第 3 章 种群及其基本特征
DESCRIPTION
第 3 章 种群及其基本特征. 种群具有许多不同于个体的群体特征,如出生率、死亡率、增长率、年龄结构、性比、空间分布格局。本章通过对种群数量动态过程、种群调节以及生态对策的剖析,使学生在种群层次上更进一步地了解生物与环境的相互关系。 种群生态学 (population ecology) 是研究生物种群与环境之间相互关系的科学。种群不仅是构成物种的基本单位,而且也是构成群落的基本单位。. 3 . 1 种群的基本概念. 1 、 种群 (population) 是同一物种占有一定空间和一定时间的个体集合群。 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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3
(population ecology)
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31 1 (population)2
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3(species) 4 5(Unitary organism)(modular organism)
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6()
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7
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32
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321 (density) ()
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()
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()()
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ecological density)(crude density)10hm230 0002hm22 hm26 hm23 000/hm25 000/ hm2
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(relative density)
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()()
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1hm21hm2
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322 (spatial pattern)(internal distribution pat-tern)
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32213(uniform)(random)()(clumped)(3-1)
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(1)
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(2) ()()(autotoxin)
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(3)
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3222 (1) (nearestneighbor distance)
D N
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d dii n
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J=dD JJ=1J1
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(2) (index of dispersion)I=S2m3-1S2m0S2m=1s2m1I=0I=1I>1
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x fx n
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3233231 (agestructure)
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(1) (age pyramid)(3-2)3
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(increasing population)
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(stable population)
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(declining population)
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(2) () ()3
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4
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20105
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3232 (sex ratio)----11
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324 3241 (natality)----
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(realized natality)
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3242 (mortality)(age-specific mortality)(physiological mortality)(ecological mortality)(minimum mortality)
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(survival rate)d1d(life expectancy)
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325----(1ife table)(human demography)
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3251 (dynamic life table)(cohort life table)
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Conell(1970)(Balanus glandula)(3-1)znx xlxxdxzx+1qxxx1ex xTxLxLxxx+1Lx=(nx+nx+1)2TxxxTx=LxTo=Lo+L1L2+L 3+T1=L1+L 2L 3+
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31
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(survivorship curve) (survivorship curve)
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3252 (static life table)()()
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()
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3253lxmxmx32
(Ro= lxmx)(net reproductive rate)Ro()
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32
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3254(diagrammatic life table)(Begon&Mortimer 1981)
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3-5
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326rr m(natural rate of increase)r RoRo(r)
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rr=lnRoTT(generation time) (innate rate of increase)rm
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rmRm
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r=lnRoTrRoTrRoT
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33331
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3311(densityindependent growth)
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??
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(1) () (density-independent growth)
()
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:1.()2.3.4.r
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t+1Nt+1tNt
- >1 =1 0
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(2)2 dNdtNt (per capita growth rate)r
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e--
- r r>0 r=0 r
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3312 () (K)Nt=KdNdt=0
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(Logistic equation) JSSK
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SJN
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5(K2)K2K
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1KK=1000.011KNNK(1NK)
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1NK N 1 NK 1KNK1NKKr
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rKrKK()
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(maximum SUStained yield)rK
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3313 4
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(genet)(ramet)
2 (1)Tilman (2)Skellam
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332
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()()
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3321 JS (3-9)JSJS
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39()(Begon1986)
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(Rhus typhina)S(310)
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3322 ()(3-7)85001 000m2307050
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(312) (bloom)
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3323
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[313(a)]
[313(b)]
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(1)314
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3-14 Wisconsin
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() (1985)1 000()
19131961(39)
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19131961
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4
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(2) 34 a910 a
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30a34a(Clethrionomys vufocarills)
(Nustela sibirica)3a ()
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3324 195716101050 000 t19671.5108 kg
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()
64 km
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(Salvinia molesta)19521978400 hm250 000 t1980(Cyrtobagous sp.)
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3325 ()
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()
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3326 () (Balaenoptera mUSCUlUS)(Bphysalus)(Delphinapterus)(Delphinus)(Phocaena)
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()
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(minimum viable population)
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3327 (ecological invasion)1859112.6 kma16161 770 km
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(Eupatorium adenophorum)2533'N
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26l839(Opuntia strieta)188018904104km21920235 104km21925243104km212m251001925(Caetoblastie cactorum)
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34 341 3411
----
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(1)
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(2) (3l6)
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3412
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(1) FSBodenheimer(1928)8590
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(2) AJNicholson
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DLack(1954)3
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(3) 2050AMilne3
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(4)
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3413
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()()
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.
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342 ----
RHMacArthur(1962)rK
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342 1 r K (K)K
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r m r m rKrr(rstrategistis)KK(Kstrategistis)ERPianka(1970)rK34
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rrKKrK
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34 r-K-
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r K r KrK
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rK
rK(Crawley1986)
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rK
rK
rK
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rKKKrrr
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3422 R-C-S-JPGrimerK
(R)(C)(S)
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33RCS
R(ruderal)rC(competition)S(stress)
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(C)
(R)
(S)
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1?2logistic3??4?5rK6?