32.973.26-018.2.7536 681.3.07

"", .. .. "" : info@williamspublishing.com, http://www.williamspublishing.com36 , , -, .

Internet, 2- . : . . . : "", 2001. 448 . : . . . .ISBN 5-8459-0188- (.)

Internet. , Internet . Internet (Border Gateway Protocol BGP). . Internet (.. - Internet), , TCP/IP. 32.973.26-018.2.75

. , , , Cisco Press.

Authorized translation from the English language edition published by Cisco Press, Copyright 2000All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storageretrieval system, without permission from the Publisher.

Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with R&I Enterprises International, Copyright 2001

ISBN 5-8459-0188- (.) "". 2001ISBN 1-57S70-23VX (.) Cisco Press. 2000

mailto:@williamspublishing.comhttp://http://www.williamspublishing.com

(Sam Halabi)

Internet. - Marketing at an IP networking startup, IP- Cisco Systems. IP-.

Optical InternetworkingForum MPLS Forum.

- (Danny McPherson) Amber Networks. - Internet (Qwest, GTE Internetworking, Genuity internetMCI). , , . Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), .. Internet. - Internet .

(Alexei Roudnev)

Genesys Labs/Alcatel -, . 10 "" - - Internet . , 9 UNIX.

(Abha Ahuja) -- Internap NetworkServices, . Merit Network ( ) IP- - (Route Server NextGeneration project) Internet (Internet PerformanceMeasurement and Analysis project IPMA). , , , . .

-: (Heather)

(Courtney) (Ashli). .

(Abha

Ahuja), (Shane Amante), (Johnson Liu), (AlvaroRetana) (Alexei Roudnev) , . (Henk Smit), (Bruce Cole), (Enke Chen), (Srihari Ramachandra), (Rex Phernando), (Satinder Singh) (Ravi Chandra), Cisco "BGP Coders" , 2- . Amber Networks Qwest Communications, -. , (Christopher Cleveland),

(Tracy Hughes), (Marc Fowler), (Gayle Johnson) Cisco Press .

7

____________________________________ 13

______________________________________________________________13 _______________________________________________13 ___________________________________________14 _______________________________________________________15, ____________________________________15, _____________________________________15, ____________________________________16

I. Internet _________________ 18 1. Internet______________________________20

Internet ________________________________________20 ARPANET NSFNET ______________________________________________________________ 21Internet _____________________________________________________________________ 23 NSFNET________________________________________________________________ 24

_________________________________________________24 NAP? ____________________________________________________________________ 25 NAP ________________________________________________ 25 __________________________________________________ 26 __________________________________________________ 26 NAP ___________________________________________________________ 27 NAP _____________________________________ 27 ____________________________________________________ 28

________________________31 NSFNET _______________________________________________ 34

NIS_______________________________________________________35 _____________________________________________________ 35 InterNIC ___________________________________________________________________ 36

_______________________________________36 ________________________________________________________________ 37 NIC ______________________________________________________________ 37

Internet_________________________________________38 Internet_______________________________________________ 38 ____________________________________________ 38- __________________________________ 39 Internet _____________________________________________________ 39

Internet _________________________________________40 "Internet " _____________________________________________ 40 Internet2 ____________________________________________________________________ 42 Abilene _____________________________________________________________________ 42

_____________________________________________________43 ___________________________________________44____________________________________________________________44

2. , Internet _____________________________________________47

, Internet ____________________________47 Internet ___________________________________________________ 47 Internet Frame Relay ATM _________________________________ 48 _____________________________________________ 49 __________________________________________________________ 49

8

__________________________________________________________________ 50 __________________________________________________________ 50 , Internet _____________________________________ 51

ISP, _____________________________________________________52

, ISP ___________________________________________________ 52 ____________________________________________________ 52 ISP ____________________________________________ 53 ___________________________________________________________________ 57

_____________________________________________________60 ___________________________________________60

3. I _______63 Internet __________________________63

IP-_________________________________________________________________ 63 IP ____________________65

______________________________________________________ 67 IP _________________________________69

IP- _____________________________________________________________ 70 ______________________________________________ 71 ________________________________________ 81IP 6 _________________________________________________________________________ 84 _____________________________________________________ 85

_____________________________________________________87 : __________________________________________88____________________________________________________________89

II. ____ 91 4. _______________93

__________________________93 ____________________________________________________ 94

_________________________________95- _____________________________________ 96 _____________________________ 98

______________________________100 , _____100 ________________________________________________________________101

____________________________________________________105 __________________________________________106___________________________________________________________107

5. Border Gateway Protocol 4 __________________________________________________109

BGP __________________________________________________110 BGP ____________________________________________112 BGP-____________________________________________________112 ___________________________________________________________114 NOTIFICATION____________________________________________________________116 KEEPALIVE_______________________________________________________________117 UPDATE __________________________________________117

BGP ______________________________122 BGP_____________________________123 TCP MD5____________________________________124 ____________________________________________________125 __________________________________________125___________________________________________________________126

9

III. /I_________________________________ 127

6. BGP_________________________129 ____129

_____________________________________________________130 IP- ________________________________________________________________131 BGP__________________________________________________________132 BGP AS __________________________________________________________132 AS _____________________________________________________________133

____________________________________135 BGP ______________________________________________135

_________________136 ORIGIN___________________________________________________________138 : _________________________139

: " " ________________________________140 ___________________________142

BGP-: __________________________________________________143 BGP ____________________________________________143

, ________________________________144 ________________________________________________144, ____________________________________________144 BGP ______________________________________________________146

BGP ______________________________________147 BGP__________________________________________________________147

___________________________________________________157 ________________________________________157 _____________________158 next-hop-self ________________________159 AS ____________________________________________________________160 AS_PATH ____________________________________________161 AS_PATH ______________________________________________________162

_______________________163 _______________________________________________________164

_________________________________167 BGP-4 _________________________________________________172

___________172 __________________________173 __________174 _____________________________________175 __________________________________________175 ___176

____________________________________________________176 __________________________________________177___________________________________________________________179

7. , _181 _____________________________________________________181 ________________________________181 ________________________________182

, __________________________________182 __________________________________________________183

________________________________________________________187 ____________________________________________187 , _____________________________________________________________188

1: ___________________________________________________189 2: ________________________________190 3: __________________________197

10

: _________________________________________________________________198

4: ________201 5: ____204

____________________________________________________207 __________________________________________208___________________________________________________________209

8. __211 , BGP, BGP______________________________211

BGP IGP__________________________________________________________211 AS _____________________________________________212

BGP _________________________________________________________________213

AS: BGP __________________________________________________________________________214 AS: BGP____________________218

_________________________________________220 ___________________________________220 _________________221 _____________________________________________________________________222

________________________222 ____________________________________________________224 __________________________________________224

9. ________________________________________________227

_____________________________________________227 ___________________________229

AS ___230 __________________231

_______________________________234_____________________________________________________236

____________________________________________________________237 BGP ______________________________238 ________________________________________________239 __________________________________________239

IGP- _______________________________240 AS , IBGP ________________________241 AS , EBGP________________________243

____________________________________________________245 __________________________________________245___________________________________________________________246

10. TCP/IP___249 Internet _________________________249

IGP_________________________________________________________________249 _______________________________________________________________250 ____________________________________________________250 __________________________________________________250 ________________________________________________________251 _________________________________________251 _________________________________________________________________252 _________________________________________________________252

BGP __________________________252 ________________________________253 BGP _________________________________________________________253 ________________________________________________________________253

11

____________________________________________________257 __________________________________________257

IV. TCP/IP_________________________________ 258

11. BGP _____261 _____________261

________________________________________266 BGP- ______________________________________________________________267

__________________________________________________268 NLRI ______________________________270 AS_PATH __________________272

____________________________________273 ____________________________________275

BGP ______________________________________________276 BGP ______________________________________________281

(" ")________________________________281 NEXT_HOP_________________________________________________________________285 AS_PATH __________________________________________________________________286 LOCAL_PREF_______________________________________________________________289 MULTU_EXIT_DISC__________________________________________________________290 COMMUNITY_______________________________________________________________293

BGP-4 _________________________________________________294 , ______________295 ______________________________________297 __________301 ___________________________________________304 __________________________________________307 __309

____________________________________________________310

12. Internet ___________________________________________________313

, _____________________313 _________________________________________________313 __________________________________________________315 ___________________________________317 : _____320 _______________________________328 _______________________________331 ___________________________333

__________________________________337 BGP _______340

_________________________________________351 _____________________________________________354_____________________________________________________357 _____________361

BGP ___________________________________________________________362 ________________________362 _________________________362 BGP- __________________________________________________________365

BGP- ________________________________________________________366 _______________________________________________367 ____________________________________________________370

V. _________________________ 372

12

. BGP _______________373 . ___________381

, Internet_______________________381 _____________________381 _____________________________________382 ____________________________________________________________382

TCP/IP ___________________________________________________________382 ___________________________________________________382

, Internet (Request for Comments RFC) _____________________________________________________________383

. BGP- (Outbound Route Filter ORF) ________________________________________387

BGP ORF _____________________________387 _____________________________________________________388

BGP ORF ________________________________________________388 BGP ORF __________________________________________________388 ___________________388

EXEC ____________________________________________________389 __________________389 , ______________________________389 BGP- _________________________390

__________________________________________390

. BGP (Multiprotocol BGP MBGP) ________________________________391

_______________391 __________________________________________392

activate ___________________________________________________________394 ______________________________________________________________________394 AF __________________________________________________________________________394

network ___________________________________________________________395 ______________________________________________________________________395 AF __________________________________________________________________________395

____________________________________396 ______________________________________________________________________396 AF __________________________________________________________________________396

__________________________________________________396 ______________________________________________________________________397 AF __________________________________________________________________________397

___________________________________________________398 ______________________________________________________________________398 AF __________________________________________________________________________398

_____________________________________________399 ______________________________________________________________________399 AF __________________________________________________________________________399

______________________________________________________400 ______________________________________________________________________400 AF __________________________________________________________________________400

BGP ________________________________________________400 AF ___________________________________402___________________________________________________________402

13

Internet,

60- XX , , . ARPANET NSFnet, ANYBODYSNET ( : " " . .). , Internet , , , . Internet . . , , .

, , , , . /I, , . , , . , , , . , , , .

, BGP, Internet, .

, ,

Internet. , Internet:, , Internet. , , , . , Internet (.. - Internet), , /I.

,

Internet. - Internet , , Internet. , , . , ,

14

. , . /I. "" , .

.

I. Internet ( 13 Internet. , - , Internet. Internet, 1, (Network Access Points), Internet (Router Arbiter project) (Network Information Services). , Internet. 2 , Internet. , Internet , , , , , . 3 (ClasslessInterDomain Routing - CIDR.), (variable-length subnet masks VLSM), Iv6 /I ( Internet).

II. . 5 6 : , , ; . (BorderGateway Protocol - BGP), Internet. BGP.

III. /I. 610 BGP. BGP, 2. BGP , . , , .

IV. /I. 11 12 . , , . , , 11 12. " ". , .

, , , Cisco IOS BGP IOS,

15

BGP.

.

, . , . . , , Cisco IOS, . , .

, - . , . . , , , () .

. , , , . , , , , , .

,

. . , :

, , 11 12;

() .

, Cisco IOS. Cisco

IOS . (I) . ([ ]) . ({ }) . , ([{}]),

16

. ,

. (, , ) , (, show).

, .

,

:

:

17

1. Internet 18

I. Internet

... 1. Internet 2. , Internet 3. I-

-/I Internet. , , Internet . 1 , (Router Arbiter project), (Network Access Point) (Network Information Services). , . 2 ,- Internet. 3 /I, Internet, , I-.

1. Internet 19

:

Internet. , Internet, Internet 40 . (National Science Foundation NSF)

(Network Access Points NAP). Internet ( , (NAP)). , , Internet NAP, NAP .

(NAP) Internet. ( , NAP.).

(Routing Arbiter project). , : (Routing ArbiterDatabase). NAP, Internet TCP/IP.

. .

. , (National Science Foundation NSF) Internet: InterNlC, , , NIC. Internet (Internetworking RoutingRegisties).

Internet. , Internet: " " (The Next-Generation Initiative), Internet2 Abilene.

1. Internet 20

1. Internet

Internet . Internet . Internet Internet .

Internet Internet 60- XX ,

(Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA, DARPA), (Department of Defense). DARPA , , , .

1969 , 56 /. , , : MILNET MINET . ARPANET ( ), "ARPA Internet" Internet. . 1.1 1.2 ARPANET ( 1969 1976 ).

, , ARPANET, , Internet. ARPANET , ( Acceptable Usage Policy AUP). , ARPANET . ARPANET , . (National Science Foundation NSF) NSFNET2.

ARPANET 1989 .

1. Internet 21

. 1.1. ARPANET ( 1969 .)

. 1.2. ARPANET ( 1976.)

ARPANET NSFNET 1985 ARPANET ,

. , NSF NSFNET. NSFNET ( NASA Science Network), , NSFNET.

(1986 ) NSFNET

1. Internet 22

. , , , , . 1988 , 56 /, 1 (1,544 /). , NSF, Merit Network, Inc. MCI, IBM . , NSFNET 1 13 Merit, BARNET, MidNet, Westnet, NorthWestNet, SESQUINET, SURAnet, (National Center for AtmosphericResearch NCAR) NSF.

1990 , , Merit3 , IBM MCI Advanced Network and Services (ANS). Merit , , NSFNET, a ANS (Network Operation Center NOC).

1991 , (45 /). . 1.3 NSFNET .

. 1.3. NSFNET

90- NSFNET - . . ( , ). , Internet- (Internet Service Provider ISP) , . . .

(Federal Internet eXchange points FIX), . (Commercial Internet eXchange points CIX), . Internet , ,

1. Internet 23

, .

- , NSF Sprint (International Connection Manager ICM), , . 1995 NSFNET.

Internet NSFNET , ,

. Internet ( NSFNET) , , UUNET, Qwest, Sprint . . . 1.4 Internet.

. 1.4. Internet

Internet Internet, , (Points Of Presence POP). , . Internet , POP . Internet ( . .). , Internet, 2, ", Internet ".

, , (national provider). , , (regional provider). . , (Network Access Points --NAP) . - Internet (Internet Service Provider ISP) , Internet . - (NetworkService ProviderNSP) ,

1. Internet 24

. NSP , NAP .

NSFNET NSF 1986

. , (High Performance Computing andCommunications Program HPCC), - . (National Research and EducationNetwork NREN) 90- 1 /. , 1995 NSFNET Backbone Network Services, NSF NSFNET.

NSF 1987 ( 1993 . 3). 1992 NSF -, . NSF . NSF (NSF 93-52) 1993 .

, :

(NAP), .

(Routing Arbiter project RA), , NAP.

(very high-speed Backbone Network Service vBNS), .

NSP, , , NAP NAP. NSP NAP.

, NSF .

(Network Access Points NAP)

, , NAP, vBNS . NAP , -, . ,

1. Internet 25

NSF (NSF Acceptable Usage Policy), Internet . , - , , .

NAP? NSF, (NAP)

, . NAP 100 / . NAP , - (45+ /) FDDI (100 /).

NAP FIX CIX ( , ), FDDI 45 /.

NAP , .. . NAP , .

NSF NAP: Sprint NAP ( -); PacoBell NAP - ( ); Ameritech Advanced Data Services (AADS) NAP ( ); MFS Datanet (MAE-East) NAP ( ). NSFNET 13 1994

Sprint NAP. 1994 NAP PacoBell, 1995 NAP Ameritech. , , 25 1995 , MFS( MCI Worldcom), NSFNET MAE-East FDDI.

NAP , (.. 1,5 /), , . NSF NAP IP, CLNP(Connectionless Networking Protocol). CLNP- , IDRP(Inter-Domain Routing Protocol) (ISO OSI Exterior GatewayProtocol EGP), , NAP.

NAP NAP NAP.

: NAP vBNS . , -

NAP. NAP

. ,

1. Internet 26

NAP, (Routing Arbiter RA), vBNS, (Quality of Service QoS) .

NAP, , NAP .

NAP NAP.

NAP .

ARPANET NSFNET FIX-

East (-, ) FIX-West (NASA AMES, , ) (Federal Internet eXchange FIX). , , . . CommercialInternet eXchange points (CIX).

1996 FIX-East. FIX-West .

(Commercial Internet eXchange CIX

( "" . .} -, , . CIX FIX , . , CIX , , . , CIX.

, . IX

. , CIX .

, CIX, : , . , .

CIX Internet , NAP, , .

CIX Web- www.cix.org.

http://www.cix.org

1. Internet 27

NAP NAP FDDI-,

ATM- Ethernet- ( Ethernet, Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet). NAP FDDI Gigabit Ethernet DS3, ATM. . 1.5 NAP. , Internet , NAP. NAP , , NAP.

. 1.5. NAP

NAP

Internet , NAP. , NAP . NAP . , Internet , NAP, , . Internet , . NAP.

. NAP, Internet

1. Internet 28

. . , , .

, . NAP , . , , , , , NAP. , .

- .

.

, LEG (local exchange carriers) IXC(interexchange carriers).

, NAP , .

NSF

(Routing Arbiter RA project), . , RA, , Internet.

, NAP, , . RA . " ". , (Route Server). , . . 1.6 . RA .

Internet. ; G, , . , .

(Automomous System AS)

1. Internet 29

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), , Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) IDRP ( IP CLNP).

, NAP, vBNS, . (Qualityof Service QoS) .

. 1.6.

, .. , (type of service) , , Internet.

, .

Internet.

RA Merit Network, Inc., (University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute USC ISI), CiscoSystems ( ISI) (University of MichiganROC) ( Merit ).

RA . (Route Server RS) RS

Sun, NAP. , NAP, . , (RIPE 181). - -. . , " ", (n-1) 1, .

1. Internet 30

( ).

(Network Management System) , RS. RS - , RS. Merit (MeritRouting Operations Center) (centralnetwork management station CNMS), .

(Routing Arbiter Database RADB) , Internet (Internet Routing Registry IRR). RADB , RIPE-181, RIPE (RIPENetwork Coordination Center RCC). RADB Policy Routing Database (PRDB). PRDB 1986 NSFNET. 1995 , RIPE-181 , , , RADB.

(Routing Engineering Team) , NAP. , , .

, , .

, RADB. RADB NAP. RADB .

RIPE-181. IRR Routing Policy Specification Language (RPSL). RPSL IRR. RoutingPolicy Specification (RPS) Working Group, InternetEngineering Task Force (IETF)8. RFC 2622 , RFC 2650, USC ISI. RPSL RIPE-181, RPSL ( RFC 2650 " RPSL ").

RIPE-181 RPSL . RPSL , . RPSL .

- , , RIPE-181 RPSL.

1. Internet 31

, . , , , .

, NAP. To . " " . , NAP, , , , .

1998 Merit . Merit RA RA.

NSF, Merit ISI RA Route Server Next Generation (RSng), Merit . NAP , Internet .

1997 Merit NSF Internet Internet PerformanceMeasurement and Analysis (IPMA). IPMA Internet. , IPMA , .

North American Network OperatorsGroup (NANOG) NSF NSFNET RA. , , NSFNET. , , Merit. NANOG , .

, RADB Internet Internet.

Internet . , , Internet.

(very high-speed Backbone Network Service vBNS)

1. Internet 32

(Supercomputer Centers SCC).24 1995 MCI NSF vBNS.

MCI : 155 /

, IP CLNP NAP, NSFNET;

; NAP RA; ;

, NSF.

50 , 5 , MCI NSFNET , NSF:

(Cornell Theory Center ) ( -);

(National Center for AtmosphericResearch NCAR) ( );

(National Center forSuperComputing Applications NCSA) ;

(Pittsburg SuperComputing Center PSC): - (San Diego Supercomputer Center SDSC).

vBNS XXI . , (Asyncronous Transfer Mode ATM) (Syncronous Optical Network SONET) , .

NSF vBNS , (, NCAR). . , NCSA , .

vBNS NAP, -, -, . . 1.7 NAP . , vBNS 12, , Juniper Networks Cisco Systems. 48 Juniper 1999 .

1. Internet 33

. 1.7. vBNS

MCIWORLDCOM. 2000. . , NCR931047. , , (National Science Foundation).

vBNS , . NSFNET. vBNS TCP/IP, "" . NSFNET 1995 .

vBNS SCC 80 , DS3 12. IPv6 ( IP 6 . .), MPLS. 2000 NSF MCI WorldCom vBNS, 2000 . vBNS (Acceptable Use Policy AUP), . , .

QoS vBNS (very high-performance Backbone Network Service).

1. Internet 34

, vBNS , NSFNET.

NSFNET Internet NSF ,

( (mid-level networks)) NSFNET .

NSFNET - . (Regional Network Provider RNP) (, ), (Inter-Regional Connectivity IRC).

NSF 93-52 RNP. NAP

NSP. -

InterNIC NSFNET (NSFNET Information Services Manager).

, .' , NAP, RA, vBNS .

, .

( NSP) , , .

. NSFNET

ISP, NSF NAP, , NAP. NSF , 1 ( NAP RA (NAP Manager/RA Cooperative Agreement), .. ).

. 1.1 NSFNET Internet. , MCInet ( Cable & Wireless) Sprintlink. 1995 Internet .

1.1. InternetArgone CICnetBARRnet MCInetCA*net MCInetCERFnet CERFnetCICnet MCInetCornell Theory Center MCInet

1. Internet 35

CSUnet MCInetDARPA ANSnetJvNCnet MCInetMOREnet SprintlinkNEARnet MCInetNevadaNet SprintlinkSESQUiNET MCInetSURAnet MCInetTHEnet MCInetWestnet Sprintlink

NIS NSF ,

. NSFNET (Network Information Services NIS). .

, .

, Internet. (Defense Information SystemsAgency Network Information Center DISA NIC).

Internet NSFNET , , (NASA Science Internet NSI) (Energy Sciences Network ESnet). , Internet, 1992 (National Research and Education Network NREN). , , NSF , NSFNET NREN .

NSF ,

(Network Information Services NIS). .

, NSF (NSF Network Services Center NNSC). Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN). NSFNET, , .

, , . , , NASA NSI.

Internet DISA NIC,

1. Internet 36

Government Services, Inc. (GSI).

NSFNET . NSFNET

Merit, Inc. , NIS

, . , , Merit, Inc.

InterNIC

1993 , AT&T, General Atomics Network Solutions, Inc11, (International Network Information Center InterNIC). , NSF. NSF General Atomics. AT&T (Database and Directory Services), Network Solutions (Registration and NIC Support Services).

. NIS , . NSF, AT&T .

(Directory Services) ( white pages): , InternetWhite Pages, .500, WHOIS netfind. .500 , . WHOIS Internet WHOIS-. , , InterNIC. MIL (military) DISA NIC, InterNIC (InterNIC Registration Services server). Netfind Internet " " (white pages). (), .

(Database Services): , Internet, Request For Comments (RFC), Internet Drafts (ID), IETF (IETF Meeting minutes), IETF (IETF Steering Group IESG) . , . AT&T

1. Internet 37

, .

(Directory of directories): , . , , Internet. , , , , , ..

AT&T , , , . . Telnet, FTP, (E-mail) " " World Wide Web.

NIS RFC 1174,

.

Internet Internet (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority IANA12). IANA (University of California's Information Sciences Institute). IANA IP- , , Internet (Internet Registry IR).

, NIS IR, IR - . , Internet, :

; ; ; . 1993 1998 , ,

NSI .com, .net .org. 1998 , NSI (Shared Registration System) .

, , , , .

. Internet (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names andNumbers ICANN). , . Internet. ICANN .

NIC

1. Internet 38

("Information Services") , General Atomics. NSI, NIC (NICSuppot Services).

, , (Network Information Center's NIC) Internet. , , InterNIC.

Internet

IP- (Autonomous System AS). Internet (Regional Internet Regisrty RIR) Internet Internet (American Registry for the Internet Numbers -ARIN), (Reseaux IP Europeens NetworkCoordination Center RIPE NCC) - (APNIC).

Internet 1997 IANA IP-

Network Solutions, Inc. ARIN. ARIN 22 1997 .

ARIN IP- :

. . . . ARIN IP-,

(AS), IN-ADDR.ARPA IP6.INT. , , .. , , WHOIS .

ARIN . IP-, ARIN.

1989 (Reseaux IP

Europeens Network Coordination Center RIPE NCC RIPE) Internet . Internet. RIPE RIR.

RIPE IP-, (DomainName System DNS), IP-, DNS

1. Internet 39

IP-. , Internet, RIPE. .

ARIN, RIPE .

-

1993 - (Asian Pasific Network Information Center APNIC) , ARIN. APNIC - , 62 , - , .

APNIC DNS, . APNIC , , . APNIC - Internet- (Asian Pasific Regional Internet Conference on OperationalTechnologies APRICOT), .

Internet ISP,

, . ( policy , . .), , . , ISP . , , .

Internet (Internet Routing Registries IRR) , , .

, (routing registry RR). RR , , RR. Internet (Internet Routing Registry IRR).

RR , . , , . , .

(Autonomous Systems AS)

1. Internet 40

(Exterior Gateway Protocols EGP), (Border Gateway Protocol BGP). AS. , , . . RR . IRR.

RIPE (RIPE Routing Registry), Internet.

Cable & Wireless (Cable & Wireless RoutingRegistry) .

CA*net CA*net (CA*net RoutineRegistry).

Internet JPRR (Japanese Internet service providers Routing Registry).

(Routing Arbiter Database). ARIN (ARIN Routing Registry).

Internet , (Routing ArbiterDatabase RADB) ARIN, . , RADB (Routing Arbiter project).

, Qwest, Level(3) Verio, RR.

Internet Internet ,

, , . . "" Internet. . .

"Internet " "Internet "

(Next-Generation Internet NGI Initiative) , , , 1000 , .

NGI, 1 1997 , :

(Defense Advanced ResearchProjects Agency DARPA);

(Department of Energy DoE); (National Aeronautics and

Space Administration NASA); (National Institute of Health NIH); (National Institute of Standards

1. Internet 41

and Technology NIST); (National Science Foundation NSF). NGI

, (Large-Scale Network Working Group of the Subcommittee on Computing, Information and Communications CIC R&D), (White House National Science and Technology Council's Committee on Technology).

NGI : ; ; .

NGI ,

Internet. :

; ; ; (Quality of Service)

( ); ( ).

, NGI. "100x" "1000x".

"100" 100 , - . , 100 Internet .

: NSF (NSF's very high-speed

Backbone Network Service vBNS). NASA (NASA's Research and Educational

Network NREN). (DoD's

Defense Research and Education Network DREN). - (DoE's Energy

Sciences network ESnet). "1000" 10

, 1000 . "1000" DARPA's SuperNet.

, .

NGI

: ; ; ;

1. Internet 42

; . , : ; ; ; ; ; ; .

Internet2 Internet2

Internet (University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development UCAID). 1996 34 , . , Internet2, Internet- , . Internet, , , , . Internet2 Internet.

Internet2 160 50 . Internet2 , UCAID. , NSF , NGI. NSF.

Internet2 Internet, , Internet2.

Abilene Abilene , UCAID.

Internet2, Internet2. UCAID Qwest Communications, Nortel Networks Cisco Systems Abilene Network. Internet2 . Abilene, 1999 , 12. 48 (2,5 /) POS (Packet Over SONET).

vBNS, Abilene Internet-, Abilene , Abilene. Internet2 Abilene, () , , Internet 6 (Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6) (Quality of Service

1. Internet 43

QoS). Abilene IPv6 QoS.

. 1.8 Abilene.

. 1.8. Abilene

NSFNET 1995 .

Internet , . , Abilene vBNS, , . Internet , , .

Internet - , . , Internet.

,

?

? ,

Internet? .

.

1. Internet 44

10 , . Internet, TCP/IP.

NAP , NSF? , . ,

NAP. . , , , , .

Internet , NAP?

. NAP . - , . , NAP , .

NAP ?

. , . NAP.

, NAP, ?

, .

IR IRR? Internet (Internet Registry IR), Network Solutions, Inc,

Internet (.. ..). Internet (Internet Routing Registry IRR), RADB, -.

(Routing Arbiter Databases) ?

. ( RFC .). RADB .

1. www.darpa.mil2. www.nsf.gov3. www.merit.edu4. www.ra.net5. www.isi.edu6.http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfcl786.txt7. www.merit.edu8. www.ietf.org9. www.nanog.org10. www.vbns.net11. www.internic.net

http://www.darpa.milhttp://www.nsf.govhttp://www.merit.eduhttp://www.ra.nethttp://www.isi.eduhttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfcl786.txthttp://www.merit.eduhttp://www.ietf.orghttp://www.nanog.orhttp://www.vbns.nethttp://www.internic.net

1. Internet 45

12. www.iana.org13. www.icann.org14. www.arin.net15. www.ripe.net16. www.apnic.net17. www.ngi.gov18. www.internet2.edu19. www.internet2.edu/abilene

http://www.iana.orghttp://www.icann.orghttp://www.arin.nethttp://www.ripe.nethttp://www.apnic.nethttp://www.ngi.govhttp://www.internet2.eduhttp://www.internet2.edu/abilene

2. , Internet 46

:

, Internet (Internet ServiceProvider ISP). ISP Internet, .

ISP. , ISP.

ISP. ISP .

. , .

2. , Internet 47

2. , Internet

, ,

, Internet, , Internet. , Internet, -, .. "" - . ISP . ,, , , -/i pa , , , , ..

Internet , . "" Internet.

, Internet

' , -" cefeu ; ^ . " Internet, , % .

- , Internet. , , ( dial-up) , ' .

Internet

, Internet 56 / 64 / 1,5 / 2 / ( 1 1, ) 45 34 / (/) 155 / () . ,

2. , Internet 48

, 622 / () 2,5 / (48). , , 24 . , , , .

Internet , (customer premises equipment CPE) IP- . , Cisco HDLC ( ), . . 2.1 Internet .

. 2.1. Internet no

Internet Frame Relay ATM

Frame Relay ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode ) Internet. . FrameRelay ATM. , .

Frame Relay ATM IP-, , . . 2.2 Internet Frame Relay.

Internet no Frame Relay ATM , . , Internet IP- . , .

Frame Relay, ATM , Frame Relay, ATM . FrameRelay ATM IP-. , - , .

2. , Internet 49

. 2.2. Internet no Frame Relay

Frame Relay ATM, Internet. , ( ) Internet.

56 /. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) BRI (Basic RateInterface) 128 / PRI (Primary RateInterface) 1,5 /. , Internet. ISDN BRI PRI (.. ), , -, .

(Digital Subscriber Line DSL)

Internet . . DSL , . DSL xDSL, . . 2.1 DSL .

2.1. DSL DSL

(POTS)

ADSL (Asymetrical Digital Subscriber Line)

16 640 Kbps 1,5 8Mbps

HDSL (High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber

1,544 Mbps

1,544 Mbps

2. , Internet 50

Line) 2,048 Mbps 2,048 MbpsSDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

1,5 2.048 Mbps

1,5 2.048 Mbps

VDSL (Very high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line)

1,6 19,2 Mbps( . )

12,96 Mbps( 1,4) 55,2 Mbps ( 300)

( )

DSL , (Plain Old TelephoneSystem POTS), . , DSL, ( 64 / 52 /). DSL- . 1999 DSL.

DSL,

Internet . , .

, ( ), . , 2 / ( ) 64 / ( ).

DSL, "-", , -, .

. , , . 2 , Internet , 2003 16 .

( . .)

, , ( Web-). , , - (content-provider). , , (data center), Web-. , .

2. , Internet 51

Internet, Fast Ethernet(100 /) Gigabit Ethernet (1 /). Internet , .

o , - Ethernet. , . , , o po . , -, " " (Denial of Service DoS), , .

. , , . , (Virtual Local AreaNetworks VLAN) " : , , " 2- ., ("Intcnvnturfions: Bridges, Routers, Switches and Internetworking Protocols", 2nd edition., Addison-Wesley, 1999) (Radia Perlman) " Cisco" ("Cisco LAN Switching", Cisco Press, 1999) (Kennedy (Lark) (Kevin Hamilton).

, Internet

, , , , (Virtual Private Networks VPN) IP-. , '' "" . , , , .

ISP , , , . , . .

( ). , , , .

2. , Internet 52

ISP,

, , . , , , , , . , , , .

, ISP ,

. , . , , , Frame Relay, , -. , , , .

, , , , . , , (CustomerPertinent Equipment CPE) ( ), CSU/DSU (Channel ServiceUnit/Data Service Unit). , . , , / .

Internet . . , , , , , . , Internet. ( ), . , , Internet.

2. , Internet 53

(Service-Level Agreements/Service-LevelGuarantees SLA/SLG), . , . , , .

, / .

, , , .

ISP ISP

. . " " . . ,

. , ISP.

. , . , .

,

. , , , , . 48 . , . .

" " ISP

. " " (bottlenecks), , , " ", , ( oversubscription) (Points of Presence POP) . . , ,

2. , Internet 54

, .

. 2.3. ISP

, . , , 20 TI POP , , NAP 1, " ". . 2.3 5:1, .. 1 1. ( ) . , , , 8:1 10:1. , , .

. 2.4.

" " , , .

, Web- , Internet 56 /, , , Internet . . 2.4 , , Internet , Web- 56 /, .. , Internet. , , 56 /, .

, . .

? ?

2. , Internet 55

( ) ?

?

?

ISP

. 2.5.

, . , - NAP, POP - , . , . ISP . , POP NAP , POP , . 2.5.

, , .. . , , . , , . NAP . , POP. . 2.6 , . 2.7 .

2. , Internet 56

. 2.6.

. . , (Mean Time Between Failures MTBF).

, . (Mean Time To Repair MTTR), - , - . , .

. 2.7.

2. , Internet 57

, ,

IP- (IP hops), .. , , . IP-, , , . (Multiprotocol Label Switching MPLS), ATM Frame Relay. IP-, traceroufe.

IP- , . , , . , , .

, Internet , . AS ( ) . , , .. . - NAP . NAP, .

. Internet , ( NAP), .

, , , , . 1, " Internet, , NAP . NAP, .. NAP -. (Nondisclosure Agreement NDA), .

, . , , , .

2. , Internet 58

, , (demarcationpoint DP). , ( ). , . . , - . . 2.8 .

. 2.8.

- . , , , .

, (Customer Premises Equipment CPE),

, CSU/DSU, (out-of-bandwidth ). . , , , . / . ISP . , , . , , . , . , .

. 2.92.11 . , . 2.9,

CSU/DSU CSU . , .

, . 2.10 , , .

. 2.11 , , . , POP ,

2. , Internet 59

.

. 2.9. CSU/DSU; ()

( ) (collocation)

. -, . 2.12. .

. 2.10. , CSU/DSU ()

. 2.11. (

. 2.12. ()

, . 2.12, (. 2.13). ISP , , .

2. , Internet 60

. 2.13. ()

, , . , , .

- , , , . , , .

IP- .

,

? - , . ,

12 48, . , , . . , . , .

" " ?

, "

?

"" " , . , -, , (

2. , Internet 61

). , , , , . . , ? , , ( ;).

, . .

- , ?

, .

3. I 62

:

Internet. IPv4, , , .

(Variable-length subnet masksVLSM). IP.

I-. IP-. , , , .

(Network Address Translations - NAT). NAT ; IP-.

IP 6 (IPv6). (IPng), , (classless interdomain routiftg.-CIDR) IPv4.

3. I 63

3. I

Internet, 4- IP(Iv4) . Internet. I-, , (Variable-Length Subnet Mask VLSM), (Classless Interdomain Routing CIDR) (Network Address Translation NAT). IP 6 (IPv6).

. . Internet . I-, , , .

Internet

, Internet, IP 4 (IPv4)1, , , IP. :

IP-. IP2. (VLSM)3.

IP-

, IP- (32-) , , , W.X.Y.Z, (, 10.0.0.1). 32 : ( ) ( ).

http://.x.y.z

3. I 64

IP-. 5 IP- ( ): , , , D . . 3.1.

3.1. IP-

A 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 0 7 24

B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 10 14 16

C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 110 21 8

D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 1110

E 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 1111

, , . D , . . . 3.2.

3.2. IP-, 0.0.0.0 ( )10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (RFC 1918)127.0.0.1 - 127.255.255.255 ""172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 (RFC 1918)192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (RFC 1918)192.168.255.255 255.255.255.255

, , (classful model). , . IP-. .

0 () .

( 0 7), . , ( 8 31) . 124.0.0.1. 124.0.0.0 , . (. 3.1) 128 (27) . , 0.0.0.0 , 127 (27-1) .

. 3.1. IP-

,

http://0.0.0.0http://127.255.255.255http://128.0.0.0http://191.255.255.255http://192.0.0.0http://223.255.255.255http://224.0.0.0http://239.255.255.255http://240.0.0.0http://255.255.255.255http://0.0.0.0http://10.0.0.0http://10.255.255.255http://127.0.0.1http://127.255.255.255http://172.16.0.0http://172.31.255.255http://192.168.0.0http://192.168.255.255http://192.168.255.255http://255.255.255.255

3. I 65

. , 124.0.0.0 ( ) , (124.255.255.255) . , 16777214 (2161) , 16777216 (224).

1 0 .

( 0 15) , ( 16 31) . 16384 (214) 65534 (2162) (. 3.2). , , 172.16.0.1, 172.16.0.0 , 1 .

. 3.2.

1, 1 0 .

( 0 23) , ( 24 31) . , 2097152 (221) , 254 (282) (. 3.3). 192.11.1.1, 192.11.1.0 , 1.

. 3.3.

D D 1, 1, 1 0 IP-

. D IP-, . , , , .

1, 1, 1 1 IP-

. . .

IP

. , (variable-length subnet masks VLSM).

(subnet subnetwork) IP- , . , IP-

3. I 66

, . , IP- , , , . ( ). IP-2 , (netmask). , , IP-, . , , .

, . 3.4 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0. . IP-, , . IP- 10.0.0.1 ( 10) ( 1).

. 3.4.

, , . :

255.0.0.0 . 255.255.0.0 . 255.255.255.0 . IP-

. . , Ethernet, Token Ring FDDI, . , , , 10.0.0.0 , 16 , . 3.5.

. .

3.6 255.255.0.0 10.0.0.0. IP- 10.0.0.1 : 10; 0; 1. 255.255.0.0 , , ( ). 10 256 10.0.0.0 10.255.0.0. 16777214 65534.

. 3.5.

http://255.0.0.0http://255.255.0.0http://255.255.255.0

3. I 67

, 10.0.0.0

. , , Cisco. "" IOS ip subnet-zero.

. 3.6.

(variable-length subnet mask VLSM)

, . VLSM3 , .. . VLSM . . , , , , . , .. , , . , .

, 192.214.11.0, . 100 , 50 . , 0 ( ) 255 ( ) 256 , .. 192.214.11.0 192.214.11.255. VLSM .

192.214.11.0, , 255.255.255.0 ( 1 ). 192.214.11.0 255.255.255.. , ( ) , .

1 0. , , " " , , . , . , , , .

3. I 68

. 3.3 , 256 .

3.3 C

*

128 1000 0000 2 128192 1100 0000 4 64224 1110 0000 8 32240 1111 0000 16 16248 1111 1000 32 8252 1111 1100 64 4

* , " " .

VLSM , . 3.3. 255.255.255.128 128 255.255.255.192 64 . 100 50 .

. 3.7. ,

. 3.8. VLSM

, . , 192.214.11.0. -, 255.255.255.128. 128 . 192.214.11.0 ( .0 .127) 192.214.11.128 ( .128 .255). 192.214.11.128 255.255.255.192 64

3. I 69

: 192.214.11.128 ( .128 191) 192.214.11.192 ( .192 255). . 3.7 3.8 . , .

, VLSM. , 1 Routing Information Protocol (RIP-1) Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) , , . , , , Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), IGRP (Enchanced IGRP EIGRP), 2 Routing Information Protocol (RIP-2) Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS), VLSM, . RIP-1 IGRP IP-, , . , IP- , . , . .

IP

IP- . , . , 16 , , - , . 1991 , , .

: IP- , Internet, IP-. , , Routing and Addressing (ROAD) IP (IP next generation directorate IPng). 1992 ROAD IP (classless interdo-mainrouting CIDR). IPng IP- IP 6 (IPv6), .

.

IP- . (classless interdomain routing

3. I 70

CIDR)4. () IP-

Network Address Translation (NAT)5,7. IP 6 (IPv6)8 . IP-

IP- . IP- IANA Internet Internet Registry (IR). IP- , Internet. , IP- IP-, , .

IP- . ( -), , , , . , IP-. , , ( ), ( ), ().

IP- ,

. , , IP-. . , , -. . 3.4 .

3.4.

256 1 512, 256 2 1024, 512 4 2048, 1024 8 4096, 2048 16 8192, 4096 32 16384, 4096 64

Internet, Internet American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), . ARIN 16 4096 . .

, , , ., Web-

3. I 71

ARIN (www.arin.net).

: , , , . . 3.5 . , , .

3.5. 61.0.0.0 61.255.255.255 APNIC 199762.0.0.0 62.255.255.255 RIPE NCC 199763.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 ARIN 199764.0.0.0 64.255.255.255 ARIN 1999128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 1993192.0.0.0 192.255.255.255 1993193.0.0.0195.255.255.255 RIPE NCC 1993196.0.0.0 198.255.255.255 1993199.0.0.0 199.255.255.255 ARIN 1993200.0.0.0 200.255.255.255 ARIN 1993

201.0.0.0 201.255.255.255 - 1993

202.0.0.0 203.255.255.255 APNIC 1993204.0.0.0 205.255.255.255 ARIN 1993206.0.0.0 206.255.255.255 ARIN 1994207.0.0.0 207.255.255.255 ARIN 1995208.0.0.0 208.255.255.255 ARIN 1995209.0.0.0 209.255.255.255 ARIN 1996210.0.0.0 210.255.255.255 APNIC 1996211.0.0.0 211.255.255.255 APNIC 1996212.0.0.0 212.255.255.255 RIPE NCC 1997213.0.0.0 213.255.255.255 RIPE NCC 1999216.0.0.0 217.255.255.255 ARIN 1998

,

. , 1991 1995 10 ; 1998 . . 3.9 Internet.

, 80000 1995 . , , 2000 76000 . IP-, , (Classless Interdomain Routing CIDR).

IP- , . CIDR IP- , IP- , , . , 198.32.0.0 /16, 198.32.0.0/16. /16 , 16 . , IP- 198.32.0.0 255.255.0.0.

http://www.arin.nethttp://61.0.0.0http://61.255.255.255http://62.0.0.0http://62.255.255.255http://63.0.0.0http://63.255.255.255http://64.0.0.0http://64.255.255.255http://128.0.0.0http://191.255.255.255http://192.0.0.0http://192.255.255.255http://193.0.0.0http://195.255.255.255http://196.0.0.0http://198.255.255.255http://199.0.0.0http://199.255.255.255http://.0.0.0http://200.255.255.255http://201.0.0.0http://201.255.255.255http://202.0.0.0http://203.255.255.255http://204.0.0.0http://205.255.255.255http://206.0.0.0http://206.255.255.255http://207.0.0.0http://207.255.255.255http://208.0.0.0http://208.255.255.255http://209.0.0.0http://209.255.255.255http://210.0.0.0http://210.255.255.255http://211.0.0.0http://211.255.255.255http://212.0.0.0http://212.255.255.255http://213.0.0.0http://213.255.255.255http://216.0.0.0http://217.255.255.255

3. I 72

. 3.9. Internet

* CIDR 25 2000

(supernet), , . , 198.32.1.0 255.255.255.0, /24 CIDR. 198.32.0.0 255.255.0.0 198.32.0.0/16, , (16 24), , . . 3.10 .

198.32.0.0/16 ( 198.32.0.0, 198.32.1.0, 198.32.2.0 ..) , (aggregate).

, " ", '' CIDR" "" . , , IP- , . , CIDR(/), , , .

3. I 73

. 3.10. CIDR

, , , -, CIDR, , . :

198.213.0.0/16 16 . 198.213.1.0/20 20 . ,

CIDR, (classless), , . CIDR Internet, IP- . , , , - (stub network). , -, ; , , Internet. , , . IP-, , , . , , . . 3.11 .

, ISP3 IP-, 198.0.0.0 198.1.255.255 (198.0.0.0/15). ISP1 ISP2. , ISP1 198.1.0.0 198.1.127.255 (198.1.0.0/17), a ISP2 198.1.128.0 198.1.255.255 (198.1.128.0/17). ISP1 ISP2 . , . 3.11 , , , CIDR: ISP1 ISP2 , , 1SP3, , . TCP/IP.

. 3.11 , CIDR. , ISP1 ISP2 . ISP1 198.1.0.0/17. ISP2 198.1.128.0/17. ISP3 ISP1 ISP2 (198.0.0.0/15). , .

3. I 74

. 3.11. CIDR

, , ( leaf nodes), . , , , , ( . aggregation . .} , , , ISP3, , , .

, , (single-homing], IP- CIDR. , . . , IP-, , . ( ) , . (multihoming). , , .

TCP/IP . , , , . , , :

3. I 75

198.32.1.0/24 1 198.32.0.0/16 2 198.32.1.1

, , , , 1.

. 3.12 . : 198.32.1.0/24 198.32.0.0/16, 198.32.1.1 1.

. 3.12.

- 1 , , ( 2). , , , .

, , , , , .. . . 3.12, , 198.32.1.0/24, , , .. . .

()

, : (routing loops) , , () . (routing loop} , , . 0.0.0.0/0, , . , . , , (bitbucket) ( Cisco NullO) . , , , .

3. I 76

. .

. 3.13 ISP1 198.32.0.0/13.

. 3.13.

, ISP1 Foonet ( 198.32.1.0/24) - . , ISP1 0.0.0.0/0, ISP2. , ISP1. , 198.32.1.1, , ISP1 , , , , ISP2. , ISP1 ISP2, . , ISP1 198.32.0.0/13. , , , , .

, ( ) , , , " " (black holes). " " , , , , , . , .

, , (- ), . .

3. I 77

(single-homing scenario) , IP, . , , , . . , . , , , , . , .

, , , , : . , , . , .

"Keep It Simple, Stupid (KISS)", , , , , , .

( . 3.14) , . , , , , , . : (1SP1 ISP2) Onenet, Twonet Stubnet . . 3.6 IP-, () .

, Onenet Twonet ISP1 ISP2, IP- ISP1 (. 3.14).

3.6.

ISP1 198.24.0 198.31.255.255 198.24.0.0/13Onenet 198.24.0.0 198.24.15.0 198.24.0.0/20 ISP1, ISP2 ISP1Stubnet 198.24.16.0 198.24.23.0 198.24.16.0/21 ISP1 ISP1Twonet 198.24.56.0 198.24.63.0 198.24.56.0/21 ISP1, ISP2 ISP1ISP2 198.32.0.0 198.39.255.255 198.32.0.0/13

http://198.31.255.255http://198.24.0.0/13http://198.24.0.0http://198.24.15.0http://198.24.0.0/20http://.24.16.0http://198.24.23.0http://198.24.16.0/21http://198.24.56.0http://198.24.63.0http://198.24.56.0/21http://198.32.0.0http://198.39.255.255http://198.32.0.0/13

3. I 78

. 3.14. " "

. , IP-, . - ( - (proxy aggregation)), . , ISP2 " " . Onenet Twonet.

" "

.

ISP2 , Onenet Twonet (198.24.0.0/18), . 3.14, " ". , , Stubnet, ISP1, , 198.24.0.0/18. ISP2 , Stubnet, IP-, ISP2, " ". ISP2 , IP- (198.24.0.0/20 Onenet 198.24.0.0/21 Twonet), ISP1. , ISP2

3. I 79

198.32.0.0/13.

. 3.15. "

. 3.15 . , ISP2 Onenet Twonet. , Stubnet, ISP2.

, ISP1 Onenet Twonet (. 3.15). ISP1 198.24.0.0/13, Onenet Twonet , .. ISP2.

, IP- , . . 3.16. Largenet IP- ISP1 ISP2. . , ISP1 198.24.0.0/13, aISP2 198.32.0.0/13. IP-, Largenet.

3. I 80

. 3.16. IP-,

, . 3.16, . , ISP2 ISP1. ISP1 198.24.0.0/13 , Largenet, 198.24.0.0/20, , . Largenet, ISP2. 1SP2 198.32.0.0/20 . , ISP1 198.32.0.0/20, a ISP2 198.24.0.0/20.

. 3.17 , , ,

ISP1 ISP2, .. . ISP1, ISP2 (202.24.0.0/20) (198.24.0.0/13 198.32.0.0/13). , Internet . Internet.

http://.32.0.0/20,

3. I 81

. 3.17. ( )

(), IP-,

(). , , .

, . . - IP- , . . . , , , .

CIDR Internet. Internet - 4 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-4), . , CIDR .

CIDR, Internet , .

IP-

. :

(Global connectivity); (Private connectivity).

3. I 82

,

, Internet. IP-, , . , , IP- -.

,

, , Internet. , , , , . IP- . IANA IP-, ( " " (private internet)):

10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 ( ) 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (16 ) 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 (256 ) ,

RFC 19185.,

, IANA Internet. , IP-, , - (proxy) (gateway). Internet, , , IP- , Internet, , , . , IP-, . IP-.

, IP- , IP-. . 3.18 .

, . Internet - . , , Internet, , Internet. Internet IP- , IP-.

http://10.0.0.0http://172.16.0.0http://192.168.0.0

3. I 83

. 3.18.

: Internet, IP- IP-. , Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)6, . DHCP ( IP-) , TCP/IP. DHCP, IP- .

. 3.19. Internet

(bastion host), Internet. , (. 3.19) IP-. Telnet , Internet, , Telnet , . , , IP- , "" Internet. (Network Address Translator).

IP-

IP- ( ) Network Address Translator (NAT)7. NAT Internet IP- . NAT IP- Internet , , Internet.

. 3.20 , IP- 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2, .

http://10.1.1.2,

3. I 84

. 3.20.

, NAT- IP- ( ) IP- NAT. , IP- 128.213.x.. IP-, IP-. , , IP- , . NAT, IP- , .

NAT- , , " " . NAT , , IANA . , Internet - . , , . NAT IP- .

NAT , , . , , NAT , Cisco Systems Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS).

IP 6

IP 6 (IPv6)8 IP (IP next generation IPng) IPv4.

IPng 1992 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) (). . IPv6 IP, (Quality of Service),

3. I 85

, . IPv6 .

, IPv4 IPv6. IPv4 ( ), , IPv6, IP . , IPv6. IPv6 , IPv4.

IPv6 128 , 32- IPv4. , Internet. 128 2128 , !

IPv6 , Format Prefix (FP) (. 3.21).

. 3.21. IPv6

. 3.7 . , IPv6 . , , IPv4 .

3.7. IPv6 0000 0000 0000 0001 NSAP 0000 001 IPX 0000 010 0000 011 0000 1 0001 001 010 011 100 101 110 1110 1111 0 1111 10 1111 110 1111 1110 1111 1110 10 1111 1110 11 1111 1111

IP-

IPv4. . 3.22.

3. I 86

. 3.22. IPv6

. (Format prefix) 010, ,

. (REGISTRY ID) , Internet

(PROVIDER ID). (PROVIDER ID) ,

. (SUBSCRIBER ID) ,

. (SUBNET ID) ,

. (INTERFACE ID)

, SUBNET ID. , 48- Media Access Control (MAC), IEEE-802.

IPv6 CIDR, IPv4. , .. (. 3.23).

. 3.23. IPv6

IPv4, RFC 1918. :

(

3. I 87

1111111010), .

( 1111111011), .

. 3.24 .

( ) ( ).

, Internet, , . , REGISTRY ID, PROVIDER ID SUBSCRIBER ID. IPv6 IPv4, NAT Internet.

. 3.24.

, IP-

. IP- , , . . , , .

, Internet. , , , . BGP, 5 .

3. I 88

: VLSM om ? VLSM ,

, , C .

VLSM? VLSM IP-.

: IP-.

B CIDR ? - ,

, :. , , .

? .

, Internet. , , .

, RIP-1 IGRP. , CIDR u VLSM?

, VLSM CIDR , . , . , , . . , , , , . "" VLSM CIDR, .

?O ,

. " " .

, IP-? ,

( ), . , .

, o Internet, Internet . IP- , ?

, IP- , IP- ( ).

Internet, . . ?

3. I 89

& Network Address Translation (NAT), IP-, .

1 RFC 791, "Internet Protocol (IP)", www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc791.txt2 RFC 917, "Internet Subnets", www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc917.txt3 RFC 1878, "Variable Length Subnet Table for IPv4", www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcl878.txt4 RFC 1519, "Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)", www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcl519.txt5 RFC 1918, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcl918.txt6 RFC 1541, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcl541.txt7 RFC 1631, "The IP Network Address Translator", www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcl631.txt8 RFC 1884, "IP version 6 Addressing Architecture", www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcl884.txt

3. I 90

4. 91

II.

...

4. 5. Border Gateway Protocol 4

: , .. , - , , . , 4 , . , Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). 5 BGP 4 (BGP-4) . , 5 BGP-4, (Capabilities Negotiation) BGP-4 MD5 (TCP MD5 Signature Option) BGP. BGP, II, .

4. 92

:

. , (Interior Gateway Protocols IGP). , .

. - , .

. , (routing policy). , .

4. 93

4.

Internet (autonomoussystems), . , InteriorGateway Protocols (IGP), : Routing InformationProtocol (RIP), Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol(EIGRP), Open Shortest Path First(OSPF) Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS). Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). - Internet 4 (Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 BGP-4), RFC 17711.

, . , . .

1. , (routing protocols). .

2. , .

3. ( ) .

4. (next-hop devices), , , . , , .

5. ( ) (forwarding table).

4. 94

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4. 97

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4. 98

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4. 99

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4. 102

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4. 103

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4. 104

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4. 105

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4. 106

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4. 107

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1 RFC 1771, "A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)," www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcl771.txt2 Bellman, R. Dynamic Programming (Princeton University Press, 1957)3 Ford, L. R., Jr. And D. R. Fulkerson. Flows in Networks (Princeton University Press, 1962)4 RFC 1583, "OSPF version 2," www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcl583.txt5 ISO 10589, "Intermediate System to Intermediate System"; RFC 1195, "Use of OSIIS-IS for Routing in TCP/IP and Dual Environments," www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcll95.txt6 Perlman, Radia. Interconnections, Second Edition: Bridges, Routers, Switches and Internetworking Protocols (Boston, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 1998)7 Moy, John. OSPF: Anatomy of an Internet Routing Protocol (Boston, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 1998)8 RFC 904, "Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification," www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc904.txt9 RFC 1930, "Guidelines for creation, selection, and registration of an Autonomous System (AS)," www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcl930.txt10 RFC 2270, "Using a dedicated AS for Sites Homed to a Single Provider, "www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2270.txt

5. Border Gateway Protocol 4 108

:

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5. Border Gateway Protocol 4 109

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Border Gateway Protocol 4

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5. Border Gateway Protocol 4 110

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5. Border Gateway Protocol 4 111

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5. Border Gateway Protocol 4 112

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5. Border Gateway Protocol 4 113

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