指導老師：任維廉　教授報告人：徐文華2015/06/04

Content and Organization a manuscript

American Psychology Association

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About me

徐文華

科技管理研究所 碩一

閱讀、游泳

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Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

• 指南於 1929 年刊登在美國心理學會所出版的Psychological Bulletin

• 1928 年，一群心理學和人類學期刊主編擬定一份七頁的寫作指南，列出期刊編輯審稿依據供投稿者參考

• 1952 年正式出版為「美國心理協會出版手冊」，稱為 APA Style Manual ，其所採用的寫作格式就是 APA Style

Science 1892

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Introduction

• Research is complete only when the results are shared with the scientific community

• Scientific journal– Build on existing work, contributing something new– The writing process requires a thorough review and

evaluation of previous work.

Quality Authorship Structure

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I. Quality of Content

1. Designing and Reporting Research– As an author, you should know how editors and

reviewers evaluate manuscripts

2. Evaluating Content– If the research is sufficiently important and free

from flaws to justify publication?

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Quality of Content -Designing and Reporting Research

• Following defects you should avoid:– Piecemeal publication– The reporting of only a single correlation– The reporting of negative results– Failure to build in needed controls– Exhaustion of a problem

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Quality of Content -Evaluating Content

• Checklist based on Bartol, 1981– Is the research question significant? Is the work original

and important?– Have the instruments been demonstrated to have

satisfactory reliability and validity?– Are the outcome clearly relate to the variables?– Does the research design fully unambiguous test the

hypothesis?– Are the subjects representative of the population?– Did the researchers observe ethical standards?– Is the research advance enough?

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II. Characteristics of Authorship and Articles1. Authorship

─ Who receive primary credit and hold primary responsibility for a published work

2. Types of Articles– Empirical– Review articles– Theoretical articles– Other

3. Length, Headings, and Tone

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Characteristics of Authorship and Articles -Authorship

• Author– Who write the article– Who made scientific contributions to the study

• Joint authorship – major contributions made by several person

• Acknowledge in footnotes – minor contributions

• The name of the principal contributor should appear first

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Characteristics of Authorship and Articles -Types of Articles

• Report of empirical studies– Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion

• Review articles– Defines and theoretical articles – Summarize previous investigation– Identify relations, contradiction, gap, and inconsistence– Suggests the next step

• Theoretical artificial• Other

– brief report, comments, replies

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Characteristics of Authorship and Articles Length, Headings, and Tone

• Length– 1 printed page = 3 manuscript pages

• Headings– Help readers grasp the paper’s outline and the relative

importance of the parts of the paper

• Tone– Present the ideas and findings directly but aim for an

interesting and compelling manner

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III. Parts of a Manuscript

1. Title Page

2. Abstract

3. Introduction

4. Method

5. Result

6. Discussion

7. Multiple experiments, reference, appendix

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Parts of a Manuscript -Title Page

• Title summarize the main idea

• Don’t use abbreviations in a title

• The recommended length: 12 to15 words

• Manuscript has a by-line consisting of two parts : Author’s name and affiliation

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Parts of a Manuscript -Abstract• A brief, comprehensive summary• All APA journal except Contemporary Psychology

require an abstract.• Abstract for

– Empirical study: 100 to 150 words– Review or theoretical article : 75 to 100 words

• A good abstract– Accurate : correctly reflects the purpose– Self-contained : define all abbreviations and acronyms– Concise and specific– Nonevaluative– Coherent and readable

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Parts of a Manuscript - Introduction

• Introduce the problem– What is the problem?– How do the hypothesis and the experimential design relate

to the problem?– What are the theoretical implications of the study, and how

does the study relate to previous work in the area?

• Develop the background

• State the purpose and rationale

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Parts of a Manuscript -Method

• How the study conduct– Enable the readers to evaluate the appropriateness of your

methods and the reliability and the validity of your result.

• Identify subsections• Subjects

– Who participated in the study

• Apparatus• Procedure

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Parts of a Manuscript -Result

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Parts of a Manuscript -Result

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Parts of a Manuscript

• Discussion– Evaluate and interpret their implications– Emphasis theoretical relate to the results

• Multiple experiments– Describe the method and results of each experiment

separately

• Reference• Appendix

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Parts of a Manuscript -Reference

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Parts of a Manuscript -Reference

THANK YOU