נושאים מרכזיים בנוירוביולוגיה

4תרגיל

מערכת השיקוף

Human Cortex: Reflections of Mirror Neurons

llan Dinstein

A sample of 2009 harvest1. Anterior intraparietal cortex codes complexity of observed han

d movements. Biagi L, Cioni G, Fogassi L, Guzzetta A, Tosetti M.

2. Changes in subthalamic activity during movement observation in Parkinson's disease: Is the mirror system mirrored in the basal ganglia? Alegre M, Rodríguez-Oroz MC, Valencia M, Pérez-Alcázar M, Guridi J, Iriarte J, Obeso JA, Artieda J.

3. The role of inferior frontal and parietal areas in differentiating meaningful and meaningless object-directed actions. Newman-Norlund R, van Schie HT, van Hoek ME, Cuijpers RH, Bekkering H.

4. Mirror system activity for action and language is embedded in the integration of dorsal and ventral pathways. Arbib MA.

5. Update on autism: a review of 1300 reports published in 2008. Hughes JR.

6. Emotion Recognition from EEG Using Higher-Order Crossings. Petrantonakis P, Hadjileontiadis L.

7. Shared pain: From empathy to synaesthesia. Fitzgibbon BM, Giummarra MJ, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Enticott PG, Bradshaw JL.

8. Reduced cortico-motor facilitation in a normal sample with high traits of autism. Puzzo I, Cooper NR, Vetter P, Russo R, Fitzgerald PB.

9. Sensations evoked in patients with amputation from watching an individual whose corresponding intact limb is being touched. Ramachandran VS, Brang D.

10.The mirror neuron system may play a role in the pathogenesis of mass hysteria. Lee YT, Tsai SJ.

What are mirror neurons?

• Discharge when making a specific goal directed action towards an object

• Discharge when the observing an agent making an action with an identical goal towards objects (~15%)

What do you do with it?!

• Interpreting intentions and goals

• Interpreting speech

• Language acquisition

• Theory of mind and autism

• Interpreting emotions

• Imitation

Simulation Theory - Interpreting meaningful

actions

Mirror neurons perform the visual to motor transformation?

Requirement for mirror neurons

Movement selectivity

Illustration of the mirror system

Mirror system in humans

Audiovisual mirror neurons and action recognition

Kohler et al., Science 2002

...רגע של סטטיסטיקה

• 498 neurons recorded• 63 neurons (13%) discharged both

when the monkey performed a hand action and when it heard the action-related sound.

• 33 neurons (6%) were tested for visuo-auditory congruency, only 22 (4%) showed selectivity for the action’s goal, irrespective of the modality!

fMRI

• Measures the summed activity of 1000000 neurons– Heterogeneity in specificity and

modality– Small subpopulations

Do humans have a “mirror system” ?