英文寫作技巧及論文寫作英文寫作技巧及論文寫作格式格式

英文寫作技巧及論文寫作英文寫作技巧及論文寫作格式格式 宋麗梅宋麗梅

國立台灣大學外文系國立台灣大學外文系4/26/20034/26/2003

英文寫作技巧英文寫作技巧英文寫作技巧英文寫作技巧

Writing Process• Writing is a process that involves the

following 4 steps:– Discovering a thesis – often through

prewriting– Developing solid support for the thesis

– often through more prewriting– Organizing the thesis and supporting

material and writing it out in a first draft

– Revising and then editing carefully to ensure an effective, error-free paper

Writing Process• Prewriting

– Technique 1: Freewriting– Technique 2: Questioning– Technique 3: Making a List– Technique 4: Clustering– Technique 5: Preparing a Scratch Outline

• Revising– Unity– Support– Coherence– Sentence skills

• Editing

Essay (Paragraph) Development• Traditionally, essay (paragraph) writing has been divided

into the following patterns of development:

* Description * Narration * Exposition - Examples - Process - Cause and effect - Comparison and contrast - Definition - Division and classification *Argumentation

Diagram of an EssayTitle of the Essay

Opening remarks to catch reader’s interestThesis statementPlan of development

Topic sentence 1 (supporting point 1)Specific evidence

Topic sentence 2 (supporting point 2)Specific evidence

Topic sentence 3 (supporting point 3)Specific evidence

SummaryGeneral closing remarks

Introduction

Body

Conclusion

Revising• Four bases

– Unity– Support– Coherence– Sentence skills

Vocabulary Wordsheet

Word: formidable Pronunciation: [ ]

Meanings: 1. feared or dreaded

2. extremely difficult

Other forms of the word: formidably , formidability

Use of the word in context: Several formidable

obstacles stand between Matt and his goal.Keeping a Journal

• One excellent way to get practice in writing is to keep a daily or almost daily journal.

論文寫作格式論文寫作格式論文寫作格式論文寫作格式

Writing Research Papers

• Why do research at all?• Need a research topic?• Need to find information?• Need to get organized?• Need to know which sources are reliable and

worth citing?• Provide detailed instruction and examples of

four academic styles – MLA (English), APA (social sciences), CMS (humanities), and CBE (sciences).

Need a research topic?• Drafting a research proposal

– The Short Proposal– The Long Proposal– Explaining Your Purpose in the Research

Proposal– Identifying Your Audience in the Research

Proposal– Identifying Your Role as a Researcher in the

Proposal

Some Reference Books:

• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Joseph Gibaldi, 5th Edition*

• Writing Research Papers: A Complete Guide, James D. Lester, 10th Edition*

• Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book, or Article, Howard Becker

• Dissertations and Theses from Start to Finish: Psychology and Related Fields, John Cone and Sharon Foster

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition*

• (*available from Bookman)