........................................................................................................... 5 1. .............................................................................. 7 1.1. ..................................................................................................7 1.2. .................................................................................9 1 .........................................................................10 2. ..........................................................................................11 2.1. .....................................................................................11 2.2. .....................................................................13 2.3. ...............................................................28 2...................................................................................................35 3. ................................................................36 3.1. ......................................................................................36 3.2. ..............................................................................46 3.3. ....................................................................................49 3.4. WDM..............................................................53 3.5. .........................................................................................57 3.6. ............................................59 3.7. .........................61 3...................................................................................................72 4. .....................................73 4.1. ...............................................................73 4.2. ....................................................................78 4.3. ..................................................................86 4.4. EDFA.........................................................................92 4...................................................................................................94 5. ......................................................................................96 5.1. ..........................................................................................96 5.2. ............................................................. 104 5.3. OSI........................................................................................ 113 5................................................................................................. 115 6. FDDI.......................................................................................................... 116 6.1. .............................................................................................. 117 6.2. FDDI .......................................................................... 118 6.3. .................................................................................... 120 6.4. ................................................................ 125 6.5. PMD.................................................................... 129 6.6. PHY....................................................................................................... 133 6.7. MAC...................................................................................................... 140 6.8. SMT ............................................................................................. 145 6.9. FDDI ...................................................................................... 147 6................................................................................................. 151 7. Ethernet/Fast Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet ................................................ 153 7.1. Ethernet...................................................................................................... 154 7.2. Ethernet .................................................................... 163 7.3. Ethernet.................... 171 7.4. Fast Ethernet .............................................................................................. 175 7.5. Fast Ethernet ............ 179 7.6. Ethernet .......................................................................................... 182 7.7. Gigabit Ethernet ( IEEE 802.3z 802.3ab) ................................... 183 7.8. Ethernet ........................................................ 191 7................................................................................................. 197 - 3 8. ........................................................................... 199 8.1. .................................................................. 199 8.2. ........................................................... 200 8.3. EDFA......................................................... 205 8.4. WDM/TDM..................................................................................... 212 8.5. ................................................................................... 214 8.6. ........................................................................................ 221 8.7. .................................................... 222 8.8. AON .............................................................................. 225 8.9. AON .............................................................................. 231 8.10. AON.............................................................................................. 233 8.11. AON.................................................. 235 8................................................................................................. 237 9. ................................................................................. 239 9.1. ............................................................ 239 9.2. HFC............................................................................................................244 9.3. Homeworx........................................................................... 247 9.4. DV6000................................... 254 9................................................................................................. 256 .................................................................. 258 ............................................................................................. 262 4.. -.-.- . -, World WideWeb, . - , , - Internet. -, "-" Internet,,-., Internet - 8 [1]. , -, . . -- . -,. , ., , . -, . --., -,- -. - , , . - () 20 , .. - (SDH).-Ethernet,FDDI,FastEthernet, Gigabit Ethernet, ATM. , - , -,- . - - HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax). - - , , , , .,:IBM,Lucent Technologies, Nortel, Corning, Alcoa Fujikura, Siemens, Pirelli -. DWDM(DenseWavelengthDivision Multiplexing), -, TrueWave(LucentTechnologies),SMF-LSLEAF(Corning), DWDM. 1996,AT&T,FujitsuNTT , -55DWDM,20/, 1,1 /c [2]. - 5 - , , -. , - . Internet . , -:ADCTelecommunication,Corning,DiConFiberoptics,Ericsson,FOCAS,FOCI,LucentTech-nologies, Molex, NBase Communication, Packet Engines, Scientific Atlanta, Seiko Instruments (Op-ticalFiberComponetsDevision),SVEC.- .. .. , .. , . Corning .. , - . . 6.. 1. 1.1. -(), , - " ". - , --.- - , , , - , . - . -, . 1014[3]. . . . - -0,2-0,31,55. 100 [4]. - , .. ,- , -(,..).- , . .-() .-,900-7,5,- 0,1 . "" ,1,5, [5, 6] . , , -.()- , , - "" . , - ( -,)-, [7]. - , , .-- . . ."-",, ,,- - 7 , . , . . - . - -,, . .,- , , , -. 2:5. .- . 4000 ( ) 10 / [8]. . . -,.,-,- , 25 . - / - . . . . , , - . - , . -, - , - . - . . - . .- , - -, -, . . , - . -, . - , . .?- . , , 1 (109 /2) [9]. , , , - 125 1 . , -. , , , , . , - , (kevlar1). -, . - . 1 Kevlar E.I. du Pont de Nemours. Kev-lar , . 8.. - -, , - . - ,,.1.1. ,(),,,-,..,,-- () . -,- . . .- , -, . . 1.1. "-" 1.2. (-)(). "" "" . - LED ILD. .- . . .-p-i-n,-. , , - , . - . ,- . , , -.- , . -, , -..- , . - - 9 , -. - . -., . , , . , ., ,,- . , -,.,, . 1. , , , , -.- .- . 2. , - . -(4-8)., -- . -(). ( , ) 2-10 . () . (,)-. . 1 1. P. E. Green. "Optical Networking Update", IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications,vol. 14, no. 5, June 1996, pp. 764779 2. A. W. Pollack. "Speed Record: One Trillion Bits a Second", D2 The New York Times, March, 1-st, 1996 3. - : / .. , .. ,. . .: , 1994. 160 c.4. M. Mariani. - . 2000- , . 76-80. . 1-2, .: "", 1994. 112 .5. . . . : / . .: "", 1996. 84 . 6. - : / . . . . .: , 1996. 200 c. 7. J. Hecht. Understanding Fiber Optics, Sams Publishing, 1993. 477 p. 8. X. Li. "Soliton-Based Optic Fiber Systems", WPI EE535 Telecommunications and Transmission Technologies Course Homepage, April, 1996, http://bugs.wpi.edu:8080/EE535/hwk96/hwk5cd96/li/li.html9. W. Hioki. Telecommunications, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 1995. 501 p. 10.. 2. 2.1. , - , -.:MMF (multi mode fiber) SMF (single mode fiber). (step index multi mode fiber) (graded index multi mode fiber). (step in-dex single mode fiber) SF (standard fiber), DSF(dispersion-shiftedsinglemodefiber), NZDSF (non-zero dispersion-shifted single mode fiber) . 2.1. . , -,. -. , . . - . (. 2.1 , ), -,,. , , -, . ,,-, .-. (. 2.1): 50/125 (. 2.1 ); 62,5/125 (. 2.1 ); SF(- ) 8-10/125 (. 2.1 ); DSF 8-10/125 (. 2.1 ); NZDSF ( - ). 2.1. MMF 50/125 MMF 62,5/125 SF (NDSF) DSF NZDSF (Ethernet, Fast/Gigabit Ethernet,FDDI, ATM) (Ethernet, Fast/Gigabit Ethernet,FDDI, ATM) (Ethernet, Fast/Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI, ATM), SDH) - , - (SDH, ATM) , - (SDH,ATM), - - 11 125 50 50/125125 62,5 62,5/125125 85 85/125240 140 200 200/240100 100/140125 8 125 8 ) ) ) (SF)) (DSF NZDSF) . 2.1. 800 1600 : 850, 1310 1550 , . 2.8 [1]. - . (50/125 62,5/125) - 50 62,5 , . 12.. . 850 1310 . (SF) 8-10 . ( ) ( ). 1310 1550 . - -. - 1310 , . .0,3-0,4 /, 0,2-0,25 / 1550 . CF > CF > (DSF) , - , - 1550 . -,.2.1., , -. 100., 1550 . 0 NZDSF DSF - , (-) "",- . -, (EDFA). EDFA 1530-1560 . NZDSF, DSF, , - . , : SF -1310,DSF1550, NZDSF1530-1560.,,- 1530-1560 - SF. -SF,NZDSF, .-(,),-(,,-, ). 2.2. ,,-,:;; . - 13 . .,- , . 2.2. n1 n2 - , . , -, :( )212221n 2 n n = .(2-1) , . - n1 n1eff. - , : ,(2-2) 2 2 1 1 sin n sin n = 1, , 2, . 1n12n2 ( - ), - ( = const). . 2.2 -. ( n >), , ( =900). : 1n1 2nC2) n n ( arcsin 1 2 C = .(2-3) (2), , . - ( 1), . ,,-.,- .C2An1nRn2 1 1 2 2 2 . 2.2. 14.. . , , NA. - , - , : A.(23) A sin NA =- - . -, : A = = 2 n n n NA12221.(2-5) 2221n ) r ( n ) r ( NA = , 0 -. , (2-10), , 2 n ) 0 ( n NA2221 eff = ,(2-6) .) 0 ( n1 . , -,V, = NA d V ,(2-7) .d . . , . E / H n m (Enm Hnm). n(-),m().- : (E0m H0m), -,()(EnmHnm), . , -Ez,EHnm,-Hz,HEnm.-,,E0mH0m , Enm Hnm [10]. , . ,, .-:V ( I0(x), [1, 2]). HE11.,..2.2 , (2-7). 405 , 2 Lc ,-.- 2 . - . -,,- . , , - . W - [1]: = 44 , 0 W .(2-16) . , - . W ( ) -1.-, . , . --- . . - : ) ( M Ldn dcL ) L , ( 212mat = = .(2-17) [1]:) ( N L c n 2 L ) L , (21 w = = ,(2-18) - , () - . ./(). , -) ( M N ) ( + ) ( N ) ) = ( M ( D - 23 , . - , ( 1310 10 -)M()B(),- . , , - 0. , - 0 . ) ( D (Corning . - 1 . (800-1600 MMF, 1200-1600 SF DSF) - , - ( 2 ). , , - , . (Sellmeier,[4]):. A, B, C,, , . 2.10. : 2 2C B A ) ( + + = ) ( ( ) ( ) 4 S C B 2 ) ( D3 40 03 = = = , (2-19) )4 10B C = , S - ( /(2), , - . B 80 =D D800 1000 1300 1400 1200 1200 1400 1400 1600 1600-5 -500005050 100-50-50-100-100 -15051015 5 (/) (/) () () D800 1000 1200 1400 1600-50050100-50-100-15051015 (/) (/ ) (/ ) (/ ) () . . .a) ) ) . 2.10. : ) (62,5/125);) (SF);) (DSF) , + + = ln C B A ) (( )0 0 0ln S ln C C B ) ( D = + + = = , (2-19) ( )CB10e+ = 0 0C S = , , - , . 00S-, . -- = ) ( D ) (chr 24.. ,( 2), ..2.4 . 2.4. - , , / , /() , , 44 , 0 W =/ /( )2) ( D 2mod2 + = mod ) ( D = 2 = 4 = 35 MMF850414 1)99,6 3)958766125 50/12513104141,0106210621050 155041419,210581044540 MMF850973 2)106,7 4)441414114 62,5/12513109734,2452452450 155097317,3451450384 SF13100< 1,8 5)> 120000 610006900 8/1251550017,5126006300720 DSF1310021,2 6)104005200594 8/12515500< 1,7> 120000650007400 1) (2-14), =0,013, n1=1,472) (2-14), =0,02, n1=1,463) (2-19), 0=12971316 , S00,101 /(2) 4) (2-19), 0=13221354 , S00,097 /(2) 5) (2-19), 0=1301,51321,5 , S00,092 /(2) 6) (2-19), 0=15351565 , S00,085 /(2) , Corning. , - / , -.- . 2.4. 2.1. Ethernet . 10Base-FL20.-=35(850) 50/125125431, 20 . , , 4 - . - , 3 /, -. Ethernet10Base-FL2-(62,5/125,-),- Ethernet ( = 50 ).2.2.FDDI. FDDI PMD 4B/5B 125 . = 35 (1310 ) 62,5/125 -450,2225,125 , , , 2 , FDDI PMD . ( 62,5/125) , 1310 (450 - 25 = 35 , 452 = 2 ), - . , -1310-. 2.3. Fast Ethernet . -100Base-FXFDDI4B/5B 125 .=2(1310) 8/125 120000 - 100 1200 , 125 . , -, 100 , -.25 0,4 / 62,5 . , 1550 . 25, 0,25 /, 100 . = 2 (1310 ) 8/125 - 12600 . 100 126 , FastEthernet.. =2, DSF. -(SF), , = 1 . 2.4. ATM 622 /c (STM-4) . -ATM622/c8B/10B, 778.=0,1(1550) 8/125252000 (12600 x 20)1002520, 778 . , , = 0,1 (1550 ) 100 , . 2.5. - 100 -DSF.=0,1(1550) DSF8/1252400(20x120000 ) 20 120 , -100.,,20 .- 100/, . . - pmd1 ( ), pmd Lpmd = 2pmd. (2-13).- ,- ( 2,4 /c ) 0,1 . - . pmd, . - , , -,.2.11. 26.. ,- , . 2.11 . PMD ) ) . 2.11. [11] , 2 - , , -. , . (>2,4 /) - - . pmdpmd-(), . . 2.6. L , , - D = 2 /(), = 0,5 /0 chrpmd , - 0,05 .= L Dhr = L Tpmd = , (20D T L = ) =25 . - L , , -, . -(>100/c)-. 0L >0L L 500 ASE, - SF , 1, 2, 4, 8 2,4-20 / >500 ASE, - DSF, 1-(. )2,4 />500 ASE, - ,4-wave mixing NZDSF 0 EDFA , 1, 2, 4, 8 2,4-20 / >500 ASE, - ) 10 /c () - EDFA SF 110 /50-70 SF - + * , 110 /120-140 DSF , 110 /120-149 NZDSF , EDFA 0, 110 /120-149 ( ) SF - + * , , 1, 2, 4 10, 20, 40 / >300 ASE, - DSF , 1-(. )10 />300 ASE, - , 4-wave mixingNZDSF , EDFA 0, 1, 2, 4 10, 20, 40 / >300 ASE, SPM, * , -. : , , , , ASE (amplified spontane-ous emission), 4-wave mixing , SPM - (self-phase modulation) 34.. 2 1.- : / . . , . . , . . .: , 1994. 160 c.2.. , . . , .: , 1973. 832 . (. 777-781) 3.J. Hecht. Understanding Fiber Optics, Sams Publishing, 1993. 477 p. 4.Corning Optical Fiber Information Center, Engineering Handbook, 1994 1995 5.EIA/TIA-455-80 (FOTP-80). Cutoff Wavelength of Uncabled Single-Mode Fiber By Transmitted Power, Method B 6.EIA/TIA-455-170 (FOTP-170). Cable Cutoff Wavelength of Single-Mode Fiber By Transmitted Power, Method B, Configuration 2 7.W. Hioki. Telecommunications, Second edition, Prentice Hall, 1995. 501 p.8.J. Hudgings, J. Nee. "WDM All-Optical Networks", 1996,http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jnee/ee228a/ 9.All-Optical Networking Consortium WDM Slide Presentation, 1996, http://www.ll.mit.edu/aon/WDMSlide3B.html 10.- : / . . , . . , . . . .: , 1993. 264 c. 11.What is PMD? Understanding Polarization Mode Dispersion, Corning TPD Library,1994-1998, http://pro.corningfiber.com/library/nv1072.html 12.EIA/TIA-455-A. Standard Test Procedures for Fiber Optic Fibers, Cables, Transducers, Sensors, Connecting and Terminating Devices, and other Fiber Optic Components (A series of fiber optic test procedures, EIA-455-1 through EIA-455-190.), (ANSI/EIA/TIA-455-A-91) (Aug., 1991) 13.T. Fuerst. "Optical Layer Planning Requires Flexibility", Lightwave, October 1997. pp. 50-51 14.TrueWave Single-Mode Optical Fiber, Lucent Technologies, 1997, http://www.lucent.com15.Corning SMF-LS CPC6 Single-Mode Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fiber, Product Information, 2/1995; Corning LEAF CPC6 Single-Mode Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fiber, Product Information, 2/1998 16.M. A. McDonald. "Conventional Single-Mode Optical Fiber and Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fiber Designed to be Different", Corning TPD, Library-UTC, 199517.G. F. Wildeman, C. Weinstein. Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fibers Adapt to Network Capacity and Data Rate Changes (R1052), Corning, 1997, http://pro.corningfiber.com/library/ - 35 3. ,, ,,,, , , .., , - - . --.-,,-,, - . - . , -- .:- ( ) , , . . .,-,.(-,connectors)/.- . 3.1. [1]. -. 3.1.-:-, . 3.1 . - , . , -.--,.,- , - . - . .: (coupling), . 3.1 . (ferrule). , -- , . 3.1 . - . 2,5 . -().-, , , . 126 +1/0 127 +2/0 . -(,124,125,126, 127 ) . , ,. ( ), ( -).-. : -,,, ,,- . 36.. 45))1191 3 28 7 10 69 8 10) : 1 ; 2 -; 3 ;4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 (); 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 . 3.1. : ) ; ) ;) ( )D - in outP P D =inPinP, - [], - . . , ( ). .-.(-), 0,3 0,5 . : . ain outP / P lg 10 D lg 10 a = =outoutPP, ( ), -,,,-/. . , . , . ,. , - . --- ( ) ( )22 1 2 1 Fn n n n 4 lg 10 a + =1NA [], - ( ). . , , , , , - 1n2n2NA( )21 2 NANA NA lg 10 = a[]. . , , 2NA1< NA(1 2D D lg 10 = )21DDa[], , . - . 1D2D2D < - 37 62,5/12550/125.-5062,5-.- . - - 50 . 50/125 62,5/125,( ).62,5/12550/125, (25 , 62 50 ) , 1,94 . .,-(50), (62,5). ,,- 62,5/125, ANSI/TIA/EIA-568A [2]. , -.,FDDI (PMD), Fast Ethernet (100Base-FX) 112., 3/,0,5,- 62,5 50 , 2,5 , (2 ). . ( 16 ) , . , ,.-:(,- L, S); ; - , . 3.2. 1 2NA = 0,2NA = 0,2NA = 0,5NA = 0,5NA = 0,15NA = 0,153 40,501,01,5 () () ))0,5 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,410234 L/D ())LDD0,5 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,410234 S/D ()DS1 8 1500,51.0 () ()) . 3.2. [3]: ) ; ) ; ) ; ) - 38.. , L S - (. 3.2 , , ) [1, 4]: |.|\| =NA arcsin21 lg 10 a[], (3-1) (( =DL 41 lg 10 aL [], (3-2) ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]20 Sn / NA arcsin tg ) D / S ( 2 1 1 lg 10 a + =[], (3-3) NA , D , L -, S , , - . 0n,,-(), , (. 3.2 ). . - ,, -, . 3.3. -- : ( ) ( ) +=nS 2 sin n n n n 4n n 4D222 212 212 21F.(3-4) Sn n n1 1PPPin outr. 3.3. , , . ( ) ( )2 21 1 F Fn n n n 2 lg 10 D lg 10 + = =na[], (1,5), , -,.3.3.( n =1)- 0,35 . , -, , . 1n 0,3-0,4 . , , . PC, Super PC, Ultra PC, APC ,- . , , ,, .-, , . ,-,. ,(1 ) , - , , , -.,- - . - 39 . R in rP P R =10 b =, [], .( ), .- ( 0 ) ( ) -. bin rP / P lg 10 R lg =rP,, S ( ) . - ( ) ( )( ) ( ) + =nS 2 sin n n n n 4nS 2 sin n nR222 212 21222 21F, (3-5) (), (. 3.3). - . , , - . - . , , 1nSn1 D RF F= +( ) ( ) (21n n lg n []. 11. S , . ., ., ,,..3.1 . 5 , 1 = n10 , 1 n =)2 21 F Fn 10 R lg 10 b + = = 3.1. (n1=1,5; n=1,0; . 3.3) S/ , DF , aF, , RF , bF, 0,2500,852070,695240,147938,3 0,1000,943410,252980,0565912,5 0,0500,983690,071410,0163117,9 0,0200,997280,011830,0027225,7 0,0100,999320,002970,0006831,6 0,0050,999830,000740,0001737,7 0,0020,999970,000120,0000345,6 0,0010,999990,000030,0000151,6 S( S 10000000> 10000000> 10000000 , < 80< 80< 80 : AMP, DiCon, Fibertron, JSD Fitel, Molex, NetOptics. --. . , . , , , .. , ,.- . 3.20.) ). 3.20. : ) 10 ( NK Cables); ) 3 ( " ") PLP [21], Lucent Technologies, Sie-mens, NK Cables (Nokia) [22]. 3.7. ( ) , , -,-( ). . - . - 61 , /,- . :;- , - (pig-tail-); . , , ,.3.21. . pig-tail- pig-tail-. Pig-tail - , . - , . 3.21 . , ,,- . -.- (-, -). - ( ), . 3.21 . -.,- , . Pig-tail , - ))) - . 3.21. : ) -; ) pig-tail-; ) - 62.. -,., . , . . (), ()- . ., -, - (-) . ,- . , - , . - : ; - . () , -,- . , - -, . - pig-tail-. ADCTelecommunications,AMP, Optronics, Telect, AT&T, . ,:"-"," ", " ".:, , . () , . 3.22. pig-tail-.-(..3.2.-),.Pig-tail ,.-pig-tail-().Pig-tail- , . 123456 7 891011 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 -; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 pig-tail-;10 pig-tail-; 11 . 3.22. - 63 SC mm SC mm, FC sm, SC sm. - . , - , , - . , -,..3.23 . . 3.23. ()19. ,- . . -. . 3.24 . . 3.24 -, -. - . . 3.24 , -.-,, - . . )) . 3.24. : ) 24- --;)72-, 64.. , . 3.25. - , , - , , . - , , . , - . , . , - , . . 3.25. ()- . -,. . . SFET, ADC Telecom-munications [23]. ( x x ), 91,4 x 81,3 x 33,2 , 11,3 /, 14 (7+7) / 14 (7+7) , 144 ( )SC, FC, ST, D4 SFET -.- . () -(>100) .-, -.: (120-500) () ( >500). . - 65 . 3.10 - . 3.10. 0 88 1616 32 32 120120 500 >500 , , , :; ; ; -:3M;ADCTelecommunications;LucentTechnologies; Molex; Nortel; Reltec; Siecor; Telect. - . - , SDH/ATM. , . ,. , " " "all-optical networks". - :(intercon-nect) - (cross-connect). () , -,,, . 3.26 . , -, . . , - . , , , - , . , -,,-., . ,-, .-(),,- , - , , . (-) , . 3.26 . 66.. - .-- : 1. ; 2.(),- , - (, ); 3.- . ) ) - . 3.26. - ,-, ,,- , - . , . . , - , . - , - -,. ,, ,.--, , . 3.27. - 67 Pig-tail - . 3.27. - -. . :, ;;; . , . , -,. , -.,- 5 . , , , , . . , . 3.28. 1. ( 1). 2. - 1. 3. . 4. - ( 3). 5. - 3. 6. . 7. , - ( 2, 3). (logistics) , - , () , .. ,- . -.- , , .. ,- . - , - 68.. - .876543218765432187654321 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 . 3.28. , - . -FiberBaseTMADCTelecommunications[24]OSPInSightAd-vanced Fiber Optics [25]. -. ,,--., ? . 3.11 ADC Telecom-munications:-F3DF, FMDF. - 69 3.11. ADC [26, 27] F3DF FMDFH x W x D (3) 214 x 58 /77* ( ) x 30 214 x 66 x 61 SC, Angled SC, FC, Angled FC. D4, ST, Duplex SC, MIC (FDDI) SC, Angled SC, FC, Angled FC 576** (8 x 72 ./)864 (12 FTB*** x 72 ./) 17282592 - 860 ( VAM) 1x2, 1x3, 1x4, 1x5, 1x6, ( SC PC, FC PC, SC, 80 Angled SC, FC, 80 Angled FC, ST, 80 Angled ST) 1x2, 1x3, 1x4, 1x5, 1x6 ( SC PC, FC PC, SC, 80 Angled SC, FC, 80 Angled FC) * 58 77 . ** , , ( ) . *** FTB (fiber terminal bloc) -. FMDF F3DF (60 - 8) . F3DF , ,., 8- () - 5 . FMDF , 6 , . . 3.29. FMDF FTB 72 70.. - . 3.30. . 3.30. . 1, 2, 3. , , , - 4. ,5.- 6, - 7. - - 6 8 . . 1. 2.-3,- . - 71 3 1.- : / . . ,.. , .. . .: , 1993. 264 c. 2.ANSI/TIA/EIA-568A. Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard, October. 1995 3.Warren Hioki. Telecommunications, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 1995. 501 p. 4.J. Hecht. Understanding Fiber Optics, Sams Publishing, 1993. 477 p. 5.N. Suzuki, "PC Polishing Techniques", Seiko OFC Section Teiln-NR, 1996 (pp.1-4) 6.M. Vukovic. "Analyze Connector Parameters to Realize High Performance", LIGHTWAVE, July, 1996 (pp. 50-56)7. . " ", -, 1997, http://www.peterlink.ru/ads/pt8.- . 1-98 "-", M, 1998, http://www.vimcom.ru9.Single Fiber Fusion Splicing, AN103, Corning Inc., 1994. 15 p.10.W.T. Morris. V-Groove and mass splicing send manufacturers 'back to school' to develop fibers that meet the challenges of these technologies, Geometry 101: Studding Fiber's Parameters, Corning Inc., 1998, http://pro.corningfiber.com/library/r152.html 11.Frameworx - Value-Added Connector Module System, ADC Telecommunications, 891 7/1994. 28 p. 12.Fiber Optic Products Catalog, Amphenol, March, 1998,http://www.amphenol-fiberoptics.com 13.DiCon Fiberoptics Inc., 1997, http://www.diconfiberoptics.com 14.FOCI Fiber Optic Communications, Inc., 1996/1997, http://www.foci.com.tw/96catal1.html 15.Lucent Technologies, 1998, http://www.lucent.com 16.Active and Passive Fiber Optic Components, Fiber Optic Product Catalog, Molex, 1998, http://www.molex.com/product/fiber/fiber.html 17.Nortel: Info Center Complete WDM Component Solutions, Feb, 1997, http://www.nortel.com/home/press/1997a/2_18_9797053WDM.html 18.WDM cross-connect system, Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd, 1996, http://bugs.wpi.edu:8080/EE535/hwk96/hwk5cd96/luke/luke.html 19.FiberPlex, Inc., 1997, http://www.fiberplex.com 20.Optical Isolator Products, Catalog, Shinkosha Co., Ltd., 1996. 21.Fiber Optic Products, PLP Product Overview, 1997, http://www.preformed.com/PROD/prod.html 22. - . NK Cables, 1997. 55 . 23.Outside Plant Secure Fiber Entrance Terminal (SFET), ADC Telecommunications, User Manual, 1994, http://www.adc.com 24.FiberBaseTM Fiber Network Management Software, ADC Telecommunications, 1997, http://www.adc.com/Products/fiberbase/10p-AD.html 25.OSP InSight, Advance Fiber Optics, 1997, http://www.advancefiber.com/ospmain.html26.Fiber Cable Management Products, Second edition, Catalog, ADC Telecommunications, 1996, http://www.adc.com 27.Fiber Main Distribution Frame, Catalog, ADC Telecommunications, 1996, http://www.adc.com 72.. 4. 4.1. (),- , . - . -,,. , - -. . -, , : . -, : 850, 1300, 1550 ; - ; , , - ; , , , - ; ; . , -,(LED) (LD). ., ,.4.1[1,2].- . , , , 0,1-0,4 ( ) = 30- ( ) =50 1- ( ) =3~1 ) ) ) . 4.1. - 73 , - , . ,. 4.2 .- () - (p- n-) p-n - , . () () gEgE 24 , 1 = , . 4.2 . - , ,, . n- p- pn0,1-0,2 )Eg ) . 4.2. : ) ;) -. GaAs InP. - , . 4.1. , -, , . 05 , 0 4.1. , [2] - , gE - , Ga(1x)AlxAsGaAs2,02...1,42610...870 In(1x)GaxAsy P(1y) InP0,951100...1700 In0,73Ga0,27As0,58 P0,42 InP0,951310 In0,58Ga0,42As0,9 P0,1InP0,801550 -. , . , , , - -., 74.. (1-2)30-50 , . 4.1. - -. , . - , , - , . 4.3. thresI ,I 12Ithres . 4.3. - :1 - ; 2 - (outputpower). . ,(103 ),().-.,- , -.(outputpowerrange).-, 19/14 , = 19 , = 14 . outPminoutPout outP lg 10 p =outpoutpmax1,31,55. 1,55 , (L 100 ) - . - , 1,3 ( ). 1,55 - SMF 17 /. -, .. 2.4(2), =4 100 63 , = 0,2 - 1260 . , 1,55 -(DSF),(SMF), . :- -; ; ; . -(FP,Fabry-Perot).-, ., 100%, , , , - . . 4.1 - -. , , -,. .- - 75 ., , D -, N -.,, . , 1 . - , -.FP , , , , , - -. = N D 25 , 0 , , , - , FP , ( 10 1-2 ). -,, - [2]. (DFB) (DBR).--,-.DFB (. 4.4 ), DBR - (. 4.4 ). .,DFBDBR- FP : ,100-.T FP 0,5-1 /oC, DFB 0,07-0,09 /oC. DFB DBR , , - . (EC).EC , , , . . 4.4 ) -EC.- , - 30% . -,,. . , -, , 30 . , EC - - [3]. DFB DBR . : - ; . . , - , . 0,10,9 . , .. - , . - , , 0,1 0,9 , , - 0,9 0,1. -rise fall 76.. ,-0,10,9,. 200 , ( ). W. , ( ), - (2-8):. rise/ 35 , 0 W = ))) . 4.4. : ) , DFB ; ) , DBR ; ) , EC . - , , -, . . -. , , - . , - , -, 50000 (5-8 ). . (housing), - : , -. .-,.- . - , , . 4.5, [4]. - 77 .:EpitaxxInc., EricssonComponentsAb,FujitsuMicroelectronicsInc.,HamamatsuCorp.,Hewlett-Packard, Hitachi,LasertronInc.,LaserDiodeInc.,NECElectronicsInc.,OKISemiconductors,OptekTech-nology Inc., Optical Communication Product Inc., Ortel Corp., Siemens Corp. . [5]. . 4.5. () 4.2. () - . , -, . . : , ; , , ; , . . -, , - . -, , - . -. .4.6()() .-.- . - - , - . . , 0 1, , , . . 78.. -- )) . 4.6. (): ) ; ) - [6]. . . . . - - , .- .(),- , . , , - . , , , -. , 0,5 . - . , . , - . -, , -,-(-).- - - , .- . p-n,.,, p-i-n , , . p-i-n , - i- ( n-) p+- n+-(+),.4.7.i- , . p-i-n Uo ( ). , (- ) i-. i-, , i- . i-, - . - - 79 -,.-i-,p+-n+- , . -p+-n+-, , .+ +- - - , - i- i- p -+p -+n -+n -+p-U UUoUo) ) . 4.7. , : ) p-i-n ; ) . , , . 4.2. () -~80-100%.---. - , 2 1n2n n , i- . 1n4 4.2. , [4] , 400-1000 600-1600 GaAs800-1000 InGaAs1000-1700 InGaAsP*1100-1600 * 80.. , , ., ,,. ,, , , , - . : ; ; ;;;-/;-;;; ; . ()(/) phS) ( P I Sph ph =, , , . - . phI ) ( P ()ph eN N = eN, , , -(-). p-i-n1(100%). . 4.8. phN =hceSph,e(1,601019 ),, (6,631034 ),(3,00108 1). h=24 , 1phS . . 4.8 . -p-i-n0,5-0,8 /, 20-60 / (. 4.3). S , - . ph0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 () (%) 20406080100SiGeInGaAsPInGaAs . 4.8. [4] - 81 () -.,- , . ,, (. 4.3). , . dI :p-i-n snI ( )2 1d snB eI 2 I = ,e, ,B(); Ijn, dI( )2 1jnR KTB 4 I = ,(1,381023 1),T (), B , R (), [7]. , nI ( )2 12jn2sn nI I I + = . () .,,- 0,1 0,9 ( 0,9 0,1) , -.,, -,. ().- . , 0,707 .risefallrise -, . -(. 4.3).-p-i-n.-p-i-n-. . 4.3. , / , , p-i-n (InGaAs)0,80,1-30,01-5 p-i-n (Si)0,5100,1-5 (InGaAs)20-60300,3 (Ge)20-604000,3-1 (Si)18252500 (), . ,/ , , . -,-. , nPnPph nS / I =nIPnB . /1/2 . , 2 , R= 5108 , S = 0,5 /, B =1 , -ph 82.. = 2,51014 A, = 5,61015 A, = 2,61014 A, = 5,11014 . snIjnIPnInP) 602,, ,, ,,,, .,, . -,. ,: . /.-/.- / -50-60,30. /, , . -., / , . , , . nnPmin _ . , ,-01,BER. -. , . 4.9. -5 BER 1012103. BER, - / , . ,-,BER 109. BER-1012.BER -, BER. ,-BER-, . . - .(/) ( 10 25 501010101010-12-10-8-6-4-38 -36 -34 -3 -30. 4.9. . , - . , - , . - , "" , -,. , , , - 83 . ,BER . - .,-\.- - . , . rU (O). , . ,, .,. 4.10 . , - 1 . , 600 , -, >600 . , --, , . 4.10 . 8-10oC. ()40050060070080090010001100-0,4-0,200,20,40,60,81,01,2/ (%)( T=1 C) o 10 50101001000 ( )100 ( ) )) . 4.10. :) 1OC ;) (. ). , . . () - , . p+-i-n+, -p-(p+-i-p-n+),. 4.7 .-,,,-p-.i---., . i- p- - p-. p-,, 84.. (). .-, p-i-n.M ( ) ( )nbU U 1 1 M = ,U , Ub , -(breakdown) 100 , ,n 3 6, . 4.11. 12202005505001010010000,5 0,9 0,7 1,1 0,6 1,0 0,8 , M (U/U )b . 4.11. -,- . -, M, ( M2,1).- -M, 30 100. --p-i-n- -. ,- ,-. ,,., :,, , , . . 1-10 , . p-i-n0,60,8/, , . -.. . -. . . , , - , . , - . / - ( ) . , , - , , - . . , , - . - - . . - 85 , -. , -(0),, (1). -.- , , ., . ,-,,, . . -. , , 1 . - , . - "" . - (jitter, ). -., . , . - ,- SDH. SDH -,(-).SDH (masterclock), .. : Epitaxx Inc., Hamamatsu Corp.,Hewlett-Packard,Hitachi,HoneywellInc.,LasertronInc.,LaserDiodeInc.,NECElectronics Inc., OKI Semiconductors, Optek Technology Inc., Optical Communication Product Inc., Ortel Corp., Siemens Corp., Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Toshiba . [5]. 4.3. , -. - -.-, ., ,()-, -. -: . - , , - .(-) , , , , . 4.12 . -.,, . . 86.. , -,. 4.6 .. , , -,-. , , -. "" , . (),,- , , . 4.12 . - . , . , - . -)) . 4.12. : ) - ;) . 4.4..-,, ,,., , , . , , - . , . ., . . . ,(WDM) ,. , , -. , .-,(mm) - 87 (sm).. FDDI (100 /) [8, 9], ATM (155 /), ATM (622 /) [10] sm/mm . 4.4. , , 850, 1300, 1550 1530-1560 , , - , -., . , . . 4.5 [4]. 4.5. 1 - ( )2 , 3 , 4 5 1.-.-. ( 25 ) (1,5 ), (800 ) . , ( 20 5 ). , - , WDM .2.,.-, , , , - .1f2f, .- , 1,5 . 1f2f 88.. 3.,.- , -. ,( , ,WDM. . )1 2f f 4. (). -,,[11,12]. , . - 4 , . 4.13. , , . 4.13. , ., . , - , , - ( 9 ). - , - . , , ..,( ) 4-8 . , . .,- . - (- ), . . , . . -,- . . 4.14 , . - - 89 ,. , . 6x61 20 1300 1 1325 20 1300 1305 1310 1315 1320 1325 . 4.14. . ( ) 5. . ,- [13, 14, 15]. . 4.15 . - (1) (2), ,, (3), , . , (4). - . -(5),,- . (6) .,- . - , . - (7) (8) (9). (10) . (4) (5) (1) (8) (3) (6) (6) (9) (7) (2) (10) . 4.15. 90.. , - -,.4.16.. ( A) -(B).- B - C. - C , A C, - . , , . -, . ,-,-.-EDFA. - , , , - [16]. EDFA 1530 1560 , CAh , 980 . A C BhCA. 4.16. 1300 ,-. . , . -, 1 (30 ), 1 (0 ), 30 . -,.-, 1 20 , 13 . . 4.17 , K EDFA .K . . ( 1530 1560 ) - -.- . , -, .1 Pin= - 91 1530 1520 1525 () ,1 70 1 K, ()05101520253035401535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 . 4.17. EDFA ( Corning), . 4.18. , , - .1530 () , , ()-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505101535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 . 4.18. EDFA4.4. EDFA EDFA -:,-[14]. . EDFA -WDM . (--)- 1530 1560 . ,- , . 4.19. 92.. EDFA- , / - . - EDFA.-1550, , 40. -(- ) -,-3 . DWDM - - . . 4.20 - 16- STM-16 (2,5 /).,-/ (SNR), , 1540 , SNR . ,DWDM , - (, 1545 ) SNR, ( 1540 ) SNR. 1530 () , , ()-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505101535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 - . 4.19. , - , 1530-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505101535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1530 () , () , , () , ()-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505101535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560) ). 4.20. ( ) - DWDM : ) (- 1540 ); ) - - 93 ,EDFA ,-EDFA.()- 1530 1542 , - . -,,- , , , . , -, DWDM . - SNR . , - . ., . , SNR STM-64(10/)6,STM-16(2,5/). , STM-64. ,, [17, 18]. - EDFA , , - . - ., , 1530-1542 , DWDM .. 4.20 , DWDM . -SNR. , . - EDFA ( ) , 1480 . , 980 , EDFA, -EDFA, , . - , . -, - EDFA, , - . 4 1. - : / . . , . . ,. . .: , 1994. 160 c.2. - : / . . ,. . , . . . .: , 1993. 264 c. 3. K. Vilhelmsson. Continuously Tunable External-Cavity Semiconductor Laser, Radians Innova AB, Box 14194, S 400 20 Goteborg, Sweden, 1996. 2 p., http://www.radians.se/laser/extprin.html 4. J. Hecht. Understanding Fiber Optics, Sams Publishing, 1993. 477 p. 5. Ronald Shamus. "Optoelectonic Components", EE535 Homework 5, 1996, http://bugs.wpi.edu:8080/EE535/hwk96/hwk5cd96/rshamus/rshamus.html 6. F. Halsall. Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems, Addison-Wesley, 1996. 907 p. 7. The Johnson-Nyquist Formula, 1998, http://www.tip.csiro.au/~fgreen/jnyq2.html 94.. 8. A. Mills. Understanding FDDI: A 100 Mbps Solutions for Todays Corporate LANs, Prentice Hall, 1995. 277 p. 9. FDDI Multimode to Singlemode Converter N320FD. Catalog NBase, 1996, http://www.nbase.com 10. ATM Multimode to Singlemode Converter N420ATM. Catalog NBase, 1996, http://www.nbase.com 11. Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, May 1995, http://www-phys.llnl.gov/H_Div/photonics/SOA.html 12. Semiconductor and Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFA), Australian Photonics CRC, 1998, http://www.vislab.usyd.edu.au/vislab/photonics/ 13. Optoelectronics in Japan and the United States. JTEC/WTEC, Feb. 1996, http://itri.loyola.edu/opto/toc.htm 14. T. Fuerst. "Today's Optical Amplifiers Enable Tomorrow's Optical Layer", Lightwave, July 1997. (pp. 47-48) 15. T. Fuerst. "Optical Layer Planning Requires Flexibility", Lightwave, October 1997. (pp. 50-51) 16. P. Myslinski, D. Nguyen, J. Chrostowski. "Effect of Concentration and Clusters in Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifiers", paper WP3, Conference on Optical Fibre Communications, OFC'95, San Diego, CA, Feb.Mar.,199517. S. B. Alexander. "WDM Network Operation Calls for Close Control of Parameters", Lightwave, June, 1997. (pp. 27-32) 18. K. M. Kissa, D. J. Fritz. "AOTFs Route Traffic in WDM Networks", Lightwave, June 1996. (pp. 64-66) - 95 5. 5.1. . -.,- , , . () -. : 1FDM: , .2TDM: ,-,- -,.TDM-(-( -) -,, -,-, . .5.1FDMTDM.,- (, , , ) - , MUX,, DEMUX. - , -. FDM (.5.1) ,,, ., , , . --, 6,5 . ( 860 ) . FDMWDM, - . 1,3 (230 ) 1,6 (188 ). - 1530-1560 . (-) . , . . 5.1 -nn 1 . 2 . 96.. - 12- TDM. - 1 -, 2 .. - n W ,W . -. . .) , FDM) , TDM 1 12234567891011 12 1 1 7 7 2 2 8 8 3 3 9 9 4 4 10 10 5 5 11 11 6 6 12 12 12 - () . 5.1. , - n W . . , -,,. . , . 8 n . -. - . , , -, , . - . ( - , ) - 97 . . -. -: "-", , . 5.2. - ."-" """ " . 5.2. MUX . 5.3. "TDM" .- , "", - " ", . 5.3. - . - , . " " SDH, Token Ring, DQDB, FDDI. -, (drop-add-pass), . 5.4: 1."Drop & Add" ( ). -(), . , , - 98.. . , TDM , , Ethernet Token Ring. -.2."Drop & Pass" ( ). - " ". -. - -. 3."PassOnly"(). ,, ( -), .4."Terminate & Add" ( ). - , -. -, . () " ". 5."Drop Only" ( ). " ". 6."Terminate"(). "".- , , - ( -), . Drop & Add1 2 3 4 5 6Drop & Pass Pass Only Drop Only Terminate & Add Terminate . 5.4. , --. , - TDM-. -OptimuxRAD. . 5.5, . 5.1 . E1 E1E1 E1E1 E1E1 E1 . 5.5. - Optimux RAD Data Communications -, -,:ADCTelecommunicationsQuadFiberLoop Converter, 4xE1 [2]; Pan Dacom FME-H, 6xE1 [3]) - 99 5.1. -- Optimux RAD Data Communications [1] - - , / 8 ( E2) (mm) / - (sm), (LED -, LD ) 850 mm LED /1300 sm LED / 1300 sm LD / 1550 sm LD ST, SC FC , 75 E1 4 - ITU G.703, G.742, G.823, G.956 , - ( - ) , ASCII SNMP TDMMagnumPlusADCKentrox.- , . . 5.2. ,MagnumPlus TDM, -,,. TDM . TDM - . - SDH, SDH . 5.2. MagnumPlus [4] -, , , / 155 ( STM-1) (mm)/ (sm) 1300 : mm, 12 / mm, 20 / sm, 20 / sm, 30 1550 : sm, 20 - 28 In/Out 8 ( -) -, /4,7 - Ethernet, Token Ring, EIA RS-449/RS-422, V.35, RS-232, RS-530, E1/T1, IBM 3270, AS/400, Sys-tem/3X ( - ) , SNMP , - In/Out - - 100.. MagnumPlus, . 5.6:(IN/OUT). ,, EthernetSwitch(AUI,BNC,F/O),TokenRing416/(DB9),E1 (G.703); .48VDC,110VAC,220VAC. ;.,- SNMP ; .--(155 /) (DS3, 45 /). IN/OUT () 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 . 5.6. MagnumPlus ADC Kentrox TDM NBase-Fibronics (Multi-HUB) [5] Racal Data Group (PremNet 5000, PremNet Branch) [6]. SDH 8. () , , - . - -., , -.,-,- , -,-. , .-- , - -., , -, , , , - . TDM , ,,,-., , . , . - 101 - . c X.25, Frame Relay ATM. .5.3 . , - . 5.3. TDM TDM TDM - , , - - - , - . - TDM TDM - , . - - - 5.1. . .4--,. 5.7[7].()4- 300 /, 8- -""""."" "", - , 10 -. .-, 300 /. 600 /.,- 4- . , -, -. , . . 5.7 120 /, 150 /, 120 /, 90 /. - 480 /. -80%(1620).80% -,- 8 10- -, 480 / ( 64% = - x ). 102.. .5.7 -.100%- -. -, 8 + 2 ( )SMUX24132132 231421431 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 38- + "" "" 300 / 600 / 1200 /3 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 = 80% = 80% = 64% = 36% = 100% = 36%)) . 5.7. () () n -, -, -, . , -.,384 / 64/, ., ( ) - , 64 /. - -,- . . 5.8. IMUXIDEMUXn . 5.8. - 103 . ( 1000 ) -.-(EDFA),. , (. 2), .,. , . 10/100 /. 2.5 ( 2) 100 20 . - , -, . 5.9 [8].,, - . - () . 40 MUX DEMUX EDFAWDM (MUX) 100 /c 100 /c40 2,5 /124040 WDM (DEMUX)40 2,5 /12401 2 40, , . . . ,1 2 40, , . . . ,1310 , 1550 1310 , 1550 . 5.9. 100 / 40 2,5 / 5.2. 3 -.-,,, . , -.- , . 5.10. 3 , . 104.. .5.11 . -: [9, 10]. , -,,, ,.- , ISDN. - ( ). ().,-, .2573614BACEDF- - . 5.10. (ATM)Frame Relay . 5.11. -.- . ,- . 5.10. 1. . -.AE. ,, . , A 4 E.A-4, - 105 .4, 6. ,4, 5, ( TDM FDM) . A 4 5. 4, . 5 4 -6, 4. 6 E. - , , E, . 2. . , . (,) (,). ,.,:A-4, 4,4-5,5, 5-6, 6 6-E. , - , , - . 3.. , . 4, 5, 6, . ,. , , , -. , - . . -, . 100%. -,, ., .,,- , . -,- . -,-.,-,., 50%.- , - . - , . 1. (, -) .- . , . 2. -. - ,- . . ,(). . 106.. - , , . 5.12. ( ) . 5.12. , , , .,,,- () . - . . 5.13 . -(,)(). /, ,,. , . , , -- . ,."-",. . 1., ., , , , , . -,,-,- . -, . 2. ., . 3. , -, -. . -,, . 4.. ,,,, . , . , . .-, , -. - 107 , : -. , , . 5.13. 123123123)))))123123 . 5.13. , . .- . . - . , , , , . , , -. . , , - . 108.. . , - , . 5.14. -,- . . , - . . , , . , , - . , ,(, ) .123123123)))))123123 . 5.14. . ,- - 109 . , , - , , . , --. , - , , . , , 4 6 (. 5.14) 6 , 6 4 -., ""., E -A,, A. - , , . . . - . , ,"" ,,.- - . . ,, . ISDN -.-, . - , . - , , , -, . -, . - . -. . . , , , - . ISDN. ISDN , . ISDN: -(BRI)(PRI).BRI(144 /) B64/cD- 16 / (2B+D). PRI 1 (1,544 /) E1 (2,048 /), 23 30 B , , , D-64/(23B+D30B+D). B-, . , - D . ()ISDN: , ? , -,ISDN-826., , . -,- 110.. . ISDN. ,-, . ISDN , .ISDN, , , , , , -. X.25 ,,-,, . , - , X.25.X.25 .X.25 , - , . . X.25 (ITU-T),,-, . -. X.25 -, , -, . - . . , . X.25. , 64 /. ,( ) .,,- , . Frame Relay , -., , . , , , - X.25. ,- , . - -. Frame Relay ,-. Frame Relay , X.25. Frame Relay - . - . , - . - 111 - 64 /, Frame Relay 2 /. - Frame Relay , . Frame Relay -,SNA,X.25., FrameRelay. , , : 1500 . - , FrameRelay-- . , - . (-,,),""-.,- Frame Relay , . Frame Relay, , , , , - ATM. Cell Relay , ATM, - 20 ., . , Frame Relay ,CellRelay, ,-.ATM, . Frame Relay -2/c,ATM /. c - . . - . X.25, .- , -,. ,, . , - , [11]. ,..- , . . (X.25)- - . -,.5.15 . , , , - HDLC, (- ), , . 112.. 2a132112b2a112a1132b321321321321322b12b32a) (X.25)) (Frame Relay)) (B-ISDN) . 5.15. . -,.FrameRelay . , . . 5.15 . B-ISDN(ATM)- . . - , , . 5.15 . 5.3. OSI . -. . - , . -, -, . , . - . - , -. -., . : ; , ; . - 113 ,-(Open Systems Interconnection/Reference Model), OSI (). 1977 . ISO CCITT (- ITU-T) - , . 5.4 [12]. 5.4. OSI (layer) 1 (Physical), ( ; ; - -; , RJ-45, AUI, DB-9, MIC, ST, SC; ; - ..). 2 (Data Link). (),--.Me-dium Access Control (MAC) Logical Link Control (LLC) . MAC - (Arcnet, Token Ring, FDDI, 100VG AnyLAN) (EthernetIEEE802.3).LLC -. 3 (Network) (),,IPX,TCP/IP ., . 4 (Transport) ,. . 5(Session) (),,.. ,. ,-, (). 6 (Presentation) , , . : , , . 7(Application) OSI.: , FTP, ., . IEEE 802 , OSI (- ) IEEE 8802 ( IEEE 802). -.- MAC ( ) . -, LLC ( ) 3, 4 .. - . .5.16IEEE802., FDDI, , , , OSI/IEEE 802. 114.. IEEE 802.3 Ethernet IEEE 802.4 Token Bus IEEE 802.5 Token Ring IEEE 802.6 DQDB ANSI/ISO 9314 FDDI IEEE 802.11 CSMA, polling c ( )IEEE 802.12 VG AnyLAN IEEE 802.2 :- , ;- ;- , . . 5.16. IEEE 802 : ,- ; -, (, -) . 5 1.Optimux-4E1, Four E1 Channel Multiplexer, RAD Data Communications, 1997http://www.rad.com/products/family/opt_4e1/opt_4e1.html 2.E1 Quad Fibre Loop Converter and Universal Mounting Chassis Ordering Information, ADC Telecommunication QFLC, 1997, http://www.adc.com/Products/FLC_products/E1Quad_specs.html 3.The Fiber Optic Multiplexer FME-H: Up To 6 x E1/T1 Over Fiber, Pan Dacom, 1997, http://www.pandacom.com/news/tele_p/telecom.html 4.MagnumPlus and Magnum100 Broadband Access Multiplexors, ADC Kentrox, 1998, http://www.kentrox.com/products/index.html 5.MultiHUB Multifunctional intelligent hub supporting Ethernet, Token Ring, and real-time protocols, Fibronics,1996, http://www.fibronics.co.il/fib96/multihub/mhinfo.html 6.PremNet Branch The Power of PremNet in a Smaller Package, Racal Data Group, 1997, http://products.rdl.co.uk/nlines1/21f6_1be.htm 7.E. B. Carne. Telecommunications Primer Signals, Building Blocks and Networks, Pren-tice Hall PRT, 1995. 596 p.8.All-Optical Networking Consortium, WDM Description, 1996, http://www.ll.mit.edu/aon/aonWDM.html 9.M. De Prycker. Asynchronous Transfer Mode: Solution for Broadband ISDN, New York: Ellis Horwood, 1993 10.W.Stallings.Local&MetropolitanAreaNetworks,PrenticeHall,UpperSaddleRiver,New Jersey 07458, 1997. 605 p. 11.M. De Prycker, R. Peschi, T. Van Landegem. "B-ISDN and the OSI Protocol Reference Model", IEEE Network, March, 1993, pp. 10-18 12.F. Halsall. Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems, Addison-Wesley, 1996. 907 p. - 115 6. FDDI FDDI(FiberDistributedDataInterface),,,-,,,-- 100 /. FDDI - X3T9.5 (ANSI) 80- . FDDI - , .--,FDDI ,-,- [1, 2, 3]. FDDI - : 100 /; , , ..; , . FDDI Token Ring, -.FDDITokenRing. , , .- FDDI IEEE 802.5 Token Ring [4]: Token Ring , , , - . FDDI (); FDDI,TokenRing . . 6.1 FDDI. 6.1. FDDI 100 / 4500 500 2 ( ) 20 * ( ) 100 ( UTP Cat.5) 100 ( IBM Type 1) 200 () 100 ** ( FDDI) (, -), (UTP Cat.5, IBM Type 1) * 50 . ** ( WRAP) 200 . 116.. 6.1. FDDI- (),-,.6.1.. - . , (primary). - . FDDI, . , ,-. (secondary) -,- . FDDI FDDI) ) . 6.1. FDDI: ) ; ) (WRAP) - , (, , -),, , , . 6.1 . WRAP, "" . -,- ( , /). .-,FDDI . . FDDI , - , . . FDDI ., (token). , , -. ,, ,.6.2,-. FDDI (upstream neighbor) (downstreamneighbor),- . - . 4500 , . , , . - , , ,THT(tokenholdingtime) - 117 (. 6.2 ). THT - () , . 6.2 . - , , - . ) ) ) ) ) ) - . 6.2. ., MAC , -,.6.2. ,-,(), (, IP),(.6.2),- : , - .,,, . - , , , -(.6.2),,,, . , . . -FDDI95%. ,Ethernet()- 30% . FDDI,, . 6.7. 6.2. FDDI FDDI,-, . 6.3. 118.. , FDDI 802.2 (LLC), IEEE 802.2, ISO 8802.2. FDDI LLC, - - . FDDIIEEE 802.2 MAC- - - PHY- /- - PMD / SMF-PMD / TP-PMD- - SMT- - - - SMT . 6.3. FDDI (1988)( ANSI / ISO FDDI . 6.2): PMD(physicalmediumdependent).-(-)(-1300),(2 ),,(optical bypass switches), .PHY (physical) . - MAC- PMD, -.: 4B/5B; ; - 125 ; . MAC (media access control) . -:(, );,(-,32-- ); . SMT(stationmanagement).-:c PHY, PMD MAC; ; ; (- ). - 119 (1993-1994 .) PMD , , 1: SMF-PMD (Single Mode Fiber PMD) , - .TP-PMD(TwistedPairPMD).ANSI1994-FDDITP-PMD. 5(UTPCat.5)RJ-45(CDDI FDDI),(STPIBMType1) DB-9 (SDDI). - 100 . 6.2. ANSI/ISO FDDI [5] FDDI ANSI / ISO MMF-PMDISO 9314-3:1990 / ANSI X3.166:1990 PMDSMF-PMDANSI X3.184:1990 TP-PMD ANSI X3T9.5 TBD:1994 PHYISO 9314-1:1989 / ANSI X3.148:1988 ISO 9314-2:1989 /ANSI X3.139:1987 SMT ANSI X3T9.5/84-49:1992, rev 7.3 6.3. FDDI : (,);;- [1, 6]. FDDI -. - - FDDI . , -. FDDI: DAS (dual attachment station) . ( A B) FDDI-.DAS- FDDI DAS . SAS(singleattachmentstation). ( -) S FDDI FDDI-. DA(dualattachmentconcentrator).- A B, M, -.M-- . SAC(singleattachmentconcentrator). S M. SAC - . NAC(nullattachmentconcentrator). M-. FDDI: A, B, M S . 1 , , MMF-PMD. 120.. , , PI/SO (primary in/ secondary out) DAS - DAC , , -. FDDI.B,,PO/SI(primaryout/secon-daryin) DASDAC, , . FDDI. M master, , PI/PO (primary in/ primary out)FDDI(NAC,DAC,SAC). M- . DAS, DAC ( , -DualHomingAB),- SAS SAC, -S.FDDI, . S slave, PI/PO SAS SAC. SAS SAC - c . , - . . 6.3. A B DAS DAC . 6.4, S M . 6.5. 6.3. FDDI ABSM AV, NVV, NVP BVV, NV, NVP SV, NV, NVV MVVVX : V X N SMT VP ,,(,DualHoming). MAC., (-),MAC-, MAC-. MAC, , , . FDDI, , MAC-. MAC- , , , .. (),MAC-,SM(single MAC) , , MAC-, DM (dual MAC) -.MAC-,. DAS DAC MAC-, - . - 200 /. , - 100 / MAC- . , , Dual MAC . - 121 6.4. A B ( DAS DAC) - A-B B-A . "peer" -, - THRU. A-M B-M , Dual-Homing. , - A-M B-M. "tree" . THRU -.A-S B-S , . , ( WRAP). - "peer". A-A B-B , . - . , SMT . "peer". A-M B-A FDDI. . B-A (- "peer") A M- . , ( WRAP) B-. , B-A, A-M. , - Dual Homing, , . A "tree". 6.5. S M - S-M M-S "". - "tree". S-S ( - ), SAS. - "peer".M-M , " ", FDDI. . "none". S-A S-B , , ( ). (A B) M- (.. ), , - ( ) , , - . - ..6.4 . ""MAC.FDDI, , , -, TTRT. , , -(SAS,M-) . . SAS MAC(rovingMAC), 122.. MAC-.MAC-,MAC-, M- - [6]. M-DAC,rovingMAC, ,,SSAC, , , . Roving MAC (- ) - . roving MAC , , . FDDI MAC. - FDDI . FDDI FDDI "-". "-" -. , , ,., , "-". , , - . . ,. (, ), , -. FDDI , . : -, -;;;; - Dual Homing. -, . 6.4 . , - FDDI SAS. , - , , . ,.6.4."-" (DAS), (),-,.6.4. ,, . , . . ( ) , , . 6.1 . -,. ()-.- , . - DAS - (. . 6.4), - . , -,DAS,. , - FDDI . - 123 : SSMACMACSAS) A A APIPIPISOSOSOB B BPOPOPOSISISIDAS DAS DASMAC MAC MAC)M M M MS SS SNACMACMAC MACMAC MAC) AS SM MM M M MS SPISOBPOSIM M M MA A B BPISOPOSIPISOPOSI SDACSAC DASMAC MACMAC MACMAC MACMAC MAC)))S SM MM M M MSS SSNACSAC)MAC MACMACMAC MACMACMAC . 6.4. FDDI , . 6.4 . FDDI NAC,, FDDI(backplane).M-SAS,DAS .DAS(A/B)M- ,M- Dual Homing. , . 6.4 . - (NAC) (. 6.4 ). (SAS DAS) / - (SAC DAC). FDDI FDDI. :, ;-, -; . 124.. , . 6.4 . - , , (DAC). DAS. -"-"DASDAC.-FDDI,, . SAC DAC, SAS DAS, .. ,- FDDI. - , - .- . DualHoming,.6.4.FDDI , DAS ( - DAC), , - A B M- FDDI. -, , Dual Homing. B,DAS (DAC).A ,, B . , , , , , , . .6.4. SAS M- , -,. SMT M-, - , . 6.4 . , - , , . DAS DAC, , -,,WRAP. ,. , . 6.5. -OBS(opticalbypassswitch), ( )(). DAS (DAC) -.-,, PHY . ) ) FDDI . 6.5. - 125 OBS - FDDI. OBS (. 6.6). A B A BOBSDAS DAC / . 6.6. (OBS) . 6.7. 5 . -(). ,OBS, : ( (. 6.7)() (. 6.7 ), . - AMP tmax < 10 [7]; FDDI. - 10 150 . -,( 1 / ( 1300 ) -OBSFDDIPMD OBS 2,5 ), , . - , - - (. 6.7 ). , - 2-3 , , , ( ) . c OBS. : 2 , -OBS,4(). , ( ) - 11 , 1 /, - 0,3 , : 126.. , , 3,03,5 1,22,8 OBS ( AMP)1,12,1 5,38,4 4,7 (115,3)2,6 (118,4) STx PRx SRx PTx- PRx (primary receive) - STx (secondary transmit) - PTx (primary transmit) - SRx (secondaryreceive) - STx PRx SRx PTxA B) ))NormalDAC/DASNormalDAC/DASBypassDAC/DASBypassDAC/DASBypassDAC/DAS PI SO PI SO SI PO SI PODAS/DAC . 6.7. : ) ; ) ; ) OBS OBS -:- , . - , , - . -- . , - 127 .,, ,. - . - , - . -(). (. 6.8). - .1,OBS-,. 2, - . In InOut OutTx TxRx Rx ( ) ( )1 2:In - OBS FDDIOut - OBS FDDITx - OBS Rx - OBS, . 6.8. OBS, ( AMP [7]) AMP OBS DiCon [8], Molex [9], NetOptics [10]. .--- OBS. - ( 3-4 OBS) , NetOptics, . 6.9. OBS, : 1280-1650 1,3 () 2,5 () +5 V (DC) 50 0 C + 50 C. OBS NetOptics . 6.9. . 6.9. OBS FDDI ( NetOptics [10]) 128.. 6.5. PMD FDDI PMD PHY - . - , PMD PHY (. 6.3). PMD : , , . MMF-PMD, SMF-PMD TP-PMD ,,-, . PMD ( PMD) -,:-,- , , . - PMD . 6.6. FDDIMMF-PMDSMF-PMD --,: , ( ), ( ) , . 6.6. FDDI - 62,5/125 .50/125.- PMD. - 1300 . PMD31. 2,5.1010. - 2 , 1012. - FDDI PMD : 14 ; 20 ; 14 ; 31 ; 11 ; 2,5 . SMF-PMD-,MMF-PMD, (31).MMF-PMD SMF-PMD, 1300 . TP-PMD ,. . TP-PMD STP 1 2 ( ), UTP 5 (4 ). , . EIA/TIA, UL NEMA. 1 2 -,,RS232. ( 5): 3:10/c(100),- Ethernet (10 /); 4:16/c(100), - Token Ring 16 /, Ethernet; - 129 5: 155 /c ( 100 ), - ATM (155 /), FDDI, - Token Ring, Ethernet. PMD ,FDDI,, . (signal detect). - PMD. PMD Signal_Detect- . PHY, Line State Detect (. 6.10) [6]. PMD PHY Signal_Detect, 43,5 , 45 . -,1,5 45 . , , . -, -.,- , PMD PHY - Signal_Detect [1]. 6.6. MMF-PMD, SMF-PMD TP-PMD PMD PMD MMF-PMDSMF-PMDTP-PMD ,, , 62,5/125, 50/125 , , 8/125 12/125 - STP IBM Type 1/2 - UTP . 5 MIC mm Duplex SC mm 2 x ST mm MIC sm Duplex SC sm 2 x ST sm DB-9RG-45 , * 2 20 (50) 0,1 0,1 , 13001300 (1550) , , 11 , 36, , 10** * . - . , , 0,5-0,7/, - , . - FDDI . , FDDI -, NBase-Fibronics, - , PMD.** - . , , - 10 , , MIC-. 130.. Signal_DetectPHYPMD . 6.10. PMD ANSIFDDI- - . MIC,-FDDI (.6.11).,, . MIC, . , , - . MIC , PMD, . 6.12. AABBSMMS A S B ( , , , ) A B S M . 6.11. MIC . 6.12. MIC- FDDI ST, FC (-,SMF-PMD)DuplexSC( ,, PMD SMF-PMD). - MIC Duplex SC. , Duplex SC -., -. Duplex SC , , , . FDDI , .6.13.() . - 131 . ( ) ., , Fast Ethernet ATM, . ABSSSMMMSACSACSACDACFDDI mmsm FDDI 1 2 3 4 A B . 6.13. FDDI (MMF-PMD,SMF-PMDTP-PMD)-.- . - :(); ;;- ; ; - -. . ,-,:;- . .STPIBMType1 UTP cat.5, . . -,-., .. ,.- FDDI-, - . 132.. 6.6. PHY PHY (physical layer protocol ) -(.6.3), . , , PHY. , PHY: - ; MAC , FDDI; ,- ; ,- ; ,,-; , . FDDI PHY . - [1, 11].. . , , . , -, . -.-., - . , , .. , . , , - . PHY, MAC PMD. PHY - PMD MAC, . 6.14. FDDI:4B/5BNRZI- [12]. 4B/5B. FDDI - , Token Ring Ethernet, -(),. 6.15.,200, 100 /. FDDI 4/5 , 4 5- ,.6.7.,100/ 4/5B 125 (125 ). , 4B/5B (4 ), (5).,-.,,- . - 133 4B/5B + NRZI NRZI,,. MMF, SMF TPMMF, SMF TP ( MAC) ( MAC)PHYPHYPMDPMD 4B/5B . 6.14. 4B/5B NRZI PHY 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 . 6.15. , Ethernet Token Ring NRZI.4B/5B ,,NRZI.- ( -), , . 6.16. -,, ( ) . NRZI, , . -, 0, - , . ( , ), NRZI., , , - . 4B/5B, , ,-, . 4B/5B , - . ,.-, , , ( 0, 1). , -,NRZI, , , . . 134.. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1NRZ NRZI(125 )NRZI4B/5B 4B/5B NRZ 4B/5B NRZI . 6.16. 4B/5B, NRZ NRZI . . 6.7 5- , -FDDI.32 5 , - 25 . 4 [12]: (3) Q, I, H. (PHY). - PHY . I (Idle) . (4): J, K, L, T. L - FDDI FDDI-II. (2) R, S. (16). - . 32 (. . 4.1) . , 9000. .FDDI,, . (baseline wander) , - - . +1 1, -.FDDI4B/5B NRZ/NRZI , -0.10%. -. . -,-,.- (line states).().6.8.,-NRZI-. ILS62,5.4:QLS,MLS,HLSILS.- ALS NLS , - , . - 135 6.7. FDDI 0000000QQUIET 3111111IIDLE" 0400100HHALT" 2411000J 1710001K" 0500101L" 1301101T 0700111RRESET 2511001SSET" 30111100 0000 (0)09010011" 0001 (1) 20101002" 0010 (2) 21101013" 0011 (3) 10010104" 0100 (4) 11010115" 0101 (5) 14011106" 0110 (6) 15011117" 0111 (7) 18100108" 1000 (8) 19100119" 1001 (9) 2210110A" 1010 (10A) 2310111B" 1011 (11B) 2611010C" 1100 (12C) 2711011D" 1101 (13D) 2811100E" 1110 (14E) 2911101F" 1111 (15F) 0100001VVIOLATION* 0200010VVIOLATION" 0300011VVIOLATION" 0600110VVIOLATION" 0801000VVIOLATION" 1201100VVIOLATION" 1610000VVIOLATION" * VIOLATION () , , ( , ), . 4B/5B+NRZI- UTP .5 - - . , - 136.. IBM12SDDI.FDDITP-PMD, , - UTP .5. TP-PMD , - Fast Ethernet (100Base-TX) . 6.8. NRZI QLS (quiet line state) , 16 17 Q (Quiet) (0 ) MLS(master line state) , 8 9 H-Q (Halt Quiet) - 10 (6,25 ) HLS(halt line state) 16 17 H (Halt) - 10 (12,5 ) ILS(idle line state) , 16 17 I (Idle) , , , 10 (62,5 ) ALS(active line state) ALS , - -, - NLS(noise line state) - , Violation -, - UTP .5 (100 ), -NRZ/NRZI, MLT-3. - (),, . MLT-3,. . , -, , , . 6.17.4B/5B + NRZIMLT-3UTP ( MAC) ( MAC)PHY TP-PMD 4B/5B + NRZIUTPMLT-3 . 6.17. TP-PMD - 137 MLT-3. TP-PMD FDDI - (+1, 0, 1). NRZI , , 1. , - -:-,1,,- , 1 . , - . 4 ,4, 31,25 ( 125 ), . 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1NRZI MLT-3(125 ) . 6.18. MLT-3 . MLT-3 -,.-,, , , 100 /c. - . NRZI MLT-3. -4B/5B,(-),.6.19.-.,- , - . FDDI - (ILS, MLS, QLS, HLS), -."".- "-" 11- . , - .9 11x x +10 11 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 . 6.19. 138.. -,,,,-,. . , - , , . .. PHY : (. 6.14). , - , . , , -.,, , . - ( ) ,. - , FIFO (first in, first out , ). 0,005%.- 4B/5B. 9000 (4500 x 2, 5- ) 45000 - 10 (45000 x 0,00005 x 2 x 2 = 9, 1 ), 2 - 0,01%, 2 - , .10, 1250,08.,- , , , , 1 [13]. , , , ,, . - . (),, . ( , -,16)., , , - . , (-) , ( - , . .6.7. " MAC"). , -. -.PHY, . ,,-16., ANSI X3T9.5 FDDI, , , 1012, . - 139 , - VIOLATION, . , . 6.1., 5 /,FDDI:)2 20 , ) 20 200 , ) 100 500 . ( FDDI) , - , , : s p LT N T T + =NpTsT)T ( 3000 );30 1 20 5 2L= + =) (30000 );300 1 200 5 20 TL= + =)T (100000 ).1000 1 500 5 100L= + =,,- . -, SAC, SS, - . 2000 , .6.7. MAC OSI . -MAC LLC. MAC FDDI. MAC FDDI : ; - TTRP (timed token rotation protocol); ; , , , ; ; ; . , FDDI, -, . , , . , . MAC . . 6.20 FDDI. [12]: PA. , , , 16idle(I).- RCRCLK, .SD.JK,- .FC..8- . , - CLFFZZZZ, : 140.. ( 1) ( 0);L (2 6 );FF , 01 LLC (-)00MAC-. - ClaimFrame, Beacon Frame SMT Frame;ZZZZ .DA()- ( ), () . 2- 6- .SA,. , .INFO,. 0 4478 ( 0 8956 ). FDDI -SourceRouting,- 802.5. SA 102,,-, . FCS 32- , CRC-32,IEEE802.- FC, DA, SA, INFO FCS. ED Terminate (T), . - .FS. (error,E),(addressrecognized,A) (frame copied, C). , -reset(R),set(S). . , , FC, 1 0000 ZZZZ, . 6.20 . 64 8 8 16 48 16 48 0 32 4 1SDSDFCFCDA SA FCS ED FSFSSDFCDASAINFOFCSEDFS- (s )- (f )- (d )- (s )-- (f )- (e )- (f )tarting delimiterrame controlestination addressource addressrame check sequencending delimiterrame status() () INFO . 6.20. FDDI - 141 FDDI Token Ring. , - FDDI. FDDI,-,- ( 6.1 , -).TokenRing , -.,TokenRing, ,,-,FS ., . Token Ring. FDDI . , , (FS),, "".,,, ,FDDI.- - , ( ). . FDDI.-. ,.- , , - . . SA . , .(SD,FC,DA)-,. , , ,SA.SA ,. ., , , . , , - , , 6.2. 6.2.(),,() ,() FDDI100 ,()FDDI(4500). 5 /. 100 /c 0,01 , 0,08 , n 0,08n . , , 0,08n/5 = 0,016n . (a) 81 10,125 . L = 0,162 ; () L = 0,016 100 = 1,6 ; () L = 0,016 4500 = 72 . TTRP(timedtokenrotationprotocol).FDDI TRT(tokenrotationtime),,-, ,,. , TRT , . TRT . - TTRT(targettokenrotationtime), 4 165 . TTRT - . : - 142.. THT(tokenholdingtime), . THT , -.THT,,, -.,TTRP , - TTRT . TRT TTRT THT =.6.21, - TTRT. , . LTTTRTTHT , - (early token): , - (late token) . 6.21. , - . - . 1, 1 . 1 TRT , T . -THT,, . 2, , .0,TRT TTRT.31. 0tT LLTTRT3 T TTRT t tL 0 1+ + = 2.3- :3 2 t t0 2+ = T 2 TTRTL+ , 1 - L 0 0 3T 3 TTRT 3 t t + + + =Lt T 3 +LTTTRT 3 =, .., TTRT . U , ,: 0t3tLLT TTRT 3) T TTRT ( 3U+=[11]. n [12]: TTRTT TTRTT nTTRT) T TTRT ( nULLL+= . - 143 T ., TTRT.TTRT , . LnTTRT. FDDI - [13]., (,, ). FDDI, T, .synch , -. , -- . ,THT-, . . synchT TRT TTRT THT = FDDI-II. -,:-.FDDI,-FDDI-II.,, :()FDDI-II(). TDM (..5).,FDDI-II,- FDDI. . -. , , - (, TTRT), , , SMT : (claim token process); (initialization process); , - (beacon process). . - TTRT, , . TTRT. , TTRT, - . , - TTRT, . TTRT. TTRT MAC-., (, TTRT - ). . 144.. . , , . , , . , ,,- TRT. . .,,-,. ( -165),- . , -.,,. , - , . . . 6.22. MAC(beaconing) MAC (claim winner)MACMAC(1) (beacon frames)(6) (7) (claim frames)(9) claim (10) (3) (8) (claim frames)(11) (own claim frame)(12) (5) (2) (4) . 6.22. FDDI [12] 6.8. SMT PHY,PMD,FDDI- SMT (station management). , FDDI.SMT, . , SMT -, FDDI. SMT - [6]. SMT (. 6.23): CMT (connection management); RMT (ring management);, FBM (frame-based management). - 145 CMT CMT : ECM(entitycoordinationmanagement) CMT, -,. ECM; PCM(physicalconnectionmanagement)- - . PCM ; CFM(configurationmanagement) CCE(configurationcontrolelement).- MAC CCE. FBM, CCE (p+m) x PMD p x p x PCMCMT :m - MACp- p x PHY(p+m) x CFMECM 1 x RMT m x MAC m x SMT . 6.23. SMT RMTRMT, CMT, SMT . RMT - . -. RMT SMT : - ; Beacon ; -; 146.. Trace, ( Stuck Beacon); . . - . Beacon -: Claim Token ; SMT MAC Beacon., FBM SMT , -, .FBM,- : NIF -,, -.-- .SIF-.SIF-,,, , , .SRF- , -. , , , - , .PMF SMT MIB.- ECF .6.9. FDDI FDDI FDDI- : ; , -; ;, ; ; , ; FDDI , EthernetTokenRing - LLC.FDDI,-.,-. , Fast Ethernet 100 /, ( - Fast Ethernet). - 147 . FDDI100- . -, . -, ,- . - - FDDI Fast Ethernet - , Fast Ethernet . , - . , FDDI, : , ; ( 10 ); (2 4); ( ). . 6.24. FDDI..6.24 FDDI.,-. : FDDI..-,,--.. . Fast Ethernet, . 6.24 . -FastEthernet Ethernet , ( ), "-". -,()- ( ), -.- , 1-10 10 , 1-9 8, .. ( 1) - . FastEthernet, . 6.24 . 6 -FastEthernet.-. Spanning Tree. - . , Spanning Tree , 6. - , . - "-". ATM , . 6.24 . -ATM/FastEthernet/Ethernet. , , -EthernetFastEthernet. ,ATM() -,16,.6.24,. , Ethernet/Fast Ethernet - ATM (ATM access). Fast Ethernet, . 6.24 . Fast Ethernet , cATM., Fast Ethernet . . 148.. )FDDI ) Ethernet/Fast Ethernet) Ethernet/Fast Ethernet ( )) ATM ATM/Ethernet/Fast Ethernet) "" Ethernet/Fast Ethernet : = 20 = 10 = 4 (2 ) = (sm) Fast Ethernet+ FDDI DAS sm Ethernet/Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet Ethernet/Fast Ethernet : 2 x ATM + n x 10/100Base-TX1102345678911023456789111101010222333444555666777888999 . 6.24. FDDI Ethernet Fast Ethernet -. FDDI FDDI. . FDDI, - FDDI FDDI/Ethernet/ATM . -(1991. FDDI, 1994 . ANSI TP-PMD SMF-PMD), - . - FDDI : 3Com, Adaptec, BayNetworks, Cabletron, Cisco, DEC, NBase-Fibronics, Madge, Network Peripherals, SysKonnect . . 6.9 FDDI, . . 6.25 FDDI . - 149 6.9. FDDI - ( [14]) FDDILink 32-Bit PCI Fiber SAS/ Fiber DAS/ UTP SAS3 PCI: SAS Duplex SC mm / DAS Duplex SC mm, OBS /SAS RJ-45 (CDDI) 3Com [15]FDDILink-F 32-Bit EISA / FDDILink-UTP 32-Bit EISA2 EISA: SAS MIC mm / SAS RJ-45 PC8735/LCF, PC8739, PC8736/LCF, PC8739/D 4 EISA: SAS Duplex SC mm/SAS RJ-45 (MLT-3, CDDI / DAS Duplex SC mm, OBS/ DAS RJ-45 (MLT-3, CDDI)NBase-Fibronics [16] PC8741, PC8742, PC8743, PC8744 4 PCI: SAS RJ-45 (MLT-3, CDDI) / SAS Duplex SC mm / DAS Duplex S mm / DAS RJ-45 (MLT-3, CDDI); PT-SBS600 SBus: SAS Duplex SC mm/ SAS RJ-45 (MLT-3, CDDI / DAS Duplex SC mm, OBS/ DAS RJ-45 (MLT-3, CDDI). OC Windows NT, Solaris x.86 Solaris 2.x.Performance Technologies[17] SK-NET FDDI SBus (Model SK-56x1) Sbus, SAS: Duplex SC mm RJ-45 (MLT-3, CDDI). OC Solaris x.86 Solaris 2.x. SysKonnect[18] FDDI SmartSwitch 9000C / - ( 6, 14 ). FDDI : Cabletron Systems [19] 9F241-12FDDI MicroLAN module, 12 M- Duplex SC mm 9F206-02FDDI Enhanced Repeater module, 1 FDDI DAS 2 MIC mm 9F426-03High-Density FDDI SmartSwitch module, 3 FDDI DAS 6 MIC mm, DAS , 42 FDDI (14 ) GIGAswitch/FDDI ( 14 , 1 - ). IP . FDDI : DEC [20] FGL-22 MIC mm, 2 x SAS 1 DASFGL-44 MIC mm, 4 x SAS GigaHUB XH152 ( 14 , 1 ). FDDI : NBase-Fibronics [16]LC380FDDI DAS 2 x Duplex SC (mm/sm)LC382FDDI 9 x RJ-45 (MLT-3, CDDI) LC383FDDI 9 x Duplex SC (mm/sm) c (MM/SM Converters) N320FD- I/II-x* mm/sm FDDI , x- ST/FC/ SC ( ANSI X3T9.5), I - - 20 , II - 40 NBase [21] OM320, OM330* mm/sm FDDI ( SC), OM320 - 20 , OM330 - 30 Net Optics[22] FDDI c (FDDI UTP/FO Converters)** FD-CD-01, FD-CD-01(SM) FDDI : FD-CD-01 RJ-45/SC mm, FD-CD-01(SM)- RJ-45/SC sm : FDDI ANSI X3T12, FDDI TP-PMD Transition networks [23] * , , , STM-1 (155 /, 194 ). ** FDDI UTP/FO Fast Ethernet UTP/FO, Fast Ethernet FDDI PMD . 150.. ) GIGAswitch/FDDI ) SmartSwitch 9000) 9F426-03 SS9000 ) GigaHUB (XH152) ) LC383/2 XH152e) FDDI mm/sm - N320FD . 6.25. FDDI 6 1.A.Mills.UnderstandingFDDI:A100MbpsSolutionsforTodaysCorporateLANs,Prentice Hall, 1995. 277 p. 2.WelcomeFDDIFrequentlyAskedQuestions(FAQ),UnitedStatesNavyComputer,1996, http://sholeh.nswc.navy.mil/x3t12/FDDIFAQ.html 3.Our Testing Environment and Capabilities, FDDI Consortium, 1998, http://www.iol.unh.edu/consortiums/fddi/index.html 4.. . . : - , 1992. 756 . 5.ANSI X3T12 (FDDI) Home Page, United States Navy Computer, 1996, http://sholeh.nswc.navy.mil/x3t12/ 6." ", ,1997, http://www.citforum.ru/nets/lvs/contents.html 7.Increase FDDI Reliability with Bypass Switches, AMP, 1997 http://www.amp.com/product/articles/dd68_a.html 8.FDDI Dual Bypass Switch, DiCon Fiberoptics Inc., 1997, http://www.diconfiberoptics.com/dicon.htm 9.Active and Passive Fiber Optic Components, Fiber Optic Product Catalog, Molex, 1998, http://www.molex.com/product/fiber/fiber.html - 151 10.FDDI Dual Bypass Switch Single Mode Fiber Networks, Net Optics, 1997, http://www.netoptics.com/sm_bypass.html 11.Ross F.E., Hamstra J.R. "Forging FDDI", IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 11, no.7, Feb.,1993. pp.181-190 12.W. Stallings. Local & Metropolitan Area Networks, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, 1997. 605 p. 13.F. Halsall. Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems, Addison-Wesley, 1996. 907p. 14.Welcome FDDI Products (Adapters), United States Navy Computer, 1997, http://sholeh.nswc.navy.mil/x3t12/Adapters.html 15.FDDILink 32-Bit FDDI Adapters, 3Com, 1998, http://www.3com.com/products/dsheets/400191.html 16.Backbone/Enterprise Switching Solutions, NBase, 1998, http://www.nbase.co.il/ 17.PT-SBS600 high-performance SBus FDDI adapter, Performance Technologies, 1997, http://www.wcmh.com/lantimes/lantimes/buyers/company/192485/341613.html 18.SK-NET FDDI SBus (Model SK-56x1), SysKonnect, 1997, http://www.wcmh.com/lantimes/lantimes/buyers/company/192394/321445.html 19.SmartSwitch 9000 FDDI Products, Cabletron Systems, 1998, http://www.cabletron.com/switching/9000/ 20.GIGAswitch/FDDI Multitechnology Switch, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1998, http://www.networks.digital.com/dr/npg/defga-mn.html 21.N320FD FDDI Multimode to Singlemode Converter, NBase Communications, 1998, http://www.nbase.com/ 22.Fiberoptic Multimode to Singlemode Fiber Converter (ATM, FDDI, 100 BASE Ethernet or SONET), Net Optics, 1997, http://www.netoptics.com/convertor.html 23.FDDI Fiber to UTP Media Converter Product Description, Transition Networks, 1998, http://www.transition.com/products/mediacon/fddi_cddi.html 152.. 7. Ethernet/Fast Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet EthernetIEEE802.3, (-)CSMA/CD.-,, , Ethernet , - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet Ethernet. EthernetXerox ALOHA [1]. , CSMA/CD, 2,94 /. 100 . Xerox, DEC Intel Ethernet, - 10 / [2]. - IEEE 802.3..,- Ethernet , UTP cat.5 -. , - . . 7.1. 1980 Xerox, DEC IntelDIX1Ethernet,10/- . , -,. Ethernet, "" , - . 90- - Ethernet, - (collapsed backbones) , , . -, -"-", -- Ethernet. 1995 IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet, 100 /. : -FastEthernet, 10/100 / . , , Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3z IEEE 802.3ab. ,-,,( Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet) ( - ) -. , ,,-: , , , .. , - , , , -.Ethernet.-FastEthernetGigabitEthernet- , . Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet, -, 802.3x, 802.1Q, RSVP, Gigabit Ethernet - . 1 DIX DEC-Intel-Xerox. - 153 10 /100 /1000 /1000 / 10 /100 /10 / 100 / - . 7.1. Ethernet7.1. Ethernet : , CSMA/CD : , , - [3]. Ethernet . 7.2 Ethernet. : :7, 10101010.-. (SFD,startframedelimiter):1, 10101011,,. . (DA, destination address): 6 , MAC- (MAC- ), () . - (unicast), (multicast) - (broadcast). (SA, source address): 6 , MAC- , .(TorL,typeorlength):2. Ethernet(rawformats) Ethernet_IIIEEE802.3(. 7.2), . Ethernet_II - . -:0x0800IP,0x0806ARP,0x809B AppleTalk, 0x0600 XNS, 0x8137 IPX/SPX. -(),- . IEEE 802.3 (LLC Data). 154.. 64,LLCDataPad. , IEEE 802.3 1500 (0x05DC). , ,,- . (LLC Data): , LLC. IEEE802.3. , IEEE 802.3: Ethernet_802.3(,,- Novell) LLC Data 0xFFFF;Ethernet_SNAP(IEEE802.2SNAP,-,TCP/IP) LLC Data 0xAA;Ethernet_802.2(IEEE802.2,NovellNet-Ware 4.0) LLC Data 0xFF (11111111), 0xAA (10101010). (pad ) , - , 64 - . - . (FCS, frame check sequence): 4- , , , SDF FCS. Ethernet_IIIEEE 802.3DADASASALLC DataLLC DataFCSFCSPadPadLTSFDSFD64 min / 1518 max7 + 1 2/6 2/6 420 0 /1500 . 7.2. MAC Ethernet CSMA/CD .-., . . -,- . , (, -,TokenRingFDDI), , ( Arcnet, 100VG AnyLAN). , , ,-,. , , - . -, . - 155 : , , (collision domain). -()- , ( - , > 20-25), -(>2). . ,-, , - Ethernet IEEE 802.3. - (. 7.3): , 1- - [5]. (nonpersistent), . 1- (1-persistent), , p- (p-persistent) p, T , , t T T T . 7.3. (CSMA) (collision backoff) (nonpersistent).,-, . 1.,,(.. ), , 2. 2.,(c- ) 1. - . , , - , , -. (,),, , ,., . . -,,,, , , , , -. - , . 1- (1-persistent) . , , 1-., -, . 156.. 1. , , , , 2; 2. , , -, , , . 1- , , 1- , , "". , (,),, ,., . - (p-persistent) . : 1. , p -(1-p)T.T ; 2. , , -, 1; 3. T, 1. p. -,., n,,. , , , np. np > 1, , -.,,- 1, . , , - , n, , , - , . np.-, , p. , p , - (1 p)/p T, . p=0,1, , , 9T. CSMA/CD CSMA/CD[3]- . - , -,()., . -- . CSMA/CD . (. 7.4 ): 1.,,,,-. (.. ), 2. , ( 1); 2. , , , ; 3. , , , , -,, jam-,, ; 4.jam- , - 1. - 157 IFG (interframe gap) 9,6 (12 ). -, , .,,- , , . Jam-(jamming).jam-, , , , jam-, . Jam- , - SF (safety margin) . jam- -,CRC (802.3), 62 1 0 1. 1) 2) 0 ? . ? IFG ? jam , 1 : , , >16 a)) FCS? . 7.4. CSMA/CD ( MAC):) ; ) 158.. . 7.5 -""((10Base5 10Base2 ). A (DTE A) , ., B (DTE B), , , , . ,B(-).Bjam- . A, A jam- .0t1t + =1 2t t3tt= 0t=t=t- 2t- t t=AAAABBBB013ppp2 . 7.5. CSMA/CD Ethernet Ethernet , , -, . , - , , - 64 .ST(slottime), , . -,EthernetIEEE802.3.- . , , A B . A B . A . B -.A . , , A, , , A ,,,A , , . -,., A, RTD(round-tripdelay).,RTD ,-,, . : ptt tp 1= t 2t 2 =p 3tp - 159 BT (bit time). 1 BT , - , .. 0,1 10 /. Ethernet - [4]: 1. A , 512- , - ; 2. , - 576 (512 SFD); 3. A B , - A A -, B, , 575 BT. Ethernet , - . -.RTD : .RTD < 575,1500,,-,,64-(,,- , "" , ). jam-, CSMA/CD , .-., , , . - ( - ) - U RTD/ST, [5]: ST RDT 72 , 1 11ST RDT ) 1 e ( 11U+ += , e. .(RDT = ST) 37%, ( RTD , ST) 1. , - , - , , , , , , 15. . , IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD, 1- , . , . - , MAC- -.- . (51,2), , N- (N1 - - ), R 0 , , BL (backoff limit) ,10. 16, 16 -, . K2 R < ) BL , N min( K = CSMA/CD - , . 160.. .-, 1,- ( ), - 2, , -, 2 . , , .-,- . , 25 - 2 [6]. , . (. 7.4).,-,-(). . MAC , - . , , , SDF FCS , FCS ( - CRC-32). , .. ( ), (- ), . - . Ethernet . 7.1. 7.1. Ethernet IEEE 802.3 , /10 ( ) , (BT)51,2 (512) , (BT)9,6 (96) 16 10 jam-, 32 , 1518 , 64 Jabber-, , 20-150 IEEE 802.3 1985,IEEE802.3,-:(6) BNC (10Base-2), ( 13 ) AUI (10Base-5, - ). : RJ-45 (10Base-T), - 75 (10Broad36), (-)ST(10Base-F). . 10Base-F, , : 10Base-FP - 133.- . - 161 . (), -. , . 10Base-FB.2 "-" . --,- ( 15) -. 10Base-FL 2 , "-" -,.-(-10Base-FB)-.- ( 100 , ), - 10Base-FL. Ethernet. .7.2Ethernet- ( 10Broad36, 10Base-FP 10Base-FB ). 7.2. Ethernet IEEE 802.310Base510Base210Base-T10Base-FL AUIBNC RJ-45 (MDI MDI-X) ST (50 ) (50 ) UTP cat.3 - mm/sm* / on-off ** , , , 500185100 mm 2000, sm *** 100 ( ) 30 ( ) ( "-") ( "-") 10 5 0,4-0,6 62,5/125 , 50/125 : MDI ; MDI-X ./ RJ-45 MDI. * 850 (mm) 10Base-FL, 1310 (sm) . ** , . *** Ethernet. , 100 . 162.. 7.2. Ethernet AUI Ethernet AUI(attachmentunitinterface) Ethernet, PLS(physicalsignaling) PMA (physical medium attachment), . 7.6. -(-, 10Base-T, 10Base-FL), . PMAMDI(transceiver) MAU(mediaattachmentunit,). , , .. PLS ( , , ) AUI , -, , .. PMA MDI, MAU. AUI 15 (), , MAU 15- () , AUI -.- 1 , 50 . , 4 - . 12,5 . 15 10 4, 7, 8,1415. AUI. : OSI EthernetMDIMACLLCPMAPLS AUI ( ) MAUEthernet (MAU)1234567LLCMACPLSPMAMDI- - - - - , :10Base-T)ST FO ( 10Base-FL)BNC ( 10Base2)RJ-45 ( . 7.6. Ethernet, AUI Ethernet () MAU:10Base5,-,"" ;10Base2(BNC)- -;10Base-T(RJ-45); 10Base-FL ( ST) -(). - . AlliedTelesyn[7],NBase[8],SVEC[9],Surecom[10],TransitionNetworks[11]. NBase, 2 110 ( 7.3, . 7.7 ). - 163 ) ) ). 7.7. : ) Ethernet [8], ) 10Base-FL/10Base-T [11] ) Ethernet/Fast Ethernet [12] 7.3. - NX300FO NBase NX300FO/xFO/MFO/MX FO/SFO/SXFO/SYFO/SZ , mm , sm mmmmsmsmsmsm , 85013001300130013001550 , 282828282828 , 666666 -, (min/max) 19/14 19/14 19/14 10/00/60/2 , (min/max) 9/149/149/1418/2828/3428/30 , / 420,40,40,40,2 , 0 20 50 1815 3530 6040 110 Ethernet UTP (10Base-T/10Base-FL, 10Base2/10Base-FL) -, . , , - . ,.7.7,19, ,. 7.7 . .-, , Ethernet, Fast Ethernet. , . 10Base-T/10Base-FL , (1-3)., , - . , , -, MDI. Ethernet BNC (10Base2/10Base-FL), -, . - , --,- 164.. ., . 50 .Ethernet : Adaptec[13], IMC [14], LANCAST, NBase, NetOptics [15], FOCI .-, "-", , "--". , (-) - NIC (network interface controller, network interface card). -. DTE (data termination equipment, ). ( - ) - BNC. -,-, . -RJ-45(MDI).AUI Ethernet.,- , .- - Ethernet (. 7.8). . 7.8. PCI RJ-45/FO ST mm [7] Ethernet MAC- 6 , , . , . () (repeater)2, . , - , . 7.9 . -. (12, 16 24 RJ-45), BNC AUI. -,(4 x RJ-45, 8 x RJ-45).,EthernetOSI (. 7.9 ), - - 165 2 Ethernet (hub). FDDI(DAC,SAC,NAC),MAC(- OSI) :AUIMAU- - - , PLSPMAMDI MDI:RJ-45 ( 10Base-T)ST FO ( 10Base-FL)BNC ( 10Base2)MDI MDI MDIPMA PMA PMAPLS AUI ) ) . 7.9. Ethernet: ) ;) OSI RJ-45 MDI MDI-X. RJ-45 8 . -, 1-8 RJ-45 - . ., : 1 1, 2; 2 3, 6; 3 4, 5; 4 7, 8. 10Base-T : 1 2, .MDI(DTE),-12., MDI-X,2 1. RJ-45 . -,1-3,2-6,3-1, 6-2, 4-4, 5-5, 7-7, 8-8. RJ-45MDI-X,- . -MDI., . 7.1012,32-, RJ-45 1 3 MDI, (- 2 MDI-X).Jabber-.Ethernet, . , , -15181,2. . (,-),,. (jabbersignal,), , - . -jabber-. , 20 150 , "".Jabber-,- , -,,,,,- , [16]. , (10Base-T) (10Base-FL) , .. ,Ethernet 166.. . , - . , - , - .- 10 /. "" ( 10Base-T 10Base-FL) , - "" ( 10Base2 10Base5). ,-,- , . ,-."" . 7.10. CPCP CPCP CPCP CPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTaTeTbTb))) A A B , A B ERptr T- Ethernet- XCP - (collision presence)x:Rptr 1Rptr 1Rptr 1Rptr 2Rptr 2Rptr 2Rptr 3Rptr 3Rptr 3AAACCCBBBDDDEEE . 7.10. , :) A; ) A B; ) A, B (A), - (. 7.10 ). ,,,-(MAC-""),- , . . (, A B) -,1(.7.10), CP (collision presence). A B , - 167 , , jam -. 1 CP, - . 2, CP 1, . 3. . 7.6 A, B E. ,2 CD - 1 E. 2 CP . 1, , CP . , (. 7.10): 1.CP, CP ( - , ); 2. CP , - CP ( CP , ). . OSI . - . (non-blocking), Ethernet ,.-.- , - , , . 7.11.CDDiDoFIFO . 7.11. Ethernet [16] 168.. - . , , , . , .,-MAC-,- , , -,., (broadcast),..MAC- 1, - ( ), .. . :1. (cut-through, on-the-fly ); 2. SAF (store-and-forward, buffered switching ). ,(.7.12), ,MAC-, ,. , - 140-150 BT (1,4-1,5 ). - , (64,), ,. Ethernet , - . Ethernet , , , . cut-through-,ICS(interimcut-throughswitching ).,.. 64(512)., 512 , . -,,. 512 BT (> 5,12 ), ICS - cat-through, . ICS ,64. ICS .,,(.7.12), , , . , (destination address, DA) - FCS, , (-). , - "" . , ,EthernetFastEthernet,-Ethernet-FDDI . - 1512 (1512x64= 96768 BT, 1 ). -,,,-., . - . ., . . , 1 2, 3 5. , 2, 3 - 169 5. , (, TCP/IP), . , - . --(flowcontrol).Ethernet- (BP, back pressure), . 7.13. - 1 2, 3 5. BP -, , , - . , 2, B,,-. -, ., Ethernet, CSMA/CD.12 MAC . 7.12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8BPBP Ethernet:, , A B C D . 7.13. 170.. RJ-45 MDI-X. , -: MAC-, , -, 10Base-T/100Base-TX, -.7.3. Ethernet Ethernet,-(>2,5), (> 2), -.1-. , -. 1. , . , 2. Ethernet ( 1) 1, Ethernet.1- , [4, 17]. 1. . ( - IEEE 802.3 9 , -, .) 2., AUI (. 7.9 ), , - (DTE). ( - Ethernet - . - MAU ) 3. DTE 5 , 4 (c AUI ), 2 ( MAU -) 2 (MAU , -, ). 4.25( 50,- -). 5.DTE, ( 10Base2 / 10Base5) ("-", . 10Base-T/10Base-FL). 10Base-FL 500 . 6. DTE , - : (10Base-FL) 1000 ; (10Base-FL)DTE- 400 ; ( , . / -). Ethernet, . 7.14. - 171 Rptr - EthernetMAU- Ethernet - -- - - AUIFO: 1 2Rptr 1 Rptr 4Rptr 2 Rptr 3MAUAUI 3AUI 4(12 )(2 )AUI 1AUI 2MAU MAU MAU 310Base2(185 )10Base-T(100 )10Base5(500 )(25 )(25 )10Base-FL(500 )10Base-FL(500 )10Base-FL(500 )FOFOFO FO . 7.14. Ethernet 1 2: 4, 5, - 2, (AUI ) 2, 50,2,..3(- -). , 1 2 1. 1 3 , 4. . , 3 ,,AUI 3 ).. 1 3 2. Ethernet ( 2) 2, 1, -,1, 2. 1. 2 - (DTE) - Ethernet [4, 18]. : -, - RTD 575 BT;-,- IFG - 49 BT. RTD.DTE , - , . . 7.4 -.DTE1DTE2-, , RTD - . DTE1 DTE2 , - RTD , .575BT. L RTD = Base+RTDML. RTD 2 , . 7.14: RTD(1, 2) = 30,73+89,8+4,88+233,5+(500+500)0,1+176,3 = 468,71 BTRTD(2, 1) = 26,55+89,8+4,88+233,5+(500+500)0,1+188,48 = 476,71 BT RTD(1, 3) = 30,73+89,8+4,88+(122)0,1026+233,5+(500+500)0,1+156,5 = 449,936 BT RTD(3, 1) = 12,25+89,8+4,88+(122)0,1026+233,5+(500+500) 0,1+188,48 = 463,436 BT RTD(2, 3) = 26,55+233,5+(500+500)0,1+(122)0,1026+156,5 = 351,076 BT RTD(3, 2) = 12,25+233,5+(500+500)0,1+(122)0,1026+176,3 = 356,576 BT SF(safetymargin)575-max(RTD). EthernetSF05BT.(.7.14) SF = 575477 = 98 BT.5BT50- 172.. ,- . 7.4. RTD (BT) [18] . , Base**Max*** BaseMaxBaseMax RTDM* (BT/) 10Base550011,7555,0546,589,8169,5212,80,0866 10Base218511,7530,73146,565,48169,5188,480,1026 10Base-T10015,2526,554253,3165176,30,113 10Base-FL200012,25212,2533,5233,5156,5356,50,1 AUI**** 4804,8804,8804,880,1026 * RTDM 1 . ** Base , (DTE ), . *** Max . **** AUI 2 . . 2 , RTD .7.1(.7.15).Ether