ...>?>

4 .%&'()*1

!"# )2G8e& C%"f ./ '/2?8!+ 0&"/ .123 ( 5@6)& g@[M1 *2%9a@b3&+ <& "73 '! ./ &) 2]3, &58/& S2=

.E"e h"8:1 5?H2!& <& "73 .! ( 0"8U+ 02@7P, i9@1"T 0"?Y)2@U .@/ 2/ jV! S56 4+&+ '8?/"H h9ke

<& -!& Q)2Ge .U 51, -!+ ./ )2G8e& C%"f Sl2G3("U:

m. !"# )2G8e& C%"f 2/ 'Z%+ ;"A3 aZ! .123no/p -!& "/&"/.

q . !"# )2G8e& C%"f 2/ 'e2\8r& O1&9e aZ! .123sq/p L2@?M1 )2]t .U -!& 0(2B1

'1"/ )+ &) "%< +"?Y:

u 2@/ *2%9a@b3&+ '@Z%+ ;"A3 2/ 4+&932` O12e $?/ .[/&) *&d?1 aZ! L2?M1 )2G8e& C%"f

sv/p -!& "/&"/ .

u '!wN\= ( *28!(+ 4("Y O12e $?/ .[/&) *&d?1 aZ! L2?M1 )2G8e& C%"f ;"@A3 2@/ 2=

2/ *2%9ab3&+ 'Z%+sp/p -!& 0(2B1.

u '@Z%+ ;"@A3 2@/ '@6<91, x?@:1 O@12e $?@/ .@[/&) *&d@?1 aZ@! L2?M1 )2G8e& C%"f

2/ *2%9ab3&+oy/p -!& "/&"/.

u .32!) O12e $?/ .[/&) *&d?1 aZ! L2?M1 )2G8e& C%"f 'Z%+ ;"A3 2/ 'W\r F2GH)& 02=

*2%9ab3&+ 2/so/p -!& 0(2B1.

5 .6+% 7%&/8 7&1

4+&+ O?k:H ( .%daH 0&"/ r 02=g\ !"# ./ .r9H2/ 456 0)(, ;() <& =(z# 02= *9Y2@39Y 02=

{`2@6 S)&+9@\3 S'@3&(&"T g@%<9H i(5@r 5Z321 S'7?E9H )21, <& d@?3 ( 'Y5@ZU&"# ( 0d@U"1 02=

;() *91<, 5Z321 S'c2GZ8!& )21, |k8}1 02= C%"@f *+9@/ )&+2@ZW1 *91<, O126 S0"81&)2# 02=

>= 'A8@@B/(Tr)( "@@?K81 5@@Zt *9?@@!"Y) S *91<, ( '@@3 -@@%&( $19@@% .@@k\r <& S0"81&)2@@#23 02@@=

i2N!("Uu56 4+278!& j?P&(.

9 .:;<=> ?-&(0

=(z# i(& !"# : 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 ( 4+&932` O12e $?/ .[/&) *&d?1

~-!& .39At *2]7E&

=(z# "7E �"T: ON6 ( 4+&932` O12e $?/ h9@ke 42A@b3&+ *2%9a@b3&+ '@Z%+ ;"A3 0"?Y

.[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# +)&53 +9r( 0&.

1. Reliability

>?@ '/-0123 A6B/ # AC=3 /DE /+>F / G-1H5I # J8)-K>?L@

.8T2% 4)2\6 i(5r 02=m *&d@?1 .@/ 4+&932` O12e ( 'Z%+ ;"A3 $?/ .U -!& *, "A32?/ Sv�/p

>= +)&+ +9r( )&+2ZW1 ( -G�1 'A8B/ .'1 $?Z�\= *&9H�q/�p ;"@A3 j32@%)&( <& 5E)+ '@Z%+

4"\3 .@/ .@r9H2/ &) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ ?# 4+&932@` O@12e 02@= +"@U '@Z?/ .

2/ S$%&"/2Z/n/nn '1 +) "7E �"T *2Z?\c& 5E)+ ON@6 ( 4+&932@` O@12e $?@/ '@ZW% �+96 0"?Y

+)&+ +9r( .[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3.

@+ABC :DE&F 8 7&1G1 H-#I JKLM %*K&NO/ JL/P QK*L0&E R/&) + ,N-K 6#S0 #;T(/ +K U;M ,S(VM

!"#

$%&'( )*+,- n

./$0

12 34'56 r

7*+8( Tr

9:;"<( =+# >)*?@ 9A7) dF

BC;

D)E6 7*)"F,(

3F/) G$4H

=)*EH"! I("J !" "#$/% "%"/&# !' %%&/%

=(z# h(+ !"# :4("@Y O@12e $?@/ .@[/&) *&d@?1 '@!wN\= ( *28@!(+ '@Z%+ ;"@A3 ( 2=

~-!& .39At *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+

=(z@# "7E �"T: '@!wN\= ( *28@!(+ 4("@Y O@12e $?@/ ON@6 ( 2= '@Z%+ ;"@A3 0"?Y

+)&53 +9r( .[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+.

4)2\6 i(5r �%283q'1 *2b3 S ( 'Z%+ ;"A3 $?/ .U 5=+\= ( *28!(+ 4("Y O12e'@!wN 2=

*&d?1 ./yo/p >= +)&+ +9r( 0)&+2ZW1 ( -G�1 'A8B/ .'1 S$%&"/2Z/ *&9Hv/�q j32@%)&( <& 5E)+

4"\3 L2@!&"/ &) *2]7@E& 'N@6d# h9@ke 42A@b3&+ *2%9a@b3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 ( *28@!(+ 4("@Y 02@=

'!wN\= ?# 2= +"U 'Z?/ . 2/ S.a?83 )+n/nn "T *2Z?\c& 5E)+'1 +) "7E � $?@/ '@ZW% �+9@6

O12e '!wN\= ( *28!(+ 4("Y ON6 2/ 2= 'N@6d# h9@ke 42A@b3&+ *2%9a@b3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 0"?Y

+)&+ +9r( .[/&) *2]7E&.

@+ABW :DE&F G1 H-#I JKLM %*K&NO/ JL/P8 7&1 ,"XYZ1 + J&("+K Q+#[ R/&) + ,N-K 6#S0 #;T(/ +K U;M ,S(VM &1

!"#

$%&'( )*+,-n

./$0

12 34'56r

7*+8(Tr

=+# 9:;"<(

>)*?@ 9A7)

dF

7*)"F,( BC;

D)E6

3F/) G$4H

K D"';K) =K$L I("J

3;MNO2 "2

!" $!&/% $&#/&& !' %%&/%

=(z# h9! !"# : 42A@b3&+ *2%9ab3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 ( '6<91, x?:1 O12e $?/ .[/&) *&d?1

~-!& .39At *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke

!"#$%& '()* +$," -. '/-0123 4536/ 78. 9-:;<3 '=<$. ...>??

=(z# "7E �"T: ON6 ( '6<91, x?:1 O12e $?/ 42A@b3&+ *2%9ab3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 0"?Y

.[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke +)&53 +9r( 0&.

.8T2% 4)2\6 i(5r 02=� *&d@?1 ./ '6<91, x?:1 O12e ( 'Z%+ ;"A3 $?/ .U -!& *, "A32b3 S�o/p

>= +)&+ +9@r( 0)&+2ZW1 ( -G�1 'A8B/. '1 $?@Z�\= *&9@Hqq '@Z%+ ;"@A3 j32@%)&( <& 5@E)+

4"\3 ./ .r9H2/ &) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ ?# '6<91, x?:1 O12e 02= +"@U '@Z?/ .

$%&<& 2@/ S()n/nn '1 +) "7@E �"@T *2@Z?\c& 5@E)+ $?@/ '@ZW% �+9@6 ( '@6<91, x?@:1 O@12e

ON6 ( .[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 0"?Y+)&+ +9r.

@+AB\ :DE&F G1 H-#I JKLM %*K&NO/ JL/P8 7&1 ,FPL/8 ];=/ R/&) + ,N-K 6#S0 #;T(/ +K U;M ,S(VM

!"#

$%&'( )*+,-n

./$0

12 34'56R

7*+8(Tr 9:;"<(

=+#

>)*?@ 9A7)

dF

BC;

D)E6 7*)"F,(

3F/) G$4H

3#?E(@ P%<( I("J !" '"(/% !( /) !' %%&/%

h)2]t !"# =(z@# :.32@!) O@12e $?@/ .@[/&) *&d@?1 '@Z%+ ;"@A3 ( '@W\r F2@GH)& 02=

~-!& .39At *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+

=(z# "7E �"T: .32!) O12e $?/ ON6 ( 'W\r F2GH)& 02= *2%9a@b3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 0"?Y

.[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ +)&53 +9r( 0&.

4)2\6 i(5r �%283�?/ S.32!) O12e ( 'Z%+ ;"A3 $?/ .U -!& *, "A32 *&d?1 ./ 'W\r F2GH)& 02=

��/p >= +)&+ +9r( 0)&+2ZW1 -G�1 'A8B/ .'1 S$%&"/2Z/ *&9H�q/mm '@Z%+ ;"@A3 j32%)&( <& 5E)+

4"\3 L2!&"/ &) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ .32!) O12e 02= ?# 'W\r F2GH)& 02= 'Z?/

+"U ../&$%C?H"H 2/ Sn/nn '1 +) "7E �"T *2Z?\c& 5E)+ .32@!) O@12e $?@/ 'ZW% �+96 F2@GH)& 02=

ON6 ( 'W\r +)&+ +9r( .[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 0"?Y.

@+AB^ :DE&F G1 H-#I JKLM %*K&NO/ JL/P8 7&1 .0&"% R/&) + ,N-K 6#S0 #;T(/ +K U;M ,S(VM '>%* 7&1,OZB _&

!"#

$%&'( )*+,-n

12 ./$0 34'56

R

7*+8(Tr

=+# 9:;"<(

>)*?@ 9A7)

dF

7*)"F,( BC;

D)E6

3F/) G$4H

9H";7 I("J Q":-7* >"2

3,OA

!" ##)/% ('"/$ !' %%&/%

>?M '/-0123 A6B/ # AC=3 /DE /+>F / G-1H5I # J8)-K>?L@

=(z# >aZ# !"# :'!wN\= ( *28!(+ 4("Y S4+&932` O1&9e .e9\a1 $?/ .[/&) *&d?1 x?:1 S2=

.32!) S'6<91, 02=~-!& .39At *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 ( 'W\r F2GH)&

=(z@# "7E �"T: '@!wN\= S*28@!(+ 4("@Y S4+&932@` O@1&9e .@e9\a1 $?@/ x?@:1 S2=

!) S'6<91,.32 ON6 ( 'W\r F2GH)& 02= 'N@6d# h9@ke 42A@b3&+ *2%9a@b3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 0"?Y

.[/&) *2]7E& +)&53 +9r( 0&.

.8T2% i(5r 02= 4)2\6 02=y (v '1 *2b3 S4+&932` O1&9e .e9\a1 ( 'Z%+ ;"A3 $?/ .U 5=+

'!wN\= ( *28!(+ 4("Y .32!) ( '6<91, x?:1 S2= *&d?1 ./ 'W\r F2GH)& 02=o�/p >= 'A8B/

+)&+ +9r( -G�1 .'1 S$%&"/2Z/ *&9Hy/y� '3+91<, 'Z%+ ;"A3 4"\3 j32%)&( <& 5E)+ +)9@1 02@=

'@!wN\= ( *28@!(+ 4("Y S4+&932` O12e )2]t 02="??KH L2!&"/ C?H"H ./ &) .WP2[1 x?@:1 S2=

.32!) ( '6<91, ?# 0)&+2ZW1 )9c ./ 'W\r F2GH)& 02= +"@U '@Z?/ .2@/ S.@a?83 )+ n/nn 5@E)+

'\3 .8T"%�# "7E �"T *2Z?\c& ( *28!(+ 4("Y S4+&932` O1&9e .e9\a1 $?/ S"A%+ Q)2Ge ./ �+96

'!wN\= .32!) ( '6<91, x?:1 S2= ON6 2/ 'W\r F2GH)& 02= *2%9a@b3&+ '@Z%+ ;"@A3 0"?Y

+)&+ +9r( .[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+.

@+AB` :DE&F .aXE QAF .'"&=/ 7&1 + J&("+K Q+#[ bQK*L0&E R/*L) c&"*#M ,N-K 6#S0 JL;"#[% .M _LM#/

,"XYZ1 .0&"% + ,FPL/8 ];=/ b&1 ,OZB _&'>%* 7&1

12 34'56 R%%:- ./$0 =+# SMT* R%%:- ./$0 )7K@$6 7"%,( >"C!

!' /% $$&/% $'$/% (&!/&(

@+ABd :DE&F R/*L) c&"*#M ,N-K 6#S0 JL;"#[% R;e=> 7&1.0&"% + ,FPL/8 ];=/ bJf&VZ1 bQK*L0&E 7&1

,OZB _&'>%*

"2$%%&- U6"F( VEOW(

"27KXW( >)*?@ 9A7)Df

VEOW( R%4H"%(

"27KXW( F Y:5H

BC;

D)E6 7*)"F,(

DE%;$L7 $(/&# %&( ' )()/##%%' %$/)# %%&/%

=+H"( 3Z"6 )'/&%!'(! !& "!&/#("

I[ '#/ #($&! !$

"7E �"T :45Nb3&+ *2%9ab3&+ $?/ 0)&+2ZW1 Q(27H 'Z%+ ;"A3 4"\3 �2:P <& *9Y239Y 02=

+)&53 +9r(.

( .%daH ./ .r9H2/.8T2% O?k:H S2= 4)2\6 i(5rs 4"\3 $?/ .U -!& *, "A32b3 '@Z%+ ;"@A3 02=

45Nb3&+ *2%9ab3&+ +)&+ +9@r( 0)&+2@ZW1 Q(2@7H *9Y239Y 02= ..@/ '@` )(�@a1 )&5@M1 .@N3, O?P+

!"#$%& '()* +$," -. '/-0123 4536/ 78. 9-:;<3 '=<$. ...>?E

456 .G!2:1)oy/qy ( 0+&<, .r)+ )+ $?G1 '` )(�a1 )&5M1 <&o *2Z?\c& 2/n/nn 5E)+)�qq/q� (

�)d/ '1 +) "7E �"T j# �-!& "H +96. ./ *2%9a@b3&+ '@Z%+ ;"@A3 *&d@?1 4"@\3 $?/ S"A%+ Q)2Ge

45Nb3&+ ./ �+)&+ +9@r( 0)&+2@ZW1 Q(27H |k8}1 02= .@39Y @/ '@Z%+ ;"@A3 4"@\3 $%"8@b?/ .@U 0& .

45Nb3&+ *2%9ab3&+ ./ 'Z%+ ;"A3 4"\3 $%"8\U ( -!& F9/"1 0<2!()&+ ( 'b}G3&9H S'N6d# 02=

45Nb3&+ +)&+ RkWH -%"%51 ( -6&5]/ 02=.

@+AB :DE&F @&Y"+#g JL/P8 QAF .'"&=/ 7&1uQ#Z0 U;S0&;/ .V-&</ Q%&M%K h;3*+ J&-Lij0*K ,N-K 6#S0 7&1

QAYj0*K YFk$ lLe) Q&Sj0*K 7&1J&mna* ,

!"# "2

=+N\H*) "2 )*+,-

9A7)

>)*?@

3! 7KXW( 7*+8(

=+# 9:;"<(

7*)"F,( BC;

D)E6

] .Y#*+^6

_ .>7"';$`

a .3N#b`

c .D*E-3\d6

e .>?";K7*)

f .D*+H)3N#b`

g .VMh* K Y/$/+(3N#b` 3H";7

"

'

'(

&%

&$

"

&&

! !)/ $ %%&/%

.i;(0 7#;[

'e2\8r& O1&9e $?/ F2GH)& 2H -!& 456 ;wH =(z# $%& )+) x?@:1 S*�2@B\= 4("@Y S4+&932`

.32!) ( '6<91, 'W\r F2GH)& 02= ( *2]7@E& 'N@6d# h9@ke 42A@b3&+ *2%9a@b3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 2/

+96 '!)"/ .>?BMH L2!&"/ '1 �2/ ( x!981 S$?%2# �[! .! )+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 4"\3 05Z/ .a?83 *&9H

-T"Y .Uv/sv '3+91<, .\= 5E)+ 53)&+ �2/ ./ x!981 'Z%+ ;"A3 4"\3 2= .

.8T2% ON@6 ( 4+&932@` O@12e $?@/ .@U -@!& *, "A32@b3 i(& @!"# 02= '@Z%+ ;"@A3 0"?Y

.@/ �+)&+ +9@r( .[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ $%& =(z# �%2@83 2@/ SC?H"H 02@=

'\?=&"/&)m�sp( 4&9}N?3 S)m�sp( 0)2% S)m�s�( *&)2N\= ( +"T 0)2%&5` S)m�sy( '_+2E S

0"=2I1 ()m�sv( *&)2N\= ( *2r S)qppo ( 02/<& ()qpps (>= +)&+ '%9!.

'\?=&"/&)m�sp (02# *&d?1 $?/ .U 5?!) .a?83 $%& ./ +9` =(z# )+ ( �&+, ./ 4+&932` 05Z/

$%+ ( 'Z%+ �!2Z1 3&+ '%&"Y >@= .[@!981 4)(+ *&<91, +)&+ +9@r( 0)&+2@ZW1 ( -@G�1 'A8@B/ .

4&9}N?3 $?Z�\=)m�sp ($%&"/ $%"8b?/ 4+&932` S =(z# 02="?K81 *2?1 )+ .U -!& )(2/"?�X@H &)

+)&+ *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ 0)&5Z%+ "/ ../ 0)2% "I3)m�s� ( $%5P&( $86&+ d?3

>?N '/-0123 A6B/ # AC=3 /DE /+>F / G-1H5I # J8)-K>?L@

$%"8b?/ 'G=�1"?�XH "/ &)02# *&d?1 +)&+ +&"T& 'Z%+ 05Z/ . 3&)2N\= ( +"T 0)2%&5`)m�sy ( d@?3

.U 535M8W1"?�XH )+ 2]3, *56 '3()+ ( 4+&932` x?:1 )+ 'Z%+ i2\e& ( Q&+2M8e& -%2e) ( ;<91,

'1 Q)9E $%5P&( <& 0"?Y9AP& ( 0<2!5Z32\= 4&) <& S+&"T& +"?Y.

0"=2I1 ( '_+2E 42Y5%+ <&)m�sv (/ $%5P&('8?/"H �G! L2!&" -@?/"H ( ;"@A3 "@/ *2@6

+9` *&53<"T 'Z%+"?�XH '1 53)&�Y ..8T2% R?M:H 02=3&)2N\= ( *2r )qppo( h2@3 2@/ ( C=�@1

56) 3&+ *&<91, '1 *2b3 5=+ 3&+ 'G=�1 56) .U / S*&<91,. *2@bZ%5P&( 0+"@T C=&�@1 .k?@!(

'1 ON6 "?Y+ . 02/<& $?Z�\=)qpps ($%&"/ U -!& )(2/$?/ . 'e2\8r& O1&9e 5Z321 S( )5# S)+21

�28U S'!2?! x/&() .123<() S2= (%5@P&( i"8ZU 2@/ $C=�@1 +)&+ +9@r( F2@GH)& *2@3&9r . O@1&9e

( C=�1 )+ 'e2\8r& "?�XH02= ( x/&() )+ '=5321<2! ( *2!wN\= *2?1 'AZ="T .P+2G1 ./ +2M8e&

0�) '=+ $%"8b?/"?�XH +)&+ &).

.8T2% !"# 02= '1 *2b3 h(+ '@!wN\= ( *28@!(+ 4("@Y O12e $?/ .U 5=+ ON@6 ( 2= 0"?Y

$%&<& �+)&+ +9r( .[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 R@?M:H �%2@83 2/ S()

*2IT2D)m�sy (>= +)&+ '%9! . '@b}/"�& .@U 5?@!) .@a?83 $@%& .@/ +9@` =(z@# )+ *2@IT2D

[! 0() "/ *28!(+ ( *�2B\=-`2!"%< *9Y239Y �9 )2?@B/ *2%9a@b3&+ 'G=�1 'k\e )(2/ 02=

$??WH -!& 45ZZU)S05Za?/ <& OM3 ./m�sv�S�p .(.@/ "I3 02@/<&)qpps( S S'e2@\8r& x@/&()

4<&53& &) '�}b1 x/&() '1 0"?Y ( 5ZU ( -@!& 456 2Z/ '�}b1 L2!&"/ ( -@G�1 �@GZr (+ "@=

'7Z1+)&+ &) .( 'G=�1 4("Y $?Z�\= -G�1)28T) "/ J":Z1 4("Y 02="?�XH '1 +)&�Y ../ S'kU )9c

$@%& ( -@!& "��@1 *2%9a@b3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 "/ '!wN\= ( '=("Y x/&() -?=21"?�X@H '1 5@3&9H

F2GH)& -?=21 L2!&"/ 562/ '7Z1 2% -G�1 2=.

!"# �%28332b3 h9!-!& *, "A ON@6 ( '@6<91, x?:1 O12e $?/ .U '@Z%+ ;"@A3 0"@?Y

%9ab3&++)&+ +9r( .[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2./ � $%& SC?H"H 2/.@8T2% R?M:H 02= 02@=

0)2%)m�s�('\?=&"/& S )m�sp(�32T S *&)2N\= ()mnso( 02/<& ()qpps (>@= +)&+ '%9@!S

�%283 2/ 'P( =(z# #*98A?Nk? )mnov (>= +)&53 '%9!.

0)2% )m�s�( ?!) .a?83 $%& ./ +9` =(z# )+'G=�1 L)&51 )+ O?�:H .U 5 ( ./ S42Ab3&+

"?� Q)9E 02# *&d?1 "/ >?M8B1 +&"T& 'Z%+ 05Z/"?�XH +)&+.

./ "I3 '\?=&"/&)m�sp( S;() $?/ $%+ *&d?1 ( L)&51 )+ 'Z%+ -?/"H 02= 3&+ '%&"Y *&<91,

ZW1 .[/&) .[!981 4)(+2+)&+ +9r( 0)&+. 42Y5%+ <& �32T 3&)2N\= ()mnso( d?3 +)&( .@U 0+&"T&

'1 42Ab3&+ 5396S )+5Z321 '%2=("\k_ C=�1 ./ %&"YS >= 2@/ 0)&+2ZW1 Q(27H |%+) 02@= "@?�

&5?# +9` '=2Ab3&+'1 5ZZU.

!"#$%& '()* +$," -. '/-0123 4536/ 78. 9-:;<3 '=<$. ...>?O

#*98A?Nk? )mnov ( )+ 'M?M:H .U"??KH 4)2/)+2= 4)(+ )+ 'G=�@1 i2@\e& ( Q&+2M8e& )+ 4+<2@% 0&

+&+ h2a3& *2%9ab3&+ 0() "/ .P2!S ./ $%& Q&+2M8e& .U *2%9ab3&+ h)2]t .! ./ �%+d3 .U 5?!) .a?83

'G=�1.86&+ )+ S53& 4)(+ $%& �2M?_+ .8T2% O?kMH |�3 ./ 53& ..8T2% 2= 0)&+2@ZW1 ( '@W\r -U"D "A32?/

-!& 4+9/ C=�1 <& *2%9ab3&+ $8T"Y .kE2T -]r )+. S"@A%+ J"@c <&"@/(&"k%2@H ( * )qppv( )+

S+9` =(z#05=&96 3&+ "/ 'k1 .W!9H .WP2[1 <& *&<91, 4+"U .�&)& 53& .U x?@:1@6<91,' S"?�X@H

4z%( C=�1 )+ 0& 3&+ +)&+ *&<91,. S =(z@# �%2@83 0)&+2@ZW1 ( -@G�1 F2@GH)& &) ( ;<9@1, $?@/

2B?kU )+ )9�D 5?%XH '1 Q(27H $%& .8GP& .U 5ZU '@b=(z# 02= .39\3 ( 2= .W12r '8?W_91 ( '8T2/

&)'1 .39\3 )+ Q(27H ./ *&9H +&+ -GB3 2=. $?Z�\= �1P'NB 3&)2N\= ()qpp�( R?M:H )+ S

4+&+ *2b3 +9` 3&+ ( *2%9ab3&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3 "/ ;<91, .U 53& *&<91,"?�XH +)&+ '8G�1.

.8T2% !"# 02= 32b3 h)2]t-!& *, "A .32!) O12e $?/ .U ON@6 ( 'W\r F2GH)& 02= 0"@?Y

&+ 'Z%+ ;"A3+)&+ +9@r( .@[/&) *2]7@E& 'N@6d# h9@ke 42A@b3&+ *2%9ab3& � $@%&< S() �%2@83 2@/

R?M:H 02= '\?=&"/&)m�sp(4&9}N?3 S )m�sp ( 0)2% ()m�s� (+)&53 '3&9}\=.

./ "I3 '\?=&"/&)m�sp( S.32!) <& 4+278!& .@123"/ ( 2= 'r)2@` 02@=CG@! $@%+ |?W@�H '@%&"Y

3&+ 4)(+ *&<91, '1 .[!981 +96 05\:1 426 R?M:H �%283 2/ .U)m�on S4&9@}N?3 <& OM3 ./ S��(

>= +)&+ '%9!. $?Z�\= S0( +2M8e& ./ '323&9r h2?# gGZ1 )2G8e& .U .32!) S5@3+9/ 4+"@U '/2%<)& -G�1 &)

;<)& <& &) 0"8b?/ 'Z%+ 02= 4&) .123"/ $%& 2= .32!) ( 53+9/ 4+)(, -!+ ./ 'W\r 02= .>=23 $@%& '%9!

:H =(z# 2/ R?M '1 &) "A%+ 02= .123"/ ( =(z# -T2/ ./ *&9H +&+ -GB3 *, '/2}83& 02=.

42Y5%+ <& 4&9}N?3)m�sp( S-@3"8Z%& ( 4)&9=2@1 d@r .@/S '@W\r F2@GH)& O%2@!("@A%+ "?�X@H

ZW12.86&53 0)&5Z%+ "/ 0)&+ 53&. 0)2% )m�s�( $%&"/ d?3 .U -!& )(2/ .@/ 4)&9=2@1 02@62\H "@?K81

"8\U �e2/ S'!2?! -%2f) =2U .[!&( 02# *56 '1 +&"T& 'Z%+ 05Z/ +96.

.8T2% !"# 02= *2@b3 >aZ@#'1 5@=+ ( *28@!(+ 4("@Y S4+&932@` O@1&9e .@e9\a1 $?@/ .@U

'!wN\= .32!) S'6<91, x?:1 S2= ON6 ( 'W\r F2GH)& 02= *2%9a@b3&+ '@Z%+ ;"@A3 0"@?Y

9ke 42Ab3&++)&+ +9r( .[/&) *2]7E& 'N6d# h S$%&"/2Z/ � �%2@83 2/R?M:H 02@=4&9@}N?3 )m�sp( S

0)2% )m�s� (*2IT2D ( )m�sy (>= +)&+ '%9!.

+2M8e& ./4&9}N?3 )m�sp(S .W12r O1&9e $?/ 0"%�# )'@W\r F2@GH)& O%2@!( S.!)51 S4+&932` (

@[/&) *2]7@E& 'N6d# h9ke 42Ab3&+ *2%9ab3&+ 0)&5Z%+ 2/+)&+ +9@r( .. .@/ "I3 0)2@%)m�s� ( d@?3

'e2\8r& O1&9e ) 5Z321 ( 'G=�@1 L)&5@1 )+ O?@�:H S4)&9=2@1 0262\H S'G=�1 )+21 ( )5# $86&+

42Ab3&+ )+ O?�:H (./ "?� ( >?M8B1 )9c 02# *&d?1 2/ >?M8B1 ZW1 .[/&) +&"T& 'Z%+ 05Z/2)&+0 +)&+.

*2IT2D)m�sy (.U -!& )(2/ $%& "/ .W12r O1&9e �9[! "/ '8`2Z6 *9Y239Y-`2@! "%< 02@=

>?P !"#$%& '()! * '+,& /-. //01 / 2"$345 * 678"90:;<

!"#$%&'( )*+,- )./0 12!345678 (1'(9 :3 :&#; <' )=./0 12!=3 :=3 >=?@A- 2 B">@- B">C'2 B@D'( :E

>58!F' 2 !534- 2 G!H/+ 2 !@F2( I)*+,-I >&1'( !"#$%&'( )*+,- )./0 12!3 1( )/J- K?&.

:@L!" - !%& 4M!N :C!?- <!+) >+( )0!/@O' P-'#0 :3 Q*H& :E I4R"( P=-'#0 :=0#/$- B53

):&!F1 2 )DS#-T U5V- I G!H/+ W24; IW('#&!X )A/O Y!*81' <!+ ( !"#$=%&'( )=Z"( [4R& !3

!J\]' )^D_` a#.0 W!R%&'(I bc/d e+ (1'( (#O2 Q*f- )R@H39 :3 :&#; <' :3 '1 K?& B"4@%53 :E

I G!H/+ W24; IW('#&!X g5848:&!=F1 2 )=DS#-T U5=V- )=Z"( [4=R& 1( )=A/O Y!=*81' <!=+

>=&1'( !J\]' )^D_` a#.0 W!R%&'( !"#$%&'(. B5=Zh/+ !"#$=%&'( )=Z"( [4=R& W4=/& B5=3

W>^%&'( <!+ #;!&#; ZA- i2!\8!1'(< (1'( (#O29 :3 :&#; <' :=3 )=Z"( [4=R& W4=/& B"4@=%53 :=E

W>^%&'( !"#$%&'( '#8 I)^D_` <!+ 2 )%j3<S!F21'( [4=R& W4=/& B"4=@/E 2 Q=F' Y#=34-

W>^%&'( :3 )Z"( 2 QD'>J3 <!+ Q"4">-(1'( k.A8.

=>?*@AB C8D /@E? "F !"#$%& G4&(! H7F I"JKL& ,L@F ...0:;

!"#$

l. g5*N I)/5+'43')lmnd(I !"#$ %&'() *+, %-./012 3.4 562, %+2(7 89&:0# ;'<, =2$:9#>=2?/4 (@Ao'1' >N'2 )-pF' ('ST W!R%&'( I>D1' )F!ZD1!E :-!& !"!` I.

q. I)Z/J3 <4RH0 I>5$- 2 )&>/8 I)*@$- 9B/J3)lmnm( I» T :r3'1 2 );>&S Q5\5E )F143

!"#$%&'( ).5sV8 (4^./0 2 )Z"( [4R& !3 '4=J8 t#=ZO >=N'2 )-p=F' ('ST W!R%&'(« I

3'.0B' C:D- #.!DEB[ Ia#F W12( Iumv Imqwcc.

m.x(!] >/V- I<>Z$53 )lmny .( F+.G#("HIJ 0K:#>() =.@!L %&', #.6() =.+:M9N62, 3.94

< O9D- ;.P9N62, =.+:M9N62, .9) %+.QR.QR #S- ;.PN62, %&.!N62<' < %0")(J C:D- ;?TN62,

%90U<, ("V ;.PN62, W+ =2:!- ) X!4(B I)=DS#-T Q"4">=- >=D1' )=F!ZD1!E :=-!& !="!` I

'4J8 )"!*z!*z :-p0 W!R%&'(.

c. )*@$- I)&>/8)lmnu(I »=/@O' <S!H/+ 2 )Z"( [4R& :r3'1 !"#$=%&'( )0!« I #.!D9EB

2<'= %U:YJ %&.!A :=2<' %62(+2 =.&.!A[ Ia2( {!F In v Immlwmcd.

u. BHVC'#3' B5HN I)"!JZ8)lmbb( I +(Z6 < [J.T# () 3?#>', 9\#.1 3.4 %9&.!A(!=3!Z; I :

_">&4- 4%&.

y. '1!^/+ 2 >/V- I(4L <1!"'>X)lmnu (»W(!-T <1'>Z"( K$ZF |!5?- )3!"1!$Z+ 2 <S!F

1#%E )"#$%&'( :A-!O 1(« '4J8 W!R%&'( S' )%+2}` ~4z I.

7.(#/V- I)&'#M1).lmnd .( < 89&:0# ;'<, %#S9&2 5!") ]', ', =.@!L %&', #.6() *""QJ

^%9!+, 5_)(9H2 `$:9#> ', 9#.6() *9+2 $2 ;,.a0&2 32() %+.4,(Q42' b'2 <4=@E( :=-!& !="!`

:-!&43 )@5348 a#.0 W>^%&'( I )F1( <_"1e.A- Q5348 W!R%&'( )F!Z%&'21 2.

n.�5L1 S4*"4L I1#`)lmbb( I,.cJ < \&:J '4J8 I :1!%@&' )-!JF QE4D.

�.IW1#sZ- I)�(!] 2 <4+!�- ).0 >/V- <1>5N (#/V-)lmny( I»�*F :r3'1 )F143 <!+

B">==C'2 (#==3 )*+,==- '_==5- !==3 )==Z"( Q==5348 2 )==@5348« I < CS99&2 d.99\U.8# #.!D99EB <,

=2<' !A%&.[ I{2' {!F Ilv Illwmq.

ld.I)�(!] IW1#sZ- ).0>/V- 2 <4+!=�- W(!A=F 4R=H0 �=.-)lmnb( I» 2 (#=X IB">=C'2

eJ- '4R"( :'>X S' 1#s8 �3!Z-« I DM# C:D- 3'.0B' I Ia2( W12( [lv Inmw�y.

ll.I('1 )A&!� B5-' >/V-)lmb�( I \#.1 =2(+2 ', OD- e:B2 < ?A' %&.!A '4J8 I ::Z">- .

0M1 !"#$%& '()! * '+,& /-. //01 / 2"$345 * 678"90:;<

lq.('#O 2 1>Z^F' IS12!%E <45R&!JO)lmn�( I»:=A-!O )=F143 W!=R"!` B5=3 :=r3'1 )@X!Z=D

<(!s@�'w !"#$%&'( )0!/@O' [4R& 2 <!+ !J&T )Z"(« IE_J #.!DEB%E \#.1 %9&.!A I

[ Ie$Z` W12(qv I��wllc.

lm.)=.0 2 <>=N' B=HN I(#=/V- I)\$& 12G()lmnu( I» 2 W('#&!=X )"T1!=E :=r3'1 )=F143

<1'>Z"(Q"#+ '4V3 !3« I'.0B' ':N62, I[ly Iv Ie+(_5F W12(lbwqy.

lc. Q"'>+ IW'#j^5&' �)lmnd( I'2?!+, 5M!&< < =.@a9f2 %TAgL C:D- ;.PN62, =.+:MN62,

=> () (Hh# i#2:-)@%J3 >5JD W!R%&'( >D1' )F!ZD1!E :-!& !"!` I.

lu.I)Zz2 W1#sZ- )lm�q(I ["&> %&.!A j+(+?# %+2(12 =Sk < %&?!@# %P!4(B ':9Nk .9)

3.4,(Q42' b2'2 %lSf2I QL4%5` )&'4"' )-pF' <#RC' �&'4\ZE B5-2(: 2 )&!=*- Ie5+!=\-

IQL4%5` !E1' '4J8.

ly. P5.O I<1!")lmnc( I3.L =2g"# () (Hh# i#2:- %&'() C:9D- ;.PN62, =.+:MN62, %!+, 3?!)

=.@af2 %TAgL@%J3 >5JD W!R%&'( >D1' )F!ZD1!E :-!& !"!` I) .

17. Bartkowski, T.B. & ML, Levin (2009), “Religion and development: evidence

from the early child hood long it udinals study”, Social science, 3(12), pp. 19w36.

18. Branas, Garza & P, Neumans (2003), Analyzing religiosity within an economic

framework the case of Spanish catholic, IZAPiscussion paper Number 868.

19. Brown, S. & K, Taylor (2006), “Religion and educations evidence from the

national child Development study”, Department of economics, university of

Sheffield, 9 Mapping street, Sheffield 4 DT, united hingdom, Journal of

economic Behavior, 8 organization.

20. Dezutter, J.; B., Soenens & D., Hutsebaut (2005), “Religiosity and mental

health: A further exploration of the relative importance of religious behaviors

religious attitudes”, Retrieved from www.sciencedirect.com.

21. Funk, R.; B., Willits & J., Frenk (1987), College Attendence and attitude

change, Apanel study, 1970 81. Pub.

22. Johnstone B,Yoon D. (2009). Relationships between the brief multidimensional

measure of religiousness/ spirituality and health outcomes for a heterogeneous

rehabilitation population. Rehabilitation Psychology. 54: (4)422 431.

23. Koenig H. (1998). The role of religion in medical rehabilitation outcomes: A

longitudinal study. International Journal of Psychiatry.1998; 13: 213 224.

24. Koenig H. (2004), “Spirituality, wellness, and quality of life Sexuality”,

Reproduction and Menopause, 2, pp.76 82.

25. Krause N. (2003). Religious meaning and subjective well being in late life. The

Journal of Geruntology.2003; (58) 160 170.

=>?*@AB C8D /@E? "F !"#$%& G4&(! H7F I"JKL& ,L@F ...0M0

26. Mclesky, T.; D., Hoppey; P., Williamson & T. Rentz (2004), Is inclusion and

illusion An examination of national and state trends toward the education of

students with learning disabilities in general education classrooms, Learning

Disabilities Research and practicice.

27. Ozbay K, A. (2008). Religiosity and life satisfaction (A multilevel investigation

across nations). Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 13, Iss 2: 155 169.

28. Pilkigton, G.W. (1976), Changes in religious Beliefs, Wadswort.

29. Schewdoal, R. F.(2008).A review of social identity theory with implications for

training and development, Journal of European Industrial Training , 31 (3),

pp. 166 180.

** 1202* /&$!0 - soci.rihu.ac.ir

Documents