第 3 章 种群及其基本特征

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第 3 章 种群及其基本特征. 种群具有许多不同于个体的群体特征,如出生率、死亡率、增长率、年龄结构、性比、空间分布格局。本章通过对种群数量动态过程、种群调节以及生态对策的剖析,使学生在种群层次上更进一步地了解生物与环境的相互关系。 种群生态学 (population ecology) 是研究生物种群与环境之间相互关系的科学。种群不仅是构成物种的基本单位,而且也是构成群落的基本单位。. 3 . 1 种群的基本概念. 1 、 种群 (population) 是同一物种占有一定空间和一定时间的个体集合群。 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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  • 3

    (population ecology)

  • 31 1 (population)2

  • 3(species) 4 5(Unitary organism)(modular organism)

  • 6()

  • 7

  • 32

  • 321 (density) ()

  • ()

  • ()()

  • ecological density)(crude density)10hm230 0002hm22 hm26 hm23 000/hm25 000/ hm2

  • (relative density)

  • ()()

  • 1hm21hm2

  • 322 (spatial pattern)(internal distribution pat-tern)

  • 32213(uniform)(random)()(clumped)(3-1)

  • (1)

  • (2) ()()(autotoxin)

  • (3)

  • 3222 (1) (nearestneighbor distance)

    D N

  • d dii n

  • J=dD JJ=1J1

  • (2) (index of dispersion)I=S2m3-1S2m0S2m=1s2m1I=0I=1I>1

  • x fx n

  • 3233231 (agestructure)

  • (1) (age pyramid)(3-2)3

  • (increasing population)

  • (stable population)

  • (declining population)

  • (2) () ()3

  • 4

  • 20105

  • 3232 (sex ratio)----11

  • 324 3241 (natality)----

  • (realized natality)

  • 3242 (mortality)(age-specific mortality)(physiological mortality)(ecological mortality)(minimum mortality)

  • (survival rate)d1d(life expectancy)

  • 325----(1ife table)(human demography)

  • 3251 (dynamic life table)(cohort life table)

  • Conell(1970)(Balanus glandula)(3-1)znx xlxxdxzx+1qxxx1ex xTxLxLxxx+1Lx=(nx+nx+1)2TxxxTx=LxTo=Lo+L1L2+L 3+T1=L1+L 2L 3+

  • 31

  • (survivorship curve) (survivorship curve)

  • 3252 (static life table)()()

  • ()

  • 3253lxmxmx32

    (Ro= lxmx)(net reproductive rate)Ro()

  • 32

  • 3254(diagrammatic life table)(Begon&Mortimer 1981)

  • 3-5

  • 326rr m(natural rate of increase)r RoRo(r)

  • rr=lnRoTT(generation time) (innate rate of increase)rm

  • rmRm

  • r=lnRoTrRoTrRoT

  • 33331

  • 3311(densityindependent growth)

  • ??

  • (1) () (density-independent growth)

    ()

  • :1.()2.3.4.r

  • t+1Nt+1tNt

  • >1 =1 0
  • (2)2 dNdtNt (per capita growth rate)r

  • e--

  • r r>0 r=0 r
  • 3312 () (K)Nt=KdNdt=0

  • (Logistic equation) JSSK

  • SJN

  • 5(K2)K2K

  • 1KK=1000.011KNNK(1NK)

  • 1NK N 1 NK 1KNK1NKKr

  • rKrKK()

  • (maximum SUStained yield)rK

  • 3313 4

  • (genet)(ramet)

    2 (1)Tilman (2)Skellam

  • 332

  • ()()

  • 3321 JS (3-9)JSJS

  • 39()(Begon1986)

  • (Rhus typhina)S(310)

  • 3322 ()(3-7)85001 000m2307050

  • (312) (bloom)

  • 3323

  • [313(a)]

    [313(b)]

  • (1)314

  • 3-14 Wisconsin

  • () (1985)1 000()

    19131961(39)

  • 19131961

  • 4

  • (2) 34 a910 a

  • 30a34a(Clethrionomys vufocarills)

    (Nustela sibirica)3a ()

  • 3324 195716101050 000 t19671.5108 kg

  • ()

    64 km

  • (Salvinia molesta)19521978400 hm250 000 t1980(Cyrtobagous sp.)

  • 3325 ()

  • ()

  • 3326 () (Balaenoptera mUSCUlUS)(Bphysalus)(Delphinapterus)(Delphinus)(Phocaena)

  • ()

  • (minimum viable population)

  • 3327 (ecological invasion)1859112.6 kma16161 770 km

  • (Eupatorium adenophorum)2533'N

  • 26l839(Opuntia strieta)188018904104km21920235 104km21925243104km212m251001925(Caetoblastie cactorum)

  • 34 341 3411

    ----

  • (1)

  • (2) (3l6)

  • 3412

  • (1) FSBodenheimer(1928)8590

  • (2) AJNicholson

  • DLack(1954)3

  • (3) 2050AMilne3

  • (4)

  • 3413

  • ()()

  • .

  • 342 ----

    RHMacArthur(1962)rK

  • 342 1 r K (K)K

  • r m r m rKrr(rstrategistis)KK(Kstrategistis)ERPianka(1970)rK34

  • rrKKrK

  • 34 r-K-

  • r K r KrK

  • rK

    rK(Crawley1986)

  • rK

    rK

    rK

  • rKKKrrr

  • 3422 R-C-S-JPGrimerK

    (R)(C)(S)

  • 33RCS

    R(ruderal)rC(competition)S(stress)

  • (C)

    (R)

    (S)

  • 1?2logistic3??4?5rK6?