التحرير الصحفي

252
ات ي س سا أ ر ي ر ح ت ل أ ي ف ح ص ل أ ي ب ر ع د. ري مص ل أ ادي ي م ل أ ة ي م ه لأ وأ( ) : ( ) ري ي ض ع ب ل أ3 ن أ لأق ط8 أ ة ف ص3 ن فر ي ر ح ت ل أ ي حف ص ل أ ر= كث أ ة ي م و م ع3 ن م ح صطل م3 ن ف ة اب ي لك أ، ة ي ف ح ص ل أ مة ل ك ف ة اب ي ك ود ع ت ل ص لأ ل ي ر ثX ل ج ن8 لأ أ" Writing ،" ها مت ج ر ي و ة X اب ي ك و أ، ف ب ل أ X ت و أ اعة يX ص، ة X اب ي لك أ مأ أ ةX م ل كر ي ر ح ن ي ه ف ةX م ج ر ي ةX م ل ك ل ل ة ب ر لث ج ن8 لأ أ" Edit ،" اها ي ع م وأد عد8 أ أت ات ي ك3 ن ي ر خq لأ أ ر،= ش لن ل ي ل ا ي ل أ وت ل ص ف ب ت ة ي مل عأد عد8 لأ أ ي عل ة ي مل ع، ة اب ي لك أ= ث ي ح

Upload: -

Post on 11-Jun-2015

3.196 views

Category:

Documents


37 download

DESCRIPTION

الجزيره دوره التحرير الصحفيد.عربي المصري

TRANSCRIPT

.

:

( )

( ) " "Writing " "Edit : " "

2

" "DBS": "Direct Broadcasting Satellite . " .

3

"Carole Rich " "G. Hough "."An Ear for Language :"

... " .

.

: . .- .

:1- . 2- . 3- . 4- . 5- . 6- .

7- . * : :

4

1- : . . 2- : . 3- : . 4- : ( ) ( ) ( ) . 5- : 6- : . 7- : .

* :1- : . 2- : .

5

3- : . 4- : . 5- : . 6- : " " . 7- ( ) .

: :

:

:

* : . . . .- .

- ( )

. .- .

6

- .

: : 1- . 2 - . 3- . 4- . 5- . 6- . 7- . 8- . 9- . 01- . 11 . 21- ( ) . 31- . 41- . 51 . 61- . 71 . 81 . 91- . 02 12- . 22- . 32 . 42 . 52 .

: : .

7

. . . " " " " " " " "Jill Edy .

8

(0002) " "Knigt-Ridder " "Gannet ""poynter : " " . : : " "Bernard Roshco " " .. " . " : " " ( )BBC :

9

". " "David Brigley " " " " . 9681 7981 : " " . " " "Robert Hudson " ""Ice Young " ""Bill Lawlor . " "Stanley Walker " "New York Herald Tribune " " " "W" "Women " "Wampum "Wrong "Doing . . " " "Lyle Spencer "John

01

"Lopiccoli " "Sam

"Zelman .

" "Turner Catledge " "New York Times - " "Joseph Pulitzer " . . .

11

" "News Qualities " "News Values ". " :" : : . : : ( ) ( )Ws + Ho ( ) ( )

( )News Values

( )News Feature (News (News )News

)Characteristics ( )News Criteria (News )Qualities . (Indicators )Factors

21

. 7791 8991 6761 ( )Hood Stuart ( )News Sense ( ) Walter Lipman ( ) 2291 " (5961 ) Kaspar Stieler : . " "Jeremy Tunstall : ( )News Values ( )Newsworthy ( )Culture Values (.)Pluralism " "Wilbur Schramm "" : " "Stample

31

"" . " (Galtung

) & Marie Ruge " " " "Cohen &Yong : . : 1- : . 2- ( ) : . 3- ( ): . : 4- . 5- : " "Adward .

41

6- : . 7- : . 8- : - . 9- ( ): : . 01- : . 11-: . .

: : News Models

51

: 1- " :"The Mirror Model " " "" " "Watch Dog " "Carrier Pigeon . 2- : :The Professional Model - " "Gate Keepers . 3- : The Organizational Model - " "Stylebook " "Handbook " "Housestyle

61

"The Washington Post Desk Book "on Style " "Newsbook "The Tsewe "Encoruter 3151 " " - . 4- : The Political Model " " .

: " " " "Leona Hood

71

" " Garvey & Rivers " "Henry Miller " " "Bill Ryan " "Eugene Roberts " " : " " " "Henry Belk " " " . " "Carole Rich " "G. Hough "."An Ear for Language Fang Irving : "Story

81

"Structure " "leads " "Sentence Structure " "Robert Juning : "" : " " " : " ". " "Ken Euson : " " " "Jams Steele . " " " "

91

" " " " " "V. Caroll " " " "Wiker " " 3691 . "" " " : " " " " "WIFM: What's in it for me " "Me . "" " Tell a-Friend

02

" "G. Hammond " "Conversational "".

: . (9791) " "G. Greene " "C. Lindstrom

12

" " Soope. R " ": ". " " " "Donald Murray " " . " "Lead " "Body "Principal "Format :

22

" "Don Fry " " " "Fork "" : Focus = F : ( ) ( ) ( ) 03 . Order = O: " " . Repetition of Key Words = R : " "Stitching . Kiss off = K :

32

" "Kiss off "Keep it

."Short and Simple

" " "" " "Jack Hart !. " " : : " - - .( )

( ) " "Hyperlinks " "Nonlinear

42

: :- ":"The Inverted Pyramid Format . " " " "Backup " "Out of Gas Endings . " "Dan Henderson " "The Commercial Appeal . : " "Space Waster "" .

.

52

. "" . . . " "Annei Lang . " "Irving E. Fank . " " .

62

:

(3) .

- ":"Pyramid Format

. " "Bright News "" . " "William Revers - - :

(4) .

72

- : : . " 3791 " Horn " " . .. : . " " - .

82

" " . " . "" :

:

:

92

(5) . - : . :

(6) .

03

( ) " " " " :

(8)

(7)

: : " " . " "

13

:

- : ""Hourglass Structure . : " .." :

(9) - ":"The Diamond Structure

23

" " . - - "" " " . - - :

(01) The Series Pyramids

-

:Structure

33

. . : : (1)

(2)

" "

(3)

(2) (3)

" "

" "

(41)

(*)

(31)

(21)

(11)

43

(*) " " "Perron Structure "" .

- : "" " " . " " " " " "Weaving :

(51)

- :

" "USA Today

53

" " "" . : ( ) ( ) ( ) ".) ( "Bullet .

1: :

:

.... .... ....

: : :

:

2: :

(61) :

.... .... ....

: : :

63

- : ":"The Round-Up Story . "" : :

(71) .

- ":"Coming Events Format " ": " "Stop Digging Here "" :

73

Speaker Topic

:S :T

Organization :O

Place :P

(81) Hour :H " " " . .

" Day :D :

""Stop

: :

83

" "G. Bashlar . " "Feature " ". " " " " " " Wayne .

93

- " -"Flash Back .: : :

.

: . . . . . : : : " " " " "B.B.C " "John Sempthon " "

04

- - : 53 " " :B.B.C .

: "" . ..

( )

53 : . 01 .

: " " : " " . : " " . : " ". : . . . : !! .. : ( )

14

. : ( ): .. ( ): " " .. .. .. .. 52 .

()Cut .

B.B.C " "John Sempthon

: " ": ( ) "" : "". : " ": . "" "" "" " " : " ! .."

24

" "Focalization " "Space " "Tense . :

- : ( ): . . . " :

"

34

(22) - : " " " " . " "Jeff Klinkenberg . " "Bill Blundel () " "

44

" " " " "Tom Wolf, Tracy ."Kidde, John Mcphee, John Didon " 7791) " )Mandler & Johnson : " "Tune "" . " " : " " ": " ". " "Meir Sternberg " "Suspense Hypothesis

54

""Climax " " . :

.

CBS " "Earl. J. Hohnson " ": .

64

- " ": Wall Street Journal Formula " " . " "William Blundel " " " " : : " -": .

: " ! ": . : " ": . "" . " " : "

: " ": .

74

.." . " " " " :

:

:

(42) - : ":"Goose Egg " "Philadelphia Inquirer

:

84

" " . - - . .

- " "Spiraling Format " ( "Stitching ):

94

"" " "Repetition of Key Words . "" ( ) : .. .. .. .. .. .. .. " "Circle Kickers .1 :

5

2

8

: 3

6 :

:

7

4

05

- - " " ""Teleprompter - :

( ) : / /

: - . ( ) ( )V/S

: ( ) - .. ()

(72)

15

: : - " "Hal Boyle . " "Ball Klivend A.B.C 02-52 " "I. Fang 53 " " " (8691) (ECF :Easy Listening )Formula 63 098251 ""( ) 02 " "Abstract " "Wayne & et-al " " "" .

25

" " : = - . 02 " " : " 8 11 41 71 12 52 92 " 71 7.11 7.61 " " " " " " 5.1 91 02 " " 61-81 " " "52" 91 72 32 47.1 55.1 " " . " " 52 " " ( .. ):

35

" " . . " 7691( " )Marten " "Alsio & Goldstein 23 " " .

: :

45

- " "McClure & Patterson . . 28 " 4891) " )Thomas. J. Housel : : . : : " "

55

.. : : . : : . : . " " 41 . .

65

. " "Savin & Perchonock 5691 " "Slopin ( 6691) " Johnson 8691) " )Larid 7591) " )Azjod" 5691) " )Klark"" (7691) . " "Davidson " .D "Olson & N. Filby .

75

. : .

: :

85

" "Susan Ager . " "Van Buskick " "Ehrensberger " .." . ( ) " " :

) : . " "Quotation Marks

95

.. .. '.. ..' " " "Oratio :"Obliqua VS Oratio Recta " " . " "Rudolph Flesch " "Ralph & Others " ".

) : () . " "George, A. Hough "Second Hand "Speech " "

06

. " "David & et-al . " Janet "Malcolm 1991 . . " "Revers :

16

. . " ". " ". " "LBC : : " .. ( ) : ... ( ).

" " " " () : . " "It " "Fang .

26

. . . : . "" " .. .." "" "" . "" "" . : "" " " " " .

36

( ). ( ) : ""Testimonial Assertions .

: : " " . " " . " "

46

" " : . " " " " . : " " " " " " : : " " : " " : " " : " " ( ) ( ).

56

" " : . . : "" " " : " " " ..". - : " - ..". "". : " " " " " 212 " ( ) () - .

66

:

: (): :

1/1 : : " :"Anaphora . " " "" : " "Endophora " " " . " "Exophora . : "" "" "" "".. ..

76

: "" : : : () () ( ) ( ) : ( ). : : ( ) ()( ) () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : ( ). ): ( . : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () () () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). (): : . : : . : : . : : : : : : . : .

86

: .

: . : .

1/2 :: : : . : : : : . .

: .

" "Synonymy "

: ():

96

"Antonymy " "Hyponymy :

2/1- : " "Isenberg "" .

2/2- :

: . : . : :

07

( )continuity " " . : " "" .." " "L.B.C : " .." : " .." " .." ( ) : . " "& Roger .R Gail. M . : : .. : ... : .

" " " " ""

: :

17

" "Edna Buchanan "" " " . " " " " . " "Kentch Wknin " "Stein & Bransford " "Spark

27

. " 9691( " )Perfetti " "Lexical Density . " "Zelman & et-al : 1- " " . 2- .

: :

37

. "" ( ) .

47

" " "Victoria M. Corroh 09% : " " " " . " "Doris, A. Graber " ."Soft Lead " "AP " "Hook " ""UPI . " " " " Andrew Boyed "" " "Donald Murry

57

" " " " : !! " "Smith " ": " " . : " "Tell & Taylor "" " " " " "Hodgson " Tankard "& Ryand . : : " "Backup " "Augmenting Quote . " :"Nut Graph .

67

" "Bob Rothe . ( ) " ": " " " ": " " : " " " " : " " ( ) "": ( "" "" ) " " " " .

77

" " : " " " " . : : . : . - . " "First day Lead "Second day "Lead " "Forward Spin . ""

87

" "The Wow Test . : " " ( ) " ( ) ( ) . ( ): " :"Summary Lead : ( )

.

97

(53) " "Elaboration Lead " "Direct Lead " " . " :"Delayed Drop Lead " :"Delayed-Identification Lead " " . " :"Terse Lead The Cartridge or . - " :"The Punch or Blind Lead

08

"" . " :"Question Lead . : . " :"Attribution Lead " ". : " :"Characterizing Lead .

18

" :" Umbrella Lead " "Throw-away Lead . : " " . " :"Conditional Lead . " :"Impact Lead " " " . " :"Narrative Lead . " :"Anecdotal Lead .

28

" :"Teaser Lead . : " :"Goag or Parody Lead : " ". " :"The Astonisher Lead " : .. ..". : " :"Mystery Lead ""It or They .1-2-3-4 "4-3-2-1 List or The

-

:"Lead . " :"Suspended Interest Lead "."Freaks Lead : " :"Circumstantial Lead "

38

": " " " 37 3- 1 " : . : . " :"Contrast Lead . " :" The Crowded Lead . " :"Shirt Tail Lead : " .." " .." " .." " "The News Peg . " :"The Figurative Lead

48

. " :"The Dialogue Lead "" . " :"The Literary Allusion . " :"The Epigram Lead . " :"The you Lead "" : " ..". : " :"Tasteless Lead . " "Ken Euson

58

( ) "" : .. " "Crystal Ball Lead . " "Nightmare Lead " ". "."Stereotype Lead " .." " "Jane Harrigan " " "-Chair-Sitter

"Lead .

" "Plop a-Person Lead . "."Suitcase Lead "Weather Report

."Lead

""Unsolved Mysteries

.

( ) " "Wrab Ups " "Tags .

68

"" " "Wellz ""S. Fishkin " "Twain, & Others " "story " "Narration : " "Taleto Tele

" "

. " " " " " " "" : " ) - - " " .

78

" "Tom Wolf . " ": () " "Red Smith : " "

" "Barithes

" " "" ( ) " " . " "Prebu & Jagdeep " " " " " " " :

88

. "" " "Visual Imagery " " . " "smith " "Rico " "M. Land . " " " "

98

" " "" . " "Hayes & Birnbaum . : . . "" " "Dobkin. B.A .

09

: . : . : . : .

19

: " " : : . ( ) ( ) : : ( ) . : ( ) " " : . : ( ) : "" .

29

: 1- " " () . 2- : - - - " " " " : " " " " : . 3-

39

. 4- . 5- " " . 6- "" " " : :" " : : " John "Rinkenbaugh " "KSNT : " "C.N.N : " .. " . 7- : .

49

8- : " " : " ". 9- " "Perlman " Are Bene "Dicendi "" . 01- " "Leitch .

59

11- : " " L.B.C 07

" " : " .. ..".

21- : " " " . 31- . 41- " " " " "" . 51- .

69

61- - . 71- .

: : " " :

- :o . o .

79

o " " " " " "KNXT : " " : " " " : " " () " ".." (" )LBC .."() " .."(CNBC

) .. o : . o " " : " "

89

. o : " .." (" )BBC " ( ) " 42 " " 52 " (.)LBC

- :o . o .

99

o " " . " "H. Larron ""E. Rhrisin (" )RST""."Azar. M .

- ( ) . : " "News Story " " "Reporting News

001

"Interviewing " "Analysis News "Feature

"News :

1) :""Simple News : " " " "Filler News "." Spot News 2) : ""News Story . 3) : "Reporting "News " "Report ""

101

: . " "Objective News Reporting " Interpretative News Reporting - . 4) : "Analysis "News . 5) : "Feature "News

201

" "?How to do it . 6) : " "Interviewing .

:

301

. " "Ronald Barthes : . . . " "Deins Mequail .

" "

:

" "

401

.

" "Mort Rosenblum : " "

""CNN

" "" " " .

:

501

.

" "T. Gitlin 0891)) " "Gamson " 1991) " )Tankard " "Tuchman " "Jamieson & Patterson " ".James, D

601

. - . " "Lawrence " " . " (2002) : " "Alan Fried .

701

. " & Pan "Kosicki : : 1) . 2) . 3) . 4) . . :

801

() - - . " "Hartley : . . " "Wolfsfeld : " "Denis Mcqual " " " "Thematic . " " Charity : . " "Steven, M. Barkin : 1- " :"Lead & Closure .

901

2- " "Narrator . 3- . 4- . 5- " "Verbal Text . " 0002) " )Kitzinger " "Templates . " "

011

.

:

" "Frame Reference

.

""

".. "

: " ".

" "Clark "

" "

""

.

(

111

9991/01/13 )

: (

..)

" "Defleur & Plax " " "

" " .

22 4002 -

" " - "" ""

""

""

"" "" ""

211

" "

"" "" 7691.

""

"" : .

"

"Denotative " "Explicit "

" " "Connotative "Implicit " "

" " : "

" " "There "To "be " "Jargon " "Clichs : " "

" " .."

" "Washy: " " .

311

"

"

" "

"Pascal "

" " .

" " " Austin & Searle

" "Wittgenstein : " " " " : "

: " How to do "Things With Words () " "Isenberg .

" " : : " .." ""

:

" " " "

"" ""

" " : "

411

". : : " .. ..". : : " .. ..". : : " ". : : " .. ..". : : " .. ..". :

" " " " .

" "Anderson

"" "" .

: " " .J

"Chall & E. Dale

.

511

""

.

: .

:

1- . . 2- 3- . 4- . 5- .

6- . 7- . 8- . 9- . 01- . 11- . 21- .

611

: : - .

:1- . 2- .

3- .

:

: . . . . - .

:

- .

.

711

. . . .

.- .

: .

: . . : . . . . . .- .

811

. . . .: .. .

: . . .

:

.

: . . . . . . .- .

:

. - .

911

. . . . . . . . . .- .

: .

: . . .. .

.

021

. . . .

. . " " . . .

: . . . . .

: . . - .

: .

:

121

:

:

.

.

: .

:1- 2- .

. 3- 4- 5- .

. .

221

. 7-

6-

8-

.

9-

.

.

01-

.

11-

21-

.

. 31-

. 41-

.

321

51- 61- 71 . 81

. .

. 91- . 02- : - - .

.

:1- _ _ _ 2- - - . . 3- : :

421

.5- :

4-

. .

:1- . 2- . 3- 4- 5- . 6- . 7- . 8- .

:1- 2- 3- . 4- 5- . 6- 7- 8-

521

9- 01 .

11- . 21- . 31- .

41 . 51 .

: ..

:1- .

621

2- . 3- . 4- ( ). 5- . 6- . 7- . 8- . 9- . 01- . 11- . 21- . 31- .

:1- . 2- . 3- . 4- . 1- .

:

721

2- . 3- . 4- . 5- . 6- . 7- . 8- . 9- .

: : . : . : ( ) . : . :

821

.

: . . . . . ( ) ( ) . . : . -

921

. . ( . .* . * . * . * ( ) * . * ( ) * .

: . . . . .

031

* ( ) . . : * : ** : ( ) . () ( ) ( ) . : : ( ) . : * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . ** ( * ) ( ) ** ( ) ) )..

:

131

:

* : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ). . : * ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) ** ( ) ( ) ( ) . : * () ** () . . * ( ) ( : () ** ... .. ( ) ( ).. .. ** ( ) ( )

231

: : : : : . . . .

BBC

331

- . . . . . . . . . . . . .

431

. . .

.

. . " . ."

- . " " - . . . " " . . . . . .

. . . . .

:

. . .

531

. .

. . . . . . .

. :

. . :

.

. . . . .

631

. : .

. : . .

.

. .

. : .

. .

. .

. . : .

.

:

731

. . .

.

. .

- -

. . .

: . . -

.

- . .

. . .

. .

.

831

: ( ) . .

: . . . . " . : . . :

. . . :

.

.

. : --

. . .

.

931

. . : . - . . . . . -

. : . . . . "

." .

: " " " ." : " ."

041

.

:

. . . . " " "" " ."

. . .

. .

.

. .

: "

. . ."

.

.

.

.

141

- .

. . .

() . . ( )pool

"

" . .

" " .

. "" .

. . .

" " . . :

241

.

. .

. ...

: . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

:

341

. .

: .

Message .

: .

. . .

: " " " ". . : . " .

" ( ) " " ( ). .

: : : : .

- .

:

.