1. - PARALLEL STRUCTURE (Conjunction) parallel structure and, but, or, nor (a)Steve and his friend are (a) : non + and +coming to dinner.noun (b)Susan raised her handand snapped her finger. (b) : verb + and + (c)He is waving his armsverband (is) shouting at us. (d)These shoes are old but ( c ) : verb + andcomfortable. +verb ( (e)He wants to watch TV or (to) listen to some music ) (d) : adjective + but + adjective (e ) : infinitive + or + infinitive (to )(F) Steve, Joe, and AliceParallel structure are coming to dinner.(g) Susan raised her hand. Snapped her fingers. and asked a question. (h) the color in that fabric are red, gold, black.( and green.

2. 8-2 (USING PAIREDCONJUNCTION ) : BOTH AND : NOT ONLY BUTALSO ; EITHER OR : NEITHER .NOR* (a) Both my mother and my sister are here.bothand (b)Not only my mother but also my sister is not here.only but (c) Not only my sister also, either.or but also my parentsneither nor are here. (d)Neither my mother nor my sister is here. (e)Neither my sister nor my parents are here.(f) the research project will (parallelboth time and structure)money.(g) Yesterday it not only rained but (also) (f): both + noun + and +snowed. noun(h) Ill take either (g) : not only + verb + chemistry or physics nextbut also + verb quarter. (h) : either + noun + or +(i) That book is neithernouninteresting nor (i) : neither + adjective + 3. accurate.nor + adjective 8-3 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES (a)It was raining hard. There (a) independent was a strong wind. clauses ((b) ) : It was raining hard, there [period(.)was a strong wind.* independent clauses (b) (b) run-onsentence ( (c ) it was raining hard, and there was a strong wind. impendent clauses(c)it was raining hard and there was a strong wind. (Punctuation) : (d)It was raining hard. and ( c ) : there was a strong wind. 4. (e)It was raining hard. And (d) : there was a strong wind. (e ) : (f) He was tired. so he went and, but, or to bed.nor (g)The child hid behindso (therefore),mothers skirt, for he was (as a result)afraid of the dog. for (h)He did not study. Yet he(because)passed the exam. yet (but, nevertheless) so, for yet 8-4 ADVERB CLAUSES : INTRODUCTION(a) When we were in newWhen we were in newYork. We saw several York adverb clause plays dependent clause (b)We saw several plays when we were in new independent clauseYork. (punctuation) : adverb clause Independent clause (a) clauses adverb clause (b) (c) Because he was when 5. sleepy, he went, to bed. because (d) He went to bed because adverb clause he was sleepy.becausehe was sleepy adverb clause adverb CAUSE OPPOSITION CONDITIO clausesAND even though NTIMEEFFECTalthoughIfafter Because althoughunlessbeforesince thoughonlywhennow thatunlesswhile aswhether orasal/so long as whereas notby the time inasmuch as while even if(that)providingsince (that)until so (that) providedas soon asin order that (that)oncein caseas/so long as (that)wheneverin the eventevery time(that)(that)the last time(that)the next time(that)8-5 ADVERB CLAUSES after(a)After she graduates, Present futureshe will get a job.tense adverb (b)After she (had)clause graduated. She got a (b) 6. job(d) ( - tense future time clause)before (c ) I will leave before When= at that time = he comes. (d ) I (had) left before ( he came. tenses)when (e) When I arrived, he When = at that time =was talking on the (phone (f) When I got there, he already left.tenses) (g) When it began to rain, I stood under a tree. (h) When I was in Chicago. I visited the museums. (i) When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.while( i) while I was walking While, as =during thatas home, it began to rain.time = (k) As was walking home. It began to rain.By the (I) By the time heBy the time = onetime arrived, we hadevent is completed already left.before another event = (m ) By the time he comes, we will already ( have left. pastperfect futureperfect main clause)since(n) I havent seen him Since = from that time 7. since he left this to the present= morning. (: present perfect tense main clause)Until ( o) We stayed there Until, till = to thattilluntil we finisher ourtime and then nowork.longer =(p) We stayed there till (till we finished our work )As(q) As soon as it stopsAs soon as, once =soonraining. We will leave.when one eventas( r) Once it stops happens, another eventonceraining. we will levee.happens soon afterwa rds= as long(s) I will never speak toAs long as, so longashim again as long as I as = during all thatso longlive.time, from beginning toso(f) I will never speak toend = him again so long as l live.Whene (u) Whenever I see her,Whenever = everyver ! say hellotime = Every ( t ) Every time I seetimeher, say hello.The (w) the first time went. adverb clauses first to New York. timeI went to an opera.(x) I saw two plays theThe last time I went to New FirstlastYork.secondtime(y) The next time I go Thethird 8. to New York. timeThe Im going to see a ballet. Lastnext Nexttime8-5.1 ADVERB CLASES AFTER AFTERWARD(S)(a)After I ate dinner, I took Adverbs clause a walk. independentI took a walk after I ate clause dinner.(b)I ate dinner. Afterwards. (a) (b) I took a walk.I ate dinner. I took a walk afterwards.- ADVERB CLAUSE because (a) Because he wasAdverb clause sleepy. He went to bed. independent clause(b) He went to bed because he was sleepy. (a) (b)since ( c) Since hes not ( c ) since 9. interested in classical becausemusic, he decided notto go to the concert.Now (d ) Now that the ( d) : now thatthatsemester is finished. because nowIm going to rest a few now that days and then take atripAs/so ( f ) As long as (so long ( g ) :as long aslong as as) youre not becauseBusy, could you help mewith this work?Inasmu 10-Inasmuch as the ( g) : inasmuchch as two governmentas becauseleaders could not Inasmuch as reach an agreement. The possibilities for peace are stillremote.8-7 :BECAUSE OF DUE TO(a) Because the weather was Because adverb clause cold. We stayed home because of due to noun object 10-Due to the fact that the Due to nounweather was cold.clause the fact that 10. (c ) Due to the cold weather,we stayed home. 10-We stayed home adverb clausebecause of the cold (Phrases) weather. main clause ( e We stayed home due to )the cold weather. We stayed home due tothe fact that the weatherwas cold.- TRANSITIONS :THEREFORE CONSEQUENTLY(a)AI failed the test because (a) ,(b), (c) he didnt study therefore (b)AI didnt study Therefore,consequently as a he failed the test. result () (c)AI didnt study Consequently. He failed transitions ( conjunctive the test. adverbs) (d) AI didnt study. Transition Therefore. he failed the test. (e)AI didnt study. He therefore, failed the test. () (f) AI didnt study. He failed transition the test, therefore. TRANSITION : Transition + s +v rest of 11. sentence)S+ transition + v (+rest ofsentence)S+ v (+rest of sentence) +transition(g) AI didnt study, so he: transition failed the test. ( therefore) ( -) so therefore- (PATTERNERS AND PUNCTUATIONADVERB (a)Because if was hot,Adverb clause CLAUSEwe went swimming. (b)We went swimming independentbecause if was hot.clause adverb clause PREPOSITIO( c ) Because of the N weather. We went noun objectswimming.(d)We went swimming because of the hot weather. 12. prepositionalphrase independentclauseTRANSITON(e) it was hot. transition Therefore, we went swimming.transition : (.)independentclause clauses transition CONJUNCTIO (g)It was hot, so we N went swimming.(conjunction) independent 13. clauses 8-10 : SUCH.THAT SO THAT(a)Because the weather was nice, (a), (b),and we went to the zoo(c) (b)It was such nice weather that we went to the zoo(c)The weather was so nice that we went to the zoo(d)It was such good coffee thatSuch..that I had another cup. :(e) It was such a foggy day that Such + adjective + we couldnt see the roadnoun+ that(f)The coffee so hot that I cantSo.that drink it. (g)Im so hungry that ! could eat a house.adjective(h) She speakers so fast that Iso +or cant understand her. + that(i) He walked so quickly that Iadv couldnt keep up with him.erb(j) She made so many mistakesSo.that that she failed the exam. many few.(k) He has so few friends that he is Much. little always lonely.(l) She has so much money that she can buy whatever she wants. 14. (m)He had so little trouble with the test that he left twenty minutes early.(n)It was such a good book (that) I couldnt put it down. that (o)I was so hungry (that) I didnt wait for dinner to eat Something.8-11 : SO THAT(a)I turned off the TV in order to In order to enable my roommate to study in ( -) peace and quiet. (a) :(b)I turned off the TV so (that) my roommate could study in peace and quiet. so that * in order to That SO THAT + CAN COULD So that in order to can adverb clause / ( c ) : so that I can buy = in order to be able to buy (d) could so that ** 15. SO THAT + WILL/SIMPLE (e) : so that I PRESENT WOULDwont get wet = in order to make sure that I wont wet (f) : simple present so that will simple present Would 8-12 ADVERB CLAUSES MODIFYING PHRASES : INTRODUCTION adjective clause modifying phrase ( -) adverb clause modifying phrase (1) dependent clause be(a)ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class. I ran into an old friend.(b)MODIYING PHRASE : While walking to class. I ran into an old friend. (2) be ing( c ) ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I atebreakfast.(d) MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, Ibreakfast. 16. Adverb clause modifying phrase adverb clause main clause modifying phrase adverb clause main clause adverb clause main clause modifying(e) : While I was sitting in class. I fell asleep.While sitting in class, I fell asleep. (f ) : while Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep.While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep. ( g) : While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep* ( h ) : While we were walking home. A frog hopped across the road in front of us. 8-13 TIME CLAUSED MODIFYING PHRASES(a) : Since Mary came to this adverb clause after, before while country, she has made many friends. since modifying phrase(b ) : Since coming to this country. Mary has 17. Made many friends.( c ) : After he (had) finished his home ( c ) : After work, hewent to bed. Finished After hehad finished(d ) :After finishing his homework. He went( 1-17)( e ) : After having finished his homework, he (d ) ( e ) : Went to bed.Finished(f) : He went to bed after finished hismodifying phrase main clause Homework. ( f ) 8-14 DURING THE SAME TIME MODIFYING PHRASED(a ) While I was walking down the street, I ran into anold while Friend.ing (b)While walking down the street, I ran into an old( during the same time)Friend.( c ) Walking down the street, I ran into an old friend. ( a ), (b) (c ) (d ) Hiking through the woods yesterday. We saw a bear.( e ) Pointing to the sentence on the board, the teacherexplained the meaning of modifying phrases. 18. 8-15 MODIFYINGPHRASES (f) Because she needed - ing some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a because (f) check.( g ) (g)(g) Needing some moneybecause modifying to buy a book , Sue cashedphrases a check. (h) Because he lacked the (resulting phrase) necessary qualifications. He was not considered for the job. (i) Lacking the necessary qualifications he was not considered for the job. ( j ) Having seen thatHaving + past participle movie before, I dont because want to go again. before ( k ) Having seen that movie. I didnt want to go again. ( I ) Because she was be adverb clause unable to afford a car. being She bought a bicycle. 8-16 UPON + -ING MODIFYINGPHRASES 19. (a) Upon reaching the ageModifying phrases of 21, I received my upon +- ing inheritance. adverb(b)When I reached the ageclauses Whenof 21, I received my ( a ) (b ) inheritance. (c) On reaching the age of Upon on21 , 1 received my (a), (b) (c) inheritance. 9-1 : EVEN THOUGH(a ) Because the weather wasBecause cold, I didnt go swimming. 10-Even thought the weatherEven though was cold. I went swimming (c) Because I wasnt tired , I even though didnt go to bed adverb(d) Even though I wasnt tired. I Clause went to bed. because9-2 ( UNEXPECTED RESULT)ADVERB Even (a) Even thought it was cold. ICLAUSESthough went swimmingalthough(b)Although it was cold. I went though swimming.(c) Though it was cold. I wentswimming. 20. CONJUNCTI But..(d)It was cold. But I wentONS anyway swimming anyway.but .. still (e)It was cold. But I still wentyet ..stillswimming. (f) It was cold. Yet I still went swimming.TRANSTION nevertheles (g)It was cold. Nevertheless, ISs went swimming. nonetheles (h)It was cold. Nonetheless I s went swimming. however (i) It was cold. However. I still went swimming.PREPOSITIO Despite (j) Went swimming despite theNS in spite of cold weather. (k)I went swimming in spite of the cold weather.9-3 ADVERBWher (a)Mary is rich,Whereas CLAUSED easwhereas John is while whilepoor. (b)Mary is rich, while this John is poor. th(c)John is poor. While at whereas Mary is rich. while (d) Whereas Mary is rich, John is poor. 21. : adverb clause CONJUNC But (e)Mary is rich, but John (e) TIONis poor.(j) : (f) John is poor , but Mary is rich. whereas TRANSITI How(g)Mary is rich;while ONSever however, John isOn poorthe(h)John is poor,otherhowever, Mary is hand rich. (i) Mary is rich, John on the other hand, is poor. (j) John is poor. Mary, on the otherHand, is rich. 9-4 ADVERB CLAUSES : IF CLAUSES(a)If it rains, the streets get if clauses( wet. adverb clauses of condition) main clause (a) =it rains = the streets get wet(b)It it rains tomorrow, I will present tense future 22. take my umbrella.tense if clause if clause (b)* ADVERB CLAUSES (IF CLAUSES)if in case (that) only if whether in the event (that)providing (that)even ifunless provided (that) - ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION : WHETHER OR NOT EVENT IFWHETHER OR NOT Whether or not (a)Im going to go swimming tomorrow whether or not it is cold. (a) : ( : whether it is cold not) EVEN IF even if (b)I have decided to go whether or swimming tomorrow not even if Even if the weather is cold. Im going to go swimming.if clause (c ) if Ann studies hard, she ( c) will pass the exam. : Ann studies (d) Even if Mary studies: she passes the hard, she wont pass theexam 23. exam. even if clauses (d) : Mary studies. : she doesntpass the exam9-6 ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION : IN CASE (THAT) IN THE EVENT (THAT)(a)Ill be at my unclesIn case that in the event house in case youthat (should) need to reach * me.in case/in the event that = if(b)In the event thatby any chance this (should) need to reach should happen me, Ill be at uncles : in the event that house. in case should adverb clause 9- 7 ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION : UNLESS(a)Ill go swimming tomorrow unless its cold unless = .....not(b)Ill go swimming tomorrow it isnt cold. (a) : unless its cold = if it isnt cold 24. (a) (b) 9 8 ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION : ONLY IF PROVIDING /PROVIDED THAT(a)The picnic will be cancelledOnly if only rains. If its windy, well go on thepicnic.If its cold, well go on thepicnic.If its damp and foggy. Well goon the picnic.If its unbearably hot, go onthe picnic. only if (b)Only if it rains will the picnicbe cancelled. (b) (a) Providing/provided Providing that (that) no one has anyprovided that = if Further questions, the meeting only ifwill be adjourned.9-9 : OTHERWISE OR(ELSE)(a)I always eat breakfast,Otherwise Otherwise, I get hungry(b)Youd better hungry :) Otherwise, youll be late. (a) : otherwise =if I dont eat 25. Breakfast. (b): otherwise = ifyou dont hurry.(c) I always eat breakfast, or or else otherwise(else) I get hungry during class.otherwise ( d ) Youd better hurry, oftransition(else) youll be late or (else) (conjunction)9-10 : CAUSE &EFFECT () , OPPOSITION(), CONDITION ()CAUSE &OPPOSITI CONDITION EFFECT ON(() ( ) )ADVERB CLAUSEbecauseEven though itWORDSsinceAlthough unless( now that Though only if)as Whereas even if as/so long whilewhether or asnot inasmuch as provided so (that) (that) provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)TRANSITIONSThereforenevertheless otherwise(consequentl nonetheless)yhowever 26. on the other handCONJUNCTIONSso butor (else)() foryetPREPOSITIONSbecause of despitein case of()due to in spite ofin the eventof9-11 (GIVING EXAMPLES)(a)There are many interesting For example for places to visit in the city. For instance example, the botanical garden has numerous displays of plants from all over the transition world.(b)There are many interesting places to visit in the city. The art museum, for instance has an excellent collection of modern painting.(c ) there are many interesting e.g. = for exampleplaces to visit in the city.(e.g, e.g,, the botanical garden and the art museum. ex-ampligratia)* ( c ) ( d) there are many interesting (d) places to visit in the city. For example, the botanical garden or the museum. (e)I prefer to wear casual Such as = for example clothes, such as jeans and ( f ), (g) (h) a sweatshirt. (f) Some countries, such as ** Brazil and Canada, are big. 27. (g)Countries such as Brazil and Canada are big(h)Such countries as Brazil and Canada are big. 9-12 (a)The city provides many cultural Moreover, opportunities. It has furthermore in More addition alsoover transitionan excellent art museum.Furthermore. It has a fine inaddition. Symphony orchestra.(b)The city provides many cultural (b ) : in opportunities.addition to In addition to an excellent besides* art museum, it has a fine Besides (museum) Symphony orchestra. clause 10- 1 28. (a)If I have IF RESULT enough time. IIf CLAUSE CLAUSE write to myCLAUSE parents every Simplesimpleweek. present (b)If I have enough timetomorrow. Iwill write tomy parents simple past Would+(c ) if I had /simple form enough time now. I wouldwrite to myparents. ( ) Past perfectWould have (c)If I had + enough time.Past participle I would havewritten to myParentsyesterday ( ) 10.2 (PRESENT) (FUTURE)(e) if I dont eat breakfast, I (e) : simple 29. always get hungrypresent during class. (result(f) Water freezes (willclause) freeze) if the temperature goes below 32o f/0 o C (f) : simple (g)if I dont eat breakfastpresent simple future tomorrow morning,1 will result clause get hungry during class. (h)if the weather is nice tomorrow. We will go on a (g) (h) : picnic. simple future result clause : simple present ( simple future) if clause 10-3 () / (i) if I taught this class. i (i) :wouldnt give tests. (j) If he were here right now. (j) :He would help us.(k)If I were you, I would (k): accept their invitation. : were 30. 10.3 () 10.4(I) If you had told about (I) : the problem. I would have helped you. (m) : (m) if they had studied. they would have passed the exam. (n) : (n) if I hadnt slipped on the ice. I wouldnt have : broken my arm. if youd told me. I wouldve helped you. ( Id ve helped you 10-5 CONTINOUS* continuous continuous ( - continuous)(a) : it is raining right now. so I will not go for a walk.(b) : if it were not raining right now. I would go for a walk.(c) : I am not living in Chile. I am not working at a bank.(d) : if i were living in Chile. I would be working at a bank(e) : it was raining yesterday afternoon. So I did 31. not go for a walk. (f) : if it had not been raining. I would have gone for a walk. (g) : I was not living in Chile last year. I was not working at a bank. (h) : if I had living in Chile last year. I would have been working at a bank.10 -6 MIXED TIME If clause resultclause clause present past past present (a) : I did not eat breakfast several hoursago, so I am hungry now. (b) : if had eaten breakfast several hours ago,I would not be hungry now.(past)(present)(c) : He is not a good student. He did notstudy for the test yesterday.(d ) : if the were a good student. hewould have studied for the test. 10-7 COULD, MIGHT SHOULD(a)If were a bird. I could fly (a) : could fly = home. would be able to fly(b)If I could sing as well as (b) : could sing = 32. you. I would join the opera. were able to sing (c)If Id had enough money. Icould have gone to (c) could haveflorida for vacation. gone = would havebeen able to go (d)If dont get scholarship, I (d) : I might get =might get a job maybe I will getInstead of going tograduate school next fall. ( e ) : you might get( e ) if you were a better= maybe you wouldstudent, you might get get Better grades. (f) : I might have ( f ) if you had told me about been = maybe I wouldyour problem. Have been I might have been ableto help you. (g ) if John should call, tell ( g ) : if John shouldhim lll be back around five. call ( h ) if there should be another world war. Theif John calls, continued existence of the human race would be in (h) : If there shouldjeopardy. be if there were10-8 IF (OMITTING IF) (a) Were I you. IWere , had (past perfect),wouldnt go that. should if (b) Had I know , I would have told you. (a) :Were I you = if I ( c ) Should anyonewere youcall. Please take a (b) : Had I know = if Imessage.had know ( c ) should anyone call 33. = if anyone should call 10-9 IMPLILED CONDITIONS(a ) I would have If clause gone with you, but Iimplied had to study. (Implied condition : (conditional verbs) . if I hadnt had toresulted clausestudy) (b) I never would havesucceeded without your help. (Implied condition : if you hadntHelped me)( c ) She ran ; otherwise,she would have(conditional verbs) missed her bus. otherwise ( c ) if clause ifshe had not run.. 10-10 WIHS WISH 34. Wish (a) She will not I wish (that) sheWish tell me.would tell me. (b) He isntI wish he were going to be here. going to be here. ( c ) She cant I wish she could come tomorrow.come tomorrowWish ( d ) I dontI wish I knewknow French.French. (e) it is I wish it werentraining right now.raining right now. ( f ) I cantI wish I could speak Japanese. speak Japanese.wish (g ) John didnt I wish John had wishcome. come* (h ) MayI wish Mary couldnoun clausecouldnt come.have come. that 10-11 WOULD (a)It is raining, I wish itWould would stop. () (b ) Im expecting a call. I wish the phone wouldring. () (c) its going to be a good ( c ) (d) : I wishparty. I wish you you would would come. ( ) 35. (d ) Were going to be late. Iwish you would hurry. () 10-12 AS IF/THOUGH(a)It looks like rain. (a):like (b)It looks as if is going to rain.(noun object)(c)It looks as though it is (b) ( c ) : as if going to rain. as though (d)It looks like it is going to rain. ( d ) : like () as if as though (a ), (b), (d) 36. AS IF/AS THOUG as (e)He is not a child. She talkedif / as thoughto him as if he were a child. (f)She did not take aWhen she came in from the rainstorm,Shower with herlooked as ifshe had taken a shower withClothes on. He acted as though he never met her.( h) She will be here.Shespoke as if she wouldnt be here. A 1 (SUBJECTES, VERBS AND OBJECTS) 37. S V (s) (v)(a)Birds ( O fly.) (noun) : (verb) (a ) (b) S intransitive verbs V() agree,( b) The baby arrive , come, cry, exist, go, cried. happen, live, occur, rain,(noun)rise , sleep, stay, walk (verb) S V ( C ) (d ) Otransitive verb ()( c) The student build, cut, find, like, needsa pen make, need, send, use,(noun) (verb) want (noun ) S V O( d ) My friend enjoyed : A student the party. studies. (noun) (verb) : A student (noun )studies books. : () person, place,thing, John, Asia, pen,information, appearance,amusementA- 2 PREPOSITIONS () PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 38. COMMON PREPOSITIONS ()aboutbeforedespiteofabovebehind down off acrossbelow during on afterbeneath forout against beside fromoveralong besidesin since amongbetweeninto through around beyond likethroughoutat by neartillSVPREP O PREP prepositional phrase (a)The student studies in (PREP) the library. ( O ) (noun) (a ) : in the library SVOpreposition phraseof PREP(b) We enjoyed the party at your house (noun)( c ) We went to the zoo in ( c ) : 39. the afternoon. (place) . (time) ( d ): preposition(c)In the afternoon, wephrase went to the zoo. A- 3 (ADJECTVE)(a)Mary is an intelligent student modify (adjective change a little ) (noun)(b)The hungry children :intelligent student, ate fruit.lazy student, good student(adjective) (noun) : young, old rich, poor, beautiful, brown, French, modern( c ) I saw some beautiful pictures. s : beautiful pictures A 4 (ADVERBS) (a)He walks quickly How? (adver (a) : How does he walk ? b):Quickly (b)She opened the lydoor quietly. (adjective) : quick (adverb) : quickly(c) I am extremely happy (adverb) ( c )(adjective) 40. ( d ) Ann will cometomorrow. : tomorrow. Today, yesterday, soon, never,(adverb) usually, always, yet (midsentence adverbs)(e) Ann always (1) simplecomes on time present simple past ()(f) Ann is always onbe ( e )time.(2) be ( simple present(g) Ann has always simple past)come on time (f )(h) Does she (3)always come on ( g )time? (h) (COMMON MIDSENTENCE ADVERB)ever, always , usually, often, frequently, generally,sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, notever , already, finally, probablyA- 5 BE (a)John is a be student. (be)(noun) (a) : be + (b)John is (b) : be + intelligent ( c) : be + (be)(adjective)( c ) John was at 41. the library. ( be)(prep. Phrase)(d) Mary is writingbe a letter.continuous passive(e) They were ( d ) is = auxiliary : writhing =listening to somemain verbmusic(f) that letter waswritten by Alice BE SIMPLE SIMPLEPRESENT PRESENTPASTPERFECT I amI was I have beenyou areYou were you havebeen He , she, it,he, she, it , he, she, it has is was beenwe, you, they, we, you, they we, you, they, arewerehave beenA-6 LINKING VERBS(a)The soup smells good. be liking(linking)verb (adjective) linking verb (b)This food tastes * delicious.(c)The children feelFeel, look, smell, sound, taste happy.appear, seem become get, turn, grow 42. (d)The weather became cold.become ,)A 7 (PERSONAL PRONOUNS)SINBULAR PLURAL 43. SUBJECT I We PRONOUNSyou antecedentyou she, he, it I read the book. It wasthey good.OBJECT me( it us antecedent nounher, him, book)it themMary said, I drink tea.POSSESSIVE mine( I ours Mary) PPONOUNS your yourshers, :theirs That book is mine. Those arePROSSESSIVE my nameyours over thereour names yourname your names :her, his,My book is here Yourits name their names books are over there.A- B (CONTRACTIONS) : be : (1) () 44. a Im reading a WhatmI m book supposed to do ?Shes studying. My books on Wheres Sally?Its going to the table.Whosthat man?rain. Marys at home.ar Youre working My bookreon Whenre you e hard.the table doing?Theyre The teachesre at Wherere theywaiting for us. a meeting goingha Shes been My books been Wheres sally s here for a year. stolen! been living?Its been coldSallys never met Whats beenlatterly. him.going on?ha Ive finishedThe booksve Whered youve my work. been sold.been before that?Theyve never The Whod been theremet you.studentsvebefore you?finished the test. di Whatd you do dlast night?Hows you do onthe test?wi Hed like to go My friends come Whered you like ll there.if they could.to go?Theyd come if Maryd like tothey could. go there. too