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אלי ברבי גד2007 . שמורות הזכויות כל1 אנרגיה המרת הקורס סיכום מאת: ברבי אליגד מרצה: כץ אינה דר מתרגל: אפשטיין בוריס מר ברבי אליגד עי ונערך נכתב2007

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המרת אנרגיה

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  • 1 . 7002

    :

    : :

    7002

  • 2 . 7002

    :

    " 3 : 5 : 7 : 01 : 51 : 42 CD : 13 : 14 : 44 :

    :

    "

    3 5 (- , ") 7

    8 9

    01 11

    21 31

    31 51

    61 71

    71 02

    02 12

    22 32

    32 42 CD 62 CD

    62 CD 82 CD

    82 82 CD

    03 CD 03 13

    23 43

    43 63

    93 04

    04 04

    14 14

    14 24 34

    54

  • 3 . 7002

    :

    . . , . 4

    .

    " . . , .

    . (. ) , ( \ ) ( \)

    NAMPAHC

    :

    . . (. ) ( )

    . . .

    . ,

    . : - . J ' IS .

    1 W . ces . = WJ

    . . . CD . =t i t v t P) ( ) ( ) (: : (. )

    2R I VI PV 2

    R: : = = =

    2R IV 2

    R ? . =

    IV: =VI P . . R

    = . ( ) ( )

    !

    (: )

    . ( ) . : . . SMR

    e V VSMRj: (. ) . =

    . . 0 ( ) . . ~

    xam 2: =t f V t v2 nis ) (xam) (: : 0

    ) ( 12

    T

    smrV

    td t v VT

    )= =xam xam : ( ) SMR . (.

    smr smr2 2I V

    = , = V

    . SMR .

    =W PH637 1 PH :

  • 4 . 7002

    ) : . ( )W P ( ) (.

    . ( ) RAV Q (. )AV S

    : ( SMR , ) + = =Qj P I V S*:

    P soc : S

    . ( ) = 1 soc 0 . = . .

    . ( )

    : } {} {

    2 2 2

    eR soc

    mI nis

    smr smr

    smr smr

    S I V P

    S I V Q

    S Q P

    = == == +

    ZV: = I V: I

    = . .

    . . : . . !(. )

    !

    C2: = = Lf j L j XL2: Xj j

    Cf C j + = + =Xj R X R Z: + =X X XC L: = =

    : . = Z Z Z2 *: :

    : 2

    2 **

    Z I I V SVZ

    = =S IV QmI nis} {: = =S IV PeR soc} {: = = =:

    2

    *

    eR 12

    PVmZ

    = (. )

    V052 wK05 707.0 : . ,

    )707.0( soc1: . :4 = =

    : . 2 01 05 soc053

    707.0 socSk P PS

    . = = = =

    05 05 4N N: j

    Q Pk j k eS S

    : =I V S*: + = =

    * *4

    *

    2 002 002 002 05 05052

    e j Ik j k S SjV V

    = = = = = 8 / 5 8 / 5: .

    j ZVI

    + = =

    mI

  • 5 . 7002

    :

    .

    S N ( ) . : H (. ) N S

    N lC

    : lC iC

    Hi Nl

    . = ) :

    H . B (.

    =H B: B C

    Bi Nl

    . = :

    A

    . A = Ad BB = A B:

    A : . B =

    A H

    m bW T B

    : C

    i NAl

    =

    . i N . : iNlC:

    (. )= = A . .

    . ( ) :

    .

    . . : (. ) .

    . . .

    . , : . . eF

    .

    . . . : . .uC

  • 6 . 7002

    . : " .

    .

    : 2

    dniC

    N eid NA dtd l td . " = =

    :

    =B v q F) (: . . ( )

    . : "

    : (. ) . : l

    .

    : ni

    ) (d

    . =B v l e . . . .

    . " .

    ? . : (- ) .

    . =B i l F) (:

  • 7 . 7002

    : :

    : Y

    : 2 1 3 1 3 2

    3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1

    1

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    C B AZ Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z

    Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

    Z

    + + + + + += = =

    C A C B B A C A C B B A C A C B B A 3 2C B A

    Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z

    = = =+ + + + + +

    : ( ) Y3

    = ZZ

    . : . -

    021 3 . ( 3) .

    . ( )

    . CBA 321

    = = = V V VC B Ao o o042 , 021 , 0 CBA

    . . :

    .0 . N

    (. )+ + =I I I IC B A N: . 3

    Y

    VC VB VA

  • 8 . 7002

    . . : . )= + +V V VC B A0:

    (.

    : Y :

    ( ) . VLL Vcb Vba : Y

    36: . V Vna j

    e V VLL

    3 ) = (. )=I IL: ( 03

    ( ) . : 36: =V VLL: .

    j

    e I IL

    = ! . 03

    36: : j

    e V VY

    36: = j

    Ye VV

    . =

    . : : .

    } { : } {

    22 *

    *

    3 33

    3

    eR soc

    mI nis

    Z I I V Qj P SVZ

    I V S

    S S P

    S S Q

    = = = + === == =

    (: )

    : Y 2

    23*

    LLL

    Z I SVZ

    : = =2

    2*

    LL 3L

    Z I SVZ

    = =

    } {: } {

    36 *

    3

    eR soc

    mI nis

    j

    L LL

    L LL

    e I V Qj P S

    I V S

    S S P

    S S Q

    = + === == =

  • 9 . 7002

    , : . .

    . 4 . L, . :Y Y . 1

    : Y . 2

    : Y . 3

    : . 4

    . 3 2 . . . , . 3 . (. "! ) "

    ZY VY

    36j

    e VYZ

    6

    3e Vj

    ZY

    Z V

    Z Y

    Z L

    Z LL

    V V VI I IV V V

    = == =

    Z LL

    Z L

    Z LL

    V V VI I IV V V

    = = =

    Z Y

    Z L

    Z LL

    V V VI I IV V V

    = = =

    Z

    L Z

    Z LL

    V V VI I IV V V

    = = == =

    =I IL Z qe, ,

    IL

    IZ

    =I IL

    =I Iqe Z

    =I I IL Z qe,

    = =I I Iqe Z L

    IZ

    =I I IL Z qe,

    IL

    =I Iqe L

    Iqe

    =I IL

    Iqe

    IL

    .

    .

    .

    .

    . .

    .

    =I I IL Z qe,

  • 01 . 7002

    : :

    (. ) ( ) . , , : . " .

    ( ) . . . . .

    :

    . . TFAHS

    . .

    . :

    :n fm m m, ,

    tdd m m =

    2: fm( ) m

    fm

    . = mpr nm .

    06: =f nm m06: m

    m fe = fn

    p . 2 p

    : ( ) 021

    me

    p = fp n

    06p m

    e

    p n . = f

    . EUQROT :M

    . . )= Fr Mnis: . .

    (.

    :

    . =M W: : . , ( )

    . ( ) : . . =M Pm:

    :

    .

    . . , , , , :

    .

  • 11 . 7002

    :

    : . . : 1 . . : 2

    , . (. )

    , , ( ) . . ,

    . . .

    021 3 . , ?

    ) , (. ) , ) (

    ) (.

    3 . . . . cba

    :

    . . SN

    . (. ) ,

    , . ,

    p . 2 e p

    :

    2

    2

    021 2

    m e

    m e

    mm e

    P

    P

    f fPp n

    =

    =

    = =

    06

    mm

    : = nmm 03: = fne 2

    P m =

    021

    me

    P " nm = fp n

  • 21 . 7002

    : 09 (. ) 3 2

    . :CA . ,

    . . : " = t N em C dni) (soc:

    '

    '

    '

    ) (soc

    ) 021 (soc

    ) 042 (soc

    aam Co

    bbm Co

    ccm C

    t N e

    t N e

    t N e

    = = =

    = f N EC A2: = N EC xam:

    . (. ) . 3

    . , " . 6 " : -

    (. ) . . . N IF =I N FF m(: - )

    . :

    ( ) , . : . . .

    , . (. )

    IF NOITATICXE DLEIF :

    ( ) . EA . ( ) .

    . . ( ) .

    . EA " IF . . (. )

    ) . (.

  • 31 . 7002

    . A " ERUTAMRA : (. )

    : .EA: . .

    . " " " . . . . ( ) IF . Fm EA

    .Fm EA EA

    ? . .

    . , :

    ( ) . . .

    . .

    . :

    lf ln%001: . lf

    V VRV

    V (. ) =

    lf ln%001: lf

    n nRS

    n . =, , . :

    . .

    . :

    ni: . . tuo

    PP

    =

    ssol ni: . ni

    P PP

    . 001 =

    tcele: hcem

    PP

    hcem: = tcele

    PP

    ) : .= (

    . . :

    . ( ) , : 3 P

    . ( ) .

    . Pe Ph + = P P Pe h eF:

    (. )

    , Phcem: . .

    + = + = R I R I P P PF F A A uC uC uC3 3 2 12 2(: )

    . . .

    =M Pm vnoc: + = P P PeF hcem tsnoc: + + = P P P PuC eF hcem: "

  • 41 . 7002

    . : :

    :

    :

    =P Pd vnoc :

    . 4 . (. , CD , ) 4

    Phcem

    Pni

    Ptuo

    PeF

    uC1 PuC2P

    Pvnoc

    Phcem

    Pni

    Ptuo

    PeF

    PuC1 PuC2Pvnoc

  • 51 . 7002

    : :

    : . CA .( ) .

    :( )

    ) IA. " EA. V. RA () XS

    V . " (. . " . .

    . :

    . .

    (: )

    )= =Ik K EF A: EA (. ) . (.

    + = Xj R I E VS A A A) ( : LVK :

    . EA 0 V

    0 EA " V : e E EA Aj:

    (. " ) .=

  • 61 . 7002

    :

    ." ( )

    : 021

    me

    " nm ( ) P = fp n

    . :

    36 : j

    e V VLL

    (. , ) =

    . , 0 : . .

    . . (. ) , 0

    . . : .

    ! " . 4 4

  • 71 . 7002

    : ( ) 09 ,

    (. cb ) " ( ) , = E X IA S Anis soc: = = E X I cbA S Anis soc: cb

    . :

    .

    : . :

    03m

    m ni ." nm = = M M Pn

    . : ( )

    . " (. ) . (. )= I E PA A vnocsoc:

    (. )= I V PA tuosoc 3: :

    = E X IA S Anis soc: S

    VX

    vnoc tuoAnis 3: = I V PA tuosoc 3: S

    P PE VX

    )= = !(

    xam: A 3

    S

    PE VX . 09 =

    . :

    . . = + = P P P PuC hcem eF tsnoc: !

    : 3 " RA XS :

    . " . :

    . " (. ) 0 ." .

  • 81 . 7002

    . 0 . : . 0 . "

    . EA " IA = V0 "

    EA " IF( ) EA " . IA

    IF IA

    ) ( 2 2: S A) (

    F AA

    F A

    X R ZI EI I

    : = + = CD Z XA S

    3. 4 3 . RA :CD

    . . 4 3 , ( 0 ) .

    . (. 05 21) CD

    CDCD: CD (. CD ) CD

    RVI

    =

    2: (. ) RA RCDCD YA

    3: = RR2

    CDA

    = RR: XS RA

    2 2 3 =R Z XA A S

    : .

    . : ( ) . .

    . ( )

    . . ? . , . =K EA: " ? "

    .

    V

  • 91 . 7002

    . ) " , , ? !(.

    0 . . ? . "

    . . + =Xj R ZS A A: = Z I E VA A A: . 0

    : ? 1

    ) . : (.

    A B C

    . :

    . ( ) ( ) 1 !

    )1 . 1 (.

    lf ln%001: lf

    V VRV

    V (.31 " ) =

    3 2 1: 3 :

    .

  • 02 . 7002

    . : . , .

    . . , ,

    . . : .

    . .- , .

    . .

    . (.0 )

    (: )

    . . "

    . .

    0 . ( )

    . . " EA . EA EA "

    = = I K K EF A: " . IF .

    " , " :

    d dniAnis 3: . S m

    M ME VX

    = =

    xam: . A 3

    S m

    ME VX

    = . EA

    + + = Xj R I E VS A A A) ( : LVK :

    . EA 0 V

    0 EA " V : e E EA Aj:

    (. ") . . =

    m021: nf

    p . f ( ) P =

    . :

    36 : j

    e V VLL

    (. , ) =

  • 12 . 7002

    . , 0 : . " V . (I XA S EA ) ,

    . :

    (. )= I V PA nisoc 3: . : niAnis 3(: )

    S

    PE VX

    = . ,

    . , ,

    . . . .

    . . :

    : 03

    mm tuo

    = = M M Pn:

    4MP Ptuof

    P PM f tuo4: = (. )=

    (. ) =R I P P P PA A eF hcem ni tuo32 : . ( )

    . :

    " ? . EA " . , .

    . ( ) . , (. )

    ) . . , (.

    EA ,

    dAnis 3: , S m

    ME VX

    ) =

    ( ) V (. EA .

    . IA , V , EA . .

    . .

  • 22 . 7002

    . " , .

    :

    . : ( )

    . . ) . EA " IF .

    .EA IA , ( . .

    dAnis 3: . . S m

    ME VX

    =

    " . EAnis : . . .

    .

    .

  • 32 . 7002

    . :

    . : . :

    : : V

    .

    .

    lf ln%001: lf

    n nRS

    n (.31 " ) =

    :

    . . . " " .

    V EAsoc: !

    :

  • 42 . 7002

    :CD :

    . . . CD . CD CD

    , . . CD . . CD .

    . , , . CD , .

    . . CD . .

    ( ) . :

    . . (:2 )

    : .

    . , .

  • 52 . 7002

    . CD . ( ) . .

    . . ( ) .

    . . : 4 ( )

    . \ CD

    . dcba 4 4 . (. ) . ,

    " ( ) ,

    ni

    ) (C d

    . k NC . =B v l Nk e . " " . CD

    : 0

    nis )1 (22 2

    N

    m m mk

    t k ek p pN

    =

    . p + + = CD (. ) CD , .

    . (. ) . . =B i l Nk FC) (

    , . . .

    CD :

    . .

    F A: " : "A F A

    I k K EI I k I K M

    = = = =

    ". . ,

    kzp: K . CD ) z =m

    . m. p(. " . =I k EF A: .

    .

  • 62 . 7002

    RFRA IA IF

    LFVT EA

    . : CD . CD

    (: )

    CD .CD " , (. )

    ( TNUHS) . ". ( ) .

    : CD " . CA . VT . " EA(. ) RA

    (. CA ) CD

    (. ) CD :CD . , , : 4 (. )TNUHS

    . . :

    A A A TL A: . L A

    R I E VR ER R

    (. RL )+ = =

    . : . ,

    , (. ) CD . ?

    , . . .

    : . "

    F L F L A A A A TF L A) (: : R I E VR R E

    R R R R R + + = =

    :

    " !

    ":

    !

    : " !

    . .

    .

  • 72 . 7002

    F A A A TL A ) (: : L F A

    R R I E VR ER R R

    + + = + =

    2 2 1 12) () ( ) (: : F L A

    F A A A TF L F L F A

    R R I E VR R ER R R R R R

    + + + = + =

    1 2 2 1 1 12) ( ) (: : F L A

    F F A A A TL F F L F F A

    R I R I E VR R ER R R R R R R

    + + + + = =

    . .

    .

  • 82 . 7002

    :CD

    =I E PA A d " :

    . : . .

    nm03: "

    : =A A d

    d " . = = MI E P

    dA A d03 03: =I Ik MA F d : = = I k K EF A:m m

    MI E P = = n n

    k =I k EF A: " . : "-

    =I Ik MA F d:

    : CD

    PeF: Phcem: = R I PF F F2 (:2 ) = R I PA A A2(: 1 )

    : 03

    mni

    =I V PL T tuo: = = M PnM

    :

    :CD . " ,

    . . . .

    CD : CD

    . CD CD (. ) CD . . .

    .

    " . (: ) .

    ! ( CD) VT . .

    A T A A T Ad: A

    R V R I V EPE

    (. ) = = . " ,

    Pni

    PF PA PeF Phcem

    PdPtuo

  • 92 . 7002

    A T T A T A A T AT d: : F A

    R I V R V R I V EV PR E

    + = = =

    + =R R I V EF A A T A) (: :

    1 1) ( ) (: : 2

    TF A T T F A A T A

    F

    R R I V R R I V EVR

    + + = + =

    =I IT A

    IT

    IT

  • 03 . 7002

    1 1 11: : 2

    F T TA T F T T A A F F T A

    F

    R I R I V R I R I V ER I VR

    = =

    12 1) (: 2

    F F T TA F T T A

    F

    R R I VR R I V E

    R + = +

    (. )

    : CD

    =I E PA A d " :

    .

    . : nm03: "

    : =

    A A dd

    " . = = MI E PdA A d03 03: =I Ik MA F d : = = I k K EF A:

    m m

    MI E P = = n n

    k =I k EF A: " , : "-

    =I Ik MA F d:

    : CD

    PeF: Phcem: = R I PF F F2 (:2 ) = R I PA A A2(: 1 )

    03: =I V PT T ni : m

    tuo = = M PnM

    :

    n co%001: : n

    RS . n co =

    . . ! CD . CA

    IT

    Pni

    PF PAPeFPhcem

    PdPtuo

  • 13 . 7002

    : :

    . . ,

    . . .

    . . " . . .

    , . . :

    (. ) , ( ) (. )

    . . t vS) ( t vP) ( . NS NP

    . S P . 2 1

    :

    : " 1

    2

    ) ( ) (

    ) ( ) (

    P P

    S S

    N t V t VdtdN t V t Vdtd

    = = = =

    ) (: ) (

    P P

    S S

    N t VN t V

    =

    . .

    P PS: (. )a P S S

    aV NII V N

    . = = =

    SP: VVa

    . , =

    . , ( ) .

    . (. ) . . =P PS P: . . 081 ,

  • 23 . 7002

    . : . ( ) .

    . .

    ( ) . .

    : :

    SP: ? VVa

    . = (. )

    . Z1 VP

    S LP:: V VVa

    11: =Ia I1 2: , = =1

    IV VPZS 2: =

    L

    IVZ

    =

    1: . VP 1

    P S

    L

    aV V VZ Z

    1: =1

    P P

    L

    aV V VZ Za

    =

    : . VP 2

    12

    1

    LP

    L

    VZ a VZ a Z

    Z1 . + =2

    Z aL2

    I1 VP . Z aL

    2 1: . ZL . Z aL 2: 1

    L PL

    L

    VZa V VZ a Z a

    + = =

    a2 : = Z a Z2 22:

    = Va V2 2: : 22: :

    IIa

    (. )=

    :

    . .

    !! .

    VL VP

  • 33 . 7002

    : :

    .

    S LP:: V VVa

    11: =Ia I1 2: , = =1

    IV VPZS 2: =

    L

    IVZ

    =

    1: . VL 1

    P L

    L

    aV V VZ Z

    1 : =1

    L L

    L

    aVa V VZ Z

    =

    21: . VL 1

    LL

    L

    VV ZaZ a Z

    + =1:ZL a2

    12

    L 1L

    L

    Z aZ VV Za

    =+

    V1 a

    1: V1 12

    LL

    L

    ZZ VZ Va

    =+

    21 Za

    ZL

    11: VVa

    : . Z1 V1 . . =

    a2 :

    2 11: ZZa

    =

    11: : VVa

    = (. )= Ia I1 1: :

    :

    2 1: :

    1

    LL

    L

    VZa VZ a Z

    + = !(.) "

    . :

    : = a II 22: = Va V2 2: 2

    = Z a Z2 2

    11: VVa

    = a ZZ2 11: = Ia I1 1: = = = =S I V I V Stuo S S P P ni* *: :

    VL VP

  • 43 . 7002

    . :

    : :

    = R I PuC2. . :

    . . , :

    . . : .

    :

    . RP

    XP

    ( ) XM,RC

    RS

    . XS

    . . :

  • 53 . 7002

    . " : : .

    :

    . . , . .

    . ( )

    : 2

    2

    S P Pqe

    S P Pqe

    R a R R

    X a X X

    + = . + =

    , ,

    = V VaL S , . . . ? . VL ( )

    a VV LL: = V VaL S . . =

    (. ) , ! VP . .

    :

    .

    : 2

    2

    PS Sqe

    PS Sqe

    R RRaX XXa

    + =

    + = .

    ! . VP .

    . . . .

  • 63 . 7002

    . : . . . , .

    . ( ) . .

    :

    : 2

    2

    S P Pqe

    S P Pqe

    R a R R

    X a X X

    + =: + =

    LS L

    I IIa

    \ . = Z a ZL L2: = = Va V VL S L: = = . . .

    M C MM C ||: M C

    Xj R ZX RjXj R

    : + = = = Z a ZL L2: + + + = + =X a X j R a R Xj R ZS P S P Pqe Pqe Pqe) (2 2

    : + Z Z ZL Pqe M||) ( Z1 V1 :

    ) ( 11) ( ) (

    L Pqe MP

    L Pqe M M L Pqe

    Z Z Z VV

    Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

    + + + + =+

    , , ( ) . . , . .

    : ZL ZPqe , VP :

    M L Pqe M Pqe L P LL M L1 11) () (V VZ Z V Z

    Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z + + + + = =

    a VV LL: VL =

    (. )ZM . . ZM

    Z1

    XM RC V1 ZL

    XPqe RPqe

    VL VP

    ILIP

  • 73 . 7002

    :

    :2

    2

    PS Sqe

    PS Sqe

    R RRaX XXa

    + =

    + =2 : =a VV 11: = Ia IP P:

    CC

    RRa

    : = a XX MM2: = 1

    2 1

    ZZa

    =

    . . \

    .

    M C MM C ||: M C

    Xj R ZX RjXj R

    ) (2 2: + = = P P

    S S Sqe Sqe SqeX j R Xj R ZX Ra a

    + + + = + =

    : +Z Z ZL Sqe M||) ( Z1 V1 : ) (

    11) ( ) (L Sqe M

    PL Sqe M M L Sqe

    Z Z Z VV

    Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

    + + + + = +

    , ( ) . . , . . ,

    :

    ) ( 11) ( ) (

    L Sqe MP P

    L Sqe M M L Sqe

    Z Z Z VaVa V

    Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

    + + + + = =+

    (: a) V1 ) (

    11) ( ) (L Sqe M

    PL Sqe M M L Sqe

    Z Z Z VV

    Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

    + + + + =+

    : ZL ZSqe , VP :

    M L Sqe M Sqe L P LL M L1 11) () (V VZ Z V Z

    Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z + + + += =

    . . .

    .

    Z1

    XM RC V1ZL

    XSqe RSqe

    VL VP

    IPIL

  • 83 . 7002

    :

    :

    M L Pqe M LL M1 11) () (VZ Z V

    Z Z Z Z Z Z + + + =

    MM C: M C

    ZX RjXj R

    : + = = Va VL L: = Z a ZL L2: + + + =X a X j R a R ZS P S P Pqe) (2 2

    :

    M L Sqe M LL M1 11) () (VZ Z V

    Z Z Z Z Z Z + + + =

    MM C:M C

    ZX RjXj R

    ) (2 2: + = P P

    S S SqeX j R ZX Ra a

    : = a ZZ2 11: + + + =1

    1VVa

    = a RR CC2: =

    2: M

    MXXa

    =

    :

    ) (1

    2 2 2) (1 1

    M CL

    M CL

    M C M CL S P S P

    M C M C

    Za VX RjVXj R

    Z Z a X a X j R a R ZX Rj X RjXj R Xj R

    + + + + + + + + =+

    :

    2 21

    2 2

    2 2 2 21 12 2 2 2

    2 2 2 2

    ) (

    M C

    LM C

    LM MC C

    P PL S S

    M MC C

    Xj RaXj RZ a a V

    Va aXj XjR R

    a a a aXj XjR RZ X j Ra a a aZ X R Za a a a

    +

    + + + + + + + + =

    (: )a4

    ) () ( ) ( ) (

    1

    2 2 2) (1 1

    M CL

    M CL

    M C M CL S P S P

    M C M C

    Za VXj RXj R

    VZ Z a X a X j R a R ZXj R Xj R

    Xj R Xj R

    + + + + + + + + =+

    ( ) . !! . .

  • 93 . 7002

    . R R R X X XS P C S P M, , , , ,. 6 : ( . VnP V VS nP/ ( : . . ( Pn Sn:

    . .

    . . : . , ( , ) .

    . ,

    : .

    .

    (X RM C, RC ) .

    coco soc: : co co

    PI V

    : = 2

    socco co

    Cco co co

    RV V: = = I P

    2

    nis2 2 2co co

    Mco co co co co

    XV V = =P V I I

    ( ) . :

    . . . ( ) .

    (. ) , . .

    . .

    cscs soc: : cs cs

    PI V

    qecs2: = cs

    RPI

    : =2

    22cs

    qe qecs

    R XVI

    =

    : 2

    2

    S P qe

    S P qe

    R a R R

    X a X X

    + = . + =

    2

    2

    PS qe

    PS qe

    R RRaX XXa

    + =

    + =: .

    2

    2S P

    S P

    R a RX a X

    = =

    Vn

  • 04 . 7002

    :

    :

    tuo ni: : tuo ni

    P P PP P P

    + = =

    N N: tsnoc rav

    = I V PS S tuosoc: = I V PP P nisoc: + = P P PeF uC

    = P PeF uC: :

    S P S P S P: S S S

    RVVa V V V V VVa V V . 001 . = = =

    . . :

    . , . . 3

    .

    . 4

    ////

    Y YY

    Y

    .

    . . . 8 " .

    =P PT3 , :

    3: Y Y/3

    P PL

    S SL

    a V VV V

    = =

    3 = VVLL

    P PL3 3: Y/S SL

    a V VV V

    = =3

    PLP

    = VV

    : Y/3 3

    P PL

    S SL

    a V VV V

    = =

    3SL

    S = VV

    P PL: /S SL

    a V VV V

    = V VLL = =

    . . . . . \ !

    .

    Pni

    2= R I PP P uC12= R I PC eF

    Ptuo

    2= R I PS S uC2

  • 14 . 7002

    : :

    . . CD . . ,

    . . , . -

    . . , .

    , . . .

    .

    . . : ( ) (. )

    . . . . .

    . . . ( ) , . . . .

    , ) ( ) :

    . . ( " "

    , () . " . (. )

    . ( ) , (. ) .

    (. ) ,

    , . ( ) (.0 ) ,

    ) " ,

    , , . (. . ( ) .

    .

    . . . .

    . . , .

    . " : .( ) .

    : nS e 021

    Snf

    p =

    . : . . ,

    =n n nm S pils: . (" ) nm . .

    m S: . S

    Sn nn =

    m S: S

    S: =

    06S

    S: = np

    03m

    m . = n

  • 24 . 7002

    . . : (.%001 . ) . =fS fe r:

    S me ) 1( ) 1(021: : S n S nf

    p = =

    . . :

    : 1 0s m 0

    Sn n

    < (. . )