gy;Yaph; jd;ik ,dj;njhlh;G njhFg;gpay;
1. G+kpapy; G+r;rpfs;> G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;> KJnfYk;G gpuhzpfis tifg;gLj;Jf? G+r;rpfs; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; KJnfYk;G gpuhzpfs;
750>000 250>000 47>000
2. gy;NtW caphpdq;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis ehk; gy;Yaph; jd;ik vd;fpNwhk;.
3. caphpdq;fis ,dk; fz;lwpjy;> ngahpLjy; kw;Wk; tifg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlh;Gila caphpaypd; gphpT “tifg;ghl;bay;” vdg;gLk;.
4. “tifg;ghl;baypy;” Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;> xd;WNrh;j;jy; Mfpa nghUs;fSk; tUk;.
5. “]p];lNkbf;];” vd;w ,e;jr; nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; jdJ E}ypy; gad;gLj;jpath; ahh;? fNuhy]; ypd;Ndah]; Fwpg;G:- “]p];lkh Ner;RNu” vd;w E}ypy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
6. caphpdq;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; ,dj;njhlh;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; mitfisf; FOkq;fshfg; gphpj;J Kiwahf tifg;gLj;JjNy ,dj;njhlh;G njhFg;gpay; vd;W tiuaWf;fyhk;.
7. MA+h;Ntj kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gl;l gz;ila fhy ,e;jpa kUj;Jth; “rhuf;”.
8. “kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij” vd miof;fg;gl;lth; ahh;? `pg;Nghfpnul;l]; (460-377 fp.K.)
9. Kjd;Kiwahf kUj;Jtg; gaDf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fhky; caphpdq;fis tifg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;jth;fs; ahh;? mhp];lhl;bYk; mtuJ khzth; jpNah/gu];l]Pk; (370-282 fp.K.)
10. nraw;if tifghl;L Kiwia Kjd; Kiwahf jdJ E}ypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; ahh;? “g;isdp j vy;lh;” (23-79 fp.gp.) Fwpg;G:- “`p];Nlhhpah ehr;Ruhyp];” vd;w jdJ E}ypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
11. Kjd; Kiwahf ve;j xU caphpdj;jpd; tiff;Fk; “ rpw;wpdk;” vd;w nrhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Mq;fpy ,aw;if mwpQh; ahh;? [hd;Nu
12. “,U nrhy; ngahpL” Kiwia cUthf;fpa ,aw;if mwpQh; ahh;? ];tPld; ehl;L ,aw;if mwpQh; “fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];” Fwpg;G:-
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,th; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jth;. ,th; “tifg;ghl;baypd; je;ij” vd;W jw;NghJ mwpag;gLfpwhh;. ];gp\p]; g;Nsz;l;Nluk; (1753) vd;w mtuJ E}ypy; 5900 jhtur; rpw;wpdq;fisAk; ]p];lkh Ner;RNu (1758) vd;w E}ypy; 4200 tpyq;F rpw;wpdq;fisAk; tpthpj;Js;shh;.
13. “tifg;ghl;bay;” vd;w thh;j;ijia Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpa epGzh; ngah; vd;d?
];tp]; gpnuQ;Rj; jhtutpay; epGzh; mf];bd;-guhk];Nlfz;Nlhy; 14. Gwj;Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fg; gz;Gfspy; xj;J fhzg;gl;L
jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;J tskhd re;jjpfis cUthf;Fk; caphpfspd; $l;lNk rpw;wpdk; vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
15. ve;j xU tifg;ghl;bYk; fhzg;gLk; VO Kf;fpa FOkq;fshtd:- 1. cyfk; my;yJ NguuR> 2. /igyk; my;yJ gphpT> 3. tFg;G> 4. Jiw> 5. FLk;gk;> 6. Nghpdk;> 7. rpw;wpdk; 16. Fwpg;gpl;l xU FOkj;jpd; ghpzhk tuyhW /igNyhn[dp vdg;gLk;. 17. caphpdq;fspd; ghpzhk njhlh;gpd; mbg;gilapy; mikahj tifghLfis
nraw;if tifg;ghLfs; vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. 18. nraw;if Kiw tifghLfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:-
caphpdq;fis mtw;wpd; gad;jU jd;ikf;F Vw;wthW tifg;gLj;Jjy;> mstpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jjy; (rpW nrb> Gjph;r; nrb)> G+f;fspd; epwk; kw;Wk; R+o;epiyapaypy; caphpdj;jpd; gq;F Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpait nraw;if Kiw tifghLfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; MFk;.
19. “fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];” (1758) midj;J caphpdq;fisAk; ,uz;L cyfq;fshf gphpj;Js;shh;. mit. 1. jhtu cyfk; 2. tpyq;F cyfk;
20. jhtucyfk;> ,jpy; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (GNuhNfhpahl;Lfs;) xspr;Nrh;f;ifj; jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; xspr;Nrh;f;if Ghpahj G+Q;irfs; ,itahTk; mlq;Fk;.
21. tpyq;F cyfk;> ,jpy; xU nrhy;yhy; Md GNuhl;Nlh Nrhthd;fSk; gy
nry;fshy; Md tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ nkl;lh Nrhthd;fSk; mlq;Fk;. 22. rpy caphpdq;fs;> jhtug;gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Fg; gz;Gfs; Mfpa
,uz;ilANk ngw;wpUe;jd. (v.fh.) A+f;spdh> ];ghQ;fs;.
23. A+f;spdhtpd; fz;Gs;spapy;> M];lhf;]he;jpd; (tpyq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; epwkp) fhzg;gLfpwJ.
24. “];iyk; Nkhy;Lfs;” vd;W miof;fg;gLk; caphpdq;fs; mkPgh Nghd;w
cly;eyj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; G+Q;irfisg; Nghy fdpAWg;Gfis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd.
25. midj;Jk; caphpdq;fisAk; mtw;wpw;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; ghpzhkj; njhlh;gpd; mbg;gilapy; Ie;J cyfq;fshf tifg;gLj;jpath; ahh;?
R.H. tpf;Nlf;fh; (1969) vd;w mnkhpf;f tifg;ghl;bay; epGzh;. Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;:-
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nry;ypd; mikg;G – GNuhNfhpNahl; my;yJ A+NfhpNahl; 2. czT+l;l Kiw – jw;rhh;G Cl;lKiw my;yJ gpw Cl;lKiw 3. cly; mikg;G – xU nrhy;yhy; MdJ my;yJ gy nry;fshy; MdJ. 4. FOkg; ghpzhkk; my;yJ ghpzhkj; njhlh;G Ie;J cyfq;fs; :- 1. nkhdpuh 2. GNuhl;b];lh 3. G+Q;irfs; 4. jhtuq;fs; 5. tpyq;Ffs;
26. iuNrhgpak;> m]l;Nlhghf;lh; kw;Wk; fpsh];bhpak; Nghd;w ghf;Bhpaq;fs;
tspkz;ly iel;u[id epiy epWj;jp mk;Nkhdpahthf khw;wk; nra;fpd;wd. ,e;epfo;r;rp caphpay; iel;u[d; epiy epWj;jk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
27. midj;Jk; xU nry; jhtuq;fSk; /igl;Nlhg;shq;f;l;ld; vdTk; midj;J xU
nry; tpyq;FfSk; R+g;shq;ld; vdTk; nghJthf miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. 28. gf;rPdpah Nghd;w G+Q;irfs; xl;Lz;zpfshfTk; iuNrhg;g]; Nghd;w Vida
G+Q;irfs;> ,we;j mq;fg; nghUl;fisr; rhhe;J thOk; kl;Fz;zpfshfTk; cs;sd.
29. G+Q;irfspd; clyk; nky;ypa ,io Nghd;w vz;zw;w i`/ghf;fshy;
Mdit. 30. G+Q;irfspd; nry; Rth; ifl;bd; vd;w nghUshy; MdJ. 31. jhtu cyfpy; kpfg;nghpa gphpTfis My;fhf;fs;> gpiuNah/igl;Lfs;>
nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; kw;Wk; MQ;rpNah ];ngh;k;fs; ,j;jhtu cyfj;ijr; rhh;e;jit.
32. “f];FA+l;lh” xU xl;Lz;zp MFk;. 33. neg;ge;nj]; kw;Wk; buhn]uh G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; MFk;. 34. fpshkpNlhNkhdh]; kw;Wk; FNshnuy;yh Mfpait jhtu cyfpy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 35. 1970 – Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; %yf;$W mwptpaywpQh;fs; GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs;
Kw;wpYk;> NtWgl;l njhlh;gpy;yhj ,U gphpTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd vdf; fz;lwpe;jdh;.
36. 1990 Mk; Mz;L C. Nth];> O. fhz;l;yh;> kw;Wk; M.L. tPyp]; vd;w %d;W
%yf;$W mwptpaywpQh;fs;> Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; xU Gjpa tifg;ghl;bid mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;.
37. Gjpa tif ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; midj;J caphpdq;fSk; 3 Kf;fpag;
gphpTfs; Mfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. mitahtd? 1. A+Nfhpah (midj;J a+NfhpNahl;LfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ) 2. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (Vw;fdNt ed;F mwpag;gl;l GNuhNfhpNahl;Lf;fis cs;slf;fpaJ) 3. Mh;f;fpah (Kd;dhy; Mh;f;fpghf;Bhpaq;fs; vd miof;fg;gl;lit> GNuhNfhpNal;Lfis cs;slf;fpait> ,it ngUk;ghYk; mjpf fLikahd #o;epiyfspy; tho;git> ,e;j tifghL jw;NghJ midj;J caphpay; ty;Yeh;fshYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ)
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Neha;tha;g;gl;lJ vd;gjid ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;bath; ahh;? Nkah; 39. NehAw;w ,iyapd; rhw;wpid ghf;Bhpah tbfl;b %yk; tbfl;bd gpwFk; $l
mr;rhW njhw;Wj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jjhy;> ,j;njhw;Wj; jd;ikf;Ff; fhuzq;fs; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; my;y vd;gjid ntspg;gLj;jpath; ahh;?
INthNdh];f;fp vd;w u\pa mwptpay; mwpQh; 40. itu]; mlq;fpa rhwpid “ njhw;Wj;jd;ik tha;;e;j capUs;s jputk;” vd;W
mioj;jth; ahh;? lr;R Ez;Zaph; ty;Yeh; nga;[Phpq;f;
Fwpg;G:- gpd;dh; ,JNt tPhpad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. 41. Nehia cz;lhFk; Jfs;fs; itu];fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. 42. itu];fis gbftbtpy; jdpg;gLj;jpa epGzh; ahh;? mnkhpf;f caph; Ntjpapay; epGzh; W.M. ];lhd;yp (1935)
Fwpg;G:- ,JNt ituhy[p vd;w Gjpa mwptpay; gphpT Muk;gkhf mbNfhypaJ. 43. itu];fs; vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; kl;LNk fhzty;yd. 44. Guj ciwahy; #og;gl;l epa+f;spf; mkpyj;ij cilait. 45. epA+f;spf; mkpyk; b.vd;.V my;yJ Mh;.vd;.V MFk;. 46. itu];fs; nry;Yf;Fs;Ns thOk; fl;lha xl;Lz;zpfs; 47. itu];fs; NeNdh kPl;lh; vd;w myfpdhy; msf;fg;gLfpd;wd. (1 NeNdhkPl;lh; =
10-9 kPl;lh; my;yJ 1 kPl;lh; = 10-9 NeNdhkPl;lh;) nghJthf itu];fspd; msT 20 NeNdhkPl;lhpypUe;J 300 NeNdhkPl;lh; tiu cs;sd.
48. itu];fs; vj;jid tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? mit ahit? itu];fs; %d;W Kf;fpa tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitfs;:-
1. fd rJu tbtk; : gyNfhzKilait my;yJ Nfhstbtk;. v.fh. mbNdh itu];fs;> vr;.I.tp. 2. RUs; tbtk; : (v.fh.) Gifapiy nkhirf; itu]; (TMV)> ,d;/GSad;rh itu];
3. rpf;fyhd my;yJ mrhjhuz tbtk; (v.fh.) ghf;bhpNah/Ng[;> ghf;]; itu]; 49. itu];fs; vj;jid Kf;fpa ghfq;fis nfhz;Ls;sd? mjd; ngah;fs; vd;d? 1. Nfg;rpl; vdg;gLk; Gujciw 2. epa+f;spf; mkpyk; 50. Xk;Gaph;r; nry;Yf;F ntspNa ngUf;fk; mila Kbahj> njhw;Wj;jd;ik
tha;e;j> xU KOikahd itu];fSf;F tPhpahd; vd;W ngah;.
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miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 52. gphpahd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
,it Nehia cz;lhf;f ty;y Gujj;Jfs;fs;. kdpjd; kw;Wk; Vida tpyq;Ffspd; kj;jpa euk;G kz;lyj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; gy Neha;fSf;F ,it fhuzkhf cs;sd. (v.fh.) f;Uapl;];/ngy;l; - N[fg; Neha;
53. ];lhd;yp G&rpdh; gphpahd;fspy; Muha;r;rp nra;J 1998 ,y; Nehgy; ghpirg;
ngw;whh;. 54. xk;Gaphpapd; mbg;gilapy; itu];fs; vj;jid tiffshf
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd? 4 tiffshf> mitahtd>
1. jhtu itu];fs; : My;fh itu];fisAk; ,it cs;slf;fpait – RNA my;yJ DNA cilait 2. tpyq;F itu];fs; : kdpj itu];fisAk; ,it cs;slf;fpait – RNA my;yJ DNA cilait
3. G+Q;irfspd; itu];fs; (ikf;Nfh itu];fs;) : <hpio RNA cilait 4. ghf;Bhpahtpd; itu];fs; (ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs;) ,it raNdhNg[;fisAk; cs;slf;fpait. DNA cilait.
55. ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
ghf;Bhpaq;fisj; jhf;fp NehAz;lhf;Fk; itu];fs; ghf;BhpNahNg[;fs; my;yJ /Ng[;fs; vd;W nghJthf miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it jiyg;gpul;il tbtk; cilait. epA+f;spf; mkpyk; DNA MFk;. v.fh:- T2> T4> T6 ghf;Bhpah Ng[;fs;.
56. tPhpaKs;s /Ng[pd; ngUf;fk; fPo;f;fz;l gbfspy; eilngWfpwJ. 1. xl;bf;nfhs;Sjy;> 2. CLUTjy;>
3. /Ng[pd; ghfq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLjy;> 4. Nrh;f;if 5. Kjph;r;rp miljy;> 6. Nra; /Ng[;fspd; ntspNaw;wk;. 57. /Ng[pd; xUq;fpize;j epA+f;spf; mkpyj;jpw;F GNuh/Ng[;fs; vd;W ngah;. 58. xk;Gaph; nry;ypd; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; xU gFjp NghyNt nray;gl;L ,e;j
gNuh/Ng[; mjDilNag; ngUf;fkilfpwJ. ,jw;F iyNrhn[dp vd;W ngah;. 59. GNuh/Ngi[j; jd; [PNdhkpy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ghf;Bhpa nry; iynrhn[dpf;
ghf;Bhpak; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. 60. GNuh/Ng[;> rpy Gjpa gz;Gfis ghf;Bhpaj;jpw;F toq;FfpwJ> ,jw;F
iyNrhn[dpf; khw;wk; my;yJ /Ng[pdhy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; vd;W ngah;. 61. b/g;jPhpah Ngrpy;y]; vd;w ghf;Bhpaj;jpdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; rpy er;Rg;
nghUl;fs; MFk;. 62. rkPgj;jpa Muha;r;rpfspd; Kbtpd; gb irkd; itu]; (SV-40) vd;Dk; b.vd;.V.
itu]pk; nul;Nuh itu];fs; vdg;gLk; Mh;.vd;.V itu];fSk; Gw;WNehiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd vd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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63. Gw;W Nehiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; itu];fs; “Gw;W Nehia cUthf;Fk; itu];fs;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
64. “rhh;];” vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Neha; jw;NghJ njd;fpof;F Mrpah> tl mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; INuhg;gh Mfpa ehLfspy; ,Ug;gjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
65. “rhh;];” Neha;> NfhNuhdh itu];fs; vdg;gLk; ciwAs;s itu];fshy;
cz;lhfpwJ. 66. Ez;Zaph;fspd; cyfj;ij Kjd; Kjyhf 1676 Mk; Mz;L Mz;ld;thd;
Y}td;`hf; vd;w mwptpay; mwpQh; jdJ vspa Ez;Nzhf;fpap;d; %yk; fz;lwpe;jhh;.
67. $l;L Ez;Nzhf;fpiaf; fz;lwpe;jjpd; %yk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ntsp cyFf;Fj;
njhpa itj;jth; ahh;? Pf; 68. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; kpfr; rpwpa caphpfs; Mdjhy; ,it vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd? “kpfr; rpwpa Ez;Zaphpfs;” my;yJ “Ez;zpa tpyq;Ffs;” vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld. 69. ghf;Bhpaq;fisg; gw;wp tphpthf Muha;e;j Y}ap gha;];;;;lh; (1822-95) “Neha;fs;
gw;wpa n[h;k; nfhs;ifia” ntspapl;lhh;. 70. tpyq;FfSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fSf;F ,e;j ghf;Bhpaq;fs; jhd; fhuzk; vdf;
$wp Neha;fSf;Fk;> Ez;Zaph;fSf;Fkhd njhlh;gpid epUgpj;jth; ahh;? „,uhgh;l; Nfhr; vd;w n[h;kd; ehl;L Ez;ZaphpaywpQh;. 71. Kjd; Kjypy; ghf;Bhpah vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpath; Vud;gh;f; (1829)
vd;gtuhthh;. 72. ghf;Bhpaq;fisg; gw;wp tphpthf;fg; gbf;Fk; gphpTf;F “ghf;Bhpahy[p” my;yJ
“ghf;Bhpaapay;” vd;W ngah;. 73. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; midj;Jk; GNuhNfhpNahl;bf; mikg;Gila xU nry;
caphpfshFk;. 74. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; kpf Ez;zpait> ,it ruhrhpahf 0.5 Kjy; 1 ikf;uhd;
tpl;lKk; 3 Kjy; 5 ikf;uhd; tiuapyhd ePsKk; cilad. 75. “fhkd;ry;” vd;why; vd;d?
fhkd;ry; vd;gJ ,uz;L Nrh;e;J thOk; caphpfspy; xd;W gadilAk;> kw;nwhd;W ve;jtpjg; gaDk; ,d;wpf; fhzg;gLk;. (c.k;.) kdpjr; rpWFlypy; thOk; v];nrhprpah Nfhiy.
76. ghf;Bhpahtpd; tbtq;fs;? 1. Nfhs tbtk; 2. Nfhy; tbtk; 3. jpUF tbtk;
4. rpy ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; tbtq;fs; khWk; jd;ik cilait. mjhtJ ,it xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. (v.fh.) Mh;j;Nuhghf;lh; ,it gpspNahkhh;/gpf; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
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Ntjpr; rkpf;iQfisf; firapiofs; fz;lwpe;J mjid Nehf;fp efh;fpd;wd. ,e;j tif ,af;f Kiwf;F Ntjpj; J}z;ly; efh;T vd;W ngah;.
78. rpy tif ghf;Bhpaq;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpirapy; rhjfkhd Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
my;yJ> czTg; nghUl;fspd; J}z;lYf;F Vw;g mjid Nehf;fp efh;jiy Neh;kiw Ntjpj; J}z;ly; efh;T vd;fpNwhk;.
79. Ntjpg; nghUis tpl;L (jPik tpistpf;ff;$ba) tpyfpr; nry;Yk; epfo;T
vjph;kiw Ntjpj;J}z;ly; efh;T vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 80. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd cztpid jhNkj; jahhpj;Jf;
nfhs;tjhy;> mit jw;rhh;G Cl;l ghf;Bhpaq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. 81. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; rpy xsp jw;rhh;G Cl;l ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (v.fh.) ];ighpy;yk;. 82. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; rpy Ntjpr; jw;rhh;G Cl;l ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (v.fh.) iel;uNrh Nkhdh]; kw;Wk; iel;Nuh ghf;lh;. 83. ikf;Nuhfhf;f]; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; fl;lhaf; fhw;W Rthrpfshf tho;fpd;wd. 84. epiykhWk; fhw;wpy;yhr; Rthrg; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; “fhw;Wr; Rthrpfs;” vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. 85. fhkPl;Lfspd; cUthf;fk;> fhkPl;Lfspd; ,izT Mfpatw;Wld; epfOk;
Kiwahd ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;gJ ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; fpilahJ. 86. ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; [Pd;fspd; kWNrh;f;if epfo;T?
%d;W ntt;NtW tpjq;fspy; ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; [Pd;fspd; kWNrh;f;if epfo;TfpwJ. mitahtd.
1. ,izT 2. l;uhd;];lf;\d; 3. ,ay;G khw;wk; 87. kdpjdpd; md;whl tho;tpy; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. 88. ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; jhtuq;fSf;F cz;lhFk; rpy Neha;fs; xk;Gaph; jhtuj;jpd;
ngah; Nehapd; ngah;
vYkpr;ir rpl;u]; Nfd;rh; Nre;NjhNkhdh]; rpl;hp ney; ghf;l;Bhpa ntg;G Nre;NjhNkhdh]; XiuNr gUj;jp Nfhz ,iyg;Gs;sp Nre;NjhNkhdh]; khy;Nt]pNauk; Nghp jP ntg;G Neha; #NlhNkhdh]; NrhyNd]PNauk; Nful; nkd; mOfy; vh;tpdpah Nful;NlhNthuh 89. ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; tpyq;FfSf;F cz;lhFk; rpy Neha;fs;
xk;Gaph; tpyq;fpd; ngah;
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khLfs; GUnry;Nyh]p]; GUNry;yh mNghh;l]]; nrk;kwp MLfs; G&nry;Nyh]p]; GNuhnry;yh nkypl;Nld;]p];
90. ghf;Bhpahf;fshy; kdpjDf;F Vw;gLk; rpy Neha;fs;
Nehapd; ngah; Neha; cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpahtpd; ngah; fhyuh il/gha;L ba+gh;FNyhrp];
tpg;hpNah fhyNu rhy;nkhndy;yh il/gp ikf;Nfhghf;Bhpak; l;A+gh;FNyhrp];
91. jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpd; ,we;j clyq;fs; kl;Fz;zp
ghf;Bhpahf;fshy; rpijf;fg;gLtjhy;> mtw;iw ,aw;if fopT ePf;fpfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
92. Ng]py;y]; uhNkh]]; kw;Wk; Ng]py;y]; ikfha;l]; Nghd;w
mk;Nkhdpahthf;Fk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ,we;j jhtu> tpyq;F clyq;fspypUf;Fk; rpf;fyhd Gujq;fis mk;Nkhdpahthf khw;wpa gz;G mk;Nkhdpak; cg;Gfshf khw;Wfpd;wd.
93. iel;Nuhghf;lh; kw;Wk; iel;uNrhkhdh]; Nghd;w iel;Nul;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs;
mk;Nkhdpak; cg;Gf;fis iel;;iul;L kw;Wk; iel;Nul;lhf khWfpd;wd.
94. m]l;Nlhghf;lh;> fpsh];bhpak; kw;Wk; iuNrhgpak; Nghd;w iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;Jk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; tspkz;ly iel;u[id mq;ff iel;u[dhf khw;Wfpd;wd.
95. ghiyj; japuhf khw;w Nyf;NlhNgrpy;y]; gy;Nfhpf]; ghf;BhpaKk; ghyhilf;
fl;bahf Nyf;Nlh Ngrpy;y]; m]pNlh/Nghg]; vd;w Nyf;bf; mkpy ghf;BhpaKk; cgNahfg;gLfpd;wd.
96. m]pl;bf; mkpy ghf;Bhpaj;jpd; (m]pl;Nlhghf;lh; m]pl;il) nrayhy; tpdpfh;
(m]pl;bf; mkpyk;) cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 97. fpsh];bhpak; m]pl;Nlhgpa+l;bypf;fk; vd;w fhw;wpy;yh Rthr ghf;Bhpaj;jpd;
nehjpj;jy; nray; %yk; fUk;Gr; rf;ifapypUe;J gpA+l;ily;> My;f`hy;> nkj;jpy; My;f`hy; kw;Wk; m]pl;Nlhd; Mfpait ngwg;gLfpwJ.
98. fpsh];bhpak; Nghd;w rpy ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; nray;fshy; ehh;jUk;
jhtuq;fspypUe;J ehh;fs; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,JNt nul;bq; vdg;gLfpwJ. 99. ghf;Bhpahf;fspypUe;Nj Ez;Zaph;nfhy;ypfs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd> mit ahit?
gh]p;l;uh]pd; (Ng]py;y]; rg;by];) ghypkpf;]pd; (Ng]py;y]; ghypkpf;rpd;) ];nlug;Nlhikrpd; (];nlug;Nlhikr]; fpidurpa];)
100. kdpjf; Flypy; thOk; v];nrhp]Pah Nfhiy itl;lkpd; K kw;Wk; B
Mfpatw;iw ngUkstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ. 101. fpsh];bhpak; vd;w ghf;Bhpahtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; gy rh;f;fiuia nehjpf;f nra;J
itl;lkpd; B2 it cw;gj;jpr; nra;fpd;wd. 102. kdpj ,d;Rypd; [Pid ghf;BhpahTf;F khw;wp tzpf hPjpahf ngUkstpy;
,d;Rypid cw;gj;jp nra;tJ ,jpy; xU Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j ntw;wp MFk;.
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103. Ngh]p];y]; tifiar; rhh;e;j Nghpy;y]; JhpQ;nQd;rp]; Nghd;w ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rpfspd; GOf;fisf; nfhy;y gad;gLfpd;wd.
104. G+Q;irfs; gr;irak; my;yhj A+NfhpNahl;bf; caphpdq;fs;. 105. fhshd;fs; Nkhy;Lfs; kw;Wk; <];l;Lfs;; ntF rhjhuzkhff; fhzg;gLk;
G+Q;irfs;. 106. G+Q;irfisg; gw;wp mwptpay; gphpT ikf;fhy[p (G+Q;irapay;) vdg;gLfpwJ. 107. G+Q;irapd; nry;fspd; Rthpd; ngah; vd;d?
ifl;bd; vdg;gLk; mrpl;ily; FSf;Nfhrikd; myFfshy; Md xU ghypkhpdhy; MdJ
108. G+Q;irfspy; gr;irak; fpilahJ 109. G+Q;irfs; kl;Fz;zpahfNth> xl;Lz;zpahfNth my;yJ $l;LapuhfNth
cs;sd. 110. Jizg;gphpT Nk];bNfhikf;Nfhbdh G+Q;irfisj; jtpu midj;J
G+Q;irfSk; efUk; jpwdw;wit. 111. G+Q;irfspd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; tpthp?
];Nghh;fspd; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd. vdpDk; ghypdg; ngUf;fKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
112. G+Q;irapd; mikg;G tptuk;?
G+Q;irapd; clyikg;G jdp tpjkhdJ. ,jd; clyk; xU nry; my;yJ gy nry;fshy; MdJ. gy nry;fshy; G+Q;ir ed;F fpisj;Jg; gpd;dpa E}y; tbt i`/ghf;fs; vdg;gLk; ,iofshy; Mdit.
113. i`/ghf;fs; midj;Jk; Nrh;e;J nkhj;jkhf ikrPypak; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 114. irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; A+NfhpNahl;Lr; nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; vit? 1. ikl;Nlh fhz;l;hpad;fs; 2. Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs; 3. vz;Nlhg;gpshr tiy 4. iuNghNrhk;fs; 5. thf;FNthy;fs;
Fwpg;G:- Kjph;e;j i`ghf;fspy; thf;FNthy;fs; nghpadthfTk; irl;Nlhgpshrk; Rtiu xl;ba xU nky;ypa glykhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
115. G+Q;irfspd; czt+l;l Kiw:-
G+Q;irfs; gpw Cl;l Kiwiaf; nfhz;lit. mjhtJ mitfSf;F fdpkq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l fhh;gd; Njitg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l iel;u[Dk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. G+Q;irfspd; czT+l;l Kiw nghJthf cwpQ;RKiw vdTk; tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
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117. kw;nwhU caphpapd; cs;Ns my;yJ mjd; Nky; thOk; xU caphpNa
xl;Lz;zp vdg;gLk;. 118. xl;Lz;zpf;F czT kw;Wk; ,Ug;gplk; Mfpatw;iw mspf;Fk; caphp xk;Gaphp
vdg;gLfpd;wJ. 119. xl;Lz;zpfs; capUs;s nry;fspy; kl;LNk tho;e;J tsUk;> ,it fl;lha
xl;Lz;zpfs; my;yJ caph;rhh;G [Ptpfs; vdg;gLfpwJ. 120. khWk; xl;Lz;zpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
NtW rpy G+Q;irfs; Xk;Gapiuj; jhf;fp nfhy;fpwJ. gpd;dh; mjd; vQ;rpait kPJ kl;Fz;zpahf tho;fpwJ. ,it khWk; xl;Lz;zpfs; my;yJ jpRr;Nrj caphpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
121. fl;lha xl;Lz;zpfs; CLUTtjw;Fk;> cwpQ;Rtjw;Fk; rpy rpwg;G
mikg;Gfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd? mjd; ngaH vd;d? `h];Nlhhpahf;fs; 122. G+Q;irfspd; ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd $l;Laph; tho;f;if vJ? 1. iyf;fd;fs; 2. ikf;Nfhiurhf;fs; 123. My;fhf;fSf;F ,izahf xU tFg;ghf fUjg;gl;L jhNy/igl;lh vd;w
gphptpd; fPo; jhtucyfpy; G+Q;irfs; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 124. va;d;]; nthh;j; (1973) vd;w G+Q;irapay; ty;Yeuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
G+Q;irfspd; tifghL ntg;];lh; vd;gtuhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. 125. kpf;N]hikf;Nfhl;lh kpfTk; mrhjhuzkhd caphpfs;. 126. kpf;N]hikf;Nfhl;lh ];iyk; Nkhy;Lfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. 127. irNfhik rPl;Lfs; ,izTg; G+Q;irfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. 128. nry;Rth; ifl;bd; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhrd; vd;Dk; nghUspdhy; Mdit. 129. rhjhuzkhf fUg;G nuhl;bf;fhshd;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; iuNrhg]; kw;Wk;
kpA+f;fh; irNfhikf;Nfhl;bdh gphpitr; rhh;e;jit. 130. iuNrhg]; kpA+f;fiug; Nghd;Nwf; fhzg;gLk; rhWz;zp MFk;. 131. M];NfhikrPl;LfSf;Nf chpj;jhd gz;ghd ,g;G+Q;irfspy; M];Nfh];Nghh;fs;
cUthfpd;wd. 132. M];Nfh ];Nghh;fs; M];f]; vdg;gLk; ig Nghd;w mikg;gpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 133. M];NfhikrPl;Lfspy; epiwa M];f];fs; njhFg;Gfshfr; Nrh;e;J
M];Nfhfhh;g; vdg;gLk; fdpAWg;igj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. 134. fdpAWg;Gfspd; tiffs;?
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fdpAWg;Gfs; 3 tifg;gLk;. 1. fpwp];NlhjPrpak; ,it cUz;il tbtk; Kbait. (v.fh.) a+Nu\pak; 2. ghpjPrpak; ,it FLit tbtk; (v.fh.) ePa+Nuh];Nghuh 3. mg;NghjPrpak; ,it fpz;zk; tbtk; (v.fh.) ngi]]h
135. ,dg;ngUf;f i`/ghf;fspd; Edpapy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; Fz;lhe;jb tbt ngrpbak; vd;w mikg;Ng ngrpbNahikrPl;Lfs; vd;w ngah; tuf; fhuzkhapw;W.
136. Nkk;ghL mile;j ngrpbNahikrPl;Lfs; ngrpbNahfhh;g;Gfs; vdg;gLk;
fdpAWg;Gfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. 137. “ngdprpypak; nehl;Nll;lk;” vd;w G+Q;irapypUe;J ve;j kUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ? ngd;rpypd; 138. ngd;rpypd; vd;w kUe;J ahuhy;> ve;j Mz;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?
gphpl;ld; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j mnyf;]hz;lh; /gpsk;kpq; vd;gtuhy; 1928-Mk; Mz;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
139. <];l;Lfs;> fhshd;fs;> l;u/gy;fs; kw;Wk; Nkhuy;fs; Nghd;w G+Q;irfs;
czthf cl;nfhs;sj; jFe;jit. 140. mfhhpf]pd; rpw;wpdq;fshd m.ig];Nghu];> m.Mh;ntd;]p]; Mfpait
cz;zj; jFe;jit. 141. thy;Nthpnay;yh thy;Nt]p> th.il]; Nghuh Mfpa cz;zf;$ba fhshd;fs;
kpfg;nghpa mstpy; tzpf hPjpahf cw;gj;jpr; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. 142. rhuhaj; njhopw;rhiyAk;> nuhl;bj; njhopw;rhiyAk; vjid ntFthfr;
rhh;e;Js;sd? <];l;Lfs; (rhf;Nuhik rPl;Lfs;) 143. My;f`hy; rhuhaj; njhopw;rhiyfspYk;> CO2 nuhl;bj; njhopw;rhiyfspYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. 144. caph;Ntjp kugpay; vd;W Njhd;wp gpd;dh; %yf;$W caphpay; vd;W
fth;r;rpfukhf khwpajw;F ePA+Nuh];Nghuh fpuhrh vd;w G+Q;irapy; Muk;gp;f;fg;gl;l Muha;r;rpNa mbg;gilahapw;W.
145. ePA+Nuh];Nghuh> M];gh;[p];y]; Mfpa G+Q;irfs; ,d;wsTk; kugpay;
Muha;r;rpf;F gad;gl;L tUfpd;wd. 146. “G+Q;irfs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; ,wg;G $l KOik ngwhJ” –vd;w $w;W
ahUilaJ? gh];l;rhpd; 147. LSD (D – iynrh;[pf; mkpyk; ilvjpy; mikL) vh;fhl; vdg;gLk;. 148. fpshtpnrg;]; gh;G+hpah G+Q;irapypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. 149. 1845-Mk; Mz;L mah;yhe;J ehl;by; ve;j g+Q;ir cUisf;fpoq;F gapiuj;
jhf;fp “cUisf;fpoq;fpd; mOfy;” Nehia Vw;gL;j;jpaJ? /igl;lh/Njhuh ,d;/ng];ld;];
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150. gUj;jpapd; thly; Neha; /gA+Nrhpak; Mf;]p];Nghuk; vd;w G+Q;irapdhy; NehAz;lhfpwJ.
151. fliyapd; ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha; nrh;f;Nfh];Nghuh ngh;nrhNdl;lh vd;w
G+Q;irapdhy; tUfpwJ. 152. fUk;gpd; rpfg;G mOfy; Neha; nfhypl;Nlhbiuf;fk; /gy;Nfl;lk; vd;w
G+Q;irapdhy; tUfpwJ. 153. kdpjh;fspd; rpy G+Q;ir Neha;fs;
kdpjh;fspd; rpy G+Q;ir Neha;fs; NehAz;lhf;Fk; G+Q;irfs; 1. cUisg;GO (Bdpah) 2. cUisg;GO (Bdpah) 3. Nfd;bbahrp];
vg;gpnlh;Nkh/igl;lhd; biuf;Nfh/igl;lhd; Nfd;blh My;gpfd;];
154. gphpT – A+ikf;Nfhlh cl;gphpT – irNfhikf;Nfhbdh tFg;G – irNfhik]Pl;]; Jiw – kpA+f;fNuy;]; FLk;gk; – kpa+f;fNu]p Nghpdk; – kpa+f;fh; 155. kpa+f;fh;> xU kl;Fz;zp G+Q;ir MFk;. 156. kpa+f;fh; nghJthf Crpf; fhshd; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. 157. kpa+f;fiu fUg;G nuhl;bf; fhshd; vdTk; miog;gJz;L. 158. kpa+f;fh; Nghpdj;jpy; vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd? 50 rpw;wpdq;fs;. 159. <ukhd nfl;Lg;Nghd nuhl;bapy;> mOfp;g;Nghd gok; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfspy; kw;Wk;
nfl;Lg;Nghd mq;ffg; nghUl;fspd; kPJ „xl;lil Nghd;W glh;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
160. kpa+f;fhpd; clyk; ntz;ikahd nky;ypa gQ;R Nghd;w ,iofshy; MdJ.
,ij ik]Pypak; vd;gh;. 161. kpa+f;fh; vg;NghJk; mjpf mstpy; fpisj;Jk; gy epA+f;spa];fisf; nfhz;Lk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ> ,jw;F ]PNdhi]bf; epiy vd;W ngah;. 162. ik]Pypaj;jpd; xt;nthU ,iof;Fk; i`/gh vd;W ngah;. 163. kpa+f;fhpd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; tptuk;?
kpa+f;fhpy; nt[pNll;bt; KiwapYk;> ghy; kw;Wk; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f KiwfspYk; eilngWfpwJ. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fKiw ntF rf[khf kpa+f;fhpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
164. nt[pl;Nlbt; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
i`/ghf;fs; Jz;lhtjpd; %yk; xt;nthU Jz;Lk; tsh;e;J Gjpa ikrpypaq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.
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166. Xa;T epiyapYs;s ];Nghh;fs; fpshikNlh];Nghh;fs; MFk;. 167. rhpahd <ug;gjKk; ntg;gepiyAk; tsh;r;rpf;F cfe;j #o;epiyAk; tha;f;Fk;
NghJ ikrpypaj;jpypUe;J nky;ypa epkph; ,iofs; i`/ghf;fs; nrq;Fj;jhf tsh;fpd;wd. mit vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
];NghuhQ;rpNah /Nghh;fs; my;yJ ];Nghuff; fhk;Gfs; 168. ];NghuhQ;rpNah cUz;ilahf> epiwa ];Nghh;fis cs;slf;fpakhf >
fhYnky;yhit Edpapy; jhq;fpa ];NghuhQ;rpakhf khWfpwJ. 169. tskw;w> cUz;il tbt ikag;gFjp> ];Nghh;fs; mw;w gFjp fhYnky;yh
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 170. kpAf;fhpy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; N`khjhypf; MfNth my;yJ n`bNuhjhypf;
MfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. 171. + jd;ikAs;s kw;Wk; - jd;ikAs;s i`ghf;fNs ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfshf
nray;gLfpd;wd. 172. ,izT Kiwapy; kpAf;fhpy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ. 173. ntt;NtW ghy; jd;ik cila (+ jd;ik my;yJ – jd;ik) ,UNtW
jhtuq;fspd; i`/ghf;fs; kpf mUfUfhf tUk; NghJ GNuhNfkPl;Lfs; vdg;gLk; Gilg;Gfs; ,U i`ghf;fspd; gf;fthl;L Rth;fsp;Yk; cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
174. Gilg;Gfs; ,ize;J fhQ;RNf\d; Foha; my;yJ ,izTf; Foha;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 175. kpa+f;fhpd; Edpghfk; NfkPl;lhQ;rpak; vd;Wk;> mbghfk; ]];ngd;]hh;
vdg;gLfpwJ. 176. rPNdhNfkPl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?
xt;nthU NfkPl;lhQ;rpaj;jpYs;s GNuhl;Nlh gpshrf; $Wfs; xU NfkPl;lhf cUkhWfpd;wd. ,it gy epa+f;spay; nfhz;lit> ,itfNs rPNdhNfkPl;Lfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
177. fy;tpapy;yhkNyNa Vi]Nfh];Nghh; vdg;gLk; jbj;j ciuaw;w nky;ypa
ciwahy; Md ghh;j;njNdh];Nghh;fis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. 178. rpy fhyk; Xa;T epiyf;Fg; gpd;dh; irNfh];Nghh; Kisf;fj; Jtq;FfpwJ.
ntspg;Gw ciw ntbj;J cl;Gw ciw ];NghuhQ;rpNah/Nghh; (];Nghuff; fhk;G) my;yJ GNuhikrpypakhf Foy; Nghd;w tbtpy; tsh;fpwJ.
179. N`hNkhjhyp]k; (xj;j clyk; nfhz;lit) vd;why; vd;d?
xNu ik]pypaj;jpd; i`ghf;fs; ,iztjd; %yk; xU irNfh];Nghh; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLkhdhy; me;j epiyf;F N`hNkhjhyp]k; vd;W ngah;. xj;jghy; jd;ikAs;s i`ghf;fs; kl;LNk ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;a N`hNkhjhypf;
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kw;Wk; - jd;ik)nfhz;l ,U jhy];fSf;fpilapy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.
181. n`bNuhjh]p]k; vd;why; vd;d?
kpAf;fhpy; ghypdg; ngUf;fj;jpd; NghJ ,U NtWgl;l ghy;jd;ik (];l;nua;d;) nfhz;l ik]Pypaq;fs; mLj;jLj;j tsu Nehpl;lhy; ,Utif i`/ghf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa irNfhl;Lfs; kpFjpahf cz;lhFk;. ,e;j epfo;r;rp n`bNuhjhyp]k; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gpLfpwJ.
182. My;fhf;fisg; gw;wpa mwptpay; Jiw My;fhy[p my;yJ /igf;fhy[p vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 183. jd;dpr;irahf ePhpy; kpjf;Fk; my;yJ jdpj;J ePhpy; ePe;Jk; Ez;zpa
My;fhf;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd? /igl;Nlh gpshq;f;lhd;fs; 184. fly;fs; Vhpfspd; Mokw;w fiu Xug; gFjpfspy; mbapy; xl;b thOk;
My;fhf;fs; nge;jpf; vdg;gLfpd;wd. 185. My;fhf;fspd; rpy rpw;wpdq;fSk;> G+Q;irfSk; Nrh;e;J fhzg;gLk; jhtug;gphpT
iyf;fd;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. 186. vg;gp/igl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?
xU rpy My;fhf;fs; kw;w My;fhf;fs; my;yJ Vidaj; jhtuq;fspd; kPJ njhw;Wj; jhtukhf tho;fpd;wd. ,it vg;gp/igl;Lfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
187. rpy My;fhf;fs; ypj;Njh/igl;Lfs; my;yJ ghiw tho; My;fhf;fs; MFk;. 188. vspa> Ez;zpa xU nry; caphpfspypUe;J kpfg;nghpa Nkf;Nuh]p];b]; vd;w
fly;ghrp tiu My;fhf;fspd; jhyq;fs; tpj;jpahrg;gLfpd;wd. 189. xU nry; My;fhf;fs; fpshkpNlhNkhd]; Nghy efUk; jpwd; cs;sjhfNth
my;yJ FNshnuy;yh Nghy efUk; jpwdw;Nwh fhzg;gLk;. 190. ngUk;ghd;ikahdit ,iofshy; Md clyj;ij cilait? mjw;F v.fh.
jUf? (v.fh.) ];igNuhifuh 191. rpy My;fhf;fs; kpfg;nghpa clyj;ij cilad. mjw;F v.fh:- fhnyh;g;gh>
rh;fh]k;> yhkpNdhpah> /gpa+f];> Nkf;Nuh]p];l;b]; 192. My;fhf;fspd; tbtq;fs; ahit? My;fhf;fspd; gRq;fzpfq;fs; gytifahd tbtq;fis cilait. v.fh:- 1. fpshkpNlhNkhdh]py; - fpz;z tbtKk; 2. ];igNuhifuhtpy; - hpg;gd; tbtKk; 3. irf;dPkhtpy; - el;rj;jpu tbtKk;
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midj;Jg; ghrpfSk; ve;j nry; mikg;ig cilait? A+NfhpNahl;bf; nry; 194. My;fhf;fspy; vj;jid tifahd xspr;Nrh;f;if epwkpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
My;fhf;fspy; %d;W tifahd xspr;Nrh;;f;if epwkpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd:-
1. gr;irak; 2. fhNuhl;bdha;Lfs; 3. gpypGujq;fs; 195. ePhpy; fiuaf;$ba gpyp Gujq;fis /igf;Nfh vhpj;jphpd; (rpfg;G) kw;Wk;
/igf;Nfhradpd; (ePyk;) epwkpfs; nghJthf NuhNlh/grp tFg;gpYk; raNdh/igrp tFg;gpYk; KiwNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
196. NuhNlh/igrp tFg;gpy; /GNshhpbad; ];lhh;r; /NgNahigrp tFg;gpy;
NykpNdhpad; ];lhh;r;Rk; a+f;spNdh/igrp tFg;gpy; ghuhikyhDk; Nrkpg;Gg; nghUl;fshf cs;sd.
197. Nre;Njh/igrp kw;Wk; Ngrpy;NyhpNah/igrp My;fhf;fs; nfhOg;G> vz;nza;
kw;Wk; ypg;gpLfis Nrkpj;J itf;fpd;wd. 198. firapiofs; vj;jid tiffshf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,U tifahd
firapiofs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 1. rhl;il tif 2. bd;ry; tif 199. ,uz;L fir ,iofSk;> rk ePsKk; nfhz;bUe;jhy; mtw;iw INrhfhd;l;
vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. 200. n`l;bNuhfhd;l; tifapy; ,uz;L firapiofSk; ePsj;jpy; my;yJ tbtj;jpy;
NtWgLfpd;wd. 201. My;fhf;fspy; %d;W tifahd ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfs; tpthpf;fTk;? 1. cly; ,dg; ngUf;fk; 2. ghypyh ,dg; ngUf;fk; 3. ghy; ,dg; ngUf;fk; 202. cly; ,dg; ngUf;fk; Jz;lhjy; Kiw Ntw;wplf; fpisfs; Njhd;Wjy;
Kiwap;y; cly; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ. 203. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; gytifahd ];Nghh;fspd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ. 204. #];Nghh;fs;> VgpshNdh];Nghh;fs; kw;Wk; VifNdl;Lfs; Mfpait
rpytifahd ghypyh ];Nghh;fs; MFk;. 205. ghy; ,dg; ngUf;fj;jpy; ,uz;L Nfkpl;Lfs; ,izfpd;wd. ,izAk;
Nfkpl;Lfs; xNu jhyspypUe;J Njhd;wpdhy; mij N`hNkhjhypf; vd;Wk; ntt;Ntwhd jhy]pypUe;J Njhd;wpdhy; mij n`l;bNuhjhypf; tif vd;Wk; miof;fpNwhk;. ,izAk; Nfkpl;Lfs; INrhNfkpl;Lfs; my;yJ n`l;bNuhNfkpl;Lfs; MFk;.
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206. INrhNfkp vd;why; vd;d? ,jpy; Gw mikg;G> nray;jd;ik Mfpa ,uz;bYk; xj;j xNu
khjphpahd ,U NfkPl;Lfs; ,izfpd;wd. (v.fh.) ];igNuhifuh kw;Wk; fpshkpNlhNkhdh]pd; rpy rpw;wpdq;fs;.
207. n`l;bNuhNfkpapd; tiffis tpthp?
,t;tifapy; NtWghL cila ,uz;L Nfkpl;Lfs; ,izfpd;wd. mJ ,Utifg;gLk;. 1. midNrhNfkp 2. CNfkp
208. CNfkp tif ,iztpy; Mz;Nfkpl;L Me;jNuhRtha;Lfs; vd;Wk; ngz;
NfkPl;L mz;lk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. 209. Me;jNuhRtha;Lfis cUthf;Fk; Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; Me;jphpbak;
vd;Wk;> mz;lj;ij cz;L gz;Zk; nry; CNfhdpak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
210. Me;jNuhRtha;Lk;> mz;lKk; ,ize;J cUthFk; nry; irNfhl; MFk;. 211. F.F. /gphpl;r; jdJ “My;fhf;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fk;” vd;Dk;
E}ypy; My;fhf;fis 11 tFg;Gfshf gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. mitahtd:-
1. epwkpfspd; Nrh;f;if 2. Nrkpg;Gg; nghUl;fs; 3. firapiofspd; mikT 4. jhy]; mikg;G 5. ,dg;ngUf;fk; 212. My;fhf;fspd; 11 tFg;Gfs; tpthp?
1. FNshNuh/igrp 2. Nre;Njh/igrp 3. fpiuNrh/igrp 4. Ngrpy;NyhpNah/igrp 5. fphpg;Nlh/igrp 6. ilNdh/igrp 7. FNshNuhNkhdhbdp 8. A+f;spNdh/igrp 9. /NgNah//igrp 10. NuhNlh/igrp 11. kpf;Nrh/igrp.
213. Nghh;/iguhtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; [g;ghd;> ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; fyp/Nghh;dpah
ehLfspy; cl;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. 214. my;th> yhkpNdhpah> rh;fh]k; kw;Wk; Fnshnuy;yh Mfpa My;fhf;fSk;
gyehLfspy; czthf cz;zg;gLfpd;wd. 215. fly;ghrp vdg;gLk; yhkpNdhpah> /gpA+f;f]; kw;Wk; M];Nfh/gpy;yk; Mfpa
My;fhf;fs; tPl;L tpyq;FfSf;Fk; fhy;eilfSf;Fk; czthf mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
216. M]py;yNlhhpah> mdhgpdh> eh];lhf; kw;Wk; mNyhrpuh Mfpa ePyg;gRk;
ghrpfs; tspkz;ly iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;jp kz;tsj;ij mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. 217. mfhh;> mfhh; n[ypbak; kw;Wk; fpuh]PNyhpah Mfpa rpfg;G My;fhf;fspypUe;J
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 218. My;[pdpf; mkpyk; vdg;gLk; $o;kk; gOg;G My;fhf;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. 219. mNahbd; nfy;g; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gOg;G My;fhf;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. 220. ilNal;likl;L vd;why; vd;d?
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221. tpz;ntspg; gazq;fspd; NghJ Co2 kw;Wk; clypUe;J ntspahFk; fopTg;
nghUl;fis ntspNaw;wTk; cgNahfg;gLj;jgLk; My;fh vJ? FNshnuy;yh ighpdha;Nlhrh vd;w My;fh 222. FNshnuy;ypd; vd;w Ez;zpaph; nfhy;yp FNshnuy;yhtpypUe;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. 223. rpy rkaq;fspy; My;fhf;fs; g;Sk;fs; vdg;gLk; mlh;e;j mikg;igj;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. 224. Jiw : fhQ;RNfy;]; FLk;gk; : i]f;dpNk]p Nghpdk; : ];igNuhifuh 225. ed;dPh; nfhz;l Fsq;fs;> Fl;ilfs;> Vhpfs; Kjyhdtw;wpy; kpf mjpf
mstpy; kpje;J thOk; gr;ir My;fhthd ,jd; ngah; vd;d? ];igNuhifuh 226. ];igNuhifuhtpd; kw;nwhU ngah; vd;d? ePh;g;gl;L 227. ];igNuhifuh ,iofspy; kpA+]pNy[; gbe;Js;s fhuzj;jhy; kpfTk;
tOtOg;ghf cs;sJ. 228. ];.ml;Ndl;lhtpy; xl;b thOk; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpwJ. 229. N`g;buh Nghd;w Nthpfs; nfhz;L rpy rpw;wpdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 230. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; ];igNuhifuh rpw;wpdk; vJ? ];. nfhyk;gpahdh 231. ik#hpy; cs;s N[hf; ePh;tPo;r;rpapy; ];. N[hnfd;]p]; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 232. irl;Nlh gpshr ,iofs; gpiukhh;bay; Al;hpf;fps; vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. 233. ];igNuhifuhtpy; fhzg;gLk; gRq;fzpfq;fs; Fwpg;gplj; jFe;jit. 234. ];igNuhifuhtpd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; tpthp? 1. nt[pNlbt; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
2. ghh;j;njNdh];Nghh;fs;> VifNdl;Lfs; kw;Wk; Vg;sNdh];Nghh;fs; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
3. ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; 235. xt;nthU nry;ypYk; cs;s cl;nghUl;fs; xUq;fpize;J xU ciwahy;
#og;gl;L VirNfh];Nghh;fshf my;yJ ghh;njNdh];Nghh;fshf cUkhWfpd;wd. 236. ghh;j;njNdh n[dp]p]; ];igNuhifuh fphPd;Nyz;bfhtpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
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238. ];igNuhifuhtpd; vl;L rpw;wpdq;fs; vjd; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd? Vg;sNdh];Nghh;fs; 239. ];igNuhifuhtpy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ve;j rpwg;G NfkPl;Lfspd; ,iztpdhy;
Vw;gLfpwJ? Vg;sNdhNfkPl;Lfs;> ,jw;F „Vg;sNdhNfkp vd;W ngah;. 240. ];igNuhifuhtpd; fhzg;gLk; ,izT tpthp? ,izT ,U tifg;gLfpwJ.
1. Vzp ,izT 2. gf;f ,izT 241. ];igNuhifuhtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; N`hNkhjhypf; MfNth my;yJ n`bNuhjhypf;
rpw;wpdq;fshfNth cs;sd. 242. vjph; vjpuhf cs;s ,U ,iofspd; Vg;sNdh NfkPl;Lfs; ve;j Kiwapy;
,izfpd;wd? Vzp xj;j ,izT 243. fhQ;RNf\d; Foy; topahf mkpgha;L ,af;fk; %yk; efUk; nraypy; <LgLk;
g;NshNdhNfkPl; Mz; NfkPl;lhfTk;> Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; NfkPl; ngz; NfkPl;lhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
244. ,uz;L NfkPl;LfSk; ,ize;j gpd; i]Nfhl; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 245. irf;Nfhl;ilr; Rw;wp jbg;ghd ciw tsh;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ> mjd; ngah;
vd;d? irNfh];Nghh;
247. xNu ,ioapd; mLj;jLj;Js;s xd;wd; fPo; xd;Ws;s nry;fspy; Vg;sNdh
NfkPl;Lfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
248. Kisj;jYf;F Kd;dh; ve;j gFg;ig Nkw;nfhz;L ehd;F `hg;shapL epA+f;spa];fis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.
bg;shapL irNfhl; kpah]p];
249. gpiuNah/igl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?
tho;f;ifr; Row;rpia KOikahf;f ,d;dKk; <uj;ij ek;gp thOk;> th];Fyhh; jpRf;fsw;w (th];Fyhh; jpRf;fshd iryk;> /GNshak; fpilahJ) epy tho; jhtuq;fNs /gpiuNahigl;Lfs;. vdNt ,it jhtu cyfpd; ePh; epy tho;td vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
250. gpiuNahigl;bd; Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;gpd; ngah; vd;d? Me;jphpbak; 251. gpiuNahigl;bd; ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;gpd; ngah; vd;d? Mh;f;fpNfhdpak; 252. jhtu clyk; jhy]; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
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tho;f;if Row;rpapy; xw;iw ka Nfkpl;Nlhigl;L re;jjpAk; ,ul;ilka ];NghNuh/igL re;jjpAk; khwp khwp tUk;.
255. xw;iwka re;jjp vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? Nfkpl;Nlh/igl;L re;jjp 256. Nfkpl;Lfs; ve;j gFg;gpd; %yk; Njhd;Wtjhy; ,it xw;iw kakhdit? ikl;lhrp]; 257. gpiuNahigl;by; NfkPl;Lfs; ,ize;J vjid Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd? ,ul;ilka irNfhl; 258. gpiuNahigl;bd; irNfhl; ve;j re;jjpahf tsh;fpwJ? ,ul;il ka ];igNuh/igl;L 259. gpiuNahigl;by; xw;iwka ];Nghh;fs; ve;j re;jjpia cUthf;Ffpd;wd? Nfkpl;Nlh/igl; re;jjp 260. gpiuNahigl;Lfspd; tifghL $Wf? gpiuNahigl;Lfs; %d;W Kf;fpa tFg;Gfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpiuNah/igl;Lfs; 1. n`g;ghl;bf;Nf 2. Me;Njhnruhl;Nl 3. k];i] (<uy; tbt) (nfhk;G tbt) (kh];fs;) v.fh. hpf;]pah v.fh. Me;Njhnrhu]; v.fh. /gpA+Ndhpah 261. gpiuNah/igl;Lfspy; tpiy kjpg;gw;w ve;j vhpnghUs; gad;gLfpwJ? fhpiag; Nghd;W gPl; vdg;gLtJ 262. tFg;G : n`g;ghbNf Jiw : khh;f;Nfd;\pNayp]; FLk;gk; : hpf;]pNa]p Nghpdk; : hpf;]pah 263. hpf;]pNa]p FLk;gj;jpy; kpf mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Nghpdk; vJ? hpf;]pah 264. hpf;]pah Nghpdj;jpy; nkhj;jk; vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd? 130 rpw;wpdq;fs; 265. hpf;]pah Nghpdj;jpy; Kf;fpakhditfs; vit? 1. hpf;]pah /g;Sapl;ld;]; 2. hp. fhd;n[l;bfh 3. hpf;]pah FU]pNal;lh 4. hpf;]pah fh\pahgp[ 5. hpf;]pah `khynad;]p]; 6. hpf;]pah b];fyh; 266. ,e;jpahtpy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk; hpf;]pahtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; vit?
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hp. fhd;n[l;bfh> hp. fh\;ahgp[ 267. hpf;]pah rpw;wpdq;fspy; ePh;tho; jhtuk; vJ? hp;/g;Sapl;ld;]; 268. hpf;]pah jhtu cyfpy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? Mk;/gpgpad; (ePh;> epyk; tho;td) 269. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s re;jjpfs; vd;d? Nfkpl;Nlh/igl;> ];NghNuhigl; 270. hpf;]pah Nthpd; Ntiyfis NthpfSk; nra;fpd;wd? mitfis tpthp?
,it ,U tifg;gLk;. Kisfs; Nghd;w cs;Rth; kbg;Gfisg; ngw;w Roiy ciwNthpfs; kw;Wk; ,tw;iwg; ngw;wpuhj rk ciwNthpfs; vd ,Utifahd Nthpfs; hpf;]pahtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
271. jhy]pd; cs;sikg;G tpthp?
jhy]pd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; vspa jpR mikg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,U gFjpfs; ,jpy; njspthfj; njhpfpd;wd. 1. czT jahhpf;fty;y lhh;]]; gFjp kw;Wk; 2. Nrkpg;Gj; jpR nfhz;l ntd;l;uy; gfjp vd;gd ,itfshFk;.
272. hpf;]pahtpy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? 1. cly; ,dg; ngUf;fk; 2. ghy; ,dg; ngUf;fk; 273. hpf;]pahtpy; ve;j rpw;wpdj;jpy; jhy]pd; ntd;l;uy; gug;gpy; Ntw;wplf; fpisfs;
mit gpd; jdpj;Jg; gphpe;J Gjpa clyq;fisj; jUfpd;wd? hp/GSl;ld;]; 274. hpf;]pahtpy; ve;j jhtuj;jpy; Nfhil fhyj;jpy; ePh; twl;rpahy; Edpg;gFjpfs;
jtpu Vida fhkpl;Nlh/igl; jpRf;fs; mope;J tpLfpd;wd? hpf;]pah `pkhyad;]p]; 275. hpf;]pahtpy; ve;j rpw;wpdj;jpy; ,sk; iurhapLfspd; Edpg; gFjpapy; gFg;Gfs;
epfo;e;J nry;jpus;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd? hpf;]pah fpshf;fh 276. hpf;]pah fpshf;fhtpd; kw;nwhU ngah; vd;d? n[k;khf;fs; 277. hpf;]pahtpd; ngUk;ghyhd rpw;wpdq;fs; ve;j tifiar; Nrh;e;jit? khNd\pa]; 278. N`hNkhjhypf; vd;why; vd;d?
Mz;> ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; xNu jhtuj;jpy; mikj;jpUj;jy;. ,ij “N`hNkhjhypf;” vd;Wk; toq;Fth;. cjhuzk; hp.fpshf;fh> hp.Nfd;[bfh Kjyhdit N`hNkhjhypf; rpw;wpdq;fs;
279. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s rpw;wpdq;fs; vit? n`l;bNuh jhypf; 280. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s Mz; jhy];fs; vij kl;Lk; nfhz;Ls;sd? Me;njhpbaq;fs;
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281. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s ngz; jhy];fs; vij kl;Lk; nfhz;Ls;sd? Mh;f;fpNfhdpaq;fs; 282. hpf;]pahtpy; Me;njhpbaj;ijg; ngw;w miw Me;njhpba miw vd;Wk;>
Mh;f;fpNfhdpaj;ij cs;slf;fpa miw Mh;f;fp Nfhdpa miw vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
283. hpf;]pahtpd; Me;njhpbaj;jpDs; vd;d cs;sJ? Mz;l;Nuhirl;Lfs; 284. Mz;l;Nuhirl;Lfs; Kjph;r;rpapd; NghJ ve;j tpe;jZthf cUkhWfpd;wd? Me;njNuhRtha;L my;yJ ];ngh;k; 285. ntd;l;liur; Rw;wp ,U mLf;Ffs; nfhz;l ciw Njhd;wp vjid
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ? Nfypg;l;uh 286. hpf;]pahtpy; ];NghNuh/igl; jiyKiwapd; Kjy; nry; vJ? bg;shapL irNfhl; 287. hpf;]pahtpd; Nkw;Gwr; nry; vgpNg]y; nry; vd fPo;g;Gw nry; i`NghNgry;
nry; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 288. hpf;]pahtpd; ve;j fUtpd; ,Unry;fs; NkYk; gFg;gile;J ehd;F nry; epiy
milfpd;wd? ];NghNuh/igl; : vgpNg]y; kw;Wk; i`g;NghNg];y; 289. hpf;]pahtpd; ];NghNuh/igl; re;jjp fUtpy; Njhd;Wk; ,UgFjpfs; vit? ntspg;Gw Mk;/gpjPrpak; kw;Wk; cl;Gw vz;NlhjP]pak; vd;gitNa MFk;. 290. hpf;]pahtpy; vz;N;lhjPrpak; ve;j nry; jpuis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ? ];NghNuh[Pd;]; nry; 291. ];Nghh; jha; nry;fs; kpahbf; gFg;ig Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; vjid
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd? nll;uLfs; 292. ];NghNuh[Pd]; nry;fspypUe;J vit Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd? ];Nghh; jha; nry;fs; 293. ];Nghhpd; mikg;gpy; ntspg;Gwk; cs;s fpA+l;bd; nfhz;l mLf;F vt;thW
toq;fg;gLfpwJ? vN]h]; Nghhpak; 294. ];Nghhpd; mikg;gpy; ika mLf;fpd; ngah; vd;d? kPN]h];Nghhpak; 295. ];Nghhpd; mikg;gpy; cs;sLf;F vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? vz;Nlh];Nghhpak; 296. ];Nghh; Kisj;J vt;thW khWfpwJ? fhkPl;Nlhigl;lhf
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298. N`g;shapL jiyKiw vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? NfkPl;Nlhigl; 299. NfkPl;Lfs; vjd; %yk; cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd? iklhrp]; 300. hpf;]pahtpd; Mz;> ngz; NfkPl;Lfs; ,ize;J vjid cUthf;Ffpd;wd? bg;shapL irNfhl; 301. bg;shapL irNfhl;il ve;j jiyKiwia Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ? bg;shapL ];NghNuhigl; 302. hpf;]pahtpd; ];NghNuh/igl;bypUe;J kpah]p]; gFg;G %yk; vjid
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd? ];Nghh; nll;uLfs; 303. hpf;]pahtpy; fhzg;gLk; re;jjp khw;wk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? cU Xt;th re;jjp khw;wk;
304. th];Fyhh; jpRf;fis cila kpfj; njhd;ikahd jhtuk; vJ? nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs; 305. nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; vjid cilait? flj;J jpRf;fshd iryk; kw;Wk; /GNshaj;ij cilait 306. midj;J th];Fyhh; jhtuq;fSk; ve;j xNu gphptpy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd? buf;fpNah/igl;lh 307. th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs; ve;j jiyKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; jpRf;fs; MFk;? ];NghNuh/igl;L 308. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs; th];Fyhh; jpRf;fSld; $ba ve;j jhtuk; MFk;? G+thj;jhtuk; 309. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspy; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapy; ve;j jiyKiw khw;wk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ? njspthd n`l;bNuhkhh;/gpf; jiyKiw 310. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspy; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; vjd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ? ];Nghh;fs; 311. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspd; rpw;wpdq;fspd; tiffis $Wf?
rpy rpw;wpdq;fs; n`l;bNuh];Nghu]; mjhtJ ,uz;L tifahd ];Nghh;fis cUthf;Fgit. 1. nghpa nkfh];Nghh; 2. rpwpa ikf;Nuh];Nghh;
312. ];Nghufj;jpy; ve;j Fd;wy; gFg;Gf;Fg; gpwF ];Nghh;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd? ];Nghh; jha; nry;fs; Fd;wy;
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ne/g;Nuhnyg;g]; x/gNahf;sh]k; M];kz;lh> g;nlhp];> mbahz;lk;> khh;rPypah> mNrhyh> rhy;tpdpah.
317. gpiuNah/igl;L Nghd;witfs; xNu xU tifahd ];Nghh;fis kl;LNk
cz;;lhf;Ftjhy; mjd; tifapd; ngah; vd;d? N`hNkh];Nghu]; 318. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspd; tpij cs;s jhtuq;fspd; ghpzhkj;jpy; vJ Kf;fpa
gq;F tfpf;fpwJ? n`l;bNuh];Nghhp 319. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspy; vjpypUe;J GOf;nfhy;yp kUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ?
biuahg;nlhp]; vd;w nguzpapd; iuNrhk; kw;Wk; ,iyf;fhk;gpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
320. ve;j nguzpapd; ];NghNuhfhh;g; rpy Mjpthrpfshy; cz;zg;gLfpwJ? khh;rPypah (ePh; nguzp)
321. gphpT : buf;fpNah/iglh JizgphpT : Buhg;rplh tFg;G : nyg;Nlh];NghhpNal;Nl Jiw : /gpyf;Nfy;]; FLk;gk; : nld;];Nll;\pNarp Nghpdk; : ne/g;Nuhypgp]; 322. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; vd;w Nghpdk; Vwj;jho vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; nfhz;l
ntg;gkz;ly NguzpahFk;? 30 rpw;wpdq;fs; 323. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; ngUk;ghyhd rpw;wpdq;fs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd? epy thoplq;fspy; 324. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; rpy rpw;wpdq;fs; vt;thW cs;sd? v.fh. jUf? epy thoplq;fspy; (v.fh.) ne. thYgpyp]; kw;Wk; ne. uNkhrh 325. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd? Ie;J rpw;wpdq;fs; 326. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; nghJthf fhzg;gLgit vit? ne. mf;A+l;lh kw;Wk; ne. bAgNuhrh 327. ];Nghuh/igl;bd; Gw mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLgit ahit? kl;lepyj;jz;L> Nth;fs; kw;Wk; ,iyfs; 328. khTg; nghUl;fisAk;> ePiuAk; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; fpoq;Ffs; vjpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd? ne. bAgNuhrh
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329. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; gy ,iyfis cila Kjph;e;j kl;lepyj;jz;L vjid nfhz;lJ?
bf;bNah];by; 330. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; nky;ypa Rth;fis nfhz;l nry;fshy; Md ntspg;Gw
mLf;fpd; ngah; vd;d? vgpg;nsk;kh 331. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; ve;j Nth;fs; tYtspg;gjhf cs;sJ? ];fpspnud;ifkh 332. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; mLf;fpd; ngah; vd;d? nghpirf;fps; 333. th];Fyhh; njhFg;G ve;j jd;ik cilaJ? ilahh;f; kw;Wk; vr;rhh;f; 334. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; iryk; jl;bd; ,U Gwq;fspYk; fhzg;gLgit vd;d? GNshak; 335. $l;lypiyf; fhk;gpd; FWf;Fntl;by; vit cs;sJ? Gwj;Njhy;> mbj;Njhy;> jsj;jpR kw;Wk; ];By; 336. ftl;Lf; fpisj;jy; Kiwapy; fpisj;j kl;lepyj;jz;bd; %yk; vit
eilngWfpwJ? cly; ,dg; ngUf;fk; 337. neg;/Nuhypgp]pd; Kjph;e;j ];Nghhpiyfspd; mbg;ghfj;jpy; fhzg;gLgit vit? ];NghNuhQ;rpaj; njhFg;Gfs; my;yJ Nrhu]; 338. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; Kjph;e;j GNuhjhy]; vt;tsT tpl;lk; nfhz;L> mjid
kz;zpy; Cd;w Nthpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ? 3 kp.kP – 8 kp.kP 339. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; Me;jphpbaq;fs; vjd; mbapy; ikaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ? GNuhjhy]; 340. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; Mh;f;fpNfhdpaq;fs; vjd; mUfpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? Edpgs;sj;jpd; 341. ne/g;Nuhypgp]py; xt;nthU Kjph;e;j Me;jhpbaKk; 30-4 gy
firapiofisAila vjid cUthf;FfpwJ? Mz; NfkPl;Lfs; my;yJ Me;jNuh Nrtha;Lfs; 342. ne/g;Nuhypgp]py; ve;j gFg;Gfs; kPz;Lk; epfo;tjhy; irNfhl; gy nry;
fUthf tsh;fpwJ? ikl;lhbf; 343. ne/g;Nuhypgp]py; fUtpy; NkYk; gy Gw cUthf;f khw;wq;fs; epfo;tjhy; ve;j
jhtuk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ? ];NghNuh/igl; jhtuk;
344. kpf ntw;wpfukhf epyr;R+oypy; thOk; Nkk;ghL mile;j jhtuq;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
tpijj; jhtuq;fs; 345. tpijj; jhtuq;fspd; %d;W Kf;fpa Njhw;wq;fs; tpthp? 1. n`l;bNuh];Nghhpapd; Njhw;wk; 2. tpijfs; cUthf;fk; 3. ePe;Jk; jd;ikaw;w Mz; NfkPl;Lfs; Njhd;Wjy; 346. tpijj; jhtuq;fs; ve;j tifiar; rhh;e;jit? n`l;bNuh];Nghu];
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347. tpijj; jhtuq;fspy; ikf;Nuh];Nghh; vd;gJ vd;d? kfue;jj;J}s; 348. tpijj; jhtuq;fspy; vJ fUg;igiaf; Fwpf;Fk;? nkfh];Nghh; 349. tpijj; jhtuq;fspy; Nth;> jz;L kw;Wk; ,iyfspy; th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs;
fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; ,uz;L tFg;Gfis $Wf? 1. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; 2. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k; 350. ];ngh;nkl;Nlh/igl;lh gphptpd; gpd; jq;fpa tFg;gpd; ngah; vd;d? [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; 351. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; tpijfs; vt;thW cs;sd?
,tw;wpd; tpijfs; jpwe;jit mjhtJ MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspy; cs;sit Nghy ,it fdpj;Njhypdhy; %lg;gltpy;iy. [pk;Ndh]; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F jpwe;j vd;w nghUSk; ];nkh;Nkh]; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F tpijfs; vd;w nghUSk; cz;L.
352. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; ve;j fhyj;jpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;ld? kPNrhNrhapf; (225 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G) 353. gRik epwk; khwhj> Crpapiyfis cilait vit? Nfhdp/ngh;fs; 354. ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; Crpapiyf; fhLfs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd? `pkhyag; gpuNjrk; 355. Nfhdp/ngh;fs; vd;gJ vd;d?
igd;> /gH> ]G&];> nrlhh;> Fg;u]; kw;Wk; nrf;nfha;ah n[[hd;l;bfh (fpl;lj;jl;l 100 kPl;lh; caukhd nul;Tl; kuk;) MFk;.
356. [pk;Ndh];ngh;Nk kw;Wk; MQ;rpNah];ngh;NkfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s Ntw;Wikfs;. tFg;G [pk;Ndh];ngh;Nk (irf;fLfs;> Nfhdp/ngh;fs; kw;Wk; [pq;Nfhf;fs;)
tFg;G MQ;rpNah];ngh;Nk (G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;)
1. iryj;jpy; Foha;fs; fpilahJ. buf;fPLfs; kl;LNk cs;sd. (ePl;Nlyp]; jtpu) /GNsaj;jpy; Jiz nry;fs; fpilahJ.
iryj;jpy; Foha;fs; cs;sd. /GNshaj;jpYk; Jiz nry;fs; cs;sd.
2. $k;Gfs; fhzg;gLk; ,tw;wpy; ];Nghufq;fSk; ];Nghh;fSk; cUthFk;.
kyh;fis cUthf;Fk; ,jpy; ];Nghufq;fSk; ];Nghh;fSk; cUthFk;.
3. tpijfs; jpwe;jit. mjhtJ tpijfs; R+y;igf;Fs; %lg;gltpy;iy
tpijfs; R+y; igf;Fs; %lg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. R+y;ig ,y;yhjjhy; fdp fpilahJ. fUTWjYf;Fg; gpd; R+y;ig fdpahf khWfpwJ.
357. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapy; fhzg;gLk; re;jjp khw;wk; vJ? N`hl;bNuhkhh;gpf; 358. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; vjw;F ,ilg;gl;ldthf cs;sd? nlhpNlh/igl;LfSf;Fk;> MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fSf;Fk;
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1. tFg;G irf;fNlh/igl;lh 2. tFg;G Nfhdp/ngNuh/igl;lh
363. Nfhdp/Ngh; jhtuq;fspd; kuf;fl;ilfs; vjw;F gad;gLfpd;wd? fhfpj cw;gj;jp 364. igd]; jhtuj;jpd; nurpdpypUe;J vit ngwg;gLfpwJ? lh;gd;ild; Fwpg;G:-
ngapz;l; kw;Wk; ghyp\;fspy; ,J fiug;ghdhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. kUj;Jtj;jpYk; ,J typ> %r;Rf; NfhshW Nghd;w Neha;fSf;F kUe;jhfpwJ.
365. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspd; vit cz;zj; jf;fit? igd]; [puhh;bahdhtpd; tpijfs; 366. v/gpl;uhtpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; v/gpl;iud; vd;w my;fyha;L vjw;F kUe;jhfpwJ? M];j;Jkh kw;Wk; Rthrf; NfhshW Neha;fs; 367. igdrpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; vJ ePh;f;frpitj; jLg;gjpYk;> ,izg;Gg; gFjpfis
%LtjpYk; gad;gLfpwJ? Nuhrpd; vd;w nurpd;
368. tifghl;L epiy gphpT : irf;fNlh/igl;lh tFg;G : irf;flhg;rplh Jiw : irf;fNly;]; FLk;gk; : irf;fNlrp Nghpdk; : irf]; 369. irf;fNly;]; Jiwap;d; gutyhf fhzg;gLk; Nghpdk; vJ? irf]; 370. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; irf];fs; ahit? ir. nrh;rpdhyp];> ir. ngf;bNdl;lh> ir. uk;/ig kw;Wk; ir. ngl;Nlhik 371. ,e;jpahtpy; Njhl;lq;fspy; tsh;f;fg;gLk; irf]; rpw;wpdk; vJ? ir. nutY}l;lh 372. ve;j irf]; rpw;wpdj;jpd; ,sk; ,iyfspd; rhW tapw;W NfhshWfs> thA
njhy;iy> ,uj;j the;jp kw;Wk; Njhy; Neha;fSf;F kUe;jhf cs;sJ? ir. nrhprpdhyp];
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373. ve;j irf]; rpw;wpdj;jpd; jahhpf;fg;gLk; ijyk; jiytyp> jiyr;Rw;W kw;Wk; njhz;ilf; fk;ky; Nghf;f gad;gLfpwJ?
ir. nutY}l;lh 374. ];NghNuh/igl; Nth;fspd; tiffs; vit? Nth;fs;: irf;f]; ,Utpjkhd Nth;fs; cs;sd.
1. rhjhuz Nth;fs; 2. vjph; Gtprhh;girT nfhz;l gtoNth;fs;
375. irf]pd; cauk; vt;tsT? Vwj;jho 1.5 kPl;lh; Kjy; 3 kPl;lh; tiu 376. irf]pd; ,iyfis tpthp? irf;f]; <Ut ,iyfs; nfhz;lJ. mitahtd :-
1. gRk; ,iyfs; my;yJ jd;takhf;Fk; ,iyfs; 2. nrjpy; ,iyfs;
377. FWNtl;by; Nth; Gwj;Njhy; ve;j jpRit nfhz;lJ? Gwzp kw;Wk; ika th];Fyhh; 378. nghpnlh;k; vd;why; vd;d?
jf;if> jf;iff; Nfk;gpak; kw;Wk; jf;ifg; Gwzp my;yJ ,uz;lhk; epiy Gwzp Mfpa gFjpfs; xU Nru nghpnlh;k; vdg;gLk;.
379. Gwzpjurk; vjdhy; epiwe;j nry;fshy; MdJ? ghud;ifkh 380. irf]; jz;bd; ikaj;jpy; ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; Md vit fhzg;gLfpwJ? gpj; 381. ed;F tsh;r;rp mile;j irf;f]; jz;L vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? khNdhirypf; 382. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; ve;j vOj;J tbtpy; mike;Js;sd? jiyfPo; XNkfh (W) 383. irf;f]pd; rpw;wpiyapd; Njhw;wk; vd;d?
rpw;wpiy :- irf;f]pd; rpw;wpiy FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; gpd;tUk; jpRf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. Nky; kw;Wk; fPo; Gwj;Njhy; 2. mbj;Njhy; 3. ,iyapilj; jpR 4. flj;Jk; jpR 5. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs;.
384. irf;f]pd; mbj;Njhy; ve;j nry;fshy; MdJ? ];fpspnud;ifkh 385. ,iyapilj; jpR ve;j jpRit cilaJ? NgypNrl; kw;Wk; flw;gQ;R ghud;ifkh 386. NgypNrl; kw;Wk; flw;gQ;R ghud;ifkh ,uz;bYk; mjpfkhf vit
fhzg;gLfpd;wd? gRq;fzpkq;fs; 387. irf;f]pd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; tpthp?
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irf;f]; cly; ,dg;ngUf;f kw;Wk; ghypd ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpwJ.
388. cly; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ve;j cUthf;fj;jpd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ? Ntw;wpl nkhl;Lfs; kw;Wk; gy;gpy;fs; 389. irf;f]pd; ghypdg;ngUf;fk; tpthp?
irf;f]; fz;bg;ghf ilNa\pa]; jhtukhFk;> mjhtJ Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; jhtuq;fs; Jy;ypakhf NtWgLfpd;wd.
390. irf;f]pd; Mz; jhtuk; ve;j mikg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;? Mz;$k;G my;yJ Mz; ];l;Nuhgpy]; 391. 3-5 ikf;Nuh];NghuRk; nfhz;l njhFg;Gfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd? Nrhu]; 392. ryh[h vd;why; vd;d?
xNu xU R+yiw nfhz;l nghpa epAnry;y]; cila R+yhf cs;sJ. epAnry;y]; R+Yld; ,ize;J epAnry;y]pd; Kidapy; kl;Lk; gphpe;J epAnry;yhh; myfhf cs;sJ. ,q;F R+y;Jis cs;sJ. ,jd; vjph;Kid ryh[h vd miof;fg;gLk;.
393. ngz; Nfkpl;Nlh/igl; tsu tsu vit mopf;fg;gLfpwJ? epAnry;y]; 394. rhjhuzkhf xU Mz; NfkPl;L kl;Lk; xU Mh;f;fpNfhdpaj;Js; nrd;W
mz;lj;NjhL ,ize;J fUTWjy; epfo;e;J vij cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ? irNfhl; 395. irf;f]pd; tpij %d;W jiyKiwfis $Wf?
R+Yiwapy; ,Ue;j Njhd;wpa tpijAiw Kjy; ];NghNuh/igl; epiyiaAk;> fUT+z; Nfkpl;Nlh/igl; epiyiaAk; xU Gjpa ];NghNuh/igl; epiyiaAk; fhl;LfpwJ.
396. caphpdq;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;fspd; mbg;gil myfhfj; jpfo;tJ
vJ? nry; 397. tpyq;F nry;ypy; gpsh];kh rt;tpdhYk;> jhtu nry;ypy; nry;Rth; kw;Wk;
gpsh];kh rt;tpdhYk; R+og;gl;L capHfspd; xU myfhfj; jpfo;tNj nry; vd;W tiuaWj;j mwpQh;fs; ahh;?
Y}ap kw;Wk; nrf;Nftpl;]; 398. nry;iyg; gw;wpa ve;j xU Muha;r;rpAk;> Ez;Nzhf;fp ,d;wp KbahJ vd;W
Kjd;Kjyhf Muha;e;j mwpQh; ahh;? Mz;lhd; thd;Y}td;`hf; (1632-1723)
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399. Mz;lhd; thd;Y}td;`hf; jhNd tbtikj;j jdJ vspa Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; %yk; Muha;e;j nry;fs; ahit?
ghf;Bhpah> GNuhl;Nlh Nrhtd;fs;> ];ngh;nkl;lNrhthd;fs;> ,uj;jr;rptg;gZf;fs; 400. rPrhj; jf;ifapd; nky;ypa rPty;fis Muha;e;j NghJ mjpy; fhzg;gl;l
Njd;$L Nghd;w kpfr;rpwpa mikg;ig “nry;” vd;W ngahpl;L mioj;j mwpQh; ahh;?
uhgh;l; `Pf;> 1655-,y; 401. 1838-Mk; Mz;L jhtuq;fs; midj;Jk; jhtu nry;fspdhy; Mdit vd;W
fz;lwpe;J $wpath; ahh;? n[h;kd; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j jhtutpay; epGzh; khj;jpNah]; \pyPld; 402. 1839-Mk; Mz;L tpyq;Ffspy; Muha;r;rp nra;J tpyq;FfSk; nry;fshy;
Mdit vd;W fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;? clw;$W epGzh; jpNahlh; \pthd; 403. 1858-Mk; Mz;L “nry; nfhs;if” ahuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ? &Nlhy;/g; tph;Nrh 404. 1831-Mk; Mz;L Mh;f;fpL Nth; nry;fsp;y; epa+f;spai]f; fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;? uhgh;l; g;nusd; Fwpg;G:- ,J kpf Kf;fpakhd fz;Lgpbg;ghFk;. 405. 1840-Mk; Mz;L nry;fspd; cs;Ns fhzg;gLk; tbtbg;ghd nghUl;fSf;F
„GNuhl;Nlh gpshrk; vd;W ngahpl;lth; ahh;? Gh;fpd;[p 406. 1932-Mk; Mz;by; vJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lTld; nry; kw;Wk; nry;ypd;
Ez;ZWg;Gfis gw;wpaj; jfty;fs; ekf;F fpilf;f fz;Lgpbj;j Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; ngah; vd;d?
vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp 407. mikg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nry;fs; vj;jid tiffshf
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld? mit ahit? 1. GNuhNfhpNahl;bf; 2. A+NfhpNahl;bf; 408. njhlh;e;J b.vd;.V. thdJ J}J Mh;.vd;.V.thf khw;wg;gLtJ vt;thW
miof;fg;gLtJ? gb vLj;jy; 409. mstpYk;> tbtj;jpYk; ve;j nry;fs; kpfTk; NtWgLfpd;wd?
A+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;fs;
410. kpfg;nghpa nry; irf]; jhtuj;jpd; vJ MFk;? R+y; 411. ve;j Nehiag; gw;wp NkYk; mwptjw;fhfNt mwptpay; ty;Yeh;fs; nry;
tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; nry; gFg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfis jPtpukhf Muha;e;J tUfpwhh;fs;?
Gw;WNeha;
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412. jhtunry;> tpyq;Fnry;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
jhtu nry; tpyq;F nry; 1. nry;YNyh]pdhy; Md cWjpahd nry;Rth; cz;L.
nry; Rth; fpilahJ. gpsh];kh rt;Tjhd; nry;iy ntspg;Gwk; R+o;e;Js;sJ.
2. jhtu nry;fs; nry; Rtiu ngw;wpUg;gjdhy; njspthd> jpl;ltl;lkhd tbtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd. nry;ypd; tbtk; epue;;jukhdJ.
tpyq;F nry;ypd; tbtk; jpl;ltl;lkhdJ ,y;iy. tbtk; khwpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
3. gpsh];bLfs; cs;sd. Kf;fpakhdJ gRq;fzpfk; MFk;.
gpsh];bLfs; fpilahJ.
thf;FNthy;fs; fpilahJ. my;yJ kpf FiwthfTk; rpwpaitahfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
5. Nkk;ghL milahjj; jhtuq;fspy; kl;LNk nrd;l;NuhNrhk;fs; cs;sd.
midj;J tpyq;F nry;fspYk; nrd;NuhNrhk;fs; cs;sd.
6. bf;bNah Nrhk;fs; (Nfhy;[p cWg;Gfs;) irl;Nlh gpshrj;jpy; gutyhff; xw;iwr; rt;tpdhy; Md Nynky;yhj jl;Lf;fis cilait.
irl;Nlh gpshrj;jpy; xOq;fhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Foptw;w jl;L Nghd;w FWfpa fpz;zk; Nghd;Nwh cs;sd. xd;Wf; nfhd;W njhlh;Gila Foy;fs; Nghd;w gFjpfis cilait
7. A+NfhpNahl;bf; jhtu nry;fspy; kl;LNk iyNrhkPrhk;fs; cs;sd.
midj;Jr; nry;fspYk; cs;sd.
tpyq;F nry;fs; rpwpait
9. Nrkpg;G nghUshf jurk; cs;sJ. fpisf;Nfh[d; Nrkpg;G nghUshf cs;sJ.
10. irl;Nlh gpshr gFg;gpd; NghJ nry;ypd; ikaj;jpy; nry;jl;L cUthfpwJ.
irl;Nlh gpshr gFg;gpd; NghJ nry;ypd; tpspk;gpypUe;J ikaj;ij Nehf;fp xU gs;sk; Njhd;WfpwJ.
413. nry;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiyr; nra;tjw;fhf rpy khw;wq;fis miljiyNa
vd;d miljy; vd;fpNwhk;? NtWghL miljy; 414. nry;ypd; nraYf;F Vw;wthW mjd; cUtKk; khw;wk; milfpwJ. ve;j
caphpay; Nfhl;ghl;bid epUgpf;fpd;wJ? “tbtk; nraypd; gpujpgypg;G”
415. 1839- Mk; Mz;L “nry; nfhs;if” apid ve;j ,U mwpQh;fs; Nrh;e;J
ntspapl;ldh;? \p`yPld; kw;Wk; \;thd; 416. nry; nfhs;ifapd; mwptpay; Muha;r;rp vj;jid epiyfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd?
1. cw;WNehf;fy; 2. a+fq;fis ntspaply; 3. nfhs;if cUthf;Fjy; 4. nfhs;ifapy; khw;wk; nra;jy;
417. ve;j jhtutpay; epGzuhy; „cw;W Nehf;fy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ? \pypld; (1804-1881)
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418. “rt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;L epa+f;spai]f; nfhz;Ls;s xU mikg;Ng nry;” vd nry;iy tiuaWj;jth; ahh;?
n[h;kdp ehl;L tpyq;fpay; epGzh; \;thd; 419. xt;nthU nry;Yk; epa+f;spai]f; nfhz;Ls;s vtw;why; Mdit? GNuhl;Nlh gpshrk; 420. caphpdj;jpd; nkhj;j tpisTfs; vit? nry;fspd; $l;Lr; nray;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nkhj;j nray;gL jpwNd MFk;. 421. ghf;Bhpahf;fSf;Fk;> raNdh ghf;Bhpaq;fSf;Fk; (ePyg; gRk; ghrpfs;) xOq;fhd
fl;like;j vit fpilahJ? ePa+f;spa]; 422. rpy GNuhl;NlhNrhtd;fs; vij nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy? nry;yikg;G 423. khw;wq;fSld; $ba ______ vd;w me;j];Jf;F cah;j;jg;gl;lJ? nry;tpjp my;yJ nry;Nfhl;ghL 424. nry;ypd; mikg;igAk;> nray;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ vJ? DNA 425. Gtpf; Nfhsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; midj;J caphpfSk; mitfspd; nry;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L nghpa gphpTfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld? mit ahit? GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs; kw;Wk; A+NfhpNahl;Lfs; 426. vit GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs; MFk;? ghf;Bhpahq;fs; kw;Wk; raNdhghf;Bhpaq;fs; 427. vit a+NfhpNahl;Lfs; MFk;? G+Q;irfs;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; 428. midj;J GNuhNfhpNahl;L nry;fspYk; kugpay; jfty;fs; Kw;wpYkhf my;yJ
ngUk;ghd;ikahf ikaj;jpy; mike;Js;s tl;ltbt> jdpj;j> b.vd;.V %yf;$wpy; mike;Js;sij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
,d;]pgpad;l; epa+f;spa]; my;yJ epa+f;spaha;L 429. rpy ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; nry;rt;T nry;ypd; cl;Gwk; vtw;iw rpy ePl;rpfshf
cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd? kPNrhNrhk;fs; 430. ghf;Bhpa nry;fspy; nry; rt;tpd; ntspg;Gwk; mij xl;ba nry;Rth; xd;Wk;
cs;sJ. mJ vtw;why; MdJ? ngg;bNlh fpisf;fhd;> xypNfhrhf;fiuLfs; kw;Wk; Gujj;jpdhy; Md $l;Lg;nghUl;fs;
431. ve;j ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; nky;ypa nry;RtUf;F ntspg;GwKk; mrhjhuzkhf xU rt;T fhzg;gLfpwJ?
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gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? nghpgpsh];kpf; 433. GNuhNfhpNahl;L ghf;Bhpaq;fs; fpuhk; rhaj;ij Vw;gjpy;iy? vdNt mit
vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd? fpuhk; nefl;bt; tif 434. jbg;ghd nry;Rtiug; ngw;W> ntspr;rt;T mw;W fhzg;gLgit vit?
Ng]py;y]; ghypkpr;rh> ,it fpuhk; rhaj;ij Vw;gjhy; ,it fpuhk; gh]pl;bt; tif vdTk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
435. GNuhNfhpNahl;bf; nry;ypy; iuNghNrhk;fs; gy xd;W Nrh;e;J ve;j njhFg;Gfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
ghypiuNghNrhk;fs; my;yJ ghypNrhk;fs; 436. GNuhNfhpNahl;bf; nry;ypd; ikag;gFjpapy; vit cs;sJ? epa+f;spNahgpshrk; 437. midj;Jj; jhtu tpyq;F cyf caphpdq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ vJ? a+NfhpNahl;Lfs; 438. a+NfhpNahl;Lfs; vtw;wpy; mlq;Fk;? xU nry; g+Q;irfs; (v.fh.) <];L> kw;Wk; GNuhl;NlhNrhtd;fs; midj;Jk; 439. GNuhNfhpNahl;Lr; nry;fisg; NghyNt a+NfhpNahl;Lr; nry;fSk; vjdhy;
R+og;gl;Ls;sJ? gpsh];kh rt;T 440. a+NfhpNahl;Lfspy; xt;nthU nry; Ez;ZWg;Gk; ve;j xU Kf;fpag; gq;fpid
tfpf;fpd;wJ? nry;ypd; tsh;r;rpapYk;> tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpYk; 441. a+NfhpNahl;Lr; nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg; nghpa Ez;ZWg;G vJ? epa+f;spa]; 442. nry;ypd; ngUk;ghyhd epa+f;spa]; vjpy; cs;sJ? b.vd;.V 443. a+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;fspy; b.vd;.V.thdJ 1 Kjy; 50 tiuapyhd ePs> ve;j
mikg;Gfspy; gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; 444. xU caphpapd; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nkhj;j b.vd;.V itAk; vt;thW
miof;fpNwhk;? [PNdhk; 445. a+NfhpNahl;Lfspd; nry;ypd; Mw;wy; tsh;r;rpij khw;wq;fs; vjpy; epfo;fpd;wd? ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpaq;fs; 446. rt;T tiyg;gpd;dy;fspdhy; Md vjpy; Gujq;fSk;> ypg;gpLfSk;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
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vJ cs;sJ? nry;Rth; 450. rpy ghpr;rpakhd GNuhNfhpNahl;Lf;fs; vit?
ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> ,io ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (Mf;bNdh ikrPl;Lfs;) kw;Wk; raNdh ghf;Bhpaq;fs;
451. rpy ghpr;rakhd a+NfhpNahl;Lfs; vit? g+Q;irfs;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; 452. kpfj; njhd;ikahd xsp Ez;Nzhf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp> nry;fNs caphpd;
mbg;gil myF vd;gij tpsf;fpath;fs; ahh;;? \;yPld; kw;Wk; \;thd; 453. Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; fpilf;Fk; gpk;gq;fspd; jd;ikahdJ vjd; mbg;gilapy;
mike;Js;sJ? xspapd; jd;ik> cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gl;l kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapd;
jd;ik kw;Wk; nry; my;yJ jpR jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpjk;
454. nghUsUF nyd;R E}W klq;F ngUf;fKk; (nghJthf 100 nyd;R gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ) fz;zUF nyd;R gj;J klq;F ngUf;fk; cilaJ vd;why; ,Wjpahf fz; my;yJ jpiuapy; tpOk; gpk;gk; vj;jid klq;fhFk;?
100 10 455. nghJthf xsp Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; gad;gLk; khjphpg; nghUl;fs; ve;j fiurypy;
epiy epWj;jg;gLfpd;wd? My;f`hy; my;yJ /ghh;khy;bi`L mlq;fpa fiurypy; 456. xsp Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; ghuh/gpd; my;yJ gpsh];bf;fpy; Gijf;fg;gl;L ve;j
fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp xU rpy ikf;Nuh kPl;lh; jbg;Gs;s nky;ypa Jz;Lfshf rPtg;gLfpd;wd?
ikf;NuhNlhk; 457. kpd;dZ – Ez;Nzhf;fpAk; ve;j Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; mbg;gilapNyNa
mike;Js;sJ? xsp Ez;Nzhf;fp 458. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; vjdhy; Md vjph;kpd; Gyk; kpd;rhuj;jhy;
R+lhf;fg;gLk; NghJ kpd;dZf;fs; ntspahfpd;wd? lq;];ldhy; Md
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459. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; mjpfgl;r NtWgLj;Jk; jpwd; fzf;F G+h;tkhf 0.005mm my;yJ xsp Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; NtWg;gLj;Jk; jpwid fhl;bYk; vj;jid klq;F mjpfk;?
ehw;gjhapuk; klq;F 460. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; cz;ikapy; ,jd; NtWgLj;Jk; jpwd; vt;tsT
MFk;? 0.1n.m. 461. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; vtw;iw gad;gLj;jp vjph;kiw rhatpisit
cz;lhf;Fk;? gh];/Nghlq;f;];bf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; a+uhdpy; cg;Gf;fs; 462. nry; Rtiu Kjd; Kjypy; 1865 – Mk; Mz;L fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;? Pf; 463. Pf; Kjd; Kjypy; ve;j nry;ypy; nry;Rtiuf; fz;lwpe;jhh;? fhh;f; nry; 464. nry;Rthpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; ikl;lh]pd; BNyh/Ng]; epiyapy; vit mfd;W
gPg;gha; Nghd;W tbtk; ngWfpd;wd? /guhf;Nkhgpsh];ll;Lfs; 465. nry;ypd; ikag;gFjpapy; vtw;wpw;F ,ilNa Md Kjy; gphptpidj;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ? nry;jl;L> Nra; GNuhl;Nlhgpshrq;fSf;F 466. nry;jl;L Njhd;Wk; gFjpfsp;y; ve;j ,iofs; kiwe;J nry; jl;ilr; Rw;wp
kl;Lk; njd;gLfpd;wd? /gpuhf;Nkhgpsh];l;L ,iofs; 467. nry;jl;L gbg;gbahf khw;wk; mile;J ve;j nry; ,ilntspg; nghUis
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ? ikaj;jl;L 468. jhtu nry; %d;W ghfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ? mit ahit? 1. ikaj;jl;L 2. Kjd;ik Rth; 3. ,uz;;lhk; epiyr;Rth; 469. ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; nry;Rth; vtw;why; MdJ? ngbNlhfpisf;fhspdhy; 470. G+Q;irapy; nry;Rth; ve;j nghUshy; MdJ? ifl;bd; 471. ngUk;ghyhd jhtu nry; RtHfs; vtw;why; Mdit? nry;YNyh]pdhy; 472. nry;YNyh]; jtpu NtW vitfs; nry;Rthpd; kPJ gbe;J fhzg;glyhk;? n`kpnry;YNyh];> ngf;bd;> ypf;dpd;> fpa+l;bd;> Rghpd; kw;Wk; rpypf;fh
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gz;gpid cilaJ? INrhbuhg;gpf; 474. nry;Rthpd; ikaj;jl;L vtw;why; MdJ? fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; nkf;dPrpak; ngf;Nll;Lfshy; 475. nry;Rthpd; Kjd;ikr; Rth; ve;j gz;gpid cilaJ? midNrhbuhgpf; 476. Kjd;ikr; Rthpy; Vw;fdNt cs;s Rth;g; nghUl;fSf;F ,ilNa GJ Rth;
nghUl;fs; gbtjhy; tsh;fpw> ,j;jifa tsh;r;rpapd; ngah; vd;d? ,ilr; nrUfy; 477. nry; Rthpy; Kjd;ikr; Rtiu kl;LNk ngw;Ws;sit vit? ghud;if nry;fs; kw;Wk; Mf;FjpRf;fs; 478. nry;Rthpy; Kjd;ikr; Rthpy; kpf njha;thf mike;J tiyg;gpd;diy
cUthf;Fgit vit? n[y; Nghd;w jsg; nghUspy; Gije;J fhzg;gLk; nry;YNyh]; Ez; ,iofs; 479. Kjd;ikr; Rthpy; Ez; ,iofs; Gije;J fhzg;gLk; jsg;nghUs; vtw;why;
MdJ? ePh;> n`kp nry;YNyh];> ngf;bd; kw;Wk; fpisf;NfhGujq;fs; 480. Kjd;ikr; Rthpy; ve;j jsg;nghUSld; Ez; ,iofisg; gpizf;fpwJ? nyhkp nry;YNyh]; 481. Kjd;ikr; Rthpy; ve;j jsg;nghUs; epug;Gg; nghUshf cs;sJ? ngf;bd; 482. nry; Kjph;r;rp mile;jTld; jbkdhd ve;jr; Rth; Kjd;ikr; RtUf;F cs;Ns
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ? ,uz;lhk; epiyr;Rth; 483. Gjpa Rth; nghUl;fs; Vw;fdNt cs;s nry; Rth;g;nghUl;fs; kPJ gbtjdhy;
jbkdpd; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ> ,jd; ngah; vd;d? Nky; glh;jy; 484. ,uz;lhk; epiy Rth; cUthjy; midj;Jr; nry;fspYk; xNu khjphpahf
miktjpy;iy> ,jd; fhuzkhf vitfs; NtWghL milfpd;wd? ghud;ifkh> Nfhyd;ifkh> ];fPsPud;ifkh> ehh;fs; kw;Wk; buf;fPLfs; 485. ,uz;lhk; epiyr; Rthpd; Ez; ,iofs; gy jpf;Ffspy; gy mLf;Ffshf kpf
neUf;fkhf mike;J vjdhy; Md jsg;nghUspy; Gije;Js;sJ? ngf;bd; kw;Wk; n`kpnry;YNyh]pdhy; 486. ,uz;lhk; epiyr; Rthpy; gbe;J fhzg;gLgit vit?
ypf;dpd;> Rghpd;> jhJg;nghUl;fs;> nkOF> lhdpd;fs;> nurpd;fs;> fk; fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;L kw;Wk; fhy;rpak; Mf;]Nyl;L Nghd;w fdpk cg;Gf;fs;> rpypf;fh
487. ,uz;lhk; epiyr; Rth; ve;j gz;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ? md;INrhbuhg;gpf;
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488. ,uz;lhk; epiyr;Rthpy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,ilNa CLUtpr; nry;Yk; ,uz;L
mikg;Gfspd; ngah;fs; vd;d? xd;W nry;YNyh]pdhy; Md Ez; ,iofs; kw;nwhd;W njhlh;e;J cs;s Ez;Jis ,ilntspfs;
489. xt;nthU nry;YNyh]; %yf;$Wk; ,izf;fg;gl;l FSf;Nfh]; gbf myFfshy; Md vtw;why; Mdit?
ePs rq;fpypfshy; 490. nry; Rthpy; rq;fpyp %yf;$Wfspd; xt;nthU fw;iwAk; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ? iknry;Ny 491. iknry;Ny mikg;ig gw;wp Kjd; Kjypy; fUj;J njhptpj;jth; ahh;? ehNfyp 492. ,io Nghd;w nry;YNyh]; %yf;$Wfs; fw;iwfshf mike;Js;sJ vd;W
$wpath;fs; ahth;? /g;Nu itrpypq; kw;Wk; KNyjhyh; 493. xt;nthU fw;iwAk; fpl;lj;jl;l 36 nry;YNyh]; %yf;$Wfis cilaij
vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;? njhlf;f ,io 494. nry;iyr; Rw;wpYk; FWfpa Jisfs; cs;sd> mj;Jisfspd; topNa
nky;ypa irl;Nlhgpshr ,iofs; CLUtpr; nry;fpd;wd> ,it nry;fspd; cs;Ns cs;s nghUl;fis ,izf;Fk; ,t;tpiofSf;F vd;d ngah;?
g;sh];Nkhnl];Nkl;lh 495. gpsh];Nkhnl];Nkl;lh xU njhlh;r;rpahd vjid Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd? GNuhl;Nlhgpshr rpk;gpsh];l; 496. nry;Rthpy; gpsh];kh rt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;l FWfpa fhy;thapy; cs;s fpisj;j
my;yJ vspa Fohapd; ngah; vd;d? nl];Nkhl;a+g;A+y; 497. nry;Rthpy; ,uz;lhk; epiyr;Rth; gbag;glhj gFjpapd; ngah; vd;d? Fopfs; 498. nry; Rthpy; xt;nthU Fopf;Fk; vd;ndd;d cs;sd? xU Fop miw kw;Wk; Fopr;rt;T 499. Fopfspd; tiffs; 2 tifg;gLk;> mit ahit? 1. vspa Fopfs; 2. tiuAw;w Fopfs; 500. xt;nthU Fopf;Fk; mUNf cs;s nry;ypd; Rthpy; ,izahf fhzg;gLk; xU
Fopapd; ngah; vd;d? ,izf;Fop 501. nry;Rth; nry;Yf;F cs;Ns cs;s vjidg; ghJfhf;fpwJ? GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;
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502. vjd; fhuzkhf mjpf ePh; nry;Yf;F cs;Ns nrd;W mjdhy; nry; ntbj;J tpLtijj; jLf;fpwJ?
vz;Nlh M];kkh]p]; 503. nry;Rth;fs; nghUl;fis mjpf J}uj;Jf;F flj;Jtjpy; vtw;wpw;F Jiz
Ghpfpd;wd? iryk; Foha;fs;> gpuf;fPLfs; kw;Wk; ry;yilf;Foha;fspd; nry;Rth;fs;. 504. midj;J a+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;fspYk; nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; thf;F
Nthy;fisr; Rw;wpYk; fhzg;gLk; nkhj;jj; njhFg;G vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
irl;Nlhgpshr rt;Tj; njhFg;G 505. gpsh];kh rt;T kw;Wk; nry;Yf;Fs;Ns fhzg;gLk; midj;J rt;TfSk;
Nrh;j;J vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? capUs;sitfspd; rt;Tfs; 506. nry; rt;tpd; Ez;mikg;G vt;thW cs;sJ? nry;rt;T 750A jbkDilaJ. 507. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; ,it 3 mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;sdthff; fhl;rp
mspf;fpd;wd? mit vit? 1. ntspNa cs;s kpd;dZ mlh; mLf;F Rkhh; 200A jbkd; cs;sJ. 2. cl;Gwk; cs;s kpd;dZ mlh; mLf;F Rkhh; 200A jbkd; cs;sJ. 3. eLNt cs;s ntspNa mLf;F – Rkhh; 350A jbkd; cs;sJ. 508. nry;rt;tpd; ntsp mLf;Fk;> cl;Gw mLf;Fk; vtw;why; Mdit? Guj %yf;$Wfshy; 509. nry;rt;tpd; eL mLf;F ,uz;L mLf;Ffis cila ve;j rt;tpd; myF
%yf;$Wfshy; MdJ? gh];Nghypg; 510. nry;rt;tpd; %tLf;F mikg;Gf;F vd;d ngah;? myF rt;T 511. rpq;fh; kw;Wk; epf; nfhy;fs; (1972) vd;gth;fshy; tpsf;fg;gl;l ve;j khjphp
midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ? /GSapl;nkhirf; khjphp 512. nry; rt;tpy; xt;nthU rt;tpw;Fk; xU ______ gf;fKk;> xU ______ gf;fKk;
cs;sd. irl;NlhNrhypf;> vf;N]hgpsh];kpf; 513. nry; rt;tpd; khjphpg; gb xt;nthU rt;Tk; vtw;why; Md ,Ughpkhd mikg;G
cilait? gh];/Nghypg;gpLfs; kw;Wk; Gujq;fshy; 514. nry; rt;tpy; ypg;gpL %yf;$Wfs; njhlh;r;rpahd vtw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd? ,ul;il mLf;F
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515. Gujq;fs; vj;jid tpjkhd mikg;Gfspy; cs;sd? 1. vf;];bhpd; rpf; my;yJ ntspNa cs;s Gujq;fs;. 2. ,d;bhpd;rpf; my;yJ cs;Ns cs;s Gujq;fs;. 516. czTg; nghUl;fis nry;Yf;F cs;NsAk;> tsh;rpij khw;wq;fshy; cUthd
fopTg; nghUl;fis nry;Yf;F ntspNaAk; mDg;gp Njitaw;w nghUl;fs; nry;Yf;Fs; Eiotijj; jLg;gJ vJ?
gpsh];kh rt;T 517. nry; rt;tpd; flj;Jk; jpwid vt;thW miof;fpd;Nwhk;?
1. flj;Jj;jpwd; cilait 2. flj;Jj;jpwd; mw;wit 3. Njh;T flj;Jj; jpwd; cilait
518. nry; rt;tpy; xU rt;tpd; flj;Jk; gz;G vjd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ? 1. gpsh];kh rt;tpy; cs;s Jisfspd; msT 2. nghUs; %yf;$Wfspd; msT 3. nghUs; %yf;$Wfspy; cs;s kpd;Rik 519. nry;Yf;F xU epiyahd rkepiy epyt vJ cjTfpwJ? nry; rt;T 520. nry; rt;tpd; topNa nghUl;fs; ve;j VNjDk; xU Kiwapy; flj;jg;gLfpwJ? 1. Mw;wy; Njitaw;w flj;jy; 2. Mw;wy; NjitAs;s flj;jy; 521. nry;Yf;Fs; nghUl;fs; ,aw;gpay; epfo;r;rpfs; %yk; flj;jg;gLfpd;wd? mit
ahit? 1. guty; 2. rt;T+L guty; 522. ePhpy; fiuaf;$ba nghUl;fSk;> NtW ve;j madpfSk; rt;tpy; cs;s
Jisfspd; %yk; guTfpd;wd? K
+> Cl -> HCO3P – Nghd;w madpfs;
vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;? kpd;Rik NtWghL 524. xU nry;ypypUe;J kw;nwhU nry;Yf;F ePiu flj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpg;gJ vJ? rt;T+L guty; 525. mNef nry;fspd; (jhtuk; kw;Wk; tpyq;F) gpsh];kh rt;Tfs; gy vtw;iwf;
nfhz;Ls;sd? a+dpNghh;l;lh;fs; 526. a+dpNghh;l;lh;fs; flj;jy; ve;nje;j tpjq;fspy; Mw;wy; Njitaw;w guty;
Kiwapdp;d;Wk; NtWgLfpwJ? 1. ,jpy; flj;jypd; tPjk; vjph;ghh;;g;ig tpl kpfTk; mjpfk;. 2. flj;jy; kpfTk; jpl;ltl;lkhdJ.
3. gh];Nghypg;gpL ,ul;il mLf;Ffspd; top KOikahf flj;jy; epfohky; Fwpg;gpl;l flj;jpg; Gujq;fspd; topahf epfo;fpwJ.
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527. %yf;$Wfs; my;yJ madpfs; Njh;T flj;J rt;tpd; topahf nrwpT Fiwe;j
,lj;jpypUe;J nrwpT mjpfkhd ,lj;Jf;F Mw;wypd; cjtpAld; flj;jg;gLtij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
Mw;wy; NjitAs;s flj;jy; 528. gpsh];kh rt;Tfspy; ve;j gy flj;jp Gujq;fs; cs;sd? ngh;kpNa];fs; my;yJ gpuhd;nyhf;Nf];fs; 529. madpfs; Njh;T flj;J rt;tpd; topahf flj;jg;gLtij ,uz;L tpirfs;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit ahit? 1. rt;tpd; kpd; Rik Mw;wy; 2. madpr; nrwpT NtWghL 530. madpr; nrwpT NtWghL ve;j Mw;wyhy; nrYj;jg;gLk; madp gk;g;gpdhy;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ? ATP Mw;wy; 531. nghUl;fs; mjpf mstpy; rt;tpd; topahf nry;Yf;F cs;Ns my;yJ
nry;Yf;F ntspNa Mw;wy; tpirAld; flj;jg;gLjiy vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;? vz;Nlhirl;lh]p]; my;yJ vf;N]hirl;lh]p]; 532. vz;Nlhirl;lh]p]; NghJ gpsh];kh rt;T xU kbg;ig my;yJ ePl;rpia
Njhw;Wtpg;gjd; %yk; vit cUthf;FfpwJ? xU ntrpf;fps; my;yJ thf;FNthiy 533. nghUl;fs; jpl&gj;jpy; cl;nfhs;sg;gl;L> ,jpy; <LgLk; nry;fs; mtw;wpd;
ngah; vd;d? /NgNfhirl;Lfs; 534. czT thf;FNthy;fspy; cs;s nrhpf;fg;glhj czT kPjq;fs; vjd; %yk;
nry;Yf;F ntspNa js;sg;gLfpwJ? /igNdhirl;lh]p]; (nry; mUe;Jjy;) 535. midj;J a+NfhpNahl;L nry;fSk; rt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;l kw;Wk; Ez;ZWg;Gfs;
Mfpatw;iw vjid nfhz;Ls;sd? irl;NlhNrhypy; 536. xU jhtu nry; ngw;Ws;s Ez;ZWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ghfq;fis tpthp? 1. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpaq;fs; 2. gRq;fzpfq;fs; 3. epa+f;spa]; 4. vz;Nlhgpshr tiy 5. Nfhy;if cWg;G (bf;bNah Nrhk;fs;) 6. thf;F Nthy;fs; 7. iuNgh Nrhk;fs; 537. ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpaq;fs; vjid cUthf;Ffpd;wd?
ikaj;jpy; cs;s jsg;nghUspYk; cs;s nehjpfs;> ypg;gpLfs; kw;Wk; rh;f;fiuapd; ,Wjp Mf;rp[d; Vw;w epiyfis Cf;Ftpj;J ATP ia cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
538. gRq;fzpkq;fs; vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
41
xsp Mw;wiy> <h;j;J ATP ia cUthf;Fk; epwkpfSk; nehjpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
539. epa+f;spa]py; b.vd;.V. ePskhd mikg;Gfis vjpy; mike;Js;sJ? FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; 540. vz;Nlhgpshr tiyfspd; 2 tiffs; vit? 1. nrhunrhug;ghdJ 2. totog;ghdJ 541. vz;Nlhgpshr tiyr;rt;Tfspd; kbg;GfspilNa fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspfis
vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;? ]p];nlh;Nd 542. totog;ghd vz;Nlhgpshr tiyapy; vit fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy? iuNghNrhk;fs; 543. jhtu nry;fspy; thf;FNthy;fs; vj;jid rjtPjk; nry;iy epug;gpapUf;Fk;? 70 rjtPjk; 544. ,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fs; kw;Wk; Kjph;e;j tpe;J nry;fs; ePq;fshf midj;J
GNuhNfhpNahl;L kw;Wk; A+NfhpNahl;L nry;fspy; fhzg;gLgit vit? iuNghNrhk;fs; 545. a+NfhpNahl;L nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg;nghpa Ez;ZWg;G vJ? epa+f;spa]; 546. tsUk; my;yJ NtWghL milAk; nry;fspy; cl;fU> tsh;r;rpij
khw;wq;fspy; <Lgl;L vitfis cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;? Mh;.vd;.V. my;yJ b.vd;.V 547. epa+f;spa]; Mh;.vd;.V. Jisfspd; topahf vjw;F mDg;gg;gl;L mq;Nf Guj
cw;gj;jpapy; gq;Nfw;Fk;? irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpw;F 548. vt;tif nry;fspy; epa+f;spa]; nray; jpwdw;W fhzg;gLk;? “xa;ntLf;Fk;” nry;fs; 549. epa+f;spa]py; vit ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; ,aw;gpay; mbg;gil MFk;? FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; 550. epa+f;spa]py; vit ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; Ntjp mbg;gil MFk;? [Pd;fs; 551. epa+f;spa]py; ngUk;ghyhd iuNghNrhk; Mh;.vd;.V vjpy; cw;gj;jp MfpwJ? epa+f;spNahy]py; 552. epa+f;spa]; epa+f;spNahy]; my;yhj gFjp vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
epa+f;spNahgpshrk;
42

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1. ARIVUKKADAL PATHIPPAKAGAM DD M.O 2. ,
: 1161135000002562 IFSC NO KVBL 0001161 / SOUTH MASI STREET, MADURAI : , 3262, , , – 625011. Contact no:98426 49140, 0452-6463666, 9976935585
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fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ vJ? epa+f;spa]; 555. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpd; NtW ngah; vd;d? nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ikak; 556. nry;ypd; Mw;wiy Nrkpj;J ntspapLtJ vJ? ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah 557. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; ntspaplg;gl;l Mw;wy; vjd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F
gad;gLfpwJ? V.b.gp. (mbNdhrpd; biugh];/Ngl;) 558. fhw;Ws;s Rthrj;jpy; Vw;gLk; midj;J nry;fspYk; vit jhk; gpujhd Vbgp
cUthf;f ikaq;fshFk;? ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpad;fs; 559. irl;Nlhgpshr nkhj;j nfhs;sstpy; ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpad;fs; vj;jid rjtPjk;
cs;sd? 25 rjtPjk; 560. mstpy; ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpad;fis nghpait vit? epa+f;spa];> thf;FNthy;fs;> gRq;fzpfq;fs; 561. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpad;fspd; cl;rt;tpd; Gwg;gug;G vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? fphp];Nl 562. F1 Jfs;fs; cs;s fphp];Nlrt;tpy; mike;Js;sJ vJ? Rthrr; rq;fpyp 563. fhw;Ws;s Rthrj;jpy; ETSy; cs;s nehjpfSk;> $l;L nehjpfSk; vt;thW
nray;gLfpd;wd? vyf;l;uhd; Vw;gpfshf 564. ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpad;fs; jd;idj;jhNd ngUf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; ghjp Rakhd
Ez;ZWg;Gfs; MFk;. 565. ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpa jsg;nghUspy; cs;sit vit?
tl;ltbtkhd DNA %yf;$Wk;> 70s tif iuNghNrhk;fSk;> RNA kw;Wk; ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpa [Pd;fs; nray;gLtjw;fhd nehjpfSk; cs;sd.
566. kpfg;nghpa irl;Nlhgpshr Ez;ZWg;Gfs; nfhz;lit vit? gpsh];bLfs; 567. gpsh];bLfspd; %d;W tiffs; vit? FNshNuh gpsh];Lfs;> FNuhNkh gpsh];Lfs; kw;Wk; ypa+f;Nfh gpsh];Lfs;.
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mikNyhgpsh];Lfs; 569. nfhOg;G kw;Wk; vz;nza; nghUl;fisr; Nrkpf;Fk; gpsh];bLfs; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd? ,iyNah gpsh];Lfs; 570. Gujj;ijr; Nrkpf;Fk; gpsh];bLfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd? GNuhl;bNsh gpsh];Lfs; 571. gRq;fzpfq;fspd; cs;Ns xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s tp];jPuzkhd
rt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;l ig Nghd;w mikg;gpd; ngah; vd;d? ijyfha;Lfs; 572. 20 Kjy; 50 tiuapyhd ijyfha;Lfs; xd;wd; Nky; xd;whf mLf;fg;gl;L
ve;j mikg;ig cUthf;Ffpd;wd? fpuhdh 573. gRq;fzpfk; ve;j jsg;nghUspy; nghjpe;J cs;sd? ];NlNuhkh 574. xt;nthU gRq;fzpfj;jpYk; vj;jid fpudhf;fs; cs;sd? 40 Kjy; 100 tiu 575. ntt;NtW fpuhdhf;fsp;d; ijyfha;L rt;Tfis rt;tpdhy; Md Foha; Nghd;w
vjid gpizf;fpd;wd? ];NlNuhkh Nynky;yhf;fs; 576. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; vt;thW ATP cUthfpd;wdNth mNj tpjj;jpy; vit
cUthfpd;wd? gRq;fzpfq;fspYk; 577. gRq;fzpf Ez;ZWg;Gfspd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd Gujq;fs; epa+f;spa]; DNA-
tpd; rq;Nfjf; FwpaPLfspdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;L vit cw;gj;jp Mfpd;wd? irl;NlhNrhypy; 578. nry;ypy; miuf;Nfhs Jfs; mikg;igg; ngw;Ws;s kpfr; rpwpa Ez;ZWg;gpd;
ngah; vd;d? iuNghNrhk;fs; 579. iuNghNrhk;fs; ve;j Gujq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd? iuNghepa+f;spNah 580. xt;nthU iuNghNrhKk; vj;jid tpl;lk; cilaJ? 150-250A tpl;lk; 581. Guj cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ mNef iuNghNrhk;fs; thpirahf mRNA rq;fpypAld;
,ize;J ghypngg;ilLfspd; gy efy;fis vLf;Fk;> ,J Nghd;w iuNghNrhk; njhFg;Gfis vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
ghypNrhk;fs;
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irl;Nlhgpshr iuNghNrhk;fs; my;yJ Ez;ZWg;G iuNghNrhk;fs; 583. Ez;ZWg;G iuNghNrhk;fs; vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? gpsh];bLfspYk;> ikl;Nlhfhz;;l;hpad;fspYk; 584. ve;j tPjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; iuNghNrhk;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd? tbtk; my;yJ tPo;gbT 585. iuNghNrhk;fspd; „S vd;gJ vd;d? ];tpl;ngh;f; myF 586. a+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;fspy; iuNghNrhk;fspd; cw;gj;jp vjpy; eilngWfpwJ? epa+f;spNahy]; 587. caphpdq;fspy; nry;gFg;G %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit ahit? 1. V. ikl;lhrp]; 2. ikl;lh]p]; 3. kNah]p]; 588. tpaj;jF tz;zk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpl;ltl;lkhd fhy eph;zag;gb eilngWtJ
vJ? nry; Row;rp 589. kpf vspikahd gFg;G Kiw ,jpy; epa+f;spa]; cs;spl;l nry; nghUl;fs;>
nry;ypd; ikaj;jpy;; Njhd;wp cs;Nehf;fp tsUtJ vJ? ikl;lh]p]; 590. DNA ,ul;bj;jy; vjpy; eilngWfpwJ? ikl;lhl;bf; nry; Row;rp 591. 1882-Mk; Mz;by; Kjd; Kjypy; ikl;lh]p]; nry;gFg;ig tpthpj;jth; ahh;? W. gpsk;kpq; 592. 1882- Mk; Mz;by; jhtuq;fspy; ikl;lh]p]; epfOk; tpjj;ij tpthpj;jth;
ahh;? ];l;uh];gh;fh; 593. ,uz;L mLj;jLj;j nry; gFg;GfSf;fpilNa ,ilNa cs;s Neuk; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ? ,ilepiy 594. ,ilepiyfspd; %d;W Jiz epiyfis tpthp? 1. G1 my;yJ ,ilntsp – 1 epiy 2. S - my;yJ cw;gj;jp epiy 3. G2 my;yJ ,ilntsp – 2 epiy 595. nry; gFg;gpw;F gpwF cldbahfj; njhlUk; epiy vJ? G1 my;yJ ,ilntsp – 1 epiy 596. xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhKk; ve;j epiyapy; ,uz;L rNfhju FNuhNkl;bLfis
nfhz;Ls;sJ?
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S - my;yJ cw;gj;jp epiy 597. fjph; ,iofSf;Fj; Njitahd Gujq;fs; ve;j epiyapy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd? G2 my;yJ ,ilntsp – 2 epiy 598. ikl;lh]p]pd; 4 Jiz epiyfis $Wf? 1. GNuh epiy 2. nkl;lh epiy 3. mdh epiy 4. Byh epiy 599. epa+f;spa]; ciw kw;Wk; epa+f;spNahy]; kiwa Muk;gpg;gJ ve;j epiyapd;
Muk;gj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;? nkl;lh epiy 600. nry;ypd; ikag;gFjpapy; te;J mike;J nkl;lh epiy jl;L my;yJ
ikaj;jl;il vit Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd? nrd;l;Nuhkpah;fs; 601. nkl;lhepiyapy; vjph; vjph; JUtj;jpypUe;J tUk; vitfs; nrd;NuhkpaUld;
,ize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd? ];gpd;by; ,iofs; 602. nrd;l;Nuhkpahpd; gFg;G ve;j epiyapd; Muk;gpj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ? mdh epiy 603. xt;nthU JUtj;jpYk; xU Nra; nry; vd ,uz;L Nra; epiyfs; ve;j
epiyapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd? BNyh epiy 604. irl;Nlhgpshr gFg;G vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? irl;Nlhifd]p]; 605. irl;Nlhifd]p];y; Nfhy;if cWg;Gfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ntrpf;fps;fs;
xd;W Nrh;e;J ve;j nry;jl;il Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd? /gpuhf;Nkhgpsh];l; 606. ikl;lh]p]pd; tpisthf xd;Wf; nfhd;W xj;jpUf;Fk; vit Njhd;Wfpd;wd? ,uz;L Nra; nry;fs; 607. nry; gFg;gpd; fhuzkhf Nra; nry;fs; kugpay; xw;Wikfis mstpYk;
gz;gpYk; vit ngw;Ws;sd? ikl;lhrp]; nry; 608. caphpdq;fspd; njhlh;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL milahj caphpdq;fspy; ghypyh
,dg;ngUf;fk; Mfpait vjd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ? ikl;lh]p]; 609. nry;fs; ngUf;fkile;J mjd; fhuzkhf tsh;r;rpAk; cUj; Njhw;wKk; gy
nry; caphpfspy; vjd; %yk; epfo;fpwJ? ikl;lh]p]; 610. jhtuk;> kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy; cs;s ,dg;ngUf;f nry;fspy; eilngWtJ vJ? kNah]p]; 611. kNah]p]; gFg;G NtW vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
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Fd;wy; gFg;G 612. kNah]p]; gFg;gpy; cs;s ,uz;L gFg;gpd; ngah; vd;d?
kNah]p]; I my;yJ n`l;bNuhilg;gpf; gFg;G> kNah]p]; II my;yJ N`hNkhilg;gpf; gFg;G
613. xU jhtuj;jpd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapy; kNah]p]; eilngWk; epiyfis $Wf?
1. ];Nghh;fs; cUthfj;jpd; NghJ mjhtJ kfue;jg; igapy; kfue;jj; J}s; cz;lhFk; NghJk; R+oy;fspy; nkfh];Nghh;fs; cz;lhFk; NghJk;.
2. fhkpl;Lfspd; cUthf;fj;jpd; NghJ 3. irNfhl; Kisf;Fk; NghJ 614. kNah]p]; I ehd;F epiyfis $Wf? 1. GNuh epiy I 2. nkl;lh epiy I 3. mdh epiy I 4. Byh epiy I
615. kNah]p]; gFg;G epiyfspNyNa kpfTk; ePz;l epiy vJ? GNuh epiy I 616. GNuh epiy I - ,d; 5 Jiz epiyfs; ahit? 1. nyg;Nlhl;Bd; 2.ifNfhl;Bd; 3. ghf;fpBd; 4. bg;Nyhl;Bd; 5. ilahifd]p]; 617. irNfhl;bd; xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; mtw;wpd; KO ePsj;jpw;Fk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
mUfhikapy; te;J mkh;fpd;wd? mjd; ngah; vd;d? N[hb Nrh;jy; my;yJ rpdhg;rp]; 618. nyg;Nlhl;Bd; vd;w thh;j;ijf;F NtWngah; vd;d? “nky;ypa E}y;” 619. irNfhl;bd; FNuhNkhNrhk; N[hbfSf;F ngah; vd;d? ,ul;ilfs; 620. irNfhl;bd; N[hb Nrh;e;j xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; mUfUNf mikAk;
rNfhjhp my;yhj FNuhNkl;bLfs; rpy Gs;spfspy; ,ize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd? mit ahit?
fah];khf;fs; 621. xt;nthU ,ul;ilAk; ghf;fpBdpy; ehd;F FNuhNkl;bLfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;
,it vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd? nll;uL 622. fah];kh gFjpfspy; xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; mUfUNf cs;s
FNuhkhl;bLfspilNa rpW gFjpfs; ghpkhw;wk; milfpd;wd. ,e;epfo;r;rpapd; ngah; vd;d?
FWf;Nf fyj;jy; 623. xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; RUq;f Muk;gpj;J> fah];kh Gs;spfisj; jtpu kw;w
gFjpfspy; tpyf Muk;gpj;J> ,jd; fhuzkhf ,tw;wpd; ,ul;ilj;jd;ik ed;F Gyg;gLtij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
bg;Nshl;bd; 624. ilahifd]p]py; nrd;l;Nuhkpah;fspypUe;J njhlq;fp FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;
EdpNehf;fp nry;tij mjid vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;? Edp miljy;
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625. vjph; vjph; JUtq;fspypUe;J Njhd;Wk; fjph; ,iofs; xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;
nrd;l;Nuhkpah;fSld; ve;j epiyapy; ,izfpd;wd? nkl;lh epiy I 626. xt;nthU ,ul;ilapYk; cs;s ,uz;L FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; gphpe;J nry;ypd; vjph;
vjph; JUtq;fSf;F ve;j epiyapy; nry;fpd;wd? mdh epiy – I 627. ikl;lh]p]; gFg;gpy; epfo;tJ NghyNt epa+f;spNahy];> epa+f;spa]; ciw
vjpy; kiwfpd;wd? GNuh epiy – II 628. BNyh epiyapy; irl;Nlhgpshrg; gFg;G eilngWfpwJ> ,jd; tpisthf
cUthgit vit? ehd;F xw;iwkar; nry;fs; 629. kNah]p]pd; FWf;Nf fyj;jypd; tpisthf vtw;wpd; kWNrh;f;if
eilngWfpwJ? [Pd;fspd; 630. caphpdq;fspd; gy;NtW cWg;Gfspd; mikg;G> msT kw;Wk; tbtk; gw;wp
mwpa cjTk; mwptpaypd; xU gphptpd; ngah; vd;d? Gw mikg;gpy; 631. jhtuq;fspd; Gw mikg;gpayhdJ ve;j Jiwfspy; nghpJk; gadspf;fpwJ? kugpay;> gaph;g;ngUf;fk;> kuGg; nghwpapay;> Njhl;lf;fiyapay;> gaph;g;ghJfhg;G 632. rhjhuzkhf ehk; Njhl;lq;fspYk; rhiy Xuq;fspYk; fhZk; jhtuq;fs;
vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd? jhtuq;fs; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; my;yJ MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fs; 633. G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; vtw;why; %lg;gLfpd;wd? R+y;fs; ngl;b Nghd;w R+y;igf;Fs; 634. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspy; Vwf;Fiwa vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd? 2>20>000 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l 635. kpf mjpf vz;zpf;ifAs;s g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; vjd; mbg;gilapy; ,dk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd? Gw mikg;gpay; kw;Wk; cs; mikg;gpay; 636. nghJthf vy;yhg; g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fSk; xU cUisahd Kf;fpa mr;irf;
nfhz;Ls;sd> ,it vt;thW mwpag;gLfpwJ? jiuf;F fPo; fhzg;gLk; Nth;j;njhFg;G vd;Wk;> jiuf;F Nky; fhzg;gLk; jz;Lj; njhFg;G vd;Wk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
637. Fwpg;gpl;l gUtk; te;jTld; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; G+f;fs;> fdpfs; kw;Wk; tpijfis cUthf;Ftij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
jhtuj;jpd; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs;
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638. gr;irak; ,y;yhj jiuf;F fPNo tsUk; jhtu cWg;G vJ? Nth;j; njhFg;G 639. Neh;Gtp ehl;lKk; vjph; xspehl;lKk; cilait vit? Nth;fs; 640. Nthpy; EdpapypUe;J Nky; Nehf;fpa ehd;F Kf;fpa ghfq;fs; vit?
1. Nth; %b 2. Mf;FjpRg; gFjp my;yJ nry; gFg;Gg; gFjp 3. nry; ePl;rpg; gFjp 4. nry; NtWghLg; gFjp (nry; Kjph;r;rpg; gFjp)
641. Nthpd; Edpia %bg; ghJfhf;Fk; xU njhg;gp Nghd;w mikg;gpd; ngah; vd;d? Nth; %b 642. Nth; %bapd; Kf;fpa gzp vd;d? Nth; Edpiag; ghJfhg;gJ. 643. nry;fs; njhlh;e;J gFg;gile;J Gjpa nry;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;Nl
nry;Yk; gFjp vJ? Mf;F jpRg; gFjp my;yJ nry; gFg;G gFjp 644. jhtuj;jpd; ePs tsh;r;rpapy; cjTk; gFjp vJ? nry; ePl;rpg; gFjp 645. Gwj;Njhy;> Gwzp kw;Wk; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; Nghd;w jpRf;fisj;
Njhw;Wtpg;git vit? nry; NtWghLg; gFjp (nry; Kjph;r;rpg; gFjp) 646. Nth;j; njhFg;gpd; 2 tiffs; vit? 1. Mzp Nth;j; njhFg;G 2. Ntw;wpl Nth;j; njhFg;G 647. MzpNtUk;> mjd; fpisNth;fSk; Nrh;e;J cUthf;Fk; njhFg;G vJ? Mzp Nth;j; njhFg;G 648. MzpNth;j; njhFg;G ngUk;ghd;ikahd ve;j jhtuq;fspd; Kf;fpa gz;ghfj;
jpfo;fpwJ? ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs; 649. KisNth; jtpu jhtuj;jpd; Ntnwe;jg; gFjpapypUe;Jk; tsUk; Nthpd; ngah;
vd;d? Ntw;wpl Nth; 650. rpy jhtuq;fspy; Kjd;ik NtuhdJ czT Nrkpj;J itg;gjdhy; gUj;J
rijg;gw;Wld; fhzg;gLtij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;? Nth; fpoq;Ffs; my;yJ fpoq;F Nth;fs; 651. Nrkpg;G Nth;fspd; 3 tiffs; $Wf? 1. $k;G tbtk; 2. fjph; tbtk; 3. gk;gu tbtk; 652. jhtuq;fspy; cg;G epiwe;j ePUf;Fs; Gije;jpUf;Fk; rhjhuz Nth;fspypUe;J
nrq;Fj;jhd Nth;fs; fpsk;gp tsh;tij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;? epNkl;Nlh/Nghh;fs;
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653. rpy jhtuq;fspy; Ntw;wpl Nth;fs; czitr; Nrkpj;J itj;J gUj;J rijg; gw;Wld; fhzg;gLk; Nthpd; ngah; vd;d?
Nrkpg;G Nth;fs; 654. Nrkpg;G Nth;fspd; tbtq;fis tpthp? 1. fpoq;F Nth;fs; (v.fh.) rh;f;fiu ts;sp 2. nfhj;J Nth;fs; (v.fh.) M];guhf];> lhypah 3. Kbr;R Nth;fs; (v.fh.) khq;fh ,Q;rp kw;Wk; kQ;rs; 655. Kz;L Nth;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
,t;Nth;fs; jz;bd; Kjy; rpy fZf;fspypUe;J Njhd;WfpwJ. rha;thf kziy Nehf;fp tsh;e;J jhtuj;Jf;F Mjhuj;ijj; jUfpwJ. (v.fh.) Nrhsk;> fUk;G> kw;Wk; jio
656. J}z; Nth;fspd; gad; vd;d? Mykuj;jpd; fpisfSf;F ,t;Nth;fs; Mjhuj;ijj; jUfpd;wd. 657. Mh;f;fpLfspy; fhzg;gLk; Ntw;wpl Nth;fshd njhw;W Nth;fs; vjpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd? vg;gp/igl;Lfs; 658. Mfha Nth;fs; rpwg;ghd gQ;R Nghd;w ve;j jpRf;fis cilaJ? ntyNkd; 659. rpy jhtuq;fspy; Ntw;wpl Nth;fs; gr;irahf khwp xspr;Nrh;f;ifapy;
<LgLtij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;? xsp;r;Nrh;f;if Nth;fs; my;yJ Nrkpg;G Nth;fs; (v.fh.) ilNdh];Nghuh 660. gr;irak; my;yhj xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLgit vit?
xl;Lz;zp Nth;fs; my;yJ `h];Nlhhpahf;fs;
661. fUtpd; Kisf;FUj;J jz;lhf tsh;e;J> jz;L jhtuj;jpd; ika mr;rhfp> jz;L mjDld; $ba ,iyfSld; Nrh;e;J cz;lhf;Fk; njhFg;G vJ?
jz;Lj; njhFg;G 662. jz;bd; gf;fthl;Lf; fpisfs; vit? Gwj;Njhd;wpfs; 663. Gwj;Njhd;wpfspd; jz;bd; Gwj;Nj cs;s jpRf;fspypUe;J vit Njhd;Wfpd;wd? Gwzp 664. tsu Ntz;ba ,sk; jz;L vJ? nkhl;Lf;fs; 665. nkhl;lhdJ jz;L my;yJ fpisapd; Edpapy; fhzg;gbd;; mit vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ? Edpnkhl;L my;yJ cr;rpnkhl;L 666. nkhl;lhdJ ,iyapd; Nfhzj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhy; mit vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ? Nfhz nkhl;L