სემიოტიკა #13
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სემიოტიკის კვლევითი ცენტრის სამეცნიერო გამოცემაTRANSCRIPT
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ilias saxelmwifo universiteti
semiotikis kvleviTi centri
semiotika
samecniero Jurnali
XIII
SEMIOTICS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
Tbilisi Tbilisi 2013
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UDC 8122
mTavari redaqtori cira barbaqaZe redaqtorebi
Tamar berekaSvili Tamar lomiZe gia joxaZe
Editor-in-Chief Tsira Barbakadze
Editors Tamar Berekashvili Tamar Lomidze Gia Jokhadze
eZRvneba prof. zurab kiknaZis 80 wlis iubiles
ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, semiotikis kvleviTi centri 2013
ISSN 1512-2409
dagvikavSirdiT: E-mail: [email protected]
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Sinaarsi
Mmilocva Ggigi TevzaZe (ilias saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori) sinqronuli zurab kiknaZe
Tema: sivrcis semiotikuri perspeqtivebi (sivrcis semiotika)
naira bepievi (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) sivrcis semiotika narTebis eposSi 19 Tamar berekaSvili (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti) sivrce(adgili) fentezis Janris literaturaSi 24 daviT bostanaSvili (Tbilisi, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti) sivrce _ mTxrobeli 34 konstantine bregaZe (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi 51 nino gogiaSvili (Telavi, iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) gamrudebuli dro da sivrce mirza gelovanis omis lirikaSi 62 lali daTaSvili (Tbilisi, saqarTvelos pedagogTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis centraluri instituti) mxatvrul-olamuri sivrce Zvel qarTul literaturaSi 71
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elizbar elizbaraSvili (Telavi, iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) drois `wakiTxva~ samyaros meoTxe ganzomilebis sivrciTi koordinatis mixedviT 86 eTer inwkirveli (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti) semiotikuri centris dinamika `nacarqeqias~ zRaparSi 94 irine maniJaSvili (Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis universiteti (sdasu) realur-istoriuli sivrce emigrantul mwerlobaSi 104 ada nemsaZe (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti) imperiis sivrculi modelebi 118 salome omiaZe (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) piradi sivrcis proeqcia qarTul lingvokulturaSi 126 nino popiaSvili (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) literaturuli sivrce da qalTa literatura132 Tamar ziger-popiaSvili (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) Kkulturuli sivrcis ganzomilebebi 138 zeinab saria (zugdidi, SoTa mesxias saswavlo universiteti) urbanistuli sivrce qarTul literaturul modernizmSi 142
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nino qavTaraZe (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) Julien grakis sivrcis poetika 152 Eeka CikvaiZe (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti) dro (realuri, literaturuli, siuJeturi da gramatikuli) nikoloz gulaberisZis ,,sveticxovlis sakiTxavSi~ 161 maia jaliaSvili (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti) sivrculi gzajvaredinebi 171
semiotika da sxva Tamar lomiZe (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti) sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis kona~ (semantikuri struqtura) 182 cira barbaqaZe (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti) `vefxistyaosani~ da fentezi 191 rozeta gujejiani (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulebi TurqeTis respublikis eTnikur qarTvelTa Soris 198 mariam marjaniSvili (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti) emigrantul-epistolaruli memkvidreobis semiotika 210
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nana mrevliSvili (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti) drois kategoriis gageba ioane damaskelis `gardamocemaSi~ 220 ekaterine gaCeCilaZe (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti) enobrivi niSnis asimetria, rogorc enis funqcionirebis fundamenturi kategoria 229 Ggiorgi patariZe (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtoranti) jvris semiotika 237 Sorena barbaqaZe (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtoranti) Eesoposis igavebi_ Cafiqreba sindisierebaze 243 qristine adeiSvili (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtoranti) Aavtoritetis argumenti politikur diskursSi 252 tariel daTiaSvili (quTaisi, damoukidebeli mkvlevari) arsebuli da ararsebuli sivrceebi 260
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naira bepievi
sivrcis semiotika narTebis eposSi
narTi kaci gamudmebiT mogzaurobs.
misi mogzauroba mravalgvari mizniTaa ganpirobebuli: is xan sabrZolvelad-
salaSqrod midis, xan sanadirod _
nadiris mosaklavad da amiT saxelis mosaxveWad, xan Tavis gamosacdelad, _
vaJkacobis dasamtkiceblad; igi xan
Temis sxva wevrTa Sorisaa _ saerTo saqmisaTvis garjili, xan samogzaurod
miemarTeba, sxvadasxva adgilebisa da sxvadasxva adamianebis gacnoba-Seswavlis
mizniT da vin moTvlis, ramdeni saxis
mogzurobaa maT cxovrebaSi niSandoblivi. narTis yvela mogzaurobis
mizandasaxulebaa, yvelgan Rirseulad
wardges, narTis saxeli arsad Searcxvinos da umTavres kredod
yovelTvis daisaxos borotebis
winaaRmdeg brZola da sikeTis Tesva. narTis cxovrebis Sinaarsi TiToeuli
aseTi saxis mogzaurobaSi devs.
narTebis eposSi narTebis samoqmedo
sivrce usazRvroa. isini Tavisuflad dadian miuval mwvervalebze, gaSlil
velze, ugzo-ukvlo adgilebSi.
narTebisaTvis sruliad bunebrivia wyalSi yofnac. mTis viwro xeobebSi
gansaxlebulTa am eposs ukidegano
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naira bepievi
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teritoriuli masStabebi aqvs. sivrcis (wylis qveS Tu cis kabadonze) da drois uzarmazari masivebi, romelTac Zleven
narTebis gmirebi, xalxis Soreuli samSoblos sivrceebia, _
aRniSnavs prof. zurab kiknaZe (1. gv.17). am sivrceSi isini laRad da bunebrivad grZnoben Tavs, radgan maTi gmirebi RvTiuri
warmomavlobisani arian, ufro metic, zogjer cis, miwisa da wylis
substanciac gadanawilebuli ki ar aris sxvadasxva personaJSi, aramed erT gmirSia warmosaxuli es sami sawyisi. narTebis sasaxelo
gmiri baTraZi miwieri arsebaa, magram zeciuri warmomavlobisaa,
romelic, amave dros, wylis binadrebTan (donbedTirebTan) erTad izrdeba. baTraZi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi wyalSi cxovrobs
(2. gv. 36). magram kosmiuri samyaros warmomadgenlebi mas Tavisianad miiCneven. mze eubneba baTraZs: narTebs TavisTan mihyavxar da wadi,
gahyevi. Sen zecaSi yovelTvis geqneba gza (migesvleba) da Seni
adgili zeciuri Zalebis sufraze yovelTvis iqneba.
_ mzis sityvebs mec veTanxmebi da damilocnixaro, _ ase mimarTavs RmerTi baTraZs. (2. gv. 40).
narTebs marTlac miaCniaT, rom maT yvelgan miesvlebaT, zeciur
saufloSic, xmeleTzec da wyalSic bunebrivad grZnoben Tavs. iyo
dro, roca erTmaneTTan mimosvla zeciuri da miwieri arsebebisa Cveulebrivi iyo.:
Soreul cidan angelozT gundi
dedamiwaze mofrindeboda.
aseve kacic, Zexorcieli,
miwidan cisken eSureboda.
(3. gv. 1)
narTi bunebiT, cxovrebis wesiT, mogzauria, es bevri ramiTaa
ganpirobebuli. isini bevrs mogzauroben. mogzauroben sxvadasxva
mizandasaxulebiT. samyaros mTlian sivrceSi triali mogzauroba es narTi kacis arsebobis ZiriTadi atributia, misi cxovrebis
Sinaarsia da es qmedeba narTis leqsikaSic aisaxa.
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sivrcis semiotika narTebis eposSi
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specifikuri Sesityveba , Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba narTebis eposSi. am SesityvebaSi konkretuli
mizandasaxuleba ara Cans da zogadad farTo sivrceSi gasvlas
niSnavs. erTdroulad niSnavs samogzaurod, salaSqrod, saalafod, saTareSod, saxetialod (saTavgadasavlo
mogzauroba) wasvlas. aRniSnul SesityvebaSi sanadirod wasvlac
igulisxmeba, Tumca TiToeul am cnebas (nadirobas, laSqroba-brZolas, mogzaurobas) osur enaSi Tavisi zusti Sesatyvisi
leqsemebic aqvs. es mogzauroba zogjer TveobiT grZeldeboda da
yvelaze warmatebuli svla saqonlis jogis an cxvris faris SemomatebiTac ki sruldeboda (rac mTel Tems unawildeboda).
ufro metic, narTebis eposSi gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, roca samogzaurod
wasul narTs iqidan coli mouyvania.
narTisTvis zogjer (samogzaurod wasvla) erTgvari gamocdac iyo. TavgadasavlebiTa da siZneleebiT savse
gzaze rogor gamoiCenda Tavs da rogor gaumklavdeboda am
mogzaurobis sirTules _ amaze iyo damokidebuli narTi vaJkacis avtoriteti da misi adgili narTebs Soris. mas unda am dros Tavi
gamoeCina, es erTgvari naTlobac iyo vaJkacobisa. amitom iyo, rom
zogjer martodmartoc midioda narTi am gamosacdel gzaze, zogjer ki mTeli Temis rCeulebi ikribebodnen da ise midodnen.
narTma soslanma sanadirod wasvla gadawyvita. didxans
emzadeboda da bolos, rogorc iqna, gaemgzavra. soslani ise wavida
sanadirod, rom narTebisaTvis ar gaugebinebia. (soslani da vacilas vaJi) (2.. gv. 391).
gmiris marto wasvlas aqvs garkveuli mizani, is amjerad
mxolod Tavisi Tavis imedad midis da Tavis TavSi (da ara marto
Tavis TavSi) imis dasarwmuneblad, rom mas SeuZlia siZneleebTan martos Sebma da gamklaveba. Tumca zogierTi gmiri aseTi amocanis
winaSe mdgari WoWmanobs da es arcaa gasakviri, mas SeiZleba
uTanasworo brZolaSic mouxdes CarTva da am gamocdam SesaZlebelia misTvis savalalo Sedegi moitanos. ase ki araerTxel
momxdara narTis cxovrebaSi, romelic Zalian bevri moulodnelobiT
iyo aRsavse.
aseTi saxis gamgzavrebas Tavisi wina rituali axlda Tan. narTebi wanaswar, karga xniT adre emzadebodnen. amisaTvis; isini
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naira bepievi
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wmendnen da amzadebdnen iaraRs, sagangebod imaragebdnen (sagzali, romelsac ojaxi sagangebod umzadebda), winaswar
garkveuli rituali sruldeboda _ nixasi (uxucesTa sabWo)
dalocavda da Semdeg karga manZilze gaacilebdnen. dabrunebis dros ki win gamogzavnidnen xolme macnes, romelic Tems atyobinebda maTi
warmatebisa Tu warumateblobis ambavs. warmatebuli laSqrobis
dros mas aucileblad asaCuqrebdnen, rogorc kargi ambis macnes da amitom yvelas exaliseboda maxaroblad TemSi gamgzavreba. Tumca
amas pirovneba ar wyvetda, mxolod ufrosebis gadasawyveti iyo, vin
SeirCeoda. SerCevis mTavari kriteriumi ki yovelTvis iyo simarde, siyoCaRe da gambedaoba, rac macnesaTvis unda yofiliyo aucileblad
damaxasiaTebeli.
balcidan mobrunebulebs aucileblad xvdebodaT ukve
momzadebuli ludi, nanadirevi TviTon mohqondaT da imarTeboda
narTebis yofis aucilebeli (didi lxini). rac xSir SemTxvevaSi kviriT-kviramde grZeldeboda.
aq isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am dros mopovebuli nadavli
nawildeboda absoluturad yvelaze, ara mxolod mogzaurobis monawile vaJkacebze, aramed mTel Temze, maT Soris, upirvelesad,
umweo da sapyar adamianebzec, romelTac ar SeeZloT samogzaurod
wasvla. gansakuTrebulad did mosakiTxs axvedrebdnen qvriv-obolT da umweo moxucebs. zogjer balcidan dabrunebul adamians TviTon
araferi Sexvedria, magram uZlur adamianebs ki aucileblad
xvdebodaT wili (sa xai).
osur folklorSi sxvadasxva miTosuri xalxis Sesaxeb
arsebobs Tqmulebebi. niSandoblivia, rom wasvla mxolod narTebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. Mmxolod narTebi awyobdnen aseT
mogzaurobebs. narTebis Tqmulebebis sxva personaJebi salaSqrod, sabrZolvelad midian, magram maT mimarT brZolis aRmniSvneli sxva
konkretuli sityva gamoiyeneba da ara , romelsac garkveuli sakraluri daniSnuleba aqvs, radgan aq aris asparezi narTi gmirisTvis saxelis mosaxveWad. aq gamoCndeba misi vaJkacoba,
gambedaoba, SemarTeba da zogadad narTi kacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
saukeTeso Tvisebebi (aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu uvargis adamians narTi aseTi saxis mogzaurobaSi ar waiyvanda).
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sivrcis semiotika narTebis eposSi
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narTebs aseve aqvT TiTqmis paraleluri mniSvnelobis
aRmniSvneli Sesityveba (salaSqrod wasvla), rac niSnavs salaSqrod, sanadirod, saTareSod, sabrZolvelad
wasvlas. or Sesityvebas Soris gansxvaveba ufro konteqstSia.
narTebis am svlas ufro sabrZolo daniSnuleba aqvs, xolo ufro samogzauro, saTavgadasavlo, umetesad mSvidobiani mizniT wasvlas gulisxmobs,
maSin roca aucileblad Sebmis, brZolis elementebs gulisxmobs. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Tavgadasavlebis
maZiebeli saTavgadasavlo mogzauroba aseve Sebma, brZolaSi CaerTos brZola mouxdes, magram Tavidan aseTi ganwyoba
ar aris TviTmizani, rac ganasxvavebs mas isagan.
osur enas aqvs aseve sityvaTSexameba , rac pirdapir saomrad wasvlas niSnavs. narTis pirdapiri mizani,
daniSnuleba am SemTxvevaSi salaSqrod, konkretulad sabrZolvelad
wasvlaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom osuri ena samogzaurod wasvlas sxvadasxva sityvaTSexamebiT gadmoscems da maTSi yvelgan
igulisxmeba samogzaurod wasvla, mainc SesamCnevia, maT Soris
niuansobrivi gansxvaveba. am sami specifikuri leqsemidan ; da ori ukanaskneli sxva TemebisTvisac aris damaxasiaTebeli da ufro sabrZolvelad
wasvla da mizandasaxuleba aqvs, miuxedavad imisa, rom ufro mSvidobiani misia aqvs, brZola-laSqroba arc aq aris gamoricxuli, magram mainc ufro mSvidobian mogzaurobas aRniSnavs,
es mxolod narTebi midian aseTi daniSnulebiT, rasac metad
sagulisxmo Sinaarsi aqvs.
_ es aris yvela vaJkacisaTvis, yvela narTisaTvis aucilebeli rituali, es aris narTi kacis triali im
ganusazRvrel sivrceSi, romelic mas moaxveWinebs bevr rames (maT
Soris materialursac) da maT Soris yvelaze umTavress _ saxels, risTvisac narTebi maradiulad iRvwodnen.
is faqti, rom narTi gamudmebiT mogzaurobs, aris imisi
maniSnebeli, rom Zieba, mogzauroba, aTasgvari saTavgadasavlo
istoriebi misTvis cxovrebis erT-erTi umTavresi daniSnulebaa. amitomaa, rom narTebis eposi savsea aseTi saxis mogzaurobiTa da
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naira bepievi
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masSi ikiTxeba narTebis suliskveTeba, yoveldRiuri yofisaTvis, sasicocxlo pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis brZola-zrunvaSi
gamoxatos mzadyofna vaJkacuri idealebisaken swrafvisa. am
qmedebasTan dakavSirebuli leqsikaSi arsebuli SesityvebaTa nairgvaroba maniSnebelia, rom narTi kacisaTvis sivrce ar aris
SemosazRvruli. narTi kaci modis zecidan da zeciuri binadaria, is
cxovrobs xmeleTze da misTvis esec mSobliuri adgilia, is wylis binadaria da misTvis es sivrcec nacnobi da axlobelia. am
ukidegano sivrceSi, sadac mas yovelTvis vxedavT is Tavis raobas,
Tavis meobas imkvidrebs brZoliT xan zeciur ZalebTan, xan xmeleTze macxovreblebTan, xan wylis binadrebTan. es dapirispireba,
Sejaxeba, brZola misTvis imdenad romantiulia, miuxedavad Zalian didi dramatizmisa, mas periodulad izidavs, ixmobs raRaca didi
JiniTa da survilebiT aRavsebs, romelsac am mogzauroba-laSqrobiT,
nadiroba-garTobiTa da zogjer samkvdro-sasicocxlo SerkinebiT iklavs. amitom axlavs sivrceSi aseT mogzaurobas bataluri
scenebi, rac mainc ver klavs narTi kacis arsebaSi dasabamidan
damaxasiaTebel sxvadasxva saxis mogzaurobis Jinsa da survils,
maradiulad mogzaurobisa, iqneba es , Tu . umTavresi ki aris is, rom narTma kacma unda gamudmebiT itrialos sivrceSi, radgan igi Tavis
mizandasaxulobas, cxovrebis Sinaarss, amqveynad movlinebis umTavres daniSnulebas aseTi saxis mogzaurobaSi xedavs.
literatura
1. osuri zepirsityviereba, Tb., 2005.
2. , , , 1989.
3. narTebi, staliniri, 1947.
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Tamar berekaSvili
sivrce (adgili)
fentezis Janris literaturaSi
rogori banaluric ar unda iyos es fraza, misi dafiqsireba aucilebelia:
sivrce uaRresad mniSvnelovania ara
marto calke aRebuli individisTvis, aramed mTeli sazogadoebisTvis da
kulturisTvis, xelovnebis yvela
dargisTvis.
warmodgenebi mxatvrul sivrceze da misi warmisaxvis formebi icvleba imisda
mixedviT, rogor icvleba sazogadoeba da am sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi.
samyaros suraTi, romelic yalibdeba
sazogadoebaSi, didwilad moicavs Sexedulebebs sivrceze.
p. florenski amtkicebda, rom mTeli
kultura SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc
sivrcis organizebisken mimarTuli qmedeba. {1} mirCi eliadec xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs, rom sivrce upirvelesi,
Zireuli cnebaa ukve arqauli cnobierebisTvis. teritoriis aTviseba es
sakraluri centris gansazRvris aqciaa;
sakraluri centri ki adamianis samyaros centria, saidanac is ukavSirdeba sxva
samyaroebs, romlebic ganlagebulia
vertikalur RerZze - zeciurze da miwisqveSa. {2}
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Tamar berekaSvili
26
didi xnis manZilze iTvleboda, rom dro da sivrce adamianisTvis sinamdvilis aRqmis Tandayolili formebia. Cveni
SegrZnebebis sivrciseul xasiaTze saubari daiwyo XIX
saukuneSi, rodesac am sakiTxma SeiZina mniSvneloba filosofosebisTvis. am droidan sivrcis cneba xelovnebaSi
gaxda sxvadasxva filosofiuri mimarTulebis Seswavlis obieqti.
SexedulebaTa siWrelis miuxedavad, yvela aRiarebs, rom mxatvruli sivrce specifiuria da misi ganxilva sruliad
avtonomiurad unda xdebodes, ramdenadac is ar emTxveva arc
maTematikur da arc fizikur sivrces. i. lotmanis gansazRvrebis mixedviT, sivrce warmoadgens kontiniums, romelSic Tavsdebian
personaJebi da xdeba moqmedeba. {3} mxatvrul nawarmoebSi fizikur realobebs ar warmoadgenen arc personaJebi, arc
moqmedeba da arc sivrce, isini mxatvruli fenomenebia.
xSirad saubroben mxatvruli sivrcisa da drois
ganuyofelobaze, rac baxtinma gamoxata qronotopis cnebiT. qronotopi droiTi da sivrciTi mimarTebebis arsebiTi
urTierTkavSiria, romelic mxatvrulad aTvisebulia
literaturaSi.{4} dro sivrcis meoTxe ganzomilebaa. qronotopi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs Janris Camoyalibebisas,
is axasiaTebs gmirs da qmnis erTianobas mxatvrul nawarmoebsa
da realur sinamdviles Soris. baxtinma daaxasiaTa sxvadasxva epoqebis mxatvruli literatura qronotipis specifikis
mixedviT. swored baxtinis midgomis gamoyenebiT, sainteresoa
fentezis Janris literaturis ganxilva, rasac gTavazobT miudgeT, rogorc erTgvar gonebriv savarjiSos, saxaliso
gaTamaSebas.
rogorc araerTgzis aRiniSna, fentezis met-naklebad sruli da
amomwuravi gansazRvreba ar arsebobs. mis Taviseburebebze, safuZvlebze, arsze msjeloben ara marto kritikosebi,
literaturis Tu xelovnebis specialistebi, filosofosebi,
aramed Tavad fentezis avtorebi (tolkieni, sapkovski).
Tu Tvals gadavavlebT fentezis yvela SesaZlo daxasiaTebas, davinaxavT, rom yvela saubrobs fentezis msgavsebaze da
gansxvavebaze jadosnur zRaparTan, mis myar kavSirTan miTebTan
da fantastikur JanrTan. Cven davamatebdiT mis msgavsebas Sua saukuneebis raindul romanTan. ikveTeba pralelebi bevr sxva
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sivrce (adgili) fentezis Janris literaturaSi
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JanrTanac, magram amas myari xasiaTi ara aqvs da icvleba nawarmoebis erovnuli niSnebis mixedviT.
rogorc aRiniSna, fentezis Janris literaturaSi uaRresad
mniSvnelovania misi miTologiuri Sinaarsi. xelovneba,
sazogadod, amodis miTidan da masTan mudam inarCunebs kavSirs. sivrciseuli xatebis ena asrulebs did rols. sivrcis
miTologiuri warmodgenebi advilad aRmosaCenia iseT
Tanamedrove literaturaSi da koncefciaSi, romelic fentezis ar miekuTvneba.
rodesac vsaubrobT fentezis miTologiur safuZvlebze,
aucileblad aRsaniSnia, rom miTebi, romelTa Seqmnasac cdiloben yvelaze popularuli avtorebi, kelturia, metic
xSirad mefe arturis mrgvali magidis miTebiT ikvebeba. magram
arturis mrgvali magidis istoriebi amave dros raindul romansac warmoadgens.
rainduli romanis ganxilvisas baxtini (4) yuradRebas
amaxvilebs Semdeg momentebze: rainduli romani muSaobs
avantiurul droSi. dro iSleba mTel rig monakveTebad - avantiurebad, romelTa SigniT is abstraqtul-teqnikuradaa
organizebuli. misi kavSiri sivrcesTan agreTve teqnikuria. am
romanis qronotopi antikuri berZnuli literaturis qronotopis msgavsad mravalferovnad ucxo da erTgvarad
abstraqtuli samyaroa. mTavar Semkrav funqcias asrulebs
gmirebis Sesabamisoba iseTi Rirebulebebisadmi, rogoricaa siyvaruli, erTguleba, megobroba, rainduli movaleobis -
kodeqsis dacva.
berZnuli romanis gmiri cdilobs aRadginos kanonzomiereba,
SeaerTos normaluri cxovrebis mimdinareobis jaWvidan amovardnili rgolebi da aRiqvams avantiuras, Tavgadasavals,
rogorc RmerTebis mxridan mis dasjas. rainduli romanis gmiri
cxovrobs TavgadasavlebSi, es misTvis bunebrivi atmosferoa da samyaros normaluri mdgomareoba. saswaulebi, romlebic aq xdeba
da xdeba moulodnelad, amave dros iqcevian mosalodnelad. am
saswaulebs mudmivad elian da isinic mudam xdeba. (baxtini).
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fentezis Janris romanebs Tu SevadarebT, erTi mxriv, aRmoCndeba, rom rainduli romanis msgavsad, saswaulebi, magiuri
movlenebi aq mudmivad xdeba, magram isini ar iqcevian gmirisTvis
arsebobis atmosferod. gmiri ara marto cxovrobs amaSi, aramed cdilobs, axsnas es saswaulebi da berZnuli romanebis gmirebis
msgavsad, daubrunos samyaros simSvide, kanonzomiereba,
siyvaruli da a.S. fentezis gmiri mudmiv ZiebeSia, rac ganasxvavebs mas sxva Janrisa da epoqebis gmirebisagan. es Zieba
ara marto fizikuria, - is moZraobs, icvlis adgilsamyofels,
mogzaurobs, transgresirebs da sxva - aramed sulieric. am Ziebisas is ara marto moipovebs sasurvel (saZiebel)
artefaqts, aramed pirovnuladac icvleba, Rrmavdeba misi identuroba, meoba.
rainduli romanis gmirebi maTTvis Cveul saswaul samyaroSi
Cadian sagmiro saqmeebs da ixveWen saxels. miTologiuri
gmirebic saxelovanni xdebian TavianTi gmirobebis wyalobiT. fentezi, rogorc axali miTis, axali epoqis Janric, aseTi saxis
gmirebs warmogvidgens, magram es gmirebi xdebian uneblied,
sruliad sayovelTao da bunebrivi, daviwyebuli Rirebulebebis Ziebis procesSi. maTi gmiruli Tavgamodeba mimarTulia
simyudrovis, harmoniis dabrunebisken da ragind didi jgufebiT,
TanamoazreebiT, armiebiT iyos maTi swrafva gamyarebuli, isini mainc marginalurni arian, ucxoni erTgvarad TviT am
TanamoazreebisTvisac, imitom rom ZiriTadad swored maTi
transformireba da Camoyalibeba xdeba unikalur individualur, TviTkmar pirovnebebad.
sagmiro romanSi, rogorc aRniSnavs baxtini, Cndeba droiT
subieqturi TamaSi, misi emociur-liriuli gaWimva da SekumSva,
mTeli movlenebis gaqroba, rogorc ararsebulis. fenteziSic gvaqvs msgavsi suraTi da es exeba ara marto dros, aramed
sivrces. gavixsenoT, rogori vrceli da farTo xdeba
Cveulebrivi karavi Signidan meoTxe wignSi hari poterze ((hari poteri da cecxlis Tasi). rogor gadaTamaSdeba arasasurveli
movlenebi mesame tomSi.
aRsaniSnavia mxatvruli sivrcis gamosaxviTi mniSvneloba. is
avtoriseul Canafiqrs damatebiT xatovanebas sZens da sarwmunos xdis mas. baxtinis sityvebiT, qronotopi, rogorc sivrcisa da
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drois materializacia, warmoadgens gamoxatviTi konkretizaciis centrs (4, 101). qronotopis wyalobiT avtoris yvela
filosofiuri, socialuri ganzogadoebebi, ideebi, ganazrebebi da
sxva, saxierdeba da iZens mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobas. qronotopebi agreTve atareben Janrul-tipobriv xasiaTs.
ramdenadac qronotopi gansazRvravs literaturuli nawarmoebis
da arsebul sinamdvilesTan misi mimarTebas mxatvrul
erTianobas, amitom is yovelTvis Seicavs Tavis TavSi Rirebulebriv moments. literatura, iseve rogorc mTlianad
xelovneba, gamsWvalulia qronotopuli RirebulebebiT. baxtini gamoyofs ZiriTad qronotopebs da maT Soris, upirveles
yovlisa, Sexvedris qronotops, romelic misi azriT, gamoirCeva
maRali emociur-Rirebulebrivi intensivobiT. masTan dakavSirebuli gza ufro farTo moculobisaa, magram naklebi
emociur-Rirebulebrivi intensivobiT xasiaTdeba. Tumca
baxtinisTvis gza warmoadgens drois mimdinareobis burjs, Cemi SexedulebiT, piriqiT, sivrce warmogvidgeba gzis xiluli
xatiT sivrcea ganmsazRvreli ara marto Rirebulebebisa,
aramed droisac. gzaze Sexvedra xSirad sabediswero qveteqts moicavs. gza Tavadaa Tavgadasavali, gamocda. is sicocxlis
adekvaturadac warmogvidgeba xolme. gamarjoba, batono kurbe!,
gamarjoba, batono gogen - am ferweruli tiloebiT maTi avtorebi Tavisi pirovnulobis, unikalurobis mniSvnelobas
afiqsirebdnen. arafers eubneba msoflios, sazogadoebas, fraza
an Tundac naxati: gamarjoba, qalbatono Tamar. (Tumca erTgvarad orazrovnad da idumalad JRers), magram gamarjoba,
batono gogen _ misi cnobadobis, mniSvnelobis dadasturebaa.
fenteziSi Tumca ki simboloebs, magiur artefaqtebs, sityvebs
didi mniSvneloba aqvT, magram gza da Tundac Sexvedra ar atarebs egzom did, gadamwyvet filosofiur datvirTvas.
Sexvedra mniSvnelovania da saintereso yovelTvis da yvelgan,
gansakuTrebiT pirveli Sexvedra, fenteziSic Sexvedrebi da gzebi TamaSoben rols gmiris istoriaSi; fentezis gmirebi xom
mudmiv gadaadgilebaSi arian, gzad arian gadebulni, magram
amasTan gza aq ar gvevlineba im adgilad, sadac mTavari da gadamwyveti moqmedebebi xdeba. ufro did mniSvnelobas iZenen
iseTi adgilebi, rogorc sasaflao, cixe-simagre, tye, zRva.
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sicocxlesac, Tuki mivusadagebT raime metaforas, ufro tye gamogvadgeba, vidre gza. (aki dantec Tavis sicocxles ufro
tyes amsgavsebs, vidre gzas). Zalian mniSvnelovani movlenebi
xdeba tyesa da WalebSi tolkinis beWdebis mbrZanebelSi, uaRresad datvirTulia TavgadasavlebiT tye hari poterTan.
tyea Cveuli garemoa sapkovskis, martinis gmirebisTvis.
cixe-simagre, sasaxle ukve Sua saukuneebidan gvevlineba im
umniSvnelovanes adgilad, sadac xdeba sakvanZo movlenebis ganviTareba. gasakviri ar aris, rom fentezis Janris
nawarmoebebSi es Zalian arsebiTi adgilia. cixe-simagre atarebs saukuneebis da Tavgadasavlebebis daRs. is tradiciis, siZvelis,
mexsierebis kargi simboloa. mexsierebis, romelSic bevri ram
dakargulia, bevri Camalulia mtverSi Znelad misaRwev sardafebsa Tu sxvenebSi. sasaxle inaxavs misi Zveli
macxovreblebis sulebis aCrdilebs. is erTgvari skivria
gamocdilebisac da gamocdisac. is SeiZleba gaxdes mxsneli, SesaZloa _ xafangi. fenteziSi naklebadaa gamosaxuli
Tanamedrove, axali drois nagebobebi da adgilebi, magram
yovelTvis, rodesac aseTi adgilebi figurireben, isini ganasaxiereben gulgrilobas, uadamianobas, zedapirulobas,
warmavlobas, sixarbes, mokled sxvadasxva saxis cdomilebebs,
codvebs, naklulobebs.
didi roli eniWeba fenteziSi iseT qronotopebs, rogoricaa: Wa, sardafi, qveskneli. isini yovelTvis miuTiTeben raRac krizisul
viTarebaze, sabediswero movlenaze. maTgan amosvla, Tavis
daRweva yovelTvis didi gamarjvebaa da gmiris kidev erTi Zireuli cvlileba pirovnuli identobis Semecnebis gzaze.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qronotopia transfiguracia, rac
xSirad gvxvdeba fentezis Janris literaturaSi. uaryofiTi
gmirebi xSirad kargaven Tavis adamianur iers da gadaiqcevian gaugebar arsebebad. winsarTi trans bevr moqmedebas axasiaTebs,
romelic fentezis Janris literaturaSi xdeba. gmirebi
gadaadgildebian transcendirebis gziT, icvlian ier-saxes, aqvT Tavisi transcendenturi gamosaxulebebi - iremi, mgeli, ciyvi, . .
. anu erTgvarad gansuldebian cxovelebsa Tu nivTebSi.
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xSiria jadosnuri, miTiuri arsebebis gamosaxva: gnomebi, elfebi, goblinebi, feniqsi, drakoni, kentavri da sxva. TiToeuli
maTgani, pirvel rigSi, emsaxureba imis xazgasmas, rom samyaro,
romelSic xdeba moqmedeba, sxvaa, gansxvavdeba Cveni samyarosgan, romelSic amaoa harmoniis da azriani cxovrebis Zieba.
nivTebze da cxovelebze Cven vsaubrobT imdenad, ramdenadac
SeuZlebelia sivrceze, adgilze msjeloba im sagnebisa da
arsebebis gareSe, romlebic mas avseben. swored isini axdenen sivrcis mowyobas, hkraven mas da amkvidreben, rogorc sivrcul
centrs. sivrce ar aris erTgvarovani, is ar warmoadgens evklideseul erTgvarovan sivrces, romelic yvelgan erTnairia.
is Taviseburi da yovelTvis gansxvavebuli realobaa, yovelTvis
mowesrigebulia da arasodes ar aris neitraluri. is gadaadamianurebulia.
miTis Seqmnis upirvelesi funqciac xom samyaros mowesrigebaa,
qaosidan kosmosis Seqmna, rac gulisxmobs mis danawevrebas,
gansakuTrebuli adgilebis gamoyofas. danawevrebuli seqtorebi araTanabaria ara marto zomiT, aramed
daniSnulebiT, funqciurad, emociurad. adamiani Tavisi miznebis,
Sexedulebebis, moTxovnilebebis, gadawyvetilebebis gamosaxvas, pirvel rigSi, sivrceSi axdens, adgilis konstruirebisa da
organizebisas. literaturul nawarmoebSi adgilebi gvevlinebian
am tradiciuli mniSvnelobis matareblebic da erTgvari maniSneblebic im sazrisisa, romelic avtors aqvs gamosaxatavi.
amdenad, yvela is qronotopi, romelic Cven CamovTvaleT, ara
marto garemos qmnis, romelSic gmiri cxovrobs da moqmedebs,
aramed qmnisn kidec gmirs. rac Seexeba sagnebs, sagnad, nivTad yofnis Tviseba sivrcis funqciaa, sagani pirveladia, radganac
sivrce adgilia sakraluri obieqtebisTvis da maTSi is
warmoaCens Tavis arss. verafriT ver warmovidgenT saxls, Tu mas raime obieqtebiT ar davaxasiaTebT, romliTac is TiTqosda
sulierebas iZens. arafers gveubneba winadadeba: vnaxe saxli,
Tundac davumate: vnaxe saxli, romelic asi aTasi dolari Rirs (egziuperis magaliTia, magram sxva konteqstSi), magram
Tu gvesmis: vnaxe saxli, romlis rafaze vardebi yvaoda da
cisferi fardebi ekida fanjrebze, maSinve saxli warmogvidgeba
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da miuxedavad imisa, rom ar viciT es saxli didia Tu patara, mis mimarT cocxali simpaTia gviCndeba.
da bolos, fentezis Janris nawarmoebebSi, rogorc wesi,
gamosaxulia samyaro, romelic ararsebulia Cvens sinamdvileSi.
miTologiuri siuJetis gamo, is uZvelesi drois qveyanas mogvagonebs, magram maSinac ki, rodesac TiTqosda Cveni
Tanamedrovea, rogorc hari poterSi, is mainc paraleluria,
uxilavia Cveulebrivi adamianisTvis.*
adgili, sadac adamianma SeiZleba icxovros harmoniulad, myarad, icodes vin aris mteri da vin megobari, yvela grZnoba hqondes
cocxali da axarebdes xvalindeli dRe, Cvens samyaroSi, Cvens sivrceSi, ar moiZebna.
_________________
*am Tanamedroveobis gamo zogierTi avtori eWvs gamoTqvams imis Taobaze, rom hari poteri miekuTvneba fentezis Janrs da miakuTvneben literaturul zRapars.
im pirobebSi, rodesac yvela Tanxmdeba imaze, rom fentezis zusti gansazRvreba ar arsebobs, ucnauria aseTi mtkice daskvna, rom is fentezi ar aris.
erT-erT sabuTad moyvanilia is faqti, rom fentezi efuZneba miTs, romelsac ar gaaCnia fiqsirebuli dro da adgili. hari poterze ki viciT, rom es londonia da moqmedeba 90-an wlebSi viTardeba.
unda avRniSno, rom me versad davinaxe, rom 90-ani wlebia da ara 80-ani an ufro adrindeli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom londoni aq saxeldeba, gaugebaria sad mdebareobs jadoqrebis qveyana da sad aris platforma 9 da .
miTebiT da miTiuri artefaqtebiT, cnebebiT, miniSnebebiT savsea wigni. saxierdebian miTiuri personaJebi da SeTxzulia mravali axali miTi. amitom SeuZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom hari poteri aris miTs moklebuli.
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is, rom aqamde arsebuli am Janris yvelaze saxelovani nawarmoebebi marTlac kelturi miTebis erTgvar gadamRerebas warmoadgens, ar niSnavs, rom marto asea SesaZlebeli fentezis miTTan kavSiri.\
dabolos, Tavad tolkini Tavis wigns miakuTvnebda jadosnur zRapars, magram dRes uklebliv yvela, vinc fentezize wers, Tavis msjelobas beWdebis mbrZanebeliT iwyebs da amTavrebs.
literatura
1. , .. - ; : , .. . .: , 2000, . 112
2. , . , .: - -, 1994. . 27
3. , .. : ./ // .. . .: . ., 1975.
4. .. // .. . .: -, 1997
5. , . / . // : 2 . . 1. .: - . , 1998
6. J.R.R.Tolkien, The Monsters and The Critics and Other Essays, Harper Collins Publishers, 1997
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daviT bostanaSvili
sivrce mTxrobeli
werilis saTauri, sasveni niSnebis
gareSe mocemuli, im vrcel polisemias
mianiSnebs, romelsac "sivrcis" da
"Txrobis" sintagmaturi dakavSireba
gulisxmobs. am polisemiidan SevecdebiT
movixelToT sami SemTxveva; imis
mixedviT Tu romeli maTgani
dawinaurdeba, romeli gadaiqceva
ganmsazRvrelad, viRebT Semdeg
mimarTebebs: Txrobis sivrce sadac sxvisi sityvebi Caenacvlebian samyaros
(Txroba rogorc sivrce) da meores
mxriv sivrcis Txroba sivrciTi diskursi (sivrce rogorc Txroba).
mesame SemTxvevaSi - mTxrobeli sivrce
orivea, sivrcec da Txrobac.
Txrobis sivrce sxvadasxva niSnur
sintagmebad gadaiSleba: enobrivi
niSnebis sintagmebad (literaturuli
teqsti), gamosaxulebebad (fotografia,
komiksebi), sagnebad (Teatri, muzeumebi);
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Sereul
mediaSi ganxorcielebuli Txrobis
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sivrce mTxrobeli
35
sivrce (filmebi, kompiuteruli TamaSebi, qalaqi rogorc
teqsti).
erTis mxriv, Txrobis sivrce martivad SeiZleba gavigoT
rogorc sivrce, sadac xorcieldeba Txroba. meores mxriv, es
SeTanxmeba gulisxmobs mxatvruli teqstis sivrciT
struqturas, romlis analizs didi yuradReba eTmoba
semiotikur kvlevebSi. am saxis kvlevis gamorCeuli magaliTia
iuri lotmanis werili "SeniSvnebi mxatvruli sivrcis Sesaxeb"
(1986). lotmanisTvis RvTaebrivi komedia uzarmazari
arqiteqturuli nagebobaa, universumis konstruqciaa. igi
ganixilavs mogzaurobas, rogorc ormag raobas TxrobaSi mogzauroba aseve mogzaurobaa am uzarmazar "arqiteqturul
nagebobaSi" (lotmani 1986: 25).
swored aq vlindeba am ori terminis mTavari Tviseba:
"Txroba" da "sivrce" ver pouloben stabilur mdgomareobas.
Txrobis sivrce umal sivrcis Txrobad gadaiqceva da piriqiT.
lotmanis dakvirveba zogadad yovel literaturul teqsts
SegviZlia mivusadagoT.
sivrcis Txroba, erTis mxriv aseve martiv gagebas
gvTavazobs TxrobiT aRwerili an/da reprezentirebuli sivrce. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom arqiteqtori amgvar mTxrobelad
moviazroT? rTuli saTqmelia. erTis mxriv nebismier
"dagegmarebas", "daproeqtebas" win uZRvis dasaxeleba imis moyola Tu sad (romel sivrceSi) ra (funqcia) unda iyos.
magram, Senobis funqcionirebis moyola ar unda gavaigivoT
sivrcis TxrobasTan.
bucasTvis (arqiteqtori viqtor jorbenaZe, ritualebis sasaxlis avtori d.b.) Senobis ageba - gagebaa (g/ageba), am sityvis farTe mniSvnelobiT (samyaros gageba, samyaros modeli). bucam unda gaigos da gaigonos sagani: gaigonos - gaiazros da gaigonos - moisminos; da rom moisminos unda Tqvas, qvas vidre daawyobs, aagebs Senobas - aawyobs.
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daviT bostanaSvili
36
buca yveboda.., diax, Senobas yveboda da ase moyol-moyoliT mihyveboda bolomde: Casaxvidan eskizamde, romelic isev Txroba iyo, an Txroba ufro iyo, vidre grafika (isic drodadro), radgan Txrobis dro qmnida Txrobis sivrces, romelsac Txzavda, anu xazavda, romelSic azavebda (uTanxmebda) da ganazavebda (Seurwyamda) sxvas da mes - sityvas da sagans - Casaxvidan agebamde; agebis Semdeg, da ufro adrec - dakveTis miRebamde; dakveTis misaRebad da ise - umiznod da umizezod.., Tumca mizezsac ar elodeboda - Tavadve qmnida; sul mizezobda, sul mZimed iyo sulmZimed (bostanaSvili 2012: 138).
mTxrobeli gansakuTrebuli sityvaa. am gansakuTrebulobaze
gvindoda migveniSnebina zemoT moyvanili pasaJiT.
sivrcis Txrobis (aq: moTxrobili sivrcis) meore magaliTad
SegviZlia gavixsenoT umberto ekos romani "vardis saxeli" da
avtoriseuli komentari: nebismieri Txrobis win aucilebelia
Seqmna sivrce TxrobisTvis Seqmna samyaros detaluri saxe (romelmac SeiZleba pirdapiri asaxva arc hpovos nawerSi). am
sivrceSi SeZlebs Txroba sakuTari naratologiuri kanonebiT
ganviTarebas:
igi [proza] aseve Tavad aris samSeneblo ofisi. ramdeni
dro daikava arqiteqturulma Ziebebma [...] me SevimuSave saabatos
gegma, gadavzome yvela SesaZlo manZili, gadavTvale xveuli
kibis TiToeuli safexuri (eko 1998: 611).
"vardis saxelSi" mTavar Temad iqceva labirinTi bibilioTekis Senobis labirinTi (moTxrobili sivrce) da Tavad
deteqtiuri Txroba (gansivrcebuli Txroba) rogorc labirinTi.
aRsaniSnia, rom ekoseuli labirinTi erTdroulad aris sivrcec
da erTgvari krosvordic. igi moiTxovs, rogorc labirinTis
sivrciTi Tavsatexis amoxsnis teqnikis codnas, aseve
krosvordis amoxsnis da wakiTxvis xerxebis flobas. es
erTdrouloba ar aris moulodneli: sityvis da sivrcis
(sagnis) arqetipuli sinTezi babilonis saxeli da godolia:
Tqves: aba, aviSenoT qalaqi da godoli, da cas mivuwvdinoT
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sivrce mTxrobeli
37
misi Txemi. aRvmarToT niSansveti, rom ar gavifantoT dedamiwis
zurgze (dab. 11:4).
sivrcis Txrobis mesame magaliTad SegviZlia movixmoT
popularuli samagido TamaSi dungeons and dragons. am TamaSs hyavs warmmarTveli (dungeon master), romlis funqciebSi Sedis ambis moyola moTamaSeebisaTvis, im garemoebebis aRwera, Tu ra
mdgomareobaSi arian maTi gmirebi, wesebis dadgena da im sivrcis
gamogoneba (Tavisi TavsatexebiT da urCxulebiT), sadac
mogzauroben moTamaSeebi. amgvarad, saxezea warmosaxviTi sivrce
romelsac acocxlebs xma (mTxrobelis).
ra Tavisebureba SeiZleba hqondes "sivrcis" da "Txrobis"
amgvar mdgomareobas "sivrce mTxrobeli". dasawyisisTvis mivmarToT erTgvar gamartivebas da CavTvaloT, rom terminebi
"sivrce" da "garemo" erTmaneTTan mkafio sazRvrebs ar adgenen.
sivrcis Canacvleba garemoTi erTgvarad gviiolebs amocanas;
is, rom garemom SeiZleba moyves ambavi iolad mosaxelTebeli
azria. garemo gulisxmobs ara mxolod sivrces, aramed sagnebs,
movlenebs, bgerebs da yvela saxis SesaZlo niSans, rac sivrceSi
aris.
alan parsonss Semoaqvs TxrobiTi garemos (narrative environments) cneba. igi aRniSnavs, rom es SeTanxmeba ara mxolod polisemiuri, aramed paradoqsulicaa (parsonsi 2009).
Txrobis garemo is fizikuri an/da virtualuri sivrcea, sadac
ambavi iSleba.
mTxrobeli garemo amgvarad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT:
cxovrebiseul yoveldRiurobaSi mudmivad garemoculebi varT
ambebiT: Tavad Cveni egzistenciuri gamocdileba; sxva adamianTa
ambebi; is dagrovili istoriebi, romlebic Canergilebi arian
konkretul adgilebSi; grafikuli da arqiteqturuli niSnebis
kolaJi, romlebic ganawilebulni arian konkretul
topografiaze (maT, rogorc Setyobinebebs, aqvT damatebiTi
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funqcia isini migvaniSneben gzis gakvlevis, sivrceSi gadaadgilebis SesaZleblobebze). amgvarad, Txroba aris is, rac
gviyveba, garemo aris is rac gars gvartyia. tradiciuli
gagebiT, Txroba droSi migvmarTavs, xolo garemo - sivrceSi.
narativi amasTan orivea: Tavad Txroba (Txrobis aqti) da
monaTxrobi. aseve garemo aris (1) is, rac Tavis TavSi gvaqcevs,
gvketavs, pirobebs gvidgens da (2) Tavad is struqturebi,
kategoriebi da arsobebi, rac Cven irgviliv aris.
amgvarad, mTxrobeli sivrce (garemo) alan parsonsis
mixedviT Semdeg samuSaos asrulebs: samyaros Cveneuli
SemecnebisTvis igi aris Suamavali; igi Tavs gvaxvevs gagebas; is
Cven gagebaSi aRwevs. am saxiT gagebuli samyaros SigniT
vmoZraobT da varkvevT orientirebs droSi (narativis meSveobiT)
da sivrceSi (garemos meSveobiT).
alan parsonsis mixedviT, mTxrobeli garemo ar
Semoifargleba raRacis reprezentaciiT an aRweriT; igi amasTan
raRacas akeTebs igi performatiulia. igi ara mxolod adgilia, aramed Tavad uCens adgils (sagnebs, movlenebs).
Txrobis sivrce ara mxolod reprezetaciaa (niSani), aramed
performatiuli qmedebebis krebuli niSani-qmedebaa.
meore sakiTxad, sivrce da Txroba SegviZlia moviazroT
erTi speqtris or ukiduresobad. narativis SemTxvevaSi samyaro
moqceulia kulturis mier dadgenil wesrigSi. sivrcis
SemTxvevaSi samyaro kulturuli wesrigis miRma dgas Tavisi
bunebrivi an/da veluri mdgomareobiT. narativi da sivrce
kulturis da bunebis opoziciad warmodgebian. mTxrobeli
sivrce mxolod kulturulia. aqve SevniSnoT, rom bunebrivi
garemo SeiZleba iyos mTxrobeli, Tu is aris kulturad qceuli
(mag. baRebi, parkebi, lend arti).
am azriT kulturuli sivrce Txrobis sivrce - adgilobis Semqmneli situaciaa. mTxrobeli sivrce adgilia.
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adgilis Tema ki ukve sxva kvlevebisken gvibiZgebs. mocemul
werilSi "adgils" ar davuTmobT adgils.
***
arqiteqturas mivmarToT, im fizikur garemos (sagamofeno
darbazi muzeumSi, savaWro sivrcis foie, Senobis garSemo
arsebuli sajaro sivrce), sadac ambis Txrobaa SesaZlebeli
sivrceSi.
muzeumi karg magaliTad gvesaxeba. igi ufro ambavTa
krebuls warmoadgens, vidre erT mTlian romans TiTo sivrce erT Temas eZRvneba. Temebs Soris gadabmulobas ZiriTadad
qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba emsaxureba. am mxriv muzeumi
enciklopediis Txrobis sivrcis gasagnebuli mTxrobeli sivrcea,
sadac anbanuri Tanamimdevroba SesaZlebels xdis iseTi sagnebis
mezoblobas, romelTac araferi aqvT saerTo. maT saerTo adgils
Tavad sivrce qmnis, igive "saoperacio magida-cxrili".
aqedanve SeiZleba daisvas sakiTxi, rogori SeiZleba iyos
borxesiseuli enciklopedia heterotopia enis sivrcis gareT, realur sivrceSi. heterotopiaSi arsebiTia, rom "Tavad
Sexvedris sivrce aris warxocili" (fuko 2004: 23). borxesis
enciklopediaSi dalagebul sagnebs ar gaaCniaT saerTo adgili
da mxolod xmas SeuZlia erTmaneTis gverdiT ganalagos
ukiduresad daSorebuli sagnebi.
rogor gamoiyureba Txroba heterotopiaSi? fukos
gansazRvrebis mixedviT1 heterotopiebs aqvT Zala, rom erT
arsebul adgilSi moaxdinon erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli
1 Michel Foucault, "Des espaces autres" in Architecture Mouvement Continuite #5 (october, 1984).
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gansxvavebuli sivrceebis erTdrouli zeddeba. heterotopiis
winaaRmdegobriv da bundovan sivrceSi nebismieri Txroba
SeuZlebeli Cans. heterotopiuli Txrobis sivrce borxesis
"Cinuri enciklopediaa", xolo mTxrobeli sivrce SeiZleba
sxvadasxva SeuTavsebeli Txrobebis erTdrouli sivrciTi
zeddeba aRmoCndes.
fukos mixedviT, muzeums heterotopiulobis maRali xarisxi
gaaCnia: aq xdeba yvela epoqis, yvela gemovnebis, yvela formis,
yvela drois dagroveba da amasTan muzeumi-sivrce udroo
mdgomareobaSi arsebobs. magram muzeumi ar aris "mTxrobeli
sivrce". igi erTis mxriv aris namdvili Txrobis sivrce (iq
sadac xorcieldeba Txroba) an/da "mTxrobeli garemo". muzeumi
Tu rames gviyveba, es mxolod eqsponatebis meSveobiT
xorcieldeba da ara sivrcis meSveobiT. aq sivrce mxolod
neitraluri mediaa da igi niSnebisTvis (eqsponatebisTvis)
qmnis konteqts. semiotikurma kvlevebma dagvanaxes "neitraluri"
da "gamWvirvale" mediis SeuZlebloba. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
(muzeumis) medialuri sivrce ukve datvirTulia kulturuli
mniSvnelobebiT.
zogadi dakvirvebebis Semdeg yuradReba mivaqcioT im sivrciT
praqtikebs, sadac Txroba da sivrce erTmaneTis gareSe ver
Sedgebian.
praqtika
mTxrobeli sivrceebis Ziebisas arCevani im mediaze gavakeTeT,
sadac sivrce (misi simulacia) gadamwyvet rols asrulebs. es
aris kompiuteruli TamaSebi. aq ar aris sakmarisi
organzomilebian sibrtyeze samganzomilebiani sivrcis
proecireba (gansxvavebiT kinosgan); aq saWiroa sivrcis
simulaciis Seqmna, sadac mayurebels (moTamaSes) aqvs moZraobis
da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba.
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monitoris organzomilebiani da uZravi ekrani im sivrcis
simulacias gvTavazobs, sadac xdeba TamaSi. amgvarad sivrce
mudam saxezea. Cveni Temidan gamomdinare interesis sagans
warmoadgens TamaSi, sadac moTxrobilia ambavi. kompiuteruli
TamaSebi mraval Janrad warmodgebian. winamdebare werilSi
SeuZlebelia am vrceli mediis mimoxilva. aqedan gamomdinare
unda davakonkretoT, romeli Janri da romeli tipia CvenTvis
saintereso.
ramdenime Janrobrivi gamonaklisis garda, ar arsebobs
TamaSi, romelsac Tan ar axlavs ambavi. ambavi SeiZleba winaswar
iyos mocemuli igi win uswrebs TamaSis dro-sivrces da ambavi TamaSis Sinaarss gansazRvravs (mag.: angry birds). ambavi SeiZleba gamoCndes mxolod TamaSis dasrulebis Semdeg da bolos
gairkves Tu ra moxda (rogorc TamaSSi super mario). yvela SemTxvevaSi TamaSis mTavar mizans Tavad TamaSi warmoadgens.
ambis Sinaarsobriv sisavses an mis absurdulobas aranairi
xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi ar moaqvs Tavad TamaSisTvis.
meore Janris TamaSebi ori mediis Sexvedris adgilia kinosi da TamaSebis. erT SemTxvevaSi ambis mosayolad TamaSebi
kinematografiul scenebs (cut scene) da mizanscenebs iyeneben. meore SemTxvevaSi Janrobrivi sazRvrebis gauqmebasTan gvaqvs
saqme, rodesac TamaSi gadaiqceva filmis yurebad, sadac moTamaSe
upirveles yovlisa uyurebs ambavs; igi dro da dro ereva
TxrobaSi (sxvadasxva arCevans akeTebs). amgvari Txroba
moTamaSis gakeTebuli arCevaniT viTardeba.
Cveni interesis sagania TamaSi, romelic Tavad gviyveba
ambavs da ra roli aqvs am TxrobaSi sivrces. Cven gvainteresebs
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ambavi, romelic TamaSis sivrceSi moZraobiT iSleba2. SegviZlia
erTgvari paraleli gavakeToT teqstTan, rogorc fizikur
mocemulobasTan - masSi (mkiTvelis mzeris da xSirad TiTis)
gadaadgilebiT viTardeba Txroba. kompiuterul TamaSebSic
sivrceSi gadaadgileba aris TxrobaSi gadaadgileba. dro meore
planze gadaiweva.
sivrcis xasiaTis TvalsazrisiT TamaSebi mimdinareoben
organzomilebian Caketil sivrceebSi, xazovan organzomilebian
sivrceebSi (sivrceSi gadaadgileba mxolod marcxnidan
marjvniv), organzomilebian sferul sivrceebSi (Sesabamisad
marjvnidan gasvlis SemTxvevaSi moTamaSe marcxnidan Semodis),
samganzomilebian sivrceebSi. sivrceebi SeiZleba iyos kerZo
(erTi moTamaSe) an sajaro (mravali moTamaSis Sexvedras onlain
sivrceebi maspinZloben).
TamaSebSi ufro da ufro metad gvxvdeba sivrceze
konvenciuri warmodgenebis gauqmeba igulisxmeba sivrceSi gadaadgilebis gansxvavebuli modelebi (mag.: parkuri,
teleportacia); gadaadgilebis gansxvavebuli modelis magaliTia
SeRweva akrZalul, paralelur sivrceebSi kerZod saventilacio gayvanilobis labirinTuli sivrce; igi erTgvari
arqetipic ki aris TamaSebis samyaroSi. sxva arqetipebs Soris
aris qtonuri sivrceebi (dilegebi, sakanalizacio qseli) da
nagebobaTa saxuravebis sivrceebi. gvxvdeba aseve fardobiTi
sivrceebi (sadac ar aris gansazRvruli orientaciebi zeda-
qveda), gamrudebuli sivrceebi, 2d da 3d sivrceebis zeddeba da urTierTqmedeba.
2 pirvel aRiarebul nimuSad iTvleba TamaSi half-life (1997 w.) sadac ar aris gamoyenebuli damatebiTi kinematografiuli mizanscenebi da
moTamaSe uSualod TamaSis sivrceSi mogzaurobisas igebs ambavs.
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mesame gansxvaveba aris is, Tu rogor aris warmodgenili
sivrce: saerTo zedxediT (ruqis msgavsad); pirveli piris
TvalTaxedviT sadac moTamaSe mTlianad gaigivebulia personaJTan; mesame piris TvalTaxedviT, sadac moTamaSe xedavs
avatars, romelic mis magivrad myofobs.
Cveni arCevani gavakeTeT samganzomilebian, pirveli piris
TvalTaxedviT gadmocemul TamaSebze, sadac sivrce SeiZleba
iyos kerZo an sajaro. xSirad, aseT TamaSebSi moTamaSem unda
gadalaxos winaaRmdegobebi gamarjvebis mosapoveblad. es
winaaRmdegobebi aramxolod brZolas gulisxmoben. TamaSebSi
yovelTvis gvxvdeba sivrciTi Tavsatexebi erTgvari labirinTebi. miuxedavad amisa, sivrcis struqtura am TamaSebSi
mainc xazovani xasiaTisaa da mxolod tovebs labirinTis
STabeWdilebas. Tu TamaSis siuJeti xazovania, TamaSis sivrcec
xazovan gadaadgilebas gvTavazobs. xazovan moZraobas qve-
sivrceebi anawevreben. Tavad isini labirinTis saxiT arian
mocemulni TiToeuli maTgani muzeumis calke aRebuli darbazis tolfasia Tavisi sivrciTi TavsatexebiT da ganviTarebuli dramatuli movlenebiT. erTi darbazis
amowurvis Semdeg momdevno "darbazSi" gadavinacvlebT xazovnad.
ra Tqma unda TamaSebSi es "darbazebi" erTmaneTSi SeumCnevlad
gadaedinebian da sivrce vizualurad uwyveti saxiT aris
mocemuli.
araxazovani narativis mqone TamaSebi ZiriTadad gaxsnil
sivrceebSi viTardeba. aq moTamaSe Tavad akeTebs arCevanTa serias
rogorc TxrobaSi, aseve sivrceSi gadaadgilebisas. Tumca imisTvis, rom narativi mTlianad ar gaqres, TamaSis sivrceSi
aris fiqsirebul adgilTa (wertilTa) mTeli bade, romlebic
amavdroulad Txrobis sakvanZo momentebia. moTamaSis arCevanis
Tavisufleba am wertilebis monaxulebis rigiTobaSi da
marSrutis arCevaSi mdgomareobs.
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sruliad Ria sivrce aranair narativs ar gvTavazobs. am
tipis TamaSs qviSis saTamaSo moedans adareben (sandbox game), sadac nebismieri moTamaSe Tavad qmnis im struqturebs da
sivrceebs, romlebic mas moesurveba. aseTi TamaSi principSi
amouwuravia. erTi am saxis TamaSi aris minecraft (2011 w.). aq samyaros srul Riaobas da TamaSis uTavboloobas uzrunvelyofs
is faqti, rom TamaSSi mocemulia ara siuJetis mixedviT
damzadebuli sivrce aramed mTeli "samyaro" Tavisi masalebiT, mineralebiT, arsebebiT, kanonebiT, receptebiT. am
TamaSis samganzomilebiani sivrce maTematikuri algoriTmiT
dinamiurad iqmneba da Sesabamisad mTliani samyaro Teoriulad
usasruloa. kidev erTi garemoeba aris is, rom TamaSis sivrce
moduluria mTeli samyaro mcire kubebisgan aris agebuli da maTi mocileba-damatebiT moTamaSe gansakuTrebuli teqnikuri
unarebis (3d modelireba) flobis gareSe qmnis misTvis saocnebo struqturebs arqiteqturas. es yvelaferi TamaSis kerZo sivrceSi xdeba. aq moTamaSe(ebi) miznis da dasasrulis gareSe
ikvleven axal miwebs, aSeneben axal sivrceebs da dausruleblad
ebrZvian qtonur arsebebs da sxva urCxulebs.
arqiteqturul interess iwvevs is sivrciTi praqtika
(formebi), rasac ariteqturis araakademiuri gamocdilebis mqone
moTamaSeebi qmnian iseve rogor bavSvebis mier Seqmnili qviSis sasaxleebi. Cveni interesi iwyeba iq, sadac kerZo "qviSis
cifruli sasaxleebi" sajaro da saziaro qmnilebebad
gadaiqcevian. swored es moxda sruliad spontanurad minecraft-is saTemoSi. ar iqneboda gasakviri, rom moTamaSeebs gasCenodaT
survili sakuTari qmnilebebi sxvebisTvis gaeziarebinaT.
saintereso aris is, rom rig SemTxvevebSi, sakuTari qmnilebis
Cvenebis survils Tan axlavs raRacis moyolis survili. ase
spontanurad Seqmnes am TamaSis moyvarulebma axali Janri
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saTavgadasavlo ruqa (adveture map)3. Tavad es saxeli ukve exmianeba Cven Temas. es aris sivrce (map), romelic giyveba ambavs (Tagadasavali).
rTuli gasarCevia, Tu ra amoZravebT minecraft-is saTavgadasavlo ruqebis Semqmnelebs4: ambis moyola, risTvisac
maT sWirdebaT sivrciTi formis Seqmna, Tu sivrciTi formebis
Cveneba da amisTvis sWirdebaT ambavi. aq vercerTi ver moipovebs
upiratesobas da es aris saintereso SemTxveva arqiteqturisTvis
ver aCveneb arqiteqturas (virtualur sivrceSi), Tu ar gaqvs ambavi (an Tu virtualuri arqiteqturuli sivrce Tavad ar
iZleva TamaSis SesaZleblobas).
kidev erTi mizezi, Tu ratom aris es konkretuli Janri
interesis sagani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saTavgadasavlo ruqis
Semqmneli erTdroulad unda flobdes ambis mTxrobelis da
sivrcis amgebis unarebs5.
teqnika
rogor gviyveba minecraft-is saTavgadasavlo ruqa ambavs? aq ver ganvixilavT CanacvlebaTa da pirobiT niSanTa mTel im
3 igulisxmeba ruqa, romlis masStabi aris 1:1. Sesabamisad ruqa Tavad
aris TamaSis sivrce.
4 aRsaniSnia, rom sazRvari moSlilia niSanTa avtorsa da
momxmarebels Soris. am saTavgadasavlo sivrceebis Semqmnelebi Tavad
moTamaSeebi arian.
5 msxvil Tu saSualo studiebSi muSaoben profesionali dizainerebi, romlebic TamaSis sivrciT da vizualur xarisxze zrunaven da
mwerlebi, romlebic qmnian moqmed gmirebs, weren siuJets, adgenen
dialogebs d.a.S.
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ansambls, romelic moTamaSeTa saTemosTvis saerTo ritorikuli
kodebis repertuars Seadgens da mxolod zogad mimoxilvas
SemogTavazebT.
dasawyisSi moTamaSe aRmoCndeba specialur, sivrceSi sadac
trfaretebze mocemulia is wesebi romelTa dacva aucilebelia.
es teqsturi niSnebi, rig SemTxvevaSi, mokled uyvebian moTamaSes
winare istorias da viTarebas (zog SemTxvevaSi amgvari Sesavali
ar gvxvdeba da moTamaSe uSualod aRmoCndeba Txrobis
sivrceSi).
ori saxis niSani (trafaretebi da wignebi) gamoiyeneba
siuJetis uSualod, teqstis saxiT gadacemisTvis. es
Setyobinebebi mimarTaven moTamaSes da sivrceSi moZraoba im
momdevno Setyobinebebis Ziebad iqceva, romlebic ambis Txrobas
ganagrZoben. Txrobis momdevno adgilas misvlamde moTamaSe gadis
sivrceebs, sadac mas elodeba brZola an sxvadasxva saxis
Tavsatexebis amoxsna. es SemaerTebeli sivrceebi erTgvari
saspensis rols asruleben TxrobisTvis, xolo meore mxriv
swored isini qmnian TamaSis TviTmiznur motivacias.
rTulia daasaxelo saTavgadasavlo ruqis mTxrobelis
vinaoba. kinosgan gansxvavebiT aq Tavad mkiTxveli aris uSualo
monawile da personaJi. Sesabamisad kompiuteris ekranis ukan
mjdomi subieqtisTvis Txroba pirveli piris xedviT viTardeba.
amasTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis is, rom mTxrobeli aseve
aRmoCndeba am saTavgadasavlo sivrcis Semqmneli. da bolos,
rogorc zemoT vTqviT, siuJeti ZiriTadad gadmocemulia
trafaretebis da wignebis saxiT, da aq Txroba homodiegeturia
es Canawerebi TamaSSi arsebul personaJTa datovebuli niSnebia.
amgvarad, Txroba mocemulia sami poziciidan: (1) ambis da
sivrcis SemTxzveli (yovlismcodne mTxrobeli), (2) Tavad
moTamaSis ekranis CarCo, rogorc kinokamera, romelic emTxveva
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mkiTxvelis pozicias da (3) personaJebi (kinosgan gansxvavebiT,
isini uSualod mimarTaven moTamaSes). saboloo jamSi SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom Tavad TamaSis sivrce gviyveba ambavs am sami
poziciis erTobliobiT.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mimarTvis forma: xSirad
gamoiyeneba meore piris mimarTva Sen, rac TiTqmis arasdros
ar gvxvdeba sxva Janris narativebSi, garda interaqtiuli
mxatvruli literaturisa (masSi Sedis wignis formatSi
gamocemuli TamaSebi da teqstze dafuZnebuli kompiuteruli
TamaSebi). magaliTisTvis: moTamaSe aRwevs sivrcis da Txrobis
garkveul adgils da am dros wignis an/da trafaretis
saSualebiT mas mimarTaven: Sen gesmis xma Soridan..., Sen
xvdebi rom xar..., Sen fiqrob rom..., Sen askvni, rom..., Sen
gadawyvite rom.... ra xdeba am dros Cems (moTamaSis)
cnobierebaSi, rodesac teqsti pirdapir mommarTavs da
matyobinebs Cems sakuTar azrebs (Sdr. cnobierebis nakadi). aq ar
xdeba aranairi mosalodneli konfliqti cnobierebaSi,
ramdenadac Janris kanonebis mcodneTaTvis, sxvis mier
miwodebuli misive azrebi instruqciebad transformirdebian da
igi agrZelebs svlas am miTiTebebis mixedviT.
siuJetis kuTxiT yvela saTavgadasavlo sivrce
interteqstualuria. yovel maTgans gaaCnia (Jerar Jenes
terminologiiT) hipoteqsti yvelaze xSirad es gaxlavT fentezis, fantastikis, deteqtivis JanrebSi dagrovebuli winare
teqstebi.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT sivrcis roli SemdegSia: sivrceSi
gadaadgileba aucilebelia, radgan mis sxvadasxva wertilSi
siuJetis momdevno sakvanZo momenti inaxeba.
sivrce kidev erT gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs: xSir
SemTxvevaSi yoveli personaJi zustad erTnairad gamoiyureba.
teqnikuri mizezebis gamo sul xuTi-eqvsi 3d modeli SeiZleba
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daviT bostanaSvili
48
iyos gamoyenebuli yvela personaJisTvis, romlebsac moTamaSe
sxvadasxva adgilas xvdeba. amgvarad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseT
SemTxvevaSi identoba da saxe dacilebulia; dacilebulia aseve
identoba da xma (ramdenadac, magaliTad yvela darajs erTi
adamiani axmovanebs erTi da igive xmiT). magram moTamaSisTvis
TiToeuli maTgani calke pirovnebaa. maT identobas adgens
adgili: imisda mixedviT Tu sivrcis romel wertilSi xdeba
Sexvedra, moTamaSe adgens Tu vin aris mis win.
SeiZleba Tu ara vTqvaT, rom am saTavgadasavlo ruqebSi
sivrce gviyveba ambavs. sivrcis cnebis polisemiidan gamomdinare
rTulia amgvari ganacxadis gakeTeba. am SemTxvevaSic, ara sivrce
gviyveba ambavs, aramed sivrceSi damaluli teqstebi (mag.: wigni,
trafaretebi); am mxriv sivrceSi moZraobis mizani am teqstebis
povna da wakiTxvaa.
rogor unda mogviyves sivrcem ambavi (gansxvavebiT
garemosgan)? erTis mxriv SegviZlia visaubroT im sivrcis
Sesaxeb sadac xorcieldeba Txroba, meores mxriv sivrceSi
gadaadgileba SeiZleba Tavad gaxdes ambavi (TviTrefleqsuri
mTxrobeli sivrce). da bolos, marTebuli iqneboda gvesaubra
ara sivrceze, aramed sivrciTobaze. maSin sakiTxi dadgeba
Semdegnairad - Txroba sivrciTia Tu droiTi.
gaCereba, moZraoba, marSruti (xazovani, rizomuli) es rCeba
sivrcisgan, Tu gvinda rom gavTavisufldeT terminisgan "garemo".
moZraobebi da SeCerebebi droiT kategorias ufro emorCilebian
vidre sivrcis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sivrce uqmdeba igi droiT ganisazRvreba. Txrobis sivrce aRmoCndeba Txrobis drod.
es dakvirvebebi kvlav baxtiniseul qronotopis konceptTan
gvabruneben. qronotopSi xdeba droiTi da sivrciTi Tvisebebis
gacvla: dro Sededdeba, mkvrivdeba; sivrce intensificirdeba,
drois, siuJetis, istoriis moZraobaSi CaiTreva (lotmani 1986a:
3,4).
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sivrce mTxrobeli
49
rTulia iTqvas, rom qronotopis cneba aucilebeli
instrumentia iseTi SedarebiT martivi Janris analizisTvis,
rogoric kompiuteruli TamaSebia. Tumca Cveni Temis mizani arc
yofila kompiuteruli TamaSebis semiotika.
semiotika, rogorc interdisciplinatuli sivrce Tavad
qmnis adgils axali xedvebisTvis. aq xvdebian erTmaneTs
refleqsiebi sivrcis Sesaxeb (arqiteqtura), naratologia da
TamaSebis subkultura. dakvirvebebi "sivrceze", "Txrobaze" da
"TamaSze" qmnian akademiur potencials arqiteqturuli ganaTlebisTvis mzard mniSvnelobas iZens multi-medialuri
sivrceebi; kompiuteruli TamaSebis virtualuri sivrce erT-
erTi amgvari potencialia. aq "proeqtireba" gadaiqceva ambis
Txrobad da sivrcis Txzvad. aq sazRvrebi gauqmebulia sivrcis
mTxzvelsa (arqiteqtori) da mTxrobels (literatori) Soris.
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daviT bostanaSvili
50
literatura
bostanaSvili 2012: bostanaSvili S., bostanaSvili d. buca
- xuroTmoZRvari viqtor jorbenaZe. Tb.: universali, 2012.
lotmani 1986: .
. , 19, , 1986.
lotmani 1986a: . . , 19, , 1986,
eko 1998: , . . ..: , 1998.
parsonsi 2009: Parsons, Allan. Narrative environments: how do they matter? http://www.narrative-environments.com/research/research-paper/narrative-environments-how-do-they-matter. ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 16.10.2013
fuko 2004: fuko m. sityvebi da sagnebi. Tb.: diogene, 2004.
-
Kkoka bregaZe
sivrcis ageba da daSla
romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi (k.d. fridrihisa da e. H operis mxatvrobis
mixedviT)
germaneli romantikosi mxatvris,
kaspar david fridrihis (1774-1840)
ferweraSi sivrcis proecireba imTaviTve ukavSirdeba romantikul
msoflmxedvelobriv poziciebs: kerZod,
miuxedavad e. w. tragikuli cnobierebisa (das tragische Bewusstsein), romelic damaxasiaTebelia rogorc,
zogadad, romantizmisaTvis (mwerlobaSi _ l. tiki, e. T. a. hofmani, i. fon
aihendorfi, ql. brentano da sxv.;
musikaSi _ l. van beThoveni, r. vagneri da sxv.), ise fridrihis ferweruli
tiloebis personaJebis, an misi
landSafturi ferwerisTvisac (ix. misi beri zRvasTan [1808-1810], an dilis
nisli mTaSi [1808], saabatos
nangrevebi muxnarSi [1808-1810]), am romantikosi mxatvris ferweraSi (iseve
rogorc zemoT CamoTvlil romantikos
avtorebTan) mainc mocemulia e. w. romantikuli swrafva (Sehnsucht) saRvTo transcendenturobisaken, anu im
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koka bregaZe
52
dakarguli WeSmariti egzistensisaken, romlisken swrafvas zRudavs, erTi mxriv, protagonistis warmavali da sasruli
arsi, meore mxriv, Tavad yofierebis SezRuduli da sasruli
arsi, gamomdinare iqidan, rom es ori mocemuloba droiT da sivrciT SemosazRvruli empiriuli ganzomilebania.
Aam aprioruli swrafvis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, fridrihis ferweruli tiloebis personaJebisaTvis mudmivad damaxasiaTebelia egzistenciis e. w. zRvriseul situaciaSi (Grenzsituation) (k. iaspersi) yofna, anu romantizebis/garomantiulebis (Romantisieren) (novalisi) situaciaSi yofna, rodesac egzistencialur zRvarze myofi
protagonisti cnobierebiseuli nebelobis safuZvelze sakuTar sulSi aviTarebs sasrulobaSi usasrulobis, warmavlobaSi
waruvalis, empiriulSi transcendenturobis dafuZnebis
process:
samyaro unda garomantiuldes. ase movipovebT kvlav pirvel-
sazriss. garomantiuleba sxva araferia, Tu ara xarisxobrivi
potencireba. am operaciis dros xorcieldeba mdabali
TviTobis maRal TviTobasTan identificireba. iseve rogorc
Cven warmovadgenT amgvar xarisxobriv potencirebaTa rigs. es
operacia jer kidev Seucnobia. rodesac me ubralos diad
azrs vaniWeb, Cveulebrivs idumalebiT vmosav, nacnobs
Seucnoblad gadavaqcev, sasruls usasrulobas vaniWeb, me
samyaros varomantiuleb. da piruku, igive operacia Seesabameba
umaRless, Seucnobs, mistikursa da usasrulos. romantikuli
filosofia. am SeerTebiT xdeba logariTmizeba da miiReba
kargad nacnobi gamoxatuleba. Lingua romana. cvalebadi amaRleba da damdableba (novalisi 1977-1988: 545).
swored es aris cnobili romantikuli ironia (die romantische Ironie) (fr. Slegeli), rodesac subieqti sakuTar Semecnebasa da egzistenciaSi avlens paradoqsis niWs, anu sakuTar Sezudul anTropologiur arssa da egzistenciaSi
gamoimuSavebs potencirebul, anu axal xarisxSi ayvanil, amaRlebul warmodgenas sakuTar anTropologiur arsze,
sakuTar egzistenciasa da yofireebaze, rac, Tavis mxriv,
gulisxmobs Tavisebur romantikul eTikur aqts sakuTari da samyaros empiriuli SezRudulobis apriorul gadalaxvas, anu
transcendirebis procesis dafuZnebas. A
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sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi
53
amasTan, romantikuli ironia gulisxmobs SeuTavsebeli mocemulobebis (mag. xiluli da uxilavi sinamdvile, grZnobadi
da zegrZnobadi samyaroebi da a. S.) apriorul Tanaarsebobasa da
urTierTgamomdinareobas. F fridrihis ferweruli tiloebis poetika swored
romantikuli ironiisa da garomantiulebis konceptebs efuZneba,
rodesac sasrulobaSi xdeba usasrulobis porecireba da integrireba, da piriqiT. amis brwyinvale nimuSia fridirhis
cnobili tilo qali fanjarasTan [1822], sadac gamosaxulia
transcendirebis procesSi myofi protagonisti, romelic Tavis cnobierebaSi afuZnebs romantikul ironias, garomantiulebis process, xolo Tavad ferweruli tilos sivrcobrivi ganfena aseve emyareba romantikul ironias, anu garomantiulebis process: oTaxis sasrulobaSi integrirebulia da Tanaarsebobs usasruloba, rasac, erTi mxriv, aviTarebs protagonistis qceva _ zecisken miqceuli da mzera da Wvretis procesi, meore
mxriv, zecisa da oTaxis dispozicia _ aq mocemulia siaxlove da siSore, viwro interieri da diadi SoreTi, aqaurobasa da axlaSi Caketiloba da natvriTmosili mzera, momentebi, romlebic novalisis cnobil definicias mogvagoneben (ix. zemoT k. b.) (volfi 2003: 15). A
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koka bregaZe
54
aqedan gamomdinare, vsaubrobT k. d. fridrihis
personaJebze, rogorc transcendirebad presonaJebze, rogorc romantikuli ironiis ganmaviTarebel personaJebze, paradoqsis niWiT aRWurvil personaJebze, romlebic zRvrul situaciaSi
myofni aviTareben samyaros garomantiulebis/romantizebis process da israfvian transcendenturobisaken, rasac fr. Slaiermaxeri uwodebs gaunelebeli swrafvis gancdas (Das Gefhl einer unbefriedigten Sehnsucht), usasrulobasTan kavSirs (Zusammenhang mit dem Unendlichen) da universumis Wvretas (Das Anschauen des Universums). Sesabamisad, fridrihis ferweraSi am RvTaebriv da,
amavdroulad, dakargul da miuwvdomel transcendenturobas, romelsac romantikosebi aseve uwodeben usasrulobas (das Unendliche) (fr. Slaiermaxeri, fr. Slegeli, novalisi) an universums (das Universum) (fr. Slaiermaxeri, fr. Slegeli),
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sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi
55
simbolurad ganasaxierebs mis tiloebze proecirebuli (ZiriTadad) lurji/laJvardovani ferTametyvelebiT
proecirebuli Semdegi sivrculi ganzomilebani zeca (saRamo [1824]) an qalaquri landSafti (qalaqi, rogorc zeciuri ierusalimi _ Sdr. qalaqi mTvaris amosvlisas [1817], ialqnian gemze [1819]), an Tavad buneba (Sdr. nisli [1807],
bohemiis landSafti [1810-1811], dila rizengebirgeSi [1810-1811], dila [1821] da sxv.).* aqedan gamomdinare, fridrihTan sivrce isea
konstruirebuli, rom protagonistis, an mayureblis mzera imTaviTve mimarTulia sivrceSi, anu usasrulobaSi gaWrisaken;
sivrce TanTadaTanobiT ixsneba da mTliand moicavs rogorc protagonistis, ise mayureblis cnobierebasa da nebelobas: anu,
rogorc protagonisti, ise mayurebeli apriorulad CarTulia
transcendirebis procesSi, sivrceSi gaRwevis procesSi, anu RvTaebriobisaken swrafvisa da masTan Serwymis procesSi (Sdr.
fridrihis Semdegi ferweruli tiloebi: baRis terasa [1811-
1812], qalaqi mTvaris amosvlisas [1817], kirqvis kldeebi kunZul riugenze [1818], mogzauri nislis zRvis winaSe [1818],
qali Camavali mzis winaSe [1818-1820], qali fanjarasTan
[1822], ori mamakaci mTvaris Wvretisas [1819-1820], qali da mamakaci mTvaris Wvretisas [1824] da sxv.).
Aaq ki ikveTeba fridrihis ferweris poetikis is
Tavisebureba, rasac germanuli romantizmisa da germanulenovani modernizmis cnobili mkvlevari silvio vieta
geometriulobasa da konstruqtiulobas
(Konstruktivismus) uwodebs (vieta 2001: 133, 143), romelsac ufuZneba, erTi mxriv, fridrihis ferweruli tiloebis
dinamikuri sivrculi ganfena da, meore mxriv, Tavad mayureblis
mier sivrcis aRqmisa da Wvretis intensivoba:
mWvreteli protagonisti suraTebSi isea Semoyvanili, rom suraTSi ara mxolod landSaftis sivrce ixsneba, aramed Tavad landSaftis Wvreta zurgSeqceuli mWvreteli protagonistis perspeqtividan aigeba. daxatulia ara mxolod landSafti, aramed danaxulis xedva. xolo suraTis mWvreteli Tavad suraTis mWvretel protagonistTan erTad gamodis winaplanze, romelic suraTis mWvretels xedvis areals uCvenebs. Sedegad suraTSi mocemulia refleqsia xedvis aqtze: xedvis xedva (Das Sehen des Sehens) da masSi suraTis mWvretelis
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56
monawileoba. [...] fridrihis protagonistebi suraTis mWvreteli subieqtis xedvaSi arian integrirebulni. F[...] fridrihi Tavis motivebs sivrcisa da kompoziciis geometruil agebas uqvemdebarebs: kaspar david fridrihis suraTebi geometrizebuli mzeris proecirebaa (vieta 2001: 137-138; 140, 142-143).
* Sdr.: bunebis esTetizebis procesSi amavdroulad vlindeba romantikosi avtoris mier bunebis arsis miTo-sakraluri gaazreba: anu, bunebisadmi romantikosi avtorisa, Tu misi lirikuli gmiris swrafva ukve aris ara zedapiruli sentimentaluri grZnobebis gamowvevisa da aRZvris saSualeba, ara erTjeradi emociebis aRZvris saSualeba, aramed samyaros sulisa (Weltseele) da usasrulo transcendenturobis mudmivi cxovelmyofeli siRrmiseuli gancdis gamowvevis saSualeba, rasac safuZvlad udevs bunebis Sesaqmeseul cocxal arsad, RvTis qmnilebad, RvTaebrivi sawyisis Semcvel fenomenad gaazreba. amgvarad Semecnebuli da SemoqmedebiT procesSi moqceuli empiriuli buneba ukve iZens saxismetyvelebiT esTetikur Rirebulebas, mas ukve simboluri datvirTva eniWeba da romantikosebis mxatvrul teqstebsa Tu ferwerul tiloebze umeteswilad fuZndeba, rogorc dakargul para-dizul yofaze aluzia da saRvTo transcendenturi sivrcis mxatvruli simbolo (bregaZe 2012: 126-127).
amgvarad, sivrcis ageba fridrihis tiloebze imTaviTve
mimarTulia mayureblis mzeris erT wertilSi, am SemTxvevaSi, landSafturi an zeciuri sivrcis siRrmeSi koncentrirebaze
(mageometrizebeli mzera//geometrisierender Blick), rodesac suraTis protagonistis Wvretis aqtis intensivobis safuZvelze xorcieldeba Tavad mayureblis mzeraze zemoqmedeba. Sedegad
mayureblis mzera erT wertilze koncentrirdeba da gaWrilia
ferweruli tilos landSaftur an zeciur sivrceSi. garda amisa, mayureblis mzeraze iZuleba da misi sivrceSi
aprioruli gaWrisa da Tavad sivrcis dinamikuri ganfenis
funqcia amavdroulad akisria ferweruli tilos napirebs, romlebic an oTaxis geometrizebuli sivrciTaa mocemuli (Sdr.
qali fanjarasTan [1822]), anda suraTis kideze gamosaxuli
kldeebis samkuTxa formebiT (Sdr. kirqvis kldeebi kunZul riugenze [1818]) (lankhaiti 1978: 691-692).
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sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi
57
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koka bregaZe
58
mogzauri nislis zRvis winaSe [1818] qali Camavali
mzis winaSe [1818-1820]
eduard hoperis (1882-1967) modernistul ferweraSi ki
ukve mudmivad mocemulia modernizmis epoqis adamianis disocirebuli, darRveuli/ganrRveuli egzistencialuri
viTareba, J. bodriaris analogiiT Tu vityviT, mocemulia
Taviseburi modernistuli mgrZnobeloba gaucxoebis procesi, paradizuli yofierebisa da egzistenciis saboloo
dakargva, egzistencialuri SiSiT Sepyrobiloba, TviTidentobis
vermopoveba, komunikaciis SeuZlebloba da saganTsamyaros ganzomilebebiT saboloo TviTSemosazRvra. yovelive amis
metaforebad hoperis tiloebze mocemulia sicivis, siCumisa da sicarielis toposebi (Sdr. saxli rkinigzasTan [1925], an eqskursia filosofiaSi [1959]) (reneri 2009: 85):
hoperTan asaxulia martooba, aseve martoobisgan mogvrili
saSinelebis gancda. hoperi afiqsirebs adamianebs Soris
arsebul mdumare, amouvseb distancias, gaqvavebul
mdgomareobaSi myof adamians, romelic gamoketilia Tavis
sasrulobaSi, rac maradisobad evlineba mas. [...] misi
subieqturoba am cariel sivrceSi/oTaxSi sakuTar TavTanaa
darCenili da igi am sicarieleSi qreba (Smidi 1999: 19, 25).
eqskursia filosofiaSi [1959]
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sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi
59
amitomac, romantikosebTan da, maT Soris, fridrihis
ferwerul tiloebze dominirebuli dinamikuri da
cxovelmyofeli sivrce, rogorc transcendirebis toposi da transcendenturobis simbolo, hoperis tiloebze ukve
darRveuli da gauqmebulia: hoperis tiloebze sivrce ki ar
ixsneba, aramed igi xSirad CamoWrilia, izRudeba da viwrovdeba, rac simbolurad ganasaxierebs romantizmiseuli
usasrulobis rRvevasa da adamianis empiriul sasrulobaSi apriorul moqcevas. Sesabamisad, es daviwroebuli sivrce arc protagonistSi da arc mayureblSi aRar iwvevs
transcendirebas, aramed aintensivebs modernizmis epoqis adamianis sasrulobaSi saboloo determinebulobas (Sdr.
oTaxi/Senoba, rogorc subieqtis sasrulobisa da
egzistencialuri gamouvalobis toposi fr. kafkas prozaSi, an f. felinis filmSi 8 1/2). SemTxveviTi araa, rom sivrcisaken
miqceuli hoperis protagonistebis mzera mudmivad exleba
gareT myof funqcionalur Senobebs, anu modernizmis epoqis mier motanil konstruqciebs, romlebic abrkoleben
protagonistis mzeras transcendenturobisaken. amitomacaa, rom
hoperTan fridrihiseuli zeca (heaven) ukve gadaqceulia cad (sky) (Sdr. hoperis Semdegi ferweruli tiloebi: saxli rkinigzasTan [1925], kvira dila [1930], oTaxi bruklinSi
[1932], oTaxi zRvis piras [1951], dilis mze [1952], sastumro rkinigzasTan [1952], ofisi patara qalaqSi [1953],
mzis Suqi kafeteriaSi [1958], eqskursia filosfiaSi
[1959]).
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koka bregaZe
60
oTaxi bruklinSi [1932]
sastumro rkinigzasTan [1952]
D literatura
bregaZe 2012: k. bregaZe, zRvis saxismetyveleba kaspar david fridrihis ferweraSi
(gv. 124-143); wignSi: k. bregaZe, germanuli romantizmi, hermenevtikuli cdani, gam-oba meridiani, Tbilisi, 2012.
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sivrcis ageba da daSla romantikul da modernistul mxatvrobaSi
61
vieta 2001: S. Vietta, sthetik der Moderne. Literatur und Bild, Fink, Mnchen, 2001. volfi 2003: N. Wolf, Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840). Der Maler der Stille, Taschen, Kln, 2003. lankhaiti 1978: K. Lankheit, Caspar David Friedrich (S. 683-707); in: Romantik in Deutschland,
hrsg. von R. Brinkmann, Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 1978.KK
novalisi 1977-1988: Novalis: Schriften. Die Werke Friedrich von Hardenbergs, Bd II; hrsg. von
Paul Klukhohn und Richard Samuel. 3., nach den Handschriften ergnzte, erweiterte und verbesserte Auflage in 4 Bdn und 1 Begleitband, Stuttgart, 1977-1988.
reneri 2009: R. Renner, Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Transformation der Wirklickeit, Taschen, Kln,
2009. Smidi 1999: W. Schmid, Philosophie der Lebenskunst. Eine Grundlegung, 4. Aufl., Shurkamp,
Frankfurt/M., 1999.
-
Nnino gogiaSvili
gamrudebuli dro da sivrce mirza gelovanis
omis lirikaSi
meore msoflio omis
totalurad damangreveli rezultati TiTqmis mTelma dedamiwam ganicada,
Tumca yofili sabWoTa kavSirisa da
masSi Semavali saqarTvelos respublikis xalxTaTvis igi did samamulo omad
( ) moinaTla. es termini, sabWoTa kavSiris garda, TiTqmis arc erT qveyanaSi ar
gamoiyeneboda, miuxedavad imisa, rom am
omSi CarTuli iyo bevri maTgani. samSoblosaTvis, stalinisaTvis! -
sabrZolo paTosiTa da safronto
deviziT, uamravi qarTveli Seewira am oms, da maT azrovnebaSi stalini
samSoblosTan asocirda, erovnuli
identobis ganmsazRvreli ki didi da mZle sabWoTa kavSiri gaxda. mirza
gelovani erT-erTi maTgani iyo, visi
fizikuri arsebobac imsxverpla omma, Tumca, sabrZolo sivrceSi moxvedris
Sedegad, poetma dagvitova ara erTi
SesaniSnavi Tematuri leqsi, romlebzedac am naSromSi visaubrebT.
jer kidev Zalian axalgazrda poeti,
arsebuli, mSobliuri - qarTuli
sivrcidan, ruseTis ucxo da vrcel
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gamrudebuli dro da sivrce mirza gelovanis omis lirikaSi
63
miwaze xvdeba: iwva ruseTi usasrulo, farTo, keTili, xvdeboda brZoliT dRis ganaTebas, - wers mirza gelovani da
Cven vfiqrobT, - ratomaa poetisTvis ruseTi keTili? imitom
xom ara, rom samamulo omad saxeldebul omSi, mis gverdiT, masaviT axalgazrda ymawvilebi ixocebian da es erTgvari
Tanaziaroba, usaSvelo tragizmi, wamiT gamkrTali aRmafrena,
gmirobis apologia da gundurad brZolis Jini diadi ideisaTvis TavisSewirvis kaSkaSa iluzias badebs? an da, iqneb,
ver acnobierebda poeti, ra politikuri boroteba imaleboda
ruseTis usasrulo imperiaSi? an, iqneb, marTla sjeroda diadi sabWoTa kavSiris ideis da komunizmis beladebis?
Tumca, is omSi moxvda, sadac ase awuxebs cas gaTeneba da uneburi SiSi mkvlelobis da iq daRupuli yvela mebrZoli
gmiri iyo: am sisxls xsovnisTvis gulze waicxebs, gmirobas
misas ar daiviwyebs ruseTis miwa... swored ruseTis miwaa misi da misi TanamebrZolebis gmirobis mTavari mowme, Semnaxavi da
ukvdavmyofeli, da, albaT, amitomacaa keTili. mirza gelovanis
cxovrebis sivrce gamrudebulia, dro ki - dakonservebuli. swored amitomaa mis leqsebSi ruseTi usasrulo omis dros sasruli ar gaaCnia da poetis WeSmariti, privatuli
droidan sruliad amovardnilia. omis sivrce da dro gardauvalobis simZlavriT izidavs arsebul sivrcesa da dros,
da gravitaciis erTgvar efeqts axdens. arsebuli mocemuloba
gravitaciuli Zalebis niutoniseuli mizidulobis kanoniTa da ainStainis fardobiTobis zogadi TeoriiT aixsneba da mis
principul models imeorebs - msoflio mizidulobis kanoniT
yvela materialuri sxeuli erTmaneTze zemoqmedebs. kerZod, omis stiqia unikaluri gravitaciiT gamoirCeva da izidavs da
amrudebs adamianTa dro-sivrcul veqtors. amis paralelurad,
adamianebi izidaven omebs da masSi eZieben samyaros ganwmendas (omi aris mSvidoba - fridrix nicSe). omis apologia da
gmirobis kulti mirzas Tanatol lado asaTianis poeziaSi,
romelic tuberkulozis gamo ar waiyvanes omSi, ufro mZlavri impulsebiT vlindeba: Tavs ar moiklavs qarTveli, ara! is
SeiZleba brZolaSi mokvdes.... an da - hei, Tqven, aragvelebo,
gaumaZRarno omiTa... da a.S. mirza ki, frontis xazidan, momxibvlel qarTvel qalebze wers da unazesi grZnobiT
aRvsili, aseT dauviwyar saxes qmnis:
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nino gogiaSvili
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bedma ucnobi gziT gamaqana,
Tqven darCiT Sori... cazedac Sori...
da, rogorc kartSi aguris qalebs,
gqondaT qera Tma da yeli brolis.
brtyeli evkliduri sivrcis (omisgareSe, mSvidobiani yofa) sapirispirod axalgazrda poeti xvdeba yovlismomcveli omis
totaluri gravitaciiT gamrudebul sivrceSi - brZolis
qarcecxlSi. poeti ucnob gzaze saubrobs, da ara - ucnob sivrceze. omi, Tavisi gardauvali mizidulobiT, bedi da
sakraluri xdomilebaa, romelic ucxo da uxilav gzebs sTavazobs subieqts. am SemTxvevaSi, dReebi, rogorc qurdebi,
gamrudebul drosa da sivrceSi iparaven lirikuli gmiris
realur dros da anadgureben mis pirobas - dabrunebis. anTebul guls, mxolod tyvia Tu gaaciebs saSineli ganadgurebiT,
sxvanairad am vnebebisa da grZnobebis mospoba ar SeiZleba.
samxreTSi mxrebze dadgmuli da CrdiloeTSi guliT waRebuli Ramec aqaa, omis dro-sivrceSi da yvela sxva dResa
da RamesTan erTad Tavmoyrili, erT mTlianobad qceula,
mTlianobad, romelic omamde iyo, mTlianobad, romelic omSi unda daiSalos namsxvrevebad. aelvebuli Tbilisi mxolod
sadRac, ukanaa darCenili da saSineli brZolebis nislSi
ikargeba. qalaqSi ayvavebuli nuSi ki ganaxlebuli tkivilia, tyviis Wrilobaze saSiSi da mtkivneuli, acdenili drois
utyuari indikatori. swored amitom wers mirza gelovani:
nu mwer, rom baRSi ayvavda nuSi,
rom mTawmindaze ca dawva TiTqos,
rom saqarTvelo am gazafxulSi,
rogorc yovelTvis, waagavs xviTos.
mirza gelovanis diqotomiuri dro usasrulod ganagrZobs
dayofasa da danawevrebas da daRmaval dro-sivrcul qronotopSi avismomaswavlebeli dinamikis ganmsazRvrelad
gvevlineba. dedav, grigalSi gadakarguls wuxiliT micdiT, -
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gamrudebuli dro da sivrce mirza gelovanis omis lirikaSi
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mimarTavs dedas da drois danawevrebisa da sivrcis garRvevis faqtze esaubreba igi - mTawmindisaTvis esoden axlobeli
poeti:
hkiTxeT qars, egeb, man giamboT
Cemi sikvdili
da ucnauri dabadeba Cemi giamboT.
sikvdili, rogorc Savi xvreli, isrutavs da STanTqavs
axalgazrda mirzas fizikur arsebobas da, amasTanave, mis gmirad dabadebas uzrunvelyofs. rogorc fizikosi stiven houkingi
ambobs: Savi xvrelebi arian Cveni meTvalyureobis miRma da es sruliad ar niSnavs, rom radgan Cven maT ver vakontrolebT da
maTSi Cakarguli sagnebi Cveni TvalTaxedvidan uCinardebian,
gamovitanoT daskvna, - Sav xvrelebSi sagnebi ikargebian. sikvdili - Savi xvreli, omis gravitaciiT gamrudebuli sivrcis
ukiduresi gamovlinebaa, - sikvdilis saocar, idumal, intimur
mizidulobas veravin gaurbis da swored sikvdilia is erTgvari gadanacvleba da cvaleba (garda-cvaleba), romelsac mivyavarT
sicocxlis aRiarebamde (Seni Wirime, sikvdilo, sicocxle
Svenobs SeniTa, - vaJa - fSavela). poeti grigalSi gadakargulia (grigali, rogorc mZlavri impulsi da biZgi
omis gravitaciisken) da yvelaferi im erTi saRamodan iwyeba,
rodesac dedas daemSvidoba da frontis xazze aRmoCnda. aRmoCnda da ara wavida, radgan Tavis sivrced da adgilad
poeti Tbilissa da mTawmindas moiazrebs, da wuxiliT, cremliT,
dakarguli bavSvuri RimiliT izniqeba sivrceSi, sadac ar unda moxvedriliyo. mxolod gamarjvebaa is magiuri xdomileba,
romelic mas naZaladevi, Tavsmoxveuli sivrcidan Tavis
sivrceSi daabrunebs. mis leqsebSi mudmivi, gabmuli patiebis Txovnaa qveynisadmi, ojaxisadmi, megobrebisadmi,
Seyvarebulisadmi. danaSauli ardabrunebis miutevebel codvad
awevs da dabruneba mainc mxolod da mxolod misi valia.
ra sastikia, ra satirali, sxvis qveyanaSi pirveli Tovli, - wers svel farajaSi gayinuli poeti da mSobliuri saxli
axsendeba:
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magram omia, dReni wavlian,
me ki ver vigrZnob mSobliur siTbos,
iq, Cvens ezoSi, ZaRli javria
javrobs, ymuis da es me var TiTqos.
ZaRlic rom javriaa, es SemTxveviTi sulac ar aris, radgan sxva leqsSi mirza gelovani wers: me ar mqonia qveynad
bavSvoba, me maqvs ubavSvo biografia, raa bavSvoba, Tu ar
gvanaTebs, raa trfoba, Tu ar gvalamazebs... mocemuli frazebiT dasturdeba, rom poetis mgrZnobiare Sinagani samyaros rRveva
jer kidev bavSvobaSi iwyeba, mxolod - rRveva da ara - gamrudeba, radgan roca morig sikvdils amarcxebs martod
marto, isev yrmoba da am dros gancdili wuTebi ezmaneba. misi
bavSvobis sociokulturuli sivrce SedarebiT myaria, saimedo da naTeli, omis moulodneli agresia ki yvela SesaZlo
momavals axSobs. moval, moviTxov idumal Svelas, Tu gza meyo
da bedi meRirsa, - wers poeti da gzis (sicocxlis) simcireze da bed-iRbalze pedalirebs. bedi, am SemTxvevaSi, Cveul,
mSvidobian, mSobliur garemoSi dabrunebaa, omi ki, Sesabamisad,
ubedoba. swored amitom vfiqrobT, rom omis apologia da brZolis Jini ar aris poetis sulieri rxevebisa da
msoflmxedvelobis ganmsazRvreli faqtori, erTgan wers kidec -
me ar var gmirio... is qartexilebs Sewiruli umanko sulia, romelic dReniadag siyvarulsa da sikeTeze ocnebobs, da, amave
dros, gmiricaa, keTilSobili, mamaci sulierebiT aRvsili
vaJkaci: me, erTi ubralo jariskaci, ar vfiqrob Cemze. me maTze vfiqrob, mWadiT dazrdil Savtuxa biWebze da menaneba maTi
uvaJkacod datovebuli ojaxebi da minda mTeli ZaliT viyviro,
rom daubrunon isini saqarTvelos miwas, daubrunon isini da dae, pirvelma tyviam mimsxverplos me, -wers frontidan
moweril werilSi.
Sen midiodi... gza iyo sisxlis...
da bavSvis Tvalebs ucvlida iers...
sikvdilisagan Sen verra gixsnis,
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gamrudebuli dro da sivrce mirza gelovanis omis lirikaSi
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TviTon sikvdili Tu ara sZlie.
igi 1939 wels gaiwvies meore msoflio omSi. hoda, ai, gamaweses anu nomeri damakres da wamarTves sakuTari gvari da
saxeli, rom Tu vinicobaa... nomriT gamomicnon, - gagzavnes
ucxo miwaze, sadac, roca jariskacebiT savse eSelonebi Camodgebodnen, qarTvelebiT savse vagonebi gugunebdnen: vaime
Cemo, vaime Cemo venaxo... leqsSi es iyo weli... wers, rom
TvaliT sinjavdnen erebs erebi da omis RmerTebs Sexsnes avSara da es iyo weli ocdacxrameti, gadayolili cecxlsa da
demons, roca davkargeT Cven erTmaneTi da damnaSave Cvenve viyaviT. teqstSi aSkarad ikiTxeba, rom is araa satrfosadmi
miZRvnili, aramed avtori saubrobs saxelmwifoebis, erebis,
adamianebis erTmaneTis mimarT mtrobasa da gaucxoebaze, eSmakeul, borotebiT aRsavse zogad atmosferoze, sadac
adamianebi kargaven erTmaneTs da es movlena samaradiso wamebad
qcevia poets. omis dro, SeCerebuli, an ufro zustad - udroo droa, roca gamrudebuli sivrcis ucilobeli atributebia:
sangrebi, Tofebi, tyviebi, tankebi, sisxli, gvamebi... rogorc
kanti ambobs, dro sxva araferia, Tu ara Sinagani grZnobis forma, e.i. Cveni Tavis da Sinagani mdgomareobebis Wvreta,
aqedan gamomdinare, dro CvenSia da misi warmarTvac mxolod Cven
xelgvewifeba. erTi SexedviT, sapirispiros gvimtkicebs qarTuli sityvaTSeTanxmebebi - dro midis da drois
mdinare, romlebic drois TviTnebur, daukiTxav, fatalur
dinamikaze migviTiTeben. an, iqneb, drois mdinareba aqac azrTa mdinarebas Seesatyviseba da misi definiciisas isev SigniT, CvenSi
gvabrunebinebs mzeras? asea Tu ise, omis dro, mirza gelovanTan,
sivrcis gazneqvis ekvivalenturia da rogorc sivrcis meoTxe - srulfasovani ganzomileba, zustad imeorebs mir rxevebsa da
vibracias: guliswamRebad scridnen Rrublebi, grigalic hqroda
guliswamRebad... aseT droSi poeti ukvdavebaze saubrobs: vinc ukvdavebas, rogorc xviTos, qveynad afasebs, dalieT Rvino Cemi
Tasidan da dasZens - dalieT sisxli Cemi Tasidan... graali,
rogorc wminda barZimi, romelic ieso qristem gamoiyena saidumlo serobisas da misi wminda sisxlis wveTebis
saWurWlea, ukvdavebasa da maradiulobasTan asocirdeba. amrigad,
leqsis konotaciuri plani bibliis teqstebSi ikiTxeba da TviTon fraza ki bibliur aluzias warmoadgens. sivrce,
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bibliuri droidan omis dromde, TiTqos ikumSeba da yvela meorexarisxovan movlenasa da nivTs avtomaturad
ugulebelyofs; rCeba ieso, wminda graali da avtori. am
universaluri samkuTxedidan ikiTxeba mxolod erTgvari azri: leqsis interteqsi bibliaa da masSi mocemuli ukvdavebis idea
poetTan Semdegi lozungiT transformirdeba: u