, , ,

:

, 2002

2

1. ......................................................................................................................3 1.1 ....................................................................................3 1.2 .................................................................10 1.3 : ...................................................................13 1.4 ..............................18 2. ...........................22 2.1 ............................................26 3. ............................................................................................................................................49 4. ..........................................54 4.1. .................................................................................54 4.2 .............................................................................56 4.3 .........................................................................................75 5. ...................................................................................................................77 6. . H ............................................................................................87 7. .......................................................................................102 8. .....................................................116 8.1. : ..........................................117 8.2 : ........................................125 8.3 ........................131 9. ...................................................................................138 9.1 .............................................141 10. .................................................................................................................145

3

:

All history is a negotiation between familiarity and strengthness Simon Schama1

1. 1.1

, , . , , . , , . ( ) . , 19 20 ,

1

S. SCHAMA: Clio at the multiplex, The New Yorker, 19 January 1998, . 40.

4

2 , , . . . , , . , , , . , , , . : , 16 17 , , , , ( ) . . , . , , . . 2

T.H. MARTIN: Mmoires sur lhistoire des hypothses astronomiques chez les Grecs et les Romains. Mmoires de lAcadmie des Inscriptions et des Belles-Lettres, t. XXX, 2e partie, 1881 P. TANNERY: Recherches sur lhistoire de lAstronomie ancienne. Mmoires de la Socit des sciences physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux, 4e srie, t. I, 1893 J.V. SCHIAPARELLI: Origine del sistema planetario eliocentrico presso i Greci. Memorie del R. Instituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. Classe di Scienze matematiche e naturali, t. XVIII, 1898 J.L.E. DREYER: A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. New York, 1953. ( , History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler, 1906) T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus. New York, 1981. ( , 1913)

5

, , 2 .. . , , , , , , , . (1473-1543)3 . , Heath (Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus). , , , , . 20 , , . ( ), . , , , . . , 3

N. COPERNICUS: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. Nuremberg, 1543.

6

. . , (, , ), , , , . , , , . , . ( ) , , . , , , , , . - , , , . , . :

7

;

; ;

, ; ; , ;

, :

20 ( ) , 4. . , , , . , . Heath .

4

, . ( ) , . (. ) . Owen Gingerich, Did Copernicus owe a debt to Aristarchus? (Journal for the History of Astronomy, . 16, 1985, . 37-42.)

8

: . . . . . Heath . . . . . , : ; , , , , , ; ; , , , 5. 5

. , . 8.

9

. , , . , , , , , . , , , , , , . . , , . , . , , , , , , , .

10

1.2 , , , , , , , . , , / , , , .6 . 1 .. , , , . , ( / ) . , / . : ( ) ( ).

6

: [. ] , (G. SARTON: Hellenistic science and culture in the last three centuries B.C., New York, 1993, . 57). , 3 , , 2 .. , ( ) (J. BEAUJEU: Astronomie et gographie mathmatique, : R. TATON, .: Histoire gnrale des sciences, . I: La science antique et mdivale des origines 1450, Paris, 1994, . 356 & 358).

11

, 7. , , . , , . . , . . . 19 20 . . , , . , ,

, . , , De revolutionibus, .

7

12

. . , , , , . . - - . , , , . : , . ( ) . , :

13

; , 8 ;

( ) ;

; , , ;

1.3 : , , , . , 5 .. , ( ). , , , . . , , . , , , , , , , , ,

(legitimation) , , .., , , ( ) , .

8

14

. , , , , .9 , , , . - , (5 .. ). , , 4 .. . / , . / 4 .. , (. ), , . (. 388 - . 310 ..), , . ( ) . . . 289b1 , :poqsewj d xwse (. 'Aristotlhj) ka t mfotrwn (. to te planoj orano ka tn plann strwn) remontwn, katoi pemfanon dokon t szesqai tn fainomnhn atn metbasin mfotrwn remontwn, di t gegonnai tinj, n `Hrakledhj te Pontikj n ka 'Arstarcoj, nomzontaj szesqai t fainmena to mn orano ka tn strwn remontwn, tj d gj per toj to shmerino plouj

9

CICERO: Quaestiones Academicae priores, II, 39.

15

p dusmn kinoumnhj ksthj mraj man ggista peristrofn t d' ggista prskeitai di tn to lou tj mij moraj piknhsin.10

: ( ) , , , , , [ ] [] . 11, 293b30 :n t kntrJ d osan tn gn ka kklJ kinoumnhn, tn d orann remen `Hrakledhj Pontikj poqmenoj szein eto t fainmena.12

: , . , . (2-3 .. ), (. 135 - . 50 ..) 1 .. . :

10

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . J.L. Heiberg, Berlin, 1894. : Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, 7, ii, . 444, 31 - 445, 3. 11 Heath (Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 254-255). 12 SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 519, 9-11.

16

) , ) , G.V. Schiaparelli, , . , H. Diels13, :di ka parelqn tj fhsin `Hrakledhj Pontikj, ti ka kinoumnhj pwj tj gj, to d lou mnontj pwj dnatai per tn lion fainomnh nwmala szesqai.

14. ( ), : ka kinoumnhj pwj tj gj, , dnatai pertn lion fainomnh nwmala szesqai. , ,

. parelqn , , , . , , , , , . , , , . 4 , . , ( ) . , , ,

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum libros commentaria, . H. Diels, 2 . : Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, 9 & 10, Berlin, 1882-1895, . 9, . 292,20-23. 14 . , . 112 ..

13

17

15, . , , (293a 27-30) , , ( ) , 16. , , , . . ( ) . , / , , , . , / . , , , . , , - . , 1516

. , . 4.

Polloj d' n ka troij sundxeie m den t g tn to msou cran podidnai, t pistn ok k tn fainomnwn qrosin ll mllon k tn lgwn.

18

. :dh d tinej dokosi ... odn atoj ntimartursein, e tn mn orann knhton postsainto lgou crin, tn d gn per tn atn xona strefomnhn p dusmn p' natolj ksthj mraj man ggista peristrofn llhqe d atoj, ti tn mn per t stra fainomnwn neken odn n swj kwloi toq' otwj cein, p d tn per mj atoj ka tn n ri sumptwmtwn ka pnu n geloitaton fqeh t 17 toioton.

, [ , ] [ ], (. ) , [] .

, , , , , , / . , , , . 1.4

: Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia, . 1: Syntaxis Mathematica, . J.L. Heiberg, 1, Leipzig, 1898, . 24, . 5-18.

17

19

, , (. 100-165 ..) , , (: ) x y. , . , , 3 2 .. (. 262 - . 190 ..), , , (. 190 - . 120 ..). ( 3 2 ..) : ( ). ( ). , , . 200 .., , . .

20

3 2 .. , . , . , 4 .. . . Otto Neugebauer . : , . . . 150 .18 ( ) (

18

O. NEUGEBAUER: On some aspects of early Greek astronomy, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, . 116 (1972), . 243-251, . 248.

21

) . .

22

2. , , . . , , , . . , . , , , , . Weisheit und Wissenschaft: Studien zu Pythagoras, Philolaos und Plato19 Walter Burkert : , , , , [] .. , , . , . ,

19

Nrnberg, Verlag Hans Carl, 1962. Edwin L. Minar, Jr. Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, Cambridge, Mass., 1972. Burkert .

23

, .20 D.R. Dicks .21 : 1. . 2. , , . 3. , , , , . 4. , 6 .. , , 5 , . 5. (3 .. .) (4 .. .) , , , . , . . , , , , W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 9-10. D.R. DICKS: , , . . , , 1991, . 84.21 20

24

: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus T.L. Heath (1913) D.R. Dicks (1970) . Heath : , , , , , , .22 , , Dicks Heath : T.L. Heath (6 ..) . [] .23 , , , , . , : ) . ) . , , . 22

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 51. . 94. 23 D.R. DICKS: , . 85-86.

25

, . , , . , . , , (. 220 ..). , ,24 . , . (. 48) : 'All mn ka tn orann prton nomsai (. ) ksmon ka tn gn strogglhn j d Qefrastoj, Parmendhn. , (. 21) , : Prtoj d' otoj tn gn pfaine sfairoeid ka n msJkesqai.

. , , . , , , . , , .25

. , , . 24

(Vitae philosophorum). 25 5 .. .

26

, . : . () . . . . ( ) . . , , , . . 2.1 , , . ,

27

. , 3 .. , , , , . . .26 , 5 .. , .27 (. 100 ..), , , ( ), 28 .29 , . , 400 .. , , , 570 550 .. , 4 .. . 27 . W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 337 . 3. B.L. van der Waerden , Die Astronomie der Pythagoreer (Verh. d. kon. Ned. Ak. v. Wet., Afd. Natuurk. I 20.1, 1951, . 49 .., 54) , 360 .. (. D.R. DICKS: , . 93). 28 (. W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 228-229). 29 ( ), , , (. W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 229).26

28

, , , . , (293a17-293b30) :Per mn on tj qsewj [. ] o tn atn pantej cousi dxan, ll tn plestwn p to msou kesqai legntwn, soi tn lon orann peperasmnon ena fasin, nantwj o per tn 'Italan, kalomenoi d Puqagreioi lgousin p mn gr to msou pr ena fasi, tn d gn, n tn strwn osan, kklJ feromnhn per t mson nkta te ka mran poien. Eti d' nantan llhn tatV kataskeuzousi gn, n ntcqona noma kalosin, o prj t fainmena toj lgouj ka tj ataj zhtontej, ll prj tinaj lgouj ka dxaj atn t fainmena proslkontej ka peirmenoi sugkosmen. Polloj d' n ka troij sundxeie m den t g tn to msou cran podidnai, t pistn ok k tn fainomnwn qrosin ll mllon k tn lgwn. T gr timiwttJ oontai proskein tn timiwtthn prcein cran, enai d pr mn gj timiteron, t d praj to metax, t d' scaton ka t mson praj st' k totwn nalogizmenoi ok oontai p to msou tj sfaraj kesqai atn, ll mllon t pr. Eti d' o ge Puqagreioi ka di t mlista proskein fulttesqai t kuritaton to pantj, t d mson enai toioton, [] Dij fulakn nomzousi t tathn con tn cran pr sper t mson plj legmenon, ka t to megqouj mson ka to prgmatoj n mson ka tj fsewj. [] Per mn on to tpou tj gj tathn cous tinej tn dxan, mowj d ka per monj ka kinsewj o gr tn atn trpon pantej polambnousin, ll' soi mn mhd' p to msou kesqa fasin atn, kinesqai kklJ per t mson, o mnon d tathn, ll ka tn ntcqona, kaqper epomen prteron. 'Enoij d doke ka plew smata toiata ndcesqai fresqai per t mson, mn dhla di tn piprsqhsin tj gj. Di ka tj tj selnhj kleyeij pleouj tj to lou ggnesqa fasin tn gr feromnwn kaston ntifrttein atn, ll' o mnon tn gn. 'Epe gr ok stin g kntron, ll' pcei t misfarion atj lon, oqn kwlein oontai t fainmena sumbanein mowj m katoikosin mn p to kntrou, sper kn e p to msou n g oqn gr od nn poien pdhlon tn mseian pecntwn tj diamtrou.

: , , , . , , , , , , . , , , , . , , [ ] , . , ,

29

[] . , , [] , , , , (. ) , [ ] . [] , . , , , . , . , , [ ]. [ ] [ ], , , [ ] [ ]. ( 520 ..), . . :30prton d per tj qsewj lgei, ti o mn pei ron tn ksmon lgontej od' n zhtoen tn n t pant qsin atj n gr perJ ote rc ote mson ote tloj st tn d peperasmnon tn ksmon legntwn o mn plestoi p to msou ke sqai lgousi tn gn, sper 'Empedoklj ka 'Anaxmandroj ka 'Anaximnhj ka 'Anaxagraj ka Dhmkritoj ka Pltwn nti fskousi d o P uqagrei toto gr shmanei t oi nantwj o per t mson lgontej atn, ll' n mn t msJ to pantj pr ena fasi, per d t mson tn nt cqona fresqa fasi gn osan ka atn, ntcqona d kaloumnhn di t x nant tde t g enai, met d tn ntcqona g de aj feromnh ka at per t mson, met d tn gn selnh otw gr atj n t per tn Puqagorikn store tn d gn j n tn strwn osan kinoumnhn per t mson30

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 511, 20 - 512, 20.

30

kat tn prj tn lion scsin nkta ka mran poien d nt cqwn ki noumnh per t mson ka pomnh t g tatV oc rtai f' mn di t piprosqen mn e t tj gj sma. tata d, fhs, lgousin o prj t narg prgmata toj lgouj ka tj ataj rmodwj zhtontej, ll prj tinaj autn dxaj ka lgouj t fainmena prgmata proslkontej ka peirmenoi kenoij tata sunarmttein, per st n toptaton tleion gr riqmn poqmenoi tn dekda bolonto ka tn kukloforhtikn swmtwn tn riqmn ej dekda sungein. qntej on, fhs, tn plan man ka tj planwmnaj pt ka tn gn tathn t ntcqoni tn dekda suneplrwsan. Ka otw mn atj t tn Puqagorewn pedxato o d gnhsiteron atn metascntej pr mn n t msJ lgousi tn dhmiourgikn dnamin tn k msou psan tn gn zJogonosan ka t peyugmnon atj naqlpousan di o mn Zhnj prgon at kalosin, j atj n toj Puqagorikoj strhsen, o d Dij fulakn, j n totoij, o d Dij qrnon, j lloi fasn. stron d tn gn legon j rganon ka atn crnou mern gr stin ath ka nuktn ata mran mn gr poie t prj t lJ mroj katalampomnh, nkta d kat tn knon tj ginomnhj p' atj skij. nt cqona d tn selnhn kloun o P uqagrei , sper ka aqeran gn, ka j oi ntifrttousan t liak fwt, per dion gj, ka j poperatosan t ornia, kaqper g t p selnhn.

: , [ , ] [ ] . . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , . [ ] []. , , , , . , , , . , , (. ) , , . , [] . , , [ ] , [ ] [] , . , , . , . , [],

31

, [ ] [. ], , , . , . , , [] , , [ ], , , [ ] . oper tn 'Italan kalomenoi Puqagreioi . 31

: ) . ) . ) . . 1) , ( ), ( , ). 2) , . 3) , .. .32 , .33 . , , . 31

. , . 32 , , (. D.R. DICKS: , . 91). 33 R1, R2, R3, , , R1 < R2 < R3.

32

24 , 34 180 . . 4) , , (;) ( pomnh t g tatV). , , 35. 36 . , , , , . , . , . .

. 35 , . 36 D.R. DICKS: , . 88.

34

33

. , (, 5, 986a1-12) :[...] t tn riqmn stoicea tn ntwn stoicea pntwn plabon enai, ka tn lon orann rmonan enai ka riqmn ka sa econ mologomena n te toj riqmoj ka taj rmonaij prj t to orano pqh ka mrh ka prj tn lhn diaksmhsin, tata sungontej frmotton. n e t pou dileipe, proseglconto to suneiromnhn psan atoj enai tn pragmatean lgw d' o on, peid tleion dekj enai doke ka psan perieilhfnai tn tn riqmn fsin, ka t fermena kat tn orann dka mn ena fasin, ntwn d nna mnon tn fanern di toto dekthn tn ntcqona poiosin. iristai d per totwn n troij mn kribsteron.

: [] , , [ ] [] . , . : , [] , . . , , , .37 , , ( , , ), , , , , . . , , ( ) . , ,

37

(10 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4), . (. B.L. VAN DER WAERDEN: , . . , , 2000, . 103.)

34

, . , a priori . , , :38e d tina fanonto diafwnen t kat toj riqmoj kolouqv tn kat tn orann fainomnwn, tata d prosetqesan ato ka peirnto naplhron prj t mologhmnhn atoj enai tn pragmatean psan. atka gon tleion riqmn gomenoi tn dekda, rntej d n toj fainomnoij nna tj kinoumnaj sfaraj, pt mn tj tn planwmnwn, gdhn d tn tn plann, nnthn d tn gn (ka gr ka tathn gonto kinesqai kklJ per mnousan tn stan, pr sti kat' atoj), ato prosqesan n toj dgmasi ka tn ntcqon tina, n ntikinesqai pqento t g ka di toto toj p tj gj raton enai. lgei d per totwn ka n toj Per orano ka n taj tn Puqagorikn dxaij kribsteron.

: , [ ] , [ ] (. ). , [] , [] , ( , ), , , , , . . . , .39 ,

38

ALEXANDER APHRODISIENSIS: Alexandri Aphrodisiensis in Aristotelis metaphysica commentaria, . M. Hayduk. : Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, . 1, Berlin, 1891, . 40, 24 - 41, 2. 39 . D.R. DICKS: , . 88-89.

35

. , , . ( ) . , , , , , Dicks, , .40 , , , , . Dicks , , . , , .41 Dicks, , . , 42 . , Dicks , : , , , . , , , ,40 41

D.R. DICKS: , . 89. D.R. DICKS: , . 89, . 5. 42 . , 48.

36

, .43 ( ) . , , . (De placitis) 100 .. , , , (. 470 .). . , , :44Fillaoj pr n msJ per t kntron, per stan to pantj kale ka Dij okon ka mhtra qen, bwmn te ka sunocn ka mtron fsewj. ka plin pr teron nwttw t pericon. prton d' enai fsei t mson, per d toto dka smata qea coreein, orann te plantaj, meq' oj lion, f' selnhn, f' tn gn, f' tn ntcqona, meq' smpanta t pr staj per t kntra txin pcon. t mn on nwttw mroj to pericontoj, n tn e likrneian enai tn stoicewn, lumpon kale, t d p tn to lmpou forn, n toj pnte plantaj meq' lou ka selnhj tetcqai, ksmon t d' p totoij poslhnn te ka pergeion mroj, n t tj filometablou gensewj, orann.

: [ ] [] , , , , , , . , [ ] [ ]. [ ] [], [] , ,

43 44

D.R. DICKS: , . 90. H. DIELS (ed.): Doxographi Graeci, Berlin, 1879, . 336-337.

37

, , , , , . , [ ] [ ], , , , , . , , , . Heath ( ) , 45. Heath , . , .46 , . . , , , . , , .F. Puqagreioj t mn pr mson (toto gr enai to pantj stan), deutran d tn ntcqona, trthn d tn okoumnhn gn x nantaj keimnhn te ka periferomnhn ti ntcqoni par' ka m rsqai p tn n tide toj n kenhi.47

: ( ), , 48

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 97, . 3. . W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 243 .. 47 H. DIELS (ed.): Doxographi Graeci, . 377. 48 Heath (Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 97) , , : second to it he puts the counter-earth, and46

45

38

[] [ ] [ ]. d gemonikn n ti mesaittwi pur, per trpewj dkhn propebleto tj to pantj dhmiourgj qej.49

: [ ] , .(er kinsewj gj) o mn lloi mnein tn gn F. d Puqagreioj kklwi perifresqai per t pr kat kklon loxn moiotrpwj lwi ka selnhi.50

: ( ). [] . [] (. ) .

third the inhabited earth which is placed opposite to, and revolves with, the counter-earth. , , , , . . Dicks, Heath, , (.., . 90). Dicks , , (DICKS: , . 89). (. , . 32). , , . pomnh t g tatV 293a17-293b30 . 49 H. DIELS (ed.): Doxographi Graeci, . 332. 50 H. DIELS (ed.): Doxographi Graeci, . 378. Dicks ( , . 94) , , , , , . , , . , , Dicks . moiotrpwj . , , . Heath (Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 97, 100) Dreyer (A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, . 45).

39

5 .. . . . , . , , , , , . , , , , .51 , , , . - , (5 .. ). , , . . : ) . .

51

. , . 9.

40

) ( , ..), , / . . . , , . . , , , . . . P. Duhem, , , , .52 Heath: . [] , .53 Heath , () . , Van der Waerden Die Astronomie der Pythagoreer , ,

52 53

P. DUHEM: Le Systme du Monde, . I, Paris, 1913, . 8. T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 49.

41

. , , Erich Frank,54 , , : , , . , . , . . , , Frank o , . Frank . . . Walter Burkert, . Burkert: , , , , .55 , , .

54

E. FRANK: Plato und die sogenannten Pythagoreer: Ein Kapitel aus der Geschichte des griechischen Geistes, Halle, 1923. 55 W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 303.

42

: ) Duhem , , .56 , , . Duhem 40b8-c3, llomnhn ... tn per tn di pantj plon tetamnon, , . ) 57 (. , . 25), , , .58 :Fhs d' 'Alxandroj n Taj tn filosfwn diadocaj ka tata erhknai n Puqagorikoj pomnmasin. rcn mn tn pntwn monda k d tj mondoj riston duda j n lhn t mondi atJ nti postnai k d tj mondoj ka tj orstou dudoj toj riqmoj k d tn riqmn t shmea k d totwn tj grammj, x n t ppeda scmata k d tn pipdwn t stere scmata k d totwn t asqht smata, n ka t stoicea enai tttara, pr, dwr, gn, ra metabllein d ka

P. DUHEM: Le Systme du Monde, . I, . 8. 21 . ( 5 .. ). 58 . , , , , .. ( 3 .. .) (2 .. .), . , (. 160 ..) , , , , .57

56

43

trpesqai di' lwn, ka gnesqai x atn ksmon myucon, noern, sfairoeid, mshn periconta tn gn ka atn sfairoeid ka perioikoumnhn.

mshnpericonta tn gn, .59

,

, . . . () . . . Duhem . , , , , ( .. 60) . ) , , . , Heath , , , , . , , Heath, . (, 10, 218a33) :

, (myucon, noern, sfairoeid, mshn periconta tn gn, ka atn sfairoeid ka okoumnhn), , , Duhem (Le Systme du Monde, . I, . 8, . 3), . 60 (. , . 58) , (. 400 ..), . (. , W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 305.)

59

44

o mn gr tn to lou knhsin [] ena fasin, o d tn sfaran atn.

( Heath): Some (of the Pythagoreans) say that time is the motion of the whole (universe), others that it is the sphere itself.61 (I, 8, 40b):Puqagraj [ ] tn sfaran to pericontoj.

( Heath): Pythagoras held time to be the sphere of the enveloping (heaven).62 , , . , , , . () , tn swmatthta to orano.63 ( ), Heath . , , , , . Heath , , (o mn tn to lou knhsin ka periforn tn crnon enafasin, j tn Pltwna nomzousin te Edhmoj ka Qefrastoj ka 'Alxandroj ).64

61 62

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 49. T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 49. 63 IOANNIS PHILOPONOS: Ioannis Philoponi in Aristotelis physicorum libros octo commentaria, 2 ., . H. Vitelli. : Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, . 16-17, Berlin, 18871888, . 17, . 709, 5.64

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum libros octo commentaria, . 700, 17-19.

45

, , , : o d tn sfaran atn to orano, j tojPuqagoreouj storosi lgein o parakosantej swj to 'Arctou lgontoj kaqlou tn crnon disthma tj to pantj fsewj, j tinej tn Stwikn legon.65

Heath ( ) . Heath . . 66:ti d od sfara at sti crnoj, od xio lgxai ehqej gr toto, ka sullogismj d di' o dkoun kataskeuzein ti sfara crnoj st, profanj sullgistj stin. k do gr katafatikn n deutrJ scmati sumplketai n t crnJ, gr fasi, t pnta stn, n t sfarv t pnta stn, sfara ra crnoj st.

: [] . , [] , . [] , , , , [] , . Heath Pythagoras (. 46-51) . Heath , , . 65 66

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum libros commentaria, . 700, 19-22. IOANNIS PHILOPONOS: .., . 17, . 709, 30-34.

46

, , ( 5 986a gneto tn likan 'Alkmawn p gronti Puqagrai) ( : toi otoj par kenwn kenoi par totou parlabon tn lgontoton). , ,

(I, 24, 2b), , . : (tn maqhmatikn tinej) toj d plantaj toj plansin p dusmn p' natoljntifresqai. TotJ d sunomologe ka ' Alkma wn.

, , . , Heath, the assumption of the motion of the fixed stars suggests the immobility of the earth67 [ ]. 68. Heath; Tannery : La vrit astronomique qui apparat pour la premire fois chez Alcmon, consiste dans la distinction entre le mouvement propre des plantes dOccident en Orient et leur mouvement diurne dOrient en Occident. Cette distinction, essentielle pour le progrs de la science, tait reste trangre aux conceptions des premiers Ioniens; elle fut rejete par Anaxagore et par Dmocrite; elle reste donc propre lcole pythagoricienne, qui la transmit, par Eudoxe de Cnide, aux astronomesT.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 50. , . ( .. , , , .) , , 500 ..68 67

47

mathmaticiens. Vu son caractre, on ne peut hsiter en faire honneur au Matre plutt quau mdecin de Crotone.69 [ . , , , , . , () ().] Heath Burnet ,70 : either inference is possible, and I prefer Tannerys71 [ , Tannery]. , Heath, ! Heath , , . . Heath , , . , , , Heath, , . , , , .

P. TANNERY: Pour lhistoire de la science hellne, 2 , Paris, 1930, . 213-214. ( .) 70 J. BURNET: Early Greek Philosophy, 4 , London, 1930, . 123, note. 1892. 71 T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 50.

69

48

. , , J.L.E. Dreyer (1852-1926), Heath , . .72 : : ) ( ). ) . , . , , . ) . . (.. ) . ) , , (.. , ..). ) . ) 4 .. , .

72

J.L.E. DREYER: A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler.

49

3. , , 5 .. . , , , . , . , , , , , . 4 , . , 385 370 .., , 335 .. , ( ) . , , . . ( ) . . ,

50

, . : ) , , , ) 73, , . , , , . 4 .. . , , - , - . , , . , . , , (427-348/47) , ,

.

73

51

, . . . , , . , , . , , , () . , . ( , , ) . , , , , . (, ) , . . . , , , - , - .

52

: ) - - , , . ) . ( ) . ) . ) , , , , , . ) . , ( .. ), : ) , . ) , , . ) , , . : . , .

53

- .

54

4. As to the special case of the history of ancient science, the results of literary criticism are certainly not of a kind to create confidence in this method. Otto Neugebauer74 4.1. , . , , . , . , , . Heath75, Dicks76 . , , , , . , , ,

74 75

O. NEUGEBAUER: Archimedes and Aristarchus, Isis, . 35 (1942), . 4-6, . 4. T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 134-189. 76 D.R. DICKS: , . 121-203.

55

. , , , / . . / . , . , . , , , ( , ) , , . , , 77. , , . , , .

77

, , .

56

, Dicks78 Taylor79, : ) . ) 80. ) , . , . , , ( ), . , , , ( ), . 4.2 , . , , .78 79

D.R. DICKS: , . 123. A.E. TAYLOR: , , . . , 2 , , 1992, . 509-512. 80 , (36b-40d), (29d).

57

. ( ) , 81, . , , , , . . , , ( , ,) . , , , (27a). . , , , 82. , , , , . , , . : ) . ) .81 82

. . , 1995. G. VLASTOS: Creation in the Timaeus: Is it a Fiction?. : Studies in Platos Metaphysics, . R.E. Allen, London, 1965, . 401-419.

58

) ( ) , . , , . , (, , ), , , . , . . . , , , . - , . . , , , , . , , , 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 27. , , , . , , , ( , ). , . (Crnoj d' on met' orano ggonen) .

59

, . . , , , . . ( ) . , , , . , , : (), (), () (). () , , , . . ( ), 83. 83

. F.M. CORNFORD: Platos Cosmology, London, 1937.

60

( ) . , , 84, , . , ( ) . , 85. (40b8-c3) . , , , 86. :n d trofn mn metran, llomnhn d tn per tn di pantj plon tetamnon llom per di pant tetamnon, flaka ka dhmiourgn nuktj te ka mraj mhcansato, prthn ka presbutthn qen soi ntj orano gegnasin87.

84

F.M. Cornford . 85 A.E. Taylor A Commentary on Platos Timaeus, (Oxford, 1928) 5 . 86 . Dicks. . : , , . 87 J. Burnet (Platonis Opera, . IV, Oxford, 1902) TLG. A.E. Taylor. Dicks gn dtrofn mn metran, e loumnhn d per tn di pantj plon tetamnon flaka ka loum di pant tetamnon, per dhmiourgn nuktj te ka mraj mhcansato, prthn ka presbutthn qen soi ntj orano llom gegnasin. . llomnhn Burnet

61

, ( 88), . , , , , , .. , , 19 Gruppe89 Grote, , Boeckh90 . Boeckh, , . ( .. Heath) : () () . llomnhn ( llom ) e loumnhn llomnhn loum llom , 91. . ( , )

, () (. : .., . 501). 88 1) Enioi d ka keimnhn p to kntrou fas n atn llesqai ka kinesqai per tn di pantj tetamnon plon, sper n t TimaJ ggraptai. ( 293b30 ..)

2) `Hmej d lgwmen prton pteron cei knhsin mnei: kaqper gr epomen, o mn atn n89 90

tn strwn enai poiosin, o d' p to msou qntej llesqai ka kinesqa fasi per tn plon mson. ( 296a26 ..)

O. GRUPPE: Die kosmischen Systeme der Griechen, Berlin, 1851. A. BOECKH: Untersuchungen ber das kosmische System des Platon, Berlin, 1852. 91 Teichmller, Studien zur Geschichte der Begriffe, 1874, . 240-2.

62

llomnhn e loumnhn 92. llom loum . , , , , e loumnhn, loum . , , Burdach 93 , 4 .. . Burdach 4 .. (vel-) . , , , , . . ( ) ka kinesqai94, , , . ( , 13) , , , ,

J. DILLON: Tampering with the Timaeus. Ideological emendations in Plato, with special reference to the Timaeus, American Journal of Philology, . 110 (1989), . 50-72. 93 K. BURDACH: Die Lehre des Platonischen Timaios (40b) von der kosmischen Stellung der Erde, Neue Jahrb. f. d. klass. Altertum, . 49 (1922), . 254-278. 94 . , . 88.

92

63

. 95 , , 96. Duhem97: , . J.N. Findlay, Plato, the Written and Unwritten Doctrines Plato and Platonism. Findlay 98. , Findlay, , , 99. G.V. Schiaparelli I precursori di Copernico nell antichit (Milano, 1873, . 19 ..). 40b8-c3 : ) ) .

T.H. Martin (Etudes sur le Time, ii, . 87) Teichmller. Heath, , . 96 J. BURNET: Greek Philosophy: Part , Thales to Plato, London, 1928, . 348, . 97 P. DUHEM: Le Systme du Monde, . I, . 87. 98 J.N. FINDLAY: The Myths of Plato, Dionysius, . 2 (1978), . 19-20. . J.N. FINDLAY: Plato: The Written and Unwritten Doctrines, London, New York 1974 Plato and Platonism: An Introduction, New York, Toronto, 1978. 99 J.N. FINDLAY: Plato: The Written and Unwritten Doctrines, . 455-473.

95

64

ka kinesqai 100, , , , . , , kaqper grepomen , .

, , . R.D. Archer-Hind 101 , , . 102,

100 101

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 518, 1-8, 20-21. R.D. ARCHER-HIND: The Timaeus of Plato, London, . 133 . 102 , 293b30 : Enioi d ka keimnhnp to kntrou wj to sper n t TimaJ ggraptai. Epn per tn legntwn xw to kntrou keimnhn tn gn per t kntron kinesqai pgei, ti nioi ka keimnhn atn p to kntrou lgousin llesqai ka kinesqai, sper n t Pltwnoj TimaJ ggraptai. ll' mn n TimaJ sij to Pltwnoj otwj cei gn d trofn metran, llomnhn d per tn di pantj tetamnon plon flaka ka dhmiourgn nuktj te ka mraj mhcansato prthn ka presbutthn qen, soi ntj orano gegnasin. i pantj d tetamnon plon tn xona lgei nn tra gr to plou shmainmena par Pltwni ka gr tn orann n Fadwni plon kale ka t prata to xonoj, per poleei oranj, n t TimaJ ka nn tn xona. t d llomnhn, ete di to ta grfoito, t dedesmhmnhn dhlo, ka otwj ka 'Apollnioj poihtj desmoj llmenon meglwn pesesato ntwn ka Omhroj llsin ok qlonta bV dsantej gousin, ete di tj ei difqggou grfoito, ka otwj ergomnhn dhlo, j ka Ascloj n Bassraij ka ti t llomnhn otwj p to Pltwnoj erhtai, dhlo t n Fadwni per tj gj erhmna, n o j fhsin srropon gr prgma moou tinj n msJ teqn oc xei mllon od tton odamse kliqnai, dhlo d ka t Timaou htn, per Pltwn n totoij parxesen, otwj con g d n msJ drumna sta qen roj t' rfnaj ka agj gnetai dsij te ka ntolj gennsa kat potomj tn rizntwn presbsta d nt tn ntj ran swmtwn. ta lga epn per tn llwn stoicewn pgei ste za pntwn ka bsij tn llwn g ka rreistai p tj atj opj. `O d 'Alxandroj to 'Aristotlouj fhs n otw lgontoj ersqai n TimaJ ka tj lxewj atj tj llomnhj shmainoshj t bizesqai j oc otwj erhmnou prj daj poqseij t legmena metaferntwn st ka gr t strefomnhn, fhsn, ej metalambnousi t llomnhn, ka at kinsej sti shmantikn. e d llaco, fhsn, Pltwn llwj lgei, p to n Fadwni dhlonti nuttmenoj, odn toto, fhs, prj tn lgon gr 'Aristotlhj t n TimaJ eqnei, ete reskmenoj at Pltwn otw lgei ete ka j Timaou dxan. Tata to 'Alexndrou lgontoj, na p to teleutaou tn hqntwn rxwmai, ti Tmaioj drsqai tn gn n t msJ lgei ka bebhknai ka rhresqai, prdhlon k tn parateqntwn ato

65

. , . Cherniss103, . Cherniss, (293b30), , , . Chernisss, sper n t TimaJ ggraptai Enioi , , , , , llomnhn . llom Cherniss 104. hmtwn. j d lxewj dhloshj mn j ppan t dedemnhn, j a parateqesai crseij smainon, dhloshj d ka t sustrefomnhn, tan di tj ei difqggou graf, prton mn di' nj to l grfetai, peita ka p tn kuklikn schmtwn lgetai t sunestrfqai, kn knhta prj d totoij, kn kteron lxij shmanV ka t dedemnh ka t kinoumnh, pj dei to Pltwnoj podcesqai tn lgon to t Timaou paraxontoj otwj conta, to tn reman podexantoj tj gj; ra j dedemnhn j kinoumnhn shmanontoj; ll' 'Aristotlouj, fhsn, otw lgontoj ersqai ok elogon nteipen t gr nti ote tn tj lxewj shmasan ekj n gnoen atn ote tn to Pltwnoj non. pote on ej pnta poblyantaj kalj cei lgein, ti tj lxewj ka t sustrefomnhn dhloshj ej toto metlaben atn 'Aristotlhj, sper ewqe ka t fainmenon tn lgwn dielgcein spoudzein di toj pipolaiteron kdecomnouj, j n e lege met toj per t mson kinesqai tathn lgontaj e tij nomzoi tn Pltwna n t msJ lgein atn kinesqai t llomnhn j kinoumnhn kdecmenoj, ma mn stai tij ka llh pqesij tn kinesqai legntwn tn gn gr per t mson n t msJ poteqsetai kinoumnh ma d ka t to Pltwnoj otwj podecmenoj legcqsetai. on toto hton ti t ka kinesqai t llesqai steron p tinoj prosetqh, d 'Aristotlhj proqmenoj n rc zhten per tj gj, pteron tn remontwn st n tn kinoumnwn, ka storsaj toj kinesqai lgontaj atn per t mson pgage ka to dedsqai ka to remen n t msJ marturan p to Pltwnoj Timaou m proskeimnou gr to ka kinesqai dunatn ka otwj kdcesqai tn lgon. ti gr tn ntikeimnwn poisato tn storan ka o mnon to kinesqai, ll ka to mnein, dhlo ka t per to scmatoj pagmena, ti paraplhswj toj p tj kinsewj ka tj monj ka t scma o mn sfairoeidj, o d tumpanoeidj lgousin. ' t kntrJ d En osan tn gn ka kklJ kinoumnhn, tn d orann remen `Hrakledhj Pontikj poqmenoj szein eto t fainmena. (. SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo103104

commentaria, . 515-520.) H. CHERNISS: Aristotles Criticism of Plato and the Academy, Baltimore, 1944.

on elogon mj llomnhn kosantaj e loumnhn ka strefomnhn atn poien, j P ltwni rskon lgontaj; ` Hrakle dhj mn on Pontikj, o Pltwnoj n koustj, tathn ctw tn dxan, kinn kklJ tn gn P ltwn d k nhton atn sthsin. gr tn tleon

66

, , , , . , , 105. ( ) . , , . , , , Donnay, 106 ( ) , . . , I , . . niautn ok p tn kt peridwn poei mnon, ll ka tn tj gj nthn sunhrqmei sunapokaqistj atn taj llaij ka poin k pasn man prj tn tato kklon pokatstasin. tw mn on xhghsmeqa tn plon ka tn xona ka tn per toto sunecomnhn n t msJ gn. (. PROCLUS: In Platonis Timaeum commentaria, . E. Diehl, 3

., Leipzig, 1903-1906, . 3, . 138.) . , . 7. 106 G. DONNAY: Le systme astronomique de Platon , Revue Belge de Philologie et dHistoire, . 38 (1960), . 5-29.105

67

( ), , , . ( viii, 999c-1011e) , , :Pteron otwj knei tn gn, sper lion ka selnhn ka toj pnte plnhtaj, oj rgana crnou di tj tropj proshgreue, ka dei tn gn llomnhn per tn di pntwn plon tetamnon m memhcansqai sunecomnhn ka mnousan, ll strefomnhn ka neiloumnhn noen, j steron 'Arstarcoj ka Sleukoj pedeknusan, mn potiqmenoj mnon d Sleukoj ka pofainmenoj; Qefrastoj d ka prosistore t Pltwni presbutrJ genomnJ metamlein, j o proskousan podnti t g tn mshn cran to pantj.

(11, 1):Nomj d lgetai ka t tj `Estaj ern gkklion peribalsqai t sbstJ pur frourn, pomimomenoj o t scma tj gj j `Estaj oshj, ll to smpantoj ksmou, o mson o Puqagoriko t pr drsqai nomzousi, ka toto `Estan kalosi ka monda tn d gn ote knhton ote n msJ tj periforj osan, ll kklJ per t pr awroumnhn o tn timiwttwn od tn prtwn to ksmou morwn prcein. ata d ka Pltwn fasi presbthn genmenon dianenosqai per tj gj j n trv crv kaqestshj, tn d mshn ka kuriwtthn trJ tin krettoni proskousan.

, , , , ( ) , ; , , . , , , . . , , , .

68

, . Heath, , , Boeckh Martin. , , , . ( ) . Boeckh, , , a priori . Tannery107 , , , . 108 Martin, Tannery Heath, . , , , ( - ) . , . D.R. Dicks: ,P. TANNERY: Pseudonymes antiques, Revue des tudes greques, . 10 (1897), . 127-137. . , . 109, . 158. 108 .107

69

109. Dillon110 . . , . , , .. (58), ; a ( ) . . A.E. Taylor, , . o , Grote Cornford, 24 , (, 39c). , Boeckh , . ( , 13) , , , ,

109 110

D.R. DICKS: , . 122. J. DILLON: .., . 92.

70

, , . Burnet111, . Taylor llomnhn. , , Polloj d' n ka troij sundxeie m den t g tn tomsou cran podidnai, t pistn ok k tn fainomnwn qrosin ll mllon k tn lgwn. T gr timiwttJ oontai proskein tn timiwtthn prcein cran, enai d pr mn gj timiteron, t d praj to metax, t d' scaton ka t mson praj st' k totwn nalogizmenoi ok oontai p to msou tj sfaraj kesqai atn, ll mllon t pr.

, , . , , , Taylor, (821e-822c), . , , (o pollj ll man e ). :Peiraton. o gr sti toto, ristoi, t dgma rqn per selnhj te ka lou ka tn llwn strwn, j ra planta pote, pn d tonanton cei totou tn atn gr atn dn kaston ka o pollj ll man e kklJ diexrcetai, fanetai d pollj fermenon t d tciston atn n bradtaton ok rqj a doxzetai, t d' nanton nantwj. tat' on e pfuken mn otwj, mej d m tatV dxomen, e mn n 'Olumpv qentwn ppwn otwj dolicodrmwn ndrn dienoomeqa pri, ka proshgoreomen tn tciston mn j bradtaton, tn d bradtaton j tciston, gkmi te poiontej domen tn ttmenon nenikhkta, ote rqj n ot' omai prosfilj toj dromesin mj n t gkmia prosptein nqrpoij osin per qeoj t at tata xamartanntwn mn, r' ok omeqa gelon te ka ok rqn ke gignmenon n n tte, nn ntauqo ka n totoisi ggnesqai geloon mn odamj, o mn od qeofilj ge, yeud fmhn mn kat qen mnontwn.

111

J. BURNET: ..

71

Taylor , , . , . Gruppe. , , Gruppe, , . Schiaparelli112 . Heath, , Boeckh. Schiaparelli / . . ( ) , , , . , . , 113. ( ) ,

G.V. SCIAPARELLI: I precursori, .19 .. , , . O A.E. Taylor Hans Raeder .113

112

72

, . , , (987b) , , , ( gwn toj llouj,j ge nqrpoij fanoit' n lga totwn edsin)114.

, , , . Schiaparelli115. Schiaparelli, Heath116 Martin117, , . , ( ) , ;. , . ( ) . ,

Burnet gwn toj llouj, j ge nqrpoij fanoit' n lga totwn edsin. Taylor ok . 115 G.V. SCIAPARELLI: I precursori, .20-21. 116 T.L. HEATH: Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus of Samos, . 185. 117 T.H. MARTIN: Mmoires sur lhistoire des hypothses astronomiques chez les Grecs et les Romains, . 90.

114

73

, , . (, 1073b8) ti mn on pleouj tn feromnwn afora, fanern toj ka metrwj mmnoij (pleouj gr kaston fretai mij tn planwmnwn strwn).

A.E. Taylor ( 20 ) , ( ), . , , , , . Taylor , , . P. Duhem Le Systme du Monde, . Duhem , , . , , , . , , . , , , .

74

118 , . , , . , -. , (), ( ), . , , . ( ). , , . , , . : , . , , Duhem . , . . .

. . P. DUHEM: Le Systme du Monde, . I, . 26-27.

118

75

, , . . Cornford. 4.3 . ) , ( / ) . ) , . ) , , . . ) a priori . , . . ) , ( .. ) .

76

. ) , . . , .

77

5. , ( ), (. 390 . 337 ..). , . , , , , , .119 , B.R. Goldstein A.C. Bowen, 372 .. , , , 367 347 ..120 , ,

D.R. Dicks: ( ) : , , , , , , , . (. D.R. DICKS: , . 82.) 120 B.R. GOLDSTEIN, A.C. BOWEN: A new view of early Greek astronomy, Isis, . 74 (1983), . 330-340, . 334-335.

119

78

, . , 6, 5 4 .. , , , . , , , / . , , , . , ( VII-IX). , , , . explanandum , Goldstein Bowen, . , , , , .121 , , Goldstein Bowen , . , 121

B.R. GOLDSTEIN, A.C. BOWEN: A new view of early Greek astronomy, . 333.

79

, , . , , , , (2 .. .), 4 .. . :a prtoj tn `Ellnwn Edoxoj Kndioj, j Edhmj te n t deutrJ tj 'Astrologikj storaj pemnhmneuse ka Swsignhj par Edmou toto labn, yasqai lgetai tn toiotwn poqsewn Pltwnoj, j fhsi Swsignhj, prblhma toto poihsamnou toj per tata spoudaksi, tnwn poteqeisn maln ka tetagmnwn kinsewn diaswq t per tj kinseij tn planwmnwn fainmena.122

.123 Goldstein Bowen, , . . , ,

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 488, 18-24. . , . 492, 31 - 493, 5. 123 B.R. GOLDSTEIN, A.C. BOWEN: A new view of early Greek astronomy, . 330 O. NEUGEBAUER: , . . , . . , , 1986, . 194.

122

80

. , , ( ), , , , , , .124 . (7 .. .), :Et' n d' 'Wrwn ka Serioj j mson lqV orann, 'Arktoron d dV ododktuloj 'Hj, Prsh, tte pntaj podrpen okade btruj.125

( . ): , [ , ], , , . 6 5 .. , , 5 , . , , , , , .. ( 430 ..).126 , , , D.R. DICKS: , . 50. HESIODUS: Opera et dies, . F. Solmsen. Oxford, 1970, . 609-611. 126 . A.C. BOWEN, B.R. GOLDSTEIN: Meton of Athens and astronomy in the late fifth century B.C.. : A scientific humanist. Studies in memory of Abraham Sachs, E. Leichty, M. deJ. Ellis, P. Gerardi (eds), Philadelphia, Pa, 1988, . 39-81.125 124

81

. , , , , , , , , , , , , (;) , ,127 . 6 5 .. , . , , . , , , . . , , . 5 4 .. . Dicks, , , , .128

127 128

, . , . D.R. DICKS: , . 143.

82

. : ) , , , . ) . , . , , ( , XI, 8, 1073b17) ( , II, 12, 221a). , , ( ), .129 . . , , []:Toiath tj stin di tn nelittousn sfairopoia m dunhqesa diassai t fainmena, j ka Swsignhj piskptei lgwn: O mn a ge tn per Edoxon szousi t fainmena, oc pwj t steron katalhfqnta, ll' od t prteron gnwsqnta ka p' atn kenwn pisteuqnta. Ka t de per tn llwn lgein, n nia ka Kllippoj Kuzikhnj Edxou m dunhqntoj peirqh diassai, eper ra ka diswsen; 'All' at ge toto, per ka t yei prdhln stin, ode j atn mcri ka Atolkou to Pitanaou pebleto di tn poqsewn pidexai, katoi od atj Atlukoj dunqh: dhlo d prj tn 'Aristqhron ato diafor. Esti d, lgw, t pot mn plhson, sti d te pokecwrhktaj mn atoj fantzesqai. Ka gr t yei sumfanj p' nwn tot stin: te gr tj 'Afrodthj legmenoj str

129

, . .. T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 200 ..

83

ka d ka to Areoj kat msaj tj prohgseij atn pollaplsioi fanontai, ste ge tj 'Afrodthj n selnoij nux skij pptein p tn swmtwn poie, te a selnh ka n at mn t yei sumfanj stin ok e t son mn fistamnh di t m e t son cousa mgeqoj mn fanesqai tn atn per t di' o qewretai kaqesttwn: o mn ll ka rganikteron parafulttousi t at sundoke di t tte mn ndekadktulon, tte d' a dwdekadktulon tmpanon x shj postsewj to qewmnou tiqmenon ntifrttein ato t yei, ste m pptein p' atn. Prj d totoij ka t per tj to lou pantelej kleyeij sumbanonta t lelegmnJ marture ka sti ge tekmria tj per toto lhqeaj: te gr tcoi kat stqmhn nta t te kntron ato ka t tj selnhj ka d ka metra yij, oc moia t sumbanonta e fanetai, ll' t mn t perilambnonti tn selnhn knJ, korufn d conti tn metran yin ka atj lioj sumperilambnetai, te ka diatele crnon tin m fainmenoj mn, t d a tosoton pode totou, ste ka xwqen tun ato tina perifainomnhn polepesqai kat tn mson tj kleyewj crnon: ste nagkaon n eh tn per t megqh atn diaforn fanesqai di tn tn postsewn nisthta tn per tn ra paraplhswn ntwn. Oper d p totwn sumbanon ka t yei katafanj stin, ekj ka toj lloij sumbanein, kn e m t yei prdhlon eh, ka o mnon ekj, ll ka lhqj, eper kaq' ksthn mran knhsij atn nmaloj fanetai: ll per t fantazmena atn megqh o prospptei tij diafor di t mhd pol diafrein tn ej yoj te ka tonanton metstasin, n d ka kat bqoj knhsin o p tn maqhmtwn kalen eqasi. Toto tonun odamj peirqhsan diassai, ste m kaq' ksthn mran parallttousan pideiknnai, katoi to problmatoj toto xiontoj. 'All mn od j lelqei ge atoj nisthj tn posthmtwn kstou prj autn, ndcetai lgein. Polmarcoj gr Kuzikhnj gnwrzwn mn atn fanetai, ligwrn d j ok asqhtj oshj di t gapn mllon tn per at t mson n t pant tn sfairn atn qsin: dhlo d ka 'Aristotlhj n toj Fusikoj problmasi prosaporn taj tn strolgwn poqsesin k to mhd sa t megqh tn plantwn fanesqai. otwj o pantpasin rsketo taj nelittosaij, kn t mokntrouj osaj t pant per t mson ato kinesqai phggeto atn.

: , , . , , , ; [], , , , . [ ] . . , [ ] , , , []. ,

84

, , , , , . , . , [] , , , []. , , [ ], , [ ]. . , [] .130 () , , , . ( ), . , , . ( 379 ..), , , . . , , , , .

130

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 504, 16 - . 505, .

27.

85

, , 4 3 .. . , . , , , , . , , . . , . . . , ( ) , ( ) 131. , . , O. NEUGEBAUER: A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 3 ., New York, 1975. O. NEUGEBAUER: Astronomy and History: Selected Essays, New York, 1983. A. JONES: The adaptation of Babylonian methods in Greek numerical astronomy, Isis, . 82 (313) (1991), . 441-453. A. JONES: On Babylonian astronomy and its Greek metamorphoses. : Tradition, transmission, transformation, Leiden, 1996, . 139-155. A. JONES: Babylonian and Greek astronomy in a papyrus concerning Mars, Centaurus, . 33, . 2-3, 1990, . 97-114. G.L. GEISON: Did Conon of Samos transmit Babylonian observations, Isis, . 3 58 (193) (1967), . 398-401. N.M. SWERDLOW: The Babylonian Theory of Planets, Princeton, 1998.131

86

, . , ( ), - . , , . , 150 , , , , . , . , , , - . 1-2 , ( , ), . - , - .

87

6. . H , . , . : , , . . , , . , . . . . ,

88

, , , - . , , , , , . , , . , . , ( ), . ( ) () - (). , ( ) , . , , , . , , , . ;, , , ,

89

. , , , , . , , . . . , , , . , . , , . : . ( ).

90

. . , , . , , . - , , , . . , , , , , . , . (, ..). , . ) , , . , ,

91

( ) . . : 1. () , , . 2. 3. () . , , . (286a12-22)132. , () . : , , [. ] . . : . . ; , Duhem,

Di t on oc lon t sma to orano toioton; ti ngkh mnein ti to smatoj to feromnou kklJ, t p to msou, totou d' oqn on te mnei mri oq' lwj n on, ot' p to msou. Ka gr n kat fsin knhsij n ato p t mson fsei d kklJ kinetai o gr n n dioj k nhsi oqn gr par fsin dion. Usteron j d t par fsin to kat fsin, ka kstasj tj stin n t gensei t par fsin to kat fsin. 'Angkh tonun gn enai toto gr reme p to msou. Nn mn on pokesqw toto, steron d deicqsetai per ato.

132

92

, . , , , . . . , , . . : ; , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , . , , , , . ( ), .

93

, , . , , . , .

, . , , ; , , , , . , , 133: gr lgoi tij, ti per t kntron t ato kinsetai, dnata dxei lgein t gr kntron smaton praj n oc o n te mnein kinoumnwn totwn, n praj stn o gr kaq' at fsthke t kntron m mnontoj d to kntrou od' n t pn n t at perifroito.

: [ ] , , , . . . , , , . ,

133

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 398, . 20-24.

94

, : t gr kklJkurwj kinomenon ka m kinomenon cei ti pntwj n t msJ, per mnon kinsetai ka gr ka kaqlou, e mlloi ti kinesqai kat tpon, ngkh mnein ti sma, f' o kinsetai per , j ddeiktai n t Per kinsewj zwn.134

, , 135. , , , . , . , , , , . , , . , , . , , . , ,

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 398, . 16-20. . , . 17 , , . , , . .135

134

95

, -, . . ( ) . : ) . ) , , , . , , , . , . ( ) . . , , , , . : , , , . , , , . - . , , , , . (286a20-22):

96

'Angkh tonun gn enai toto gr reme p to msou. Nn mn on pokesqwtoto, steron d deicqsetai per ato.

. A . , . , , , , , , . , , . - . - , 136, . (296a32-34): Diper oc o n t' dion enai, bain g' osanka par fsin d ge to ksmou txij dioj. ,

, . , ; : , . , , , , 136

Oti d' st n dnaton, dlon labosin rcn j eper fretai et' ktj osa to msou et' p to msou, nagkaon atn bv kinesqai tathn tn knhsin o gr atj ge tj gj stin ka gr n tn morwn kaston tathn ece tn forn nn d' p' eqeaj pnta fretai prj t mson. ( , 296a27-32)

97

. , , , , . 137 . . , . ( ) . ( ). . . , , , . , , , , . ,

137

. 1838 Bessel 61 Cygni. . .

98

138. , , . , , . . , . . . , , , . : . . . . . . 138

Gassendi.

99

, , . , , . . , . , t pistn ok k tn fainomnwn qrosin ll mllon k tnlgwn (293a29-30)139

. ,

, , , . (293a27), , . . , , ; ( , ..). , , , ; , ; , , ,139

. , . 17.

100

; : . . . . . , , , . : ; , , , . . , , , . . , , , , . . , , , . :

101

. , , , , , , . , ;, , , , , 3 .. , .

102

7. . , , , . , , , , . , 3 .. 17 140. , G.V. Schiaparelli (1835-1910) . 4 .. . , , ( Ereli ), . , , 141.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) . 141 . F. WEHRLI: Herakleides Pontikos, 2 ., Basel / Stuttgart, 1969, fr. 46a. [Die Schule des Aristoteles, Texte und Kommentar, VII.]

140

103

373 .. 390 .. 365 .. , , . , : `Hrakledhj Eqfronoj`Hraklethj to Pntou, nr plosioj. 'Aqnhsi d parbale prton mn SpeusppJ ll ka tn Puqagorewn dikouse ka t Pltwnoj zhlkei ka steron kousen 'Aristotlouj, j fhsi Swtwn n Diadocaj.142

. , , ( ) 143. , 348/347 .., , , 339 .., , 144. . , , . , (. , ). 145 kllist te karista146,

. 4 . DIOGENES LAERTIUS: Vitae philosophorum, . H.S. Long, 2 ., Oxford, 1964 (V, 86). A.E. TAYLOR: , , . 568. 144 . Xenocrates, Testimonia, doctrina et fragmenta, . M.I. Parente. : Senocrate-Ermodoro. Frammenti, Naples, 1982, fr. 1. 145 , De republica . (T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 253.) 146 DIOGENES LAERTIUS: Vitae philosophorum (V, 86).143 142

104

47 , ( ), , , , . ( ), Per tn orann Perfsewj, .

, , . , , . , , , . . , , . , , 289b1-27 :poqsewj d xwse (. 'Aristotlhj) ka t mfotrwn (. to te planoj orano ka tn plann strwn) remontwn, katoi pemfanon dokon t szesqai tn fainomnhn atn metbasin mfotrwn remontwn, di t gegonnai tinj, n `Hrakledhj te Pontikj n ka 'Arstarcoj, nomzontaj szesqai t fainmena to mn orano ka tn strwn remontwn, tj d gj per toj to shmerino plouj p dusmn kinoumnhj ksthj mraj man ggista peristrofn t d' ggista prskeitai di tn to lou tj mij moraj piknhsin.147

: ( ) , 147

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 444, 31 - 445, 5.

105

, , , , [ ] [] . 289b (289b - 290a), . , , , , . . 148 . , , : ) , ) , . 149 . 384 322 .. 4 3 .. . 149 . , , , . , , . 10 (2001), . 3-44.148

106

, . , . , , ( ). , , , , , . , , , , . , ( ) . 293b30-32 , :n t kntrJ d osan tn gn ka kklJ kinoumnhn, tn d orann remen `Hrakledhj Pontikj poqmenoj szein eto t fainmena.150

: , . kklJ kinoumnhn . , n t kntrJ osan tn gn, .

150

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 519, 9-11.

107

, , . , . , 151 , , 152. 297a2-8 . :e d kklJ per t kntron, j `Hrakledhj Pontikj petqeto, tn oranwn remontwn, e mn prj dsin, keqen n fnh t stra natllonta, e d prj natolj, e mn per toj to shmerino plouj, ok n p diafrwn rzontoj tpwn lioj ka o lloi plnhtej ntellon, e d per toj to zJdiako, ok n o planej p tn atn e tpwn ntellon, sper nn: ete d per toj to shmhrino ete per toj to zJdiako, pj n sqh tn planwmnwn ej t pmena 153 zdia metbasij kintwn tn oranwn ntwn;

: ( ) (), , , () , , () (1) , , (2) , . , , ; . , 151 152

. Scholia in Aristotelem, . C.A. Brandis, Berlin, 1836, . 505. P. DUHEM: Le systme du monde, . I, . 405. 153 SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 541, 27 542, 2.

108

, , (1) . , (. 412-485 ..) . , . ( , ). :Po d on elogon mj llomnhn kosantaj e loumnhn ka strefomnhn atn poien, j Pltwni rskon lgontaj; `Hrakledhj mn on Pontikj, o Pltwnoj n koustj, tathn ctw tn dxan, kinn kklJ tn gn: Pltwn d knhton atn 154 sthsin.

: , (llomnhn) (e loumnhn ka strefomnhn), ; , , , , , . llomnhn e loumnhn, . , , , , 155. . , , PROCLUS: Procli Diadochi in Platonis Timaeum commentaria, . E. Diehl, 3 ., Leipzig, 1903-1906, . 3, . 138, 6-11. 155 DIOGENES LAERTIUS: Vitae philosophorum (III, 46). SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum libros commentaria, . 453, 29. STRABO: Geographica, . A. Meineke, 3 ., Leipzig, 1877 (, 3.1).154

109

. 4 .. , (De placitis) 100 .. . :`Hrakledhj Pontikj ka Ekfantoj Puqagreioj kinosi mn tn gn, o mn metabatikj, ll treptikj, troco dkhn n xoni strefomnhn p dusmn p' 156 natolj per t dion atj kntron.

: , , , , . () (). , , . , , . , , ( ), 157, 158. 156

EUSEBIUS: Praeparatio evangelica, . K. Mras, XV, 58. : Eusebius Werke, Band 8: Die Praeparatio evangelica [Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller, 43, 1 & 43, 2. Berlin, 1954-1956] 157 HIPPOLYTUS: Refutatio omnium haeresium, Berlin, 1986, , 15, 1 [Patristische Texte und Studien, 25.] 158 P. Tannery (. , . 68) T.L. Heath , , (. T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 251-252). , . . , .

110

, . , , , , . ( ), . , , , . , , , .. , , , , , , , , , . , 2 .. , , , (circulum), interdum superior, interdum inferior sole. : Denique Heraclides Ponticus, cum circulum Luciferi describeret, item solis, et unum punctum atque unam medietatem duobus daret circulis, demondtrauit ut interdum Lucifer superior, interdum inferior sole fiat159.

G.J. TOOMER: Heraclides Ponticus, . 204. Toomer, [Expositio rerum mathematicarum ad legendum Platonem utilium]. , , , , Toomer, .

159

111

interdum superior, interdum inferior sole, 160, (Lucifer) . 50 . , , , , . : G.V. Schiaparelli, P. Tannery, J.L.E. Dreyer, T.L. Heath . Heath 1921: , , .161 , 1972162 Otto Neugebauer superior / inferior nteron / katteron, , , , , prohgomenoj / pmenoj. Neugebauer [De diebus et noctibus] (2 .. ), nteron / katteron prohgomenoj / pmenoj . Neugebauer, , superior / inferior T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 256. T.L. HEATH: A History of Greek Mathematics, 2 ., New York, 1981, . 2, . 244. ( 1921) 162 O. NEUGEBAUER: On the allegedly heliocentric theory of Venus by Heraclides Ponticus, American Journal of Philosophy, . 93 (4) (1972), . 600-601. : Astronomy and History. Selected Essays, New York, 1983, . 370-371.161 160

112

. Godfrey Evans163, Neugebauer. , Neugebauer : , .164 , 165. , , (2-3 .. ), (. 135 - . 50 ..) 1 .. . 166 : 1) , . 2) , G.V. Schiaparelli, , .G. EVANS: The astronomy of Heracleides Ponticus, Classical Quarterly, , . 20 (1970), . 102-111. 164 O. NEUGEBAUER: On the allegedly heliocentric theory of Venus by Heraclides Ponticus, . 601. 165 . , . 13. 166 SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum libros commentaria, . 291, 21 - 292, 31. , . . . 149.163

113

, , , , . . H. Diels :i ka parelqn tj fhsin `Hrakledhj Pontikj, ti ka kinoumnhj pwj tj gj, to d lou mnontj pwj dnatai per tn lion fainomnh nwmala szesqai.167

168, Dreyer169, Heath170, Duhem171, .. , , , . , , , : ka kinoumnhj pwj tj gj, , dnatai per tn lion fainomnh nwmala szesqai. , , per tn lion fainomnh nwmala, (to d lou mnontj pwj),

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum libros commentaria, . 292, 20-23. tj ( , ) , `Hrakledhj Pontikj , , , .. 169 J.L.E. DREYER: A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, . 131 .. 170 T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 275 .. 171 P. DUHEM: Le Systme du Monde, . I, . 410-418.168

167

114

172. , , . , , . parelqn ( ;) , , . , , , 3 .. , . . . . , , , , : , , , ( ), . , , , ( ), ( ), . ( ), . G.V. Schiaparelli . per tn lion fainomnh nwmala ( , ), par ( prj) tn lion nwmala. , ! (G.V. SCHIAPARELLI: Origine del sistema planetario eliocentrico presso i Greci, . 61-100.)172

115

( ) . , . . ; . . , , . , . . , , ; , ; , . , .. , , . G.V. Schiaparelli, , . , , , .

116

8. . 'Arstarcoj Smioj maqhmatikj. , , De Architectura 1 .. : ( , , , ) , , , , , , , 173. , , , . , , , . , , , . 280 .. 18 . , 287 .., . . , 280 .., ,

173

Heath (Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus, . 299-300).

117

. , 4 3 .. . , . . , , , . , , 4 3 .. . , , . . . 8.1. : , 174. , . 174

4 3 .. . , , 287 .. . Heath , 212 .. (T.L. HEATH: A History of Greek Mathematics, . 2, . 22.) W.R. Knorr, , , 3 . (. W.R. KNORR: Archimedes and the Elements: Proposal for a Revised Chronological Ordering of the Archimedean Corpus, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, . 19, . 3, 1978, . 211-290.) Knorr .

118

. , , , . Heiberg, . . , 175:Katceij d diti kaletai ksmoj p mn tn plestwn strolgwn sfara, j sti kntron mn t tj gj kntron, d k to kntrou sa t eqev t metax to kntrou to lou ka to kntrou tj gj: tata gr n taj grafomnaij par tn strolgwn dexesi dikousaj. 'Arstarcoj d Smioj poqsin tinwn xdwken grafj, n a j k tn pokeimnwn sumbanei tn ksmon pollaplsion emen to nn erhmnou. `Upotqetai gr t mn plana tn strwn ka tn lion mnein knhton, tn d gn perifresqai per tn lion kat kklou perifreian, j stin n msJ t drmJ kemenoj, tn d tn planwn strwn sfaran per t at kntron t lJ keimnan t megqei thlikatan emen, ste tn kklon, kaq' n tn gn potqetai perifresqai, toiatan cein nalogan pot tn tn planwn postasan, oan cei t kntron tj sfaraj pot tn pifneian. Tot g' edhlon j dnatn stin: pe gr t tj sfaraj kntron odn cei mgeqoj, od lgon cein odna pot tn pifneian tj sfaraj polapton at. 'Ekdekton d tn 'Arstarcon dianoesqai tde: peid tn gn polambnomej sper emen t kntron to ksmou, n cei lgon g pot tn f' mn erhmnon ksmon, toton cein tn lgon tn sfaran, n stin kkloj, kaq' n tn gn potqetai perifresqai, pot tn tn planwn strwn sfaran: tj gr podexiaj tn fainomnwn otwj pokeimnJ narmzei, ka mlista fanetai t mgeqoj tj sfaraj, n poietai tn gn kinoumnan, son potqesqai t f' mn erhmnJ ksmJ.

: [ ] , , , . , , , , , .175

, . , . . . , , 1974, . 180,20 - 182, 19. .

119

, , () , , , , ( ) , , . : , , . : , , , , , , ( ) , (), , , , .176 , . . , , , - . , R , , , (, R ). , , , () . , , , .. . . , .

176

. . .

120

xdwkengrafj poqsin tinwn. ;

, , , , . , ( ) (), . 177. , .178 , , , . , , , . , , tn ksmon pollaplsion emen to nn erhmnou (sumbanei) (k tn pokeimnwn) . , , , , , Heath . 303-304 , , , . . 178 , J.L. Heiberg, P. Ver Eecke Heath A manual of Greek Mathematics, . , . . , : .177

121

, . , , , : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . . . . . . (tn d tn planwn strwn sfaran per tat kntron t lJ keimnan), :

. , (4 5) . . , , , , . ,