18 th century movement movement europe thinkers apply reason and scientific methods to all aspects...
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1818THTH Century Century
movementmovementEuropeEuropeThinkers apply reason and Thinkers apply reason and scientific methods to all scientific methods to all aspects of societyaspects of society
The PhilosophesThe PhilosophesHeight of Enlightenment in Height of Enlightenment in
FranceFranceMet in Paris to discuss ideasMet in Paris to discuss ideasBelieved people could apply Believed people could apply
reason to all aspects of lifereason to all aspects of life
Philosophes cont.Philosophes cont.Five concepts of core beliefs:Five concepts of core beliefs:
ReasonReasonNatureNatureHappinessHappinessProgressProgressLibertyLiberty
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes Absolute monarchy was bestAbsolute monarchy was best Human beings are naturally:Human beings are naturally:
ViolentViolent DisorderlyDisorderly
Without absolute monarch = chaosWithout absolute monarch = chaos 1651 1651 LeviathanLeviathan
Form social contractForm social contract Give up freedoms to be protected and live Give up freedoms to be protected and live
peacefullypeacefully
No right to rebelNo right to rebel
John LockeJohn Locke
John LockeJohn Locke Government based on social contractGovernment based on social contract Human beings are naturally:Human beings are naturally:
ReasonableReasonable MoralMoral
All people have All people have natural rightsnatural rights LifeLife LibertyLiberty PropertyProperty
Locke cont.Locke cont.
Government created to Government created to protect natural rightsprotect natural rights
People had right to People had right to overthrowoverthrow
VoltaireVoltaire
VoltaireVoltaire French writerFrench writer Fought for:Fought for:
ToleranceTolerance ReasonReason Freedom of religionFreedom of religion Freedom of speechFreedom of speech
Made many enemiesMade many enemies Sent to jail & later exiled to England for two Sent to jail & later exiled to England for two
yearsyears
MontesquieuMontesquieu
MontesquieuMontesquieu
French writer – political libertyFrench writer – political liberty Proposed separation of Proposed separation of
powers amongst branches of powers amongst branches of governmentgovernmentKeep individuals or groups Keep individuals or groups
from becoming too powerfulfrom becoming too powerful
RousseauRousseau
RousseauRousseau Passionate about individual Passionate about individual
freedomsfreedoms Believed society corrupted Believed society corrupted
people’s natural goodnesspeople’s natural goodness Believed only good government Believed only good government
was freely formed from the “will of was freely formed from the “will of the people”the people”
Rousseau cont.Rousseau cont.
Social contract Social contract Free individuals to create Free individuals to create society and governmentsociety and government
All people equal All people equal titles titles of nobility abolishedof nobility abolished
BeccariaBeccaria
BeccariaBeccaria Italian philosopheItalian philosophe Laws existed to preserve social Laws existed to preserve social
orderorder Argued for rights of the accusedArgued for rights of the accused Believed capital punishment Believed capital punishment
should be abolishedshould be abolished
Adam SmithAdam Smith
Adam SmithAdam Smith Father of EconomicsFather of Economics
If individuals free to pursue If individuals free to pursue own economic self interests own economic self interests society benefits society benefits
Adam SmithAdam Smith Laissez – Faire EconomicsLaissez – Faire Economics
Government should leave the Government should leave the economy ALONEeconomy ALONE
3 roles of government3 roles of government1.1. Protect state from invasionProtect state from invasion
2.2. Defend citizens from injusticesDefend citizens from injustices
3.3. Keep up public works (i.e. roads, Keep up public works (i.e. roads, canals)canals)
Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft
Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft Philosophes held traditional view Philosophes held traditional view
toward womentoward women Mary argued that women need Mary argued that women need
educationeducation Urged women to enter fields Urged women to enter fields
dominated by men dominated by men MedicineMedicine PoliticsPolitics
LegacyLegacy
Inspired French and American Inspired French and American RevolutionsRevolutions
Three long-term effectsThree long-term effects1.1. Belief in progressBelief in progress
2.2. Rise of more secular outlookRise of more secular outlook
3.3. Rise of individualismRise of individualism