医学史简论（ 5 ） a brief history of medicine

医学史简论（ 5 ） A Brief History of Medicine

Yu Hai

Zhejiang University School of Medicine

Origin of Medicine

Egypt Babylon India China

Greece Rome

Medieval Arabic medicine

Renaissance

Pre-modern medicine

Modern medicine TCM

Western

Med

icine

Medicine in Byzantine Empire ( 400 AD to 1453 AD )

293AD Diocletian divided Rome Empire into Eastern and Western ：476AD fall of Western Empire

395 AD Constantine I moved the capital to Byzantine and changed

the name to Constantinople ； 1453AD Constantinople was

conquered by Ottoman Empire ， changed Constantinople to Istanbul

查士丁尼时期拜占庭版图

Byzantine Medicine Inherited from ancient Greek and Roman

medicine, influenced on Islamic medicine and the Western rebirth of Medicine during the Renaissance. Constantinople became the center of medicine in middle age.

The first hospital was built by Basil of Caesarea （ bishop of Caesarea ） in the late 4th century , there was a dedicated hierarchy including the Chief Physician ， professional nurses and the orderlies .

Established medical schools Famous doctors and compilation of text

books ： Paul (Medical Compendium in Seven Books), Oribasius （ Synagoga Medicae ）， Aetius （ Tetrabiblos ）， Alexander

阿拉伯 - 伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine

The rising of Islam and Islamic Empire in 7th centure

Prophet Muhammad

Abu al-Qasim Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ibn Hashim

570Mecca － 632Medina


Islamic medicine was a genre of medical writing that was influenced by several different medical systems, including the traditional Arabian medicine of Muhammad‘s time, ancient Hellenistic medicine such as Unani, ancient Indian medicine such as Ayurveda, and the ancient Iranian medicine . The works of ancient Greek and Roman physicians Hippocrates and Galen had a lasting impact on Islamic medicine

"There is no disease that Allah has created, except that He also has created its treatment."Make use of medical treatment, for Allah has not made a disease without appointing a remedy for it, with the exception of one disease, namely old age.""Allah has sent down both the disease and the cure, and He has appointed a cure for every disease, so treat yourselves medically.""The one who sent down the disease sent down the remedy.""For every disease, Allah has given a cure."

The first Muslim physician is believed to have been the prophet Muhammad himself, as a significant number of hadiths concerning medicine are attributed to him:


Graeco-Arabic (Hundred Years) Translation Movement

In Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) particularly in Caliph Al-Mamun (813-833) period Islam scholars translated classical Greek, Roman text of philosophy, science, literature as well as medicine into Arabic, therefore large amount of classical work preserved.

炼金术 Alkimiya (alchemy)

Promoted the development of chemistry

•Instrument of chemistry

•chemicals

•Chemical methods (distillation, crystallization, sublimation, calcination)

Kim- 金 Chinese alkimiya for elixir of life (immortality)


Pharmacy 1400+ drugs

(camphor, senna, rhubarb, musk, nutmeg, alum, ambergris)

Chemical drugs Forms of drugs

阿拉伯药房 Arabic Pharmacy

Couching, a method of traditional cataract (lens opacity)treatment, it typically involves the use of a sharp or blunt instrument to dislocate the cataract lens and push it back into the posterior chamber of the eye.

Cataract Couching


Cataract couching Indian （ Sushuruta ） -Greek-Arabic-China

（金针拨障术 , 唐 . 王焘）

Arabic Greek

Lens suspensory ligament vitreous body -aphakia

Avicenna (980-1037), Full name: Hussain ibn Abdullah

ibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Sina (Ali Al-Husain ben Abdalah Ibn sina). Born in Afshana, near Bukhara

(Uzbekistan), in a Persian family


Avicenna’s tomb in Hamadan, Iran

阿拉伯医学 Arabic-Islamic MedicineAvicenna: Canon of Medicine

was a standard medical text at many medieval universities, and used as a text-book in the Universities of Montpellier and Louvain as late as 1650.

Doctor of doctors

文艺复兴 RenaissanceThe Renaissance of European civilization (rebirth）

A period between Middle Ages and the Modern era in 14-17th century beginning in Florence Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. A cultural movement of literature, philosophy, art, science and religion resulted in social and political revolution.

Florence 翡冷翠 Firenze

文艺复兴 Renaissance ： background

The fall of Byzantine Empire led to the exodus of Greek scholars to Italy and brought with them texts and knowledge of the classical Greek civilization which had been lost for centuries in the West, people rediscovered the classical ideas that have been forgotten by Western civilization.

Fall of Constantinople

Renaissance ： Background

十字军东征 Crusades (1096-1291) 9 times

Science and knowledge was brought back from the Middle East by crusaders in the 13th century

ColumbusMarco Polo in China

1492

Renaissance ： background


1346-1353 Outbreak of black death (plagues) the death toll reached to 25 millions (1/3 of European population)

1348 Pope Clement VI called the followers to Rome, 1.2 million pilgrims died only 1/10 survived.


人文主义 Humanism

Human interests, needs, values, worth, and dignity are taken to be of primary importance, as in moral judgments.

Petrarch 1304-1374

Galileo Galilei (1564 –1642)[

科学 Science Mathematics and scientific method great contributions in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology and anatomy

.

文艺复兴： Renaissance ： arts

达芬奇 1452-1519

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian polymath, being a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer and also a anatomist.

Vitruvian (Roman architect) man (Proportion of man) 1487

Leonardo da Vinci:

Monalisa

Last supper


Buonarroti Michelangelo

1475-1564

The creation (Sistine)

Michelangelo

David

The Pieta


Raphael

1483-1520

Virgin and Child

Jesus & Madonna

The School of Athens

Renaissance medicine ： Anatomy

Greece and Rome

（ Galen ）

中世纪

Early Renaissance


Middle Ages


阿拉伯女性解剖图A

rabic

文艺复兴早期解剖图（显示血

管）E

arly

Ren

aissa

nce

perio

d

中国古代的解剖学 China, Song Dynasty

Physician Yang Jie （ 1102—1106 ） did dissection on body of executed prisoner and asked painter to draw the antomy

内景图 Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

脏腑明堂图Zangfumingtangtu

（ 1906 ）

Renaissance medicine ：Anatomy

Contribution of Da Vinci on anatomy•Dissected at least 30 human corpses

•Studied the movement of muscle

•Challenged Galen’s mistakes

•750 drawings （ 150 left ）

Da V

inci

达芬奇解剖图


Andreas Vesalius

Studied at University of Paris and University of Leuven

Professor of Surgery and Anatomy in Padua University, the founder of modern human anatomy.

1543 Published De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body). Andreas Vesalius

维萨里 1514-1564

Andreas VesaliusPerformed his own dissections rather than reading aloud while a demonstrator did the dissection, using drawings in teaching anatomy

Criticized Galen for his methods in studying anatomy

Anatomic Diagrams

Illustrated by Johann Stephen von Calcar (student of Tiziano Vecellio)

Vesalius's Fabrica contained many intricately detailed drawings of human dissections, often in allegorical poses.

Base of the brain, showing optic chiasma, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, etc

Andreas Vesalius: Anatomic Diagrams


Michael Servetus 1511-1553

Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer and humanist. First to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, but condemned by Catholics and Protestants alike, he was burnt at the stake as a heretic by order of the Protestant Geneva governing council.

文艺复兴和医学：解剖学的发展

William Harvey 1578-1657

Harvey announced his discovery of the circulatory system in 1616 and in 1628 published his work Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals), and described the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

With careful observation and quantitative experiments challenged Galen’s theory on the artery and vein

显微解剖学 Microscopic Anatomy

Early 17th century English man Digges and Dutch spectacle maker Zaccharias and Hans Janssen invented first microscopy

Two convex lenses

显微解剖学的发展 Microscopic Anatomy

1610 Galileo worked our the priciples of lenses and made a better instrument with focusing device enlarging for 70 times


马尔比基 1628-1694

Marcello Malpighi (Italian)

Observed biological tissues with microscope as the pioneer of histology and embryology


Malpighian Tubules

Malpighian alveoli

Capillaries in frog mesentery

The discovery of capillary, microscopic structure of lung and kidney


虎克 1635-1702

Robert Hooke


The discovery of cell and its naming (cork)

Discovery of compound eyes in insects


Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

1632-1723

A Dutch cloth merchant used new method for grinding and polishing tiny lenses of great curvature which gave magnifications up to 270 diameters


Leeuwenhoek was first to see and describe bacteria as animalcules (tiny animals), became the father of microbiology, he was also first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries.

The EndThe EndThanksThanks

医学史简论（ 5 ） a brief history of medicine

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