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שנת לימודים מוצלחת

פרופ' ישראל הרשקוביץ•

המחלקה לאנטומיה ואנתרופולוגיה•

6409495טלפון •

6408287פקס •

דואר אלקטרוני •[email protected]

שעות קבלה: לפי תאום טלפוני•

מבוא לאנטומיה

מערכות

אזורים

תנוחות

מישורים

תנועות

Organ Systems (11)

1-15

Organ Systems

Organ Systems

1-16

Organ Systems

Organ Systems

1-17

Organ Systems

חיצונית ופנימית

Body Regions

1-21

Body Regions

Standard anatomical position in humans

The body is considered as standing erect, feet together and toes pointed forward, arms at the sides and palms facing forward (forearms supine).

Anatomical position

The standard anatomical position is described as standing erect with the head facing forwards in a neutral position.

Anatomical position of the skull

• The Frankfurt plane (auriculo-orbital), a position where the lower margins of the orbits and the upper margins of the ear canals all lie in the same horizontal plane. This is a good approximation to the position where the subject is standing upright and facing forwards.

Planes:מישורים

• Body in anatomical position

• Median (midsagittal)

• Sagittal: parallel to median

•Coronal: right angle to median

• Horizontal/Transverse: at right angles to median, sagittal and coronal

Anatomical position

Standard anatomical position in other species

• Dorsal = Horizontal• Transverse = Coronal• Sagittal = Sagittal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Anatomical-directions-kangaroo.jpg

Planes

• Three basic reference planes are used in zoological anatomy.

• A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right portions. – The midsagittal plane is in the

midline, i.e. it would pass through midline structures such as the spine and all other sagittal planes are parallel to it.

• A coronal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions.

• A transverse plane divides the body into cranial (cephalic) and caudal portions.

Sections

Longitudinal

Transverse

http://www.rugschool.info/wervels.jpg

Relationship

• Anterior (ventral)

•Posterior (dorsal)

•Superior (cephalic)

• Inferior (caudal)

•Medial (e.g. little finger)

• Lateral (e.g. little toe)

Terms of Relationship

Relationship• Objects near

the front are "anterior"; those near the rear are "posterior" -- these correspond to the terms “ventral", forward surface, and “dorsal" rear surface.

Relationship

• Portions of the body which are closer to the head end are "superior" (Latin "upper"); those which are farther away are "inferior" ("lower") -- "superior" corresponds to cranial ('at the skull'), or cephalic (head), and "inferior" corresponds to caudal ('at the tail').

Relationship

• Structures near the midline are called medial and those near the sides of animals are called lateral. Therefore, medial structures are closer to the midsagittal plane, lateral structures are further from the midsagittal plane.

Terms of Comparison

• Proximal

• Distal

• Superficial

• Deep

• Interior

• Exterior

• Ipsilateral

• Contralateral

Comparison

• On the limbs or other appendages, a point closer to the main body is "proximal"; a point farther away is "distal".

Comparison

• Structures that are close to the point of attachment of the body are proximal or central, while ones more distant from the attachment point are distal or peripheral.

9Superficial and deep layers

Comparison

Comparison

• Structures on or closer to the body's surface are superficial (or external) and those further inside are profound or deep (or internal).

Comparison• Structures in the midline of

the body are median, or medial. Ipsilateral means on the same side, contralateral means on the other side and bilateral means on both sides.

A patient with bilateral thyroid eye disease with upper lid retraction and exophthalmos. There are also bilateral periorbital oedema

Location

• When speaking of inner organs, visceral means attached to or associated with an organ, while parietal refers to a structure associated with or attached to the body wall (the chest wall or the abdominal wall).

location

• Parietal pleura in blue; visceral pleura in purple.

Views

• Frontal

• Posterior

• Lateral

• Superior

• Inferior

• Superolateral

• Superoposterolateral

3Frontal view

Lateral view

5No view

8Posterior view

7 Posterolateral view

Terms of Movement

Flexion

Extension,

HyperextensionAbductionAdductionOpposition

RepositionProtraction

RetractionElevation

Depression

Circumduction

Rotation EversionInversion

PlantarflexionDorsiflexionSupinationPronation

הגוף תנועות

תנועות : כלל הגדרת התנועה•אופי לפי מוגדרים האברים / עליו ים והמישור התנועה

התנועה מתבצעת

תנועות שמתבצעות

במישור הסגיטלי

מפרק הכתף

Flexion / Extension

עריכה:חיותה פסח

14

Flexion

התנועות ?מהן

מפרק ?באיזה

התנועה מישור ?מהו18


מפרקים ?באיזה

התנועה מישור ?מהו

19

תנועות המתבצעות במישור

הקורונאלי/פרונטאלי

הכתף מפרק

Abduction /Adduction

22

Metacarpal-Phalangeal Joints

Abduction /Adduction

23


מפרקים ?באיזה

התנועה ממהו ?ישור

24

?מהן התנועות

?באיזה מפרק

27?מהו מישור התנועה

Lateral (radial) flexionMedial (ulnar) flexion

29

ElevationDepression

תנועות שמתבצעות במישור ההוריזונטלי

30

ProtractionRetraction

31Torsion

מפרק הכתף

Medial / lateral rotation

32

?מהי התנועה


?מהו מישור התנועה

34




35

תנועות שמתבצעות בכמה מישורים

מפרק הכתף

Circumduction

36




37

38

Supination Pronation

Movements

• When the palm is directed anteriorly (or upwards when seated) is known as the supine position. Where the palm faces posteriorly (or downwards when seated), this is the prone position. Turning the hand from prone to supine is called supination; turning the hand from supine to prone is pronation.

Inversion /Eversion

40


42

תנועות שמשלבות מספר •רב של מפרקים

Lateral flexion

43


?באיזה מפרקים

?מהו מישור התנועה44

46

אזורים בגוף שבהם ניתן לבצע

פשיטה

47

אזורים בגוף שבהם ניתן לבצע כפיפה



?מהם המישורים

מהם השמות הנוספים לתנועות ?אלו

48



?מהם מישורי התנועה

50



?מהם מישורי התנועה51



?מהם מישורי התנועה52

Movements: Definition

• Flexion: Narrowing joint angle in saggital plane (bending elbow)

• Extension: Increasing joint angle in saggital plane (straightening elbows)

• Hyperextension: Increasing angle more than in natural position, e.g. bending backwards


• Abduction: Lifting a body part away from body midline (in frontal plane).

• Adduction: Returning a body part to body midline (in frontal plane).

• Rotation: Turning a body part on axis (horizontal plane) (not rotation all the way round - see circumduction).

Movement Definition

• Lateral flexion: Bending body sideways (frontal plane).

• Lateral extension: Returning body to anatomical position


• Elevation: Lifting a body part (shoulder shrugs)

• Depression: Lowering a body part (dropping the jaw)

• Protraction: Moving a body part outwards

• Retraction: Bringing a body part back


• Horizontal Flexion (starts from abducted position): Moving arm forwards in horizontal plane

• Horizontal Extension (starts from abducted position): Returning arm to the abducted position


• Dorsal Flexion: Bending ankle so that the toes are raised

• Plantar Flexion: Hyperextending ankle joint so toes point downwards

• Circumduction: Range of movements that create a complete circle (as opposed to a rotation of less than 360 degrees.)

סכום

התנועות העיקריות •במפרקי הגוף השונים

Shoulder girdle

Shoulder Joint

Elbow Joint

Wrist joint

Hip joint

Knee joint

Ankle joint

Spinal column

תודה רבה•

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