Македонскиот Јазол

1011
Предговор кон македонското издание Ми причинува големо задоволство тоа што мојот стар пријател Или- ја Пенушлиски ја најде издавачката куќа Аз-Буки којашто ја објавува мојата книга "Македонскиот јазол" ("Der mazedonische Knoten") на маке- донски јазик. Со тоа се остварува мојата надеж оваа книга за историја- та на Македонија да им стане достапна на граѓаните на оваа држава на нивниот сопствен јазик. Во споредба со германското, кај македонското издание се работи за една дополнета верзија. Доколку германската верзија во иднина еден ден би се појавила во второ издание, тогаш овие дополнувања ќе бидат вкучени и во германскиот текст. Во работниот наслов се тематизира проблемот на идентитетот на Ма- кедонците. Македонскиот читател, сосема логично. својот идентитет го посматра како нешто саморазбирливо; меѓутоа, тој би требало да земе во предвид, дека соседните држави до денешен ден се обидуваат со проб- лематични аргументи да ги втемелат нивните претензии за македонски- от јазик, името и територијата, кои на Македонците не им дозволуваат никаков сопствен идентитет. Почнувајќи од Берлинскиот конгрес во 1878 год., но посебно по Балкапските војни од 1912/13 год., тие ги пов- торуваат своите фалсификувани барања, притоа надевајќи се на тоа де- ка тие еден ден би созреале во неотповикливи вистини._

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- " " ("Der mazedonische Knoten") . . , . , . . , . ; , , , , . 1878 ., 1912/13 ., , ._ , , . , () . , , , , . - 1. . " ". -

', , -, - -, . , ( 1-4), - . , . 1989/90 ., , . 2. , , , . 3. , - . . 4. " " " " ("Neune Freie Presse") 10

1902 ., .. , . , " ". , " " ( ), : " , ". . 213 11.11.1902 . , 13623.2 - , , , , . , , , , " " ( ), (Felih Dahn). _____________________________________.14 1. 1.1 1.1.0 8 1991 . , , , . , , . , ,

, , , . 1.1.0.1 , -, , 1992 ., . . , , XX , , , , . , . , : 9.2.1999 . "-", '', , . : , 21 22.2.1999 . " ", " ' ', ' ', , ".4 " ...

". , (Klaus Schrameyer) " " . (Gerhard Seewann) , " ", " 1999 .", .5 . , . 29.2.2000 . !'' , ____________________________________________str.15_

; " - '' ". , "" " ", " ". : 2001 ., , . ( 1989/90 ., ). , XX , , , , , , .

- 1999 2000 ., - 1944 . . , (ViktorMeier), , : " , 1947 . , ' ' . ' '." - . " ... ... ."7 1946-49 ., 1913 ., 1944 . , , " " , (churchill). " " , . ( ). . (Mark Mazower) , " . ..." "-

, ... - , , ." (, .199 207) , (Magarditsch Hatschijan) - , . - 1946 ., 2,4% (169.544 ). , " 70% _____________________________________________________str.16 -------------- - ".8 , 1948 . . , oj 0,01 %, . , , : , 10 , , 1956 . 2,5% (187.700 ). ( ) " ", - 1948 . 1956 ., 1968 .10 1.1.0.2

. 5.10.2000 ., " ", , , " " ." 1912 1913 ., 38% .12 ( ) " " " , ", , " " 1929 . , , . . - XIX , "". , " ", , . , " ' ', ..."13 .... "" . 1.1.0.3 , . , , ,

, , . , . - - , " ". " '' ... ".14 _________________________________.17 (hristian Voss) " - " : " 1991-1995 . ".15 .. " " , . , : . 1984 ., ( ), , , , "" , - -

, - .16 - - . , , " " , , , , " ".17 (Michael Weithmann) : " , "18 ; . " " " ". , VI VII . , , . , : " . ." , : " ".19

, , , , , , ... , , . _________________________________.18 1993 ., ( ). ( , ! ? " ..." , e ...) 2001 . : 29.8.2001 . , , , , XXI : "Greeces national goal is the respect of international borders and the status quo in the Balkan region,but the country will not be apathetic in case of revisionary policies aimed at changing the existing borders." : 1992 . -

.2" , , - , 30 . - e . XX ! (, , ). (Rainer Hermann) 2002 . : " ." " , ( ) ." : " , , , , '' ".21 " 22. , 90 , 51 % .2'' . (Hopken) : " ,

. ."24 , - (Marie-Jean-Calic), 49 17.11.199.1 ., " __________________________________________.19 ."25 : " . 108 ." () , , . " ."26. , 1992 ., (Badinter) , , (Roman Herzog), , - . . . - "" , , , .

1994 ., , . . , "" - - . , , | . 1912/13 ., . , . , , ' " , . , ( . )."27 . , , . , 4- 1992 ., , . (Max van der Stoel), " , , , , , ", ,28. . , , 2001 . -

- , 1991 ., _______________________________.20

-- - , - . : " , , . ." : " , ( 1991 .) , . ' ', " ' ' '. ".29 ? e . , : 1920 ., 1925 . -

1912/1913 ., , (En Athinaiz,Typoiz P.D.Sakellarioy,1925). , . e , . (Sir J.Eric Drummond) . ( , 1985 ., , , ). , , : , , , , ! . . ! , . , . , , , ; . , , " ". (!) : -

, . . , , , ( 1936 .) ___________________________.21 ... . . . , , , , . , , . , , (Helmut Schmitd) " , ".30 1.1.0.4 . , , 1991 . " " " , , ' ,"31.Nota bene: 1891, 1991 . (Stefan Troebst)

1998 ., , , , : " , ... ."32 : " 1992-1995 . , ," : " , , ... -, ".33 . , XIX , " ", . " ... ".34 , , , .

, : " ' ' XVIII XIX ... , ... _______________________________.22 - "... " ... ... ".35 1.1.0.5 ( ), , , . , . ( ), . , - , . 1. ' 1991 . , . , : . 22,9%.

. 40%, , . , 1981 ., 1993 ., . , 40%. . , ? , . 1991 . 1974 ., ' ', ' '.36 : " ... , 1- , 1912/13 .... ."37 , " , , () , ' ', , - ".38 , , .

, . ______________________________.23 |

22,9% ( 40%)! 1990 . 23 130 , .. 19,2%. 1994 . 19 , 15,8/, 1998 . 21(+1)=22, 18,3% . , 22,9%. () 40% - , , , , . 40% , . . (Oschilies) , , 11. 12. 1992 . , " ' '".39 , . , -

, , , 1991 . . : ( ) , ( ). ( ) " "40. " " , ! 1830 ., . . : - . , , , , ( ), - : XIX XX : , . , , () 1944 -

. 1989/1990 ., 1991 . , , , : ________________________________.24 - 114 66 , 36 (31 ).. , , , . ( - .) , , , , : , , , , . ... : " ... ... ... 1912/13 ., ".41 , : -

" XX : , ... ... . ."41 , , , , ( ), , , , : ! - , , . . . 2. , 50 , . - . . 2001 . " ", , . , , : , , . -

, . ________________________________.25 -, , , , .. , - - . , , , . . . , 19.06.2001 . " " (Frankfurten Allgemeine Zeitung), , : " ( ) , ( ) ." , (""), : " . ." , , (Willy Wimmer), : " ." : -

2001 . , 5 2001 . , : " ". ( , .) , . , ( ), 7 2001 . : " ." O e ( ), , . . , , , "". ? , 1400 ! ' , , !? , , "" . , , . ( ). ______________.26

2001 ., , ; " , ." . 3. , () , , , , "" . () . " , , "" , . , : , , , , " " , , " ", " ... , " ( ).42 " . . ... ... ." (, , .59) " , . , . ... , ,

." (.83 .) - : " - , , , , , ..." (.51) , 1690 . ( ), 1878 . ( ), 1903 . ( ) 1913 . ( ), , - 1945 . . . , - " " . , - - : . : " 1946 . 8% (89.000)." : " 1950 . 19 ., ".43 , 1963 . . 1981 . _______________________________27

150.000 , , . , , , : , , , , 350- . , , 40% , 22,9%, . -- , , . , ; canon leka duqadini ( - 2001 . ). , -^ : " ... , ' . ... , _ ".45 : , , . . , "", , : -

, , , , , , - . , : , , . , , . . 4. , , ( ), . , , . - (Eric Hobsbawm): 1974 ., " , , ... ", , .40 . ____________________________________.28

, : , . , . , ( ), ( - ), , . ( / , - ), , .. "", , . : XX - XXI ! . . XXI ( ), . , (George Robertson), , (Javier Solana): () . ( .. , " ", " ".47) , : " ".

, , . " ", , . , ( !) , . ! ( XXI ?) , , , : , , , , . , , - . , . 5. . , : , , , - "" _____________________________.29 . , 2002 .

: " ?" : , , . , , , . : , , "", . , : ; . . ! , . ... , , , , . . - - 40% . . ? - . . . , , ?

, (carla del ponte)? , , . . , ? , - - . , , . , (Spiegel) (Walter Mayr) 26.03.2001 : " . , ... , - ." ,, 2004 . I , , ' " " 18 , "" : " ", " , , ." , " _______.30 ",

2001 .48 , , . ( ) "", , . . - . . , " ": " , ' -".49 . , , " " : " . , , , "50

(Wim van Meurs) ( 04/ 2002), , . , - (Al-Qaida), . . , (Hans Dietrich Gensher), "" : " , , . , ".51 . 1.1,0.6 - / 1990 . .9.1991 . . . . - - " " (""): , 26.6.1992 . (. .. _________________________.31 - ) 8.4.1993 . , ..

. , , - , , , - . , , . , , , - . . , , , . , , . XIX XX , XXI , . , , , .. , . . (Claudia Hopf) : "... ."51 1.1.0.7

: - , , , ; - , : - , , ; - ; - - , ? Quod esset demonstrandum 1.1.1 . XIX XX , , 90-125 , - , , e . , - , , , . , , - ! - . . 1878 ., . (Imanuel Geiss)

1814/15 . 1919 ., " / , / 1917/18 ., - ."54 1878 . 1912 ., 1912 1913 . ( ) . 1870 . 60. XIX , .. . - 1878 . ( ) , . , , . , - , - . , , . - - 50. " : 1871-1914 .", -

( (Johannes Lepsius), (Albrecht Mendelsohn Bartholdy) (Friedrich Thimme)), . , , . 231 .. , - . , , . , " " " ", , . _____________________.33 - , XIX XX , : 2009- , " ", -754 " ", - "". " " ( ) " ". " " " " ( . (8), 5.1.3.1.1). , , , ,

- . ( , ). , , , .55 , , , , . , . : . , , - , , , , , , . ( , (Hermann Kantorovicz).56 1.1.2 ( ) , , , : 1.

(, , ) ( ). , , , , . , , , , , : . _________________________.34 - 2. , : - , , , - - . , - , - : , - - . 3. , : , 300 , 250 -

, , 1912/13 ., . - -, , , , . ( ), - , , . , XX . , , , , . 1.2 , : . : 1.2.0 1.2.0.1 . , - . , 476

. . 359 . ... ___________________.35 . 1 338 . , " " .57 , . ( , , : "".58) 323 . .. (323-322): . 100 (225), , II 224 . ... . - - . , , ( , ). , , , 300 , 30 . ..., VII, . ( .) , ?

, , ? : " , ( ), ."59 215 . ..., 168 . ... , . 148 . ..., . ", , "60. , , donia Prima i Macedonia Secunda. 395 . - , . 400 . .. , 600 , , , , . 1.2.0.2 " V , ." (, , . 23.) VI VII , . (Georg Stadmuller) , , " , VI ; ".61

_____________________________.36 - " , , ".62 , " ... ' VI . (Prokopios, 550 .), (Agathias, 582 .), (Jordandes, 550 .) ... VI VII ". " 580 ., , ( )... ...". " ... , , ( ) , ." (, , . 23.) . 650 . , , . , - (, . 85.) , . , - . , . , , " ".63 , .

, , . " ." ( !) , . ( - , -, : .) , , : . 1.2.0.3 , - - 40 , : 845 ., () . 971 ., 969 . 976 . , () . , .65 , , , .

__________________________.37 , , , . , (Gunter Prinzing) , " ' ' , ", " ".66 . , " ", " ' ' '' ", . (G.Ostrogorsky) " ... , , : ' . , . , , , ." () ,1014 . . 1018 . . " (1040/41, 1072/73 .) 1018 ".67 " ( 1186)."66

- VII IX . ( .) , , 969 (976) . 1014/1018 . " ".67 , , , - , , . 1.2.0.4 , -: . " ..., - / ." , " ... () , , " ( ) " ".68 " 842 ., VIII- ( 869/870 879/880 .). ... XI , , , , , .'69. -

____________________.38 , (.. ) 1020 . , , , , ".70 , , , " - ". , " , '' ." , '. " ( ) , '', , , 1235 . ".71 , . . : " , ' , ', -

, ' .'"72 1020 . 750 , 1767 . . , , II, , . (Dormann), " ."73 " ... ."74 " ... ". : " ... '' , , ." ... " , , , ."75 , . .

: . . "", _____________________.39 , . , , 1912/13 . , 1985 . " ", , "" , , - "realite a la grecque". 100 , , - : 1870 . , . , . ; , , . , , : , " , , , 2/3 ."76

, " " 1870 . - 1876 1878 . ( . (Adanir) .) " ", ", " ... " , , - ." , , . " , , , . ... , ."77 , , . - - , . , , , , , "" ?! ( 2.2.0, . 6) 1.2.0.5 ( XIII -

) 1354 . , , , . XVII , ( 3. ) . __________________________.40 . , 1465 . , 1565 . , 1689/90 ., . 1.2.0.6 XIX . , . , : , . 1875 ., . , 1876 . . (Theodor Schieder)78, , , 7./19.5.1876 . . ( , 12 . - , , .)

, , , : , -, - - , ! , ( ) , . , , , . - . , , - -, . .-. (Jutta de Jong) : " , , ." , ,

, " ( ) . ______________________.41 , , . , . . , , , . . , : " ... ." () ; ! . ? : ( ), , , ( ), , , - .

, . : 1882 ., 1908 ., 1832 . . (Otto von Bayern) (1833-1862), (Wilhelm) , (1863-1913). , , , . XIX ; . , , "Megale Idea". , , , , - . , .. , , , . - - - , , - . - . ,

; , . ________________________-.42 - . , , . . , - . . , , , , , . ( .) 1.2.0.7 (1877-1878), , , . . .

, , , . . ( .) , , , . . ( .) : " ". " . , , ".81 , , ; . , , , . , 5 ./17.10.1878 ., 23 , . ( 8.11.1878 .82) 6.6.1879 ., . -

_________________________.43 (: ), . . . . 2 : , , : " 1868 . "83..... ...( ..) 1868 . . - - . 23, , : " , , ."83 " " . , , " " , ? . 15 ( 23), -

, ( " ") , .84 - . (Richard von Mach), ( . , ), , , . " ", : 1) , , , " ". , .. , - , , . 2) " "; " ."(!) " ... 1885 . ..."85 3) , 3 1878 . , / , .. , . ________.44

" , , . , , , ." , , , . , , ? , , 1992 . . . . 23 , , , : "... ( ) ,... " (): , . : "" " , ."86

: " . . , . , , , , ."87 - - " " . 1903 . 1912/13 . , 1991 . . . ; , . 1990 ., , , . XIX , " ".88 XXI ! ________________________.45

1.2.0.8 , , , . : 1. - 1877/78 ., , , ( ), 3.3.1878 . , -, , 13.6.-13.7.1878 ., , , ( ) , - -, . , , 1913 ., - ( ). : " , , .' 2. 2.8.1903 ., -

, " ". .'90" , . ( , , !?) , , .. , , .90" , , . 1.2.1 "" , , , , , . ___________________.46 , (papakonstaninoy) 1992 ., , "" 1944 . -

e , . , , , , , . - , , , - . "" , ad absurdum. , : 1.2.1.1 . . 2.000 , 1.1.1,154 - - "". 1867 ., - . , . 1.2.1.2 , , :

(Leopold) . , , . (Auer) , 2 : " I 26 1690 . , ." ( . .) (Piccolomini), 1697 ., , , , (?). ... 1.2.1.3 250 300 , ____________________.47

, .91" "", - , - 1774 . 1829/30 . ,

"" ( !!). (. 16, 9,10 12; . 18, 5 . 5, 22 26.) ( ), ( ), ( ), , . 1, 1, . 1.2.1.4 , , / : '" ', . ."92 , "Miraculi Sancti Demetrii" VI : , " ", " 585 . . '93 , " " , - . , , , XIX , 1944 . 1991 .

, 1992 . . | , , " XIX ''", , 1300-1400 . , " " .94 , , ( , , __________________.48 ); . , . , , : , :

, . , . , , "" ( ) , . " " . , : 1. 1992 1993 . , " " ( : "FYROM"), . 2. 1994 ., . ( , 16.12.1993 ., - .) , (Cyrus Vance), , , .. ( ) , . - , 1987 . , ,

1912/13 . ? : , , . (Manolis Andronicos)"95, , , 90 ! : , , 13.9.1995 ., . , . "" ... _________.49 , , , 1400 , 90 - , , . 1.2.2 . ,

. "" . ( 1.1.0.1) , . | ) , - . | III (842-867) ' - ."96 863 . . : " , ." (, . 39) - - ! - . ( ) 865 . , , . , , 840 850 . "" , - - , . , . : .

" . ... . ... 1054 ., , ." k , " " ", ". ] " ( , ) ."98 _______________.50 , ( , ), , , , , "". . , , " , .. , ." : " , , ."" " ... ( ) . -

, . , , , , , ."100 - , , , , . ( .) : " , , .... - . , , , . '' ' ', , ."101 " , , ... ." (, , . 36) . (Torsten Szobries), XIX , , 1838 . .102 XIX ,

, ; " ' '".103 - - 1870 ., , . ( 1.2.0.4) ( ). ___________________________.51 : " ", .104 ( , 1.1.0.3) , - ( -) . , " ", 1900 ., , , .105 . , , , ! -

^ XIX XX ( - ( ) - " " '"106), - 2001; (Jan Kollar) 1830 . . , , 1. 2. ? - - . . , . , "Remarks of he Macedo-Slavs" 1906 .: " () , (... )."107 1870/72 ., 1878 . , , , .

, "", " '' ... 1871 . " ".108 ________________.52 . , XIX , . . " 1891 1903 .. ... . , . , ".'"109' . 1944 ., . . " " " ."110 1873 . , 1875 . , -

1879 . 1880 .'" 1.2.2.0 1.2.2.1 (, . 29 . 10) 1948 . "" : " , - ..." , " "Slavia Ortodoxa", . " " , " "."112 , . " : , , , , , . , ."112 1878-1880 ., . - (), " XX "."113 ? 1.2.2.2 , "

" " ", " XVIII , , "______________.53 ". , " "114. XIX , , . 1850 ., - , . 1954 . , . , , . . , , .. . , ? 1.2.2.3 " , , . ."113 ? ,

" ... XIX " ".116 ?

, oin, , . " ,... ... .117 c . . " , " " , , , ."118 , . : () () .119 " , . , ." " ".120 , , 1850 . ( ) ,121

" " , " ", " ".122 ________________________.54 , . (von Bulow) , - 1877 . - " ... ... ": " , , . , ' ', ."123 , . 1911 . . 1917 . - . (, brados, . 288) 1964 . . , 1967 ., , . 1976 . ( 1944!) : . , . (. 288) , , .

" -.... , , ... ."124 ? 1.2.2.4 " . , .... , , , , ."125 ( , .) " , , , e , - . , , ."'126 " , , . , , , . -

. - , , . , , . 1908 . , , ___________________.55 , - . , , . , ."128 " . 1972 . - - . , ."127 1.2.3 , , , , : , (.. , 1985 .); ( ) . ( , .) :

( , - - , ] ). : ; : , ; : , , ; : , . XX . , , , "Institut Scientifique Macedonien" , - . 1 1991 . . ( ), 1919 . ( .) : -

. 1908 . "". ___________________.56 - " , , ... , . ' ' .'"128 1924 . " " (Gustav Weigand). , . 1.3 1). . . , , . , , , . , ,

1912 1913 ., , , . , , , 1991 . . 2.) , 13.3.1912 ., " "129 (Herzfeld) : , " -".130 , , : , " ... -"130 ( ) , , , , ? , , , , . " - " ("Wiener Sonn -und Montagszeitung") , : ___________.57 "" "

", " ... ."131 3.) , : " ."132 :"... , , , ."133 , , (-). 4.) . , . , . , , , , . . , , ,

, , . , , , , ( ) , ,. . , , XX . 1904 1907 ., 1908 ., , , . "". , " ", , , . . (Theodor Schieder) " "134. , - - _____________.58 , , j ( "" , ).

5.) 1912 . - ( !), - 1879 ., .. - 1877 ., 1878 . 30 , - . , , . , , , , , , . . . , . , - , . , . , , , pars pro toto 1.4 , . : ,

( 1.1.2). (, ), , , , , , .. ; , 90 , , - , 1989-1990 ., . , , . , , , , ________________.59 , . , , ( ) -. ;

, . , , . , , " ", . '! : , , . , , , , , , , . , , XXI , , "" ( ) - . +++++++++++++ DEL VTORI ++++++++++++ 2. 2.1 , - , .135 . XIX

, : . 2.1.0 1. ' " 626 ." . " , XII ."136 , - , , , : . " ... : 500 ".137 " XI , (Dioclea, )", . " ."138 XII , . - , - , " ".

" , 1204 . '' , . - 1241/42 . ."138 " IV (1331-1355) , -, . 1346 . . _______.61 ."139 , , 1690 . , . "... 1691 1740 . , ."140 , (), - . : " 1939 . 40:60. 1981 ., 77,5 % - 1.23 - ."141

( 300.000 ) 1690 . " " , , -. " , , ( ), - ."142 , .. "melting pot"- ( ), , XX , . " ", - , - 143; , , XIX " ", 144. 2. 145 , , , 1804 . . - .146 1768 . 1774 ., , , . " ", : . " ... .

, ' '.147 5. 1806 . , , , ( ). , , . 1815 ;, . " ", , " __________________.62 - : .'"48 - , , .148 , 6. - 1828 ., , . , , " ".149 ( , ; : " ()." (, , . 173.) , (1860-1869), 14- , ( ) . , 1872 . , -

. , - "" . , () ; : 1874 ., , 1875 . . 1876 . , , , . . - , 28 - .150 ; - 8. , , .151 , , 1813 ., . , 1877 . .152 , - . 1877 . . " , 1878 . ".153 , , : ,

. , - . 1844 . , , , . ___________.63 . , (, ); . - , (.. ). , , , , . 2.1.1 - - , . - , , ,

, : 1880 ., , , (Otto von Bizmarck). , . : , (von Bayr) 8. - 1877/1888 ., : " ... , , ."154 . , . : , , , , 1813 . : , , 30 : " , , , ,

."154 , " ", - . ______________________.64 " ", , : . " ", IV , , , 1331 1355 . , 16.4.1346 . , . . - , . 1389 ., , .155 , 50 XIV , ( ), , - . : " , ."156

30 ; - , , , - (: , ). . : " , , , , ".156 () . , "" , . , , . , , , . , - . 120 , . , . ,

, - . ___________________.65 2.1.2 - , . - , 30 , . . ; . - . 100 , . ( , !) , . , 1886 . ( ), , , , : 1882 . ; , 28 , . 1885 . , , , , , -

, , , . - . , ( ), - "". , - . ; " " ( ) . 157; , 1881 . . , . ( ) , 1886 . , " , , ."158 , , . " , ."'51'

( ) : ______.66 " , , ."160. , " ",160 - , , , . , " ... , , ."163 , . 2.1.3 - , , , . , , : . - (von Caprivi) - -

" ' ', ."162 (von Wanganheim) : " : ' , , , '."163 ; e - , . , , , , - . , ? , . , , , . . . , . , , ___________.67

- , , , , , , . , , , , , - , , , . , , ; , . 1885 ., " , , ."164 1893. " , , ." "' - - " - ".165. , - , , -

- . , , - , . , : 1887 . " "(!). 1889 . , , - ! 1889 . 13- , . , . ; .. (..Kober), : " . , . ... , : , , .""... ."166 1890 . - 20 - ( III) , _____________.68

- . ( - - . 2.1.6) : 1893 ., 16 , . . 2.1.4 (Franklin Bouillon) "" ("Figaro") 1897 . , " " ("Pester Lloyd").167 20 - . , , . ( .) . , , , . , , , . : " ." , , ( , ), " ", " ." ,

" ." " ." "... , . , ." "" : " , , , ." , , - : "- , , , ..."168 ( ) " " ! , II ( Wilhelm II). _______________.69 : , , .

, , ( 10 , (Alexander von Battenberg ): ,. " , , , ." . 1878 . 25, p, , 1897 . , 10 (1908), . , : " , , , ." . (, .) , 100 , , . , , 1913 . , , : , .

- ,( )- . , . : , . , , , , . , . , . - (v. Waecker-Gotter), : 1.) " , , "169, , , , . , , , ." , . ____________.70 - . -

, : " " ( ...)! 2.) " ", , - - ." . . 2.1.5 1903 ., . - - , "" ( 2. ) "". , " ", : " ", , "" , , . : ' . " , ."170 , : , .

" , ..." , , , . " ..., , "... : , !" ( ) ' , , , , , . , , , , - - . , , , , ________.71 - , . "" , ( , , , ), , .

, (Edith Durham), ,: " , 1877 ., !"171 , : , : , , , . . - : " ... ... . , ' ' - , - ' '".172 : " ." : , , ( ), 1903 ., ( ), (-

), , (!) , .. ( ), !173 - 10 , 1912 ., , , , , , - ! , . . , .?

, , , - . _______________.72 2.1.6 , : 2.1.3 -

. ( , .174) 10 11 1903 . ( ), . , , , - , - (). " 1906 . ".175 1903 . - (von Rosen) , " 1903 ... ".176 , , , . 1903 ! . . . : , , - .

" ": , ( 1917 .) " ." . . : 1904 ., .177, : " , , , , . ." ______________.73 . - (von Heyking) : " , , ,

, , " ". , , . ."178 1217 . 28 1389 ., , . , . , , , . ( , . , XIX .179) , . , , ( : ), . " (1878) ".180 : "". 1876-1878 .

. . XX : " , , , , ."181 , , . , . , , : " , ''. '' . . , . ________________.74 , . ."182 2.1.7 1904

., .' ( 1897 . ), , - 1886 . (), . . 1904 . - , 1903 . - , , " ". . , , , 21.9.1904 .

" ." " , ." "... , ." " , , , , , ."183 !! ! : 1) , , :

2) , , . . : " , ."183 . , , . , - : . ( ), : , 8. - , , ; , _________________.75

- - " . ( ) , .. , , . (1908) -

, - , - . , , , . . " ". - (?) - " " . " , " " " , " ". , , " ."183 1912 . . , " , " " ".183 Nota bene : " " , . . , , , .

1912/13 . - "" "" . 1886 ., . , 1904 . , , 1904 , , 20 , "" , , . . , ; , , : , ___________.76 " (Karl Horn) 1890 . . , , , , '' . [ , 1.2.3] - . (Dakin), (Owings) - (Fischer-Galati) - ".184 . 34: "

... (tavrianos)... 'being distingtively Macedonien'". . , (, 32), " , , ." 2.1.8 - () - , , ; . , , , , , , , : " , , ... , , . , . , , ."185 " ", , , , . ,

. , , -, . , 1992 . , , , . , . (von Ratibor) : , " "186' . , XVII , 500.000 _______________.77 , . , , , . , , . , - [ ], .'187 2.1.9 1908 -

1908 ., ( ). . , , . " " : . " " 1908 . , " , ."188 " ", " " . ( - , 5..) - : . II, , " " , , , . . , ! . , , (!) . , ,

( ), , , . : ; . , , , , " ". , " ." ( ! ?) _______.78 ", " . , " '' . ' . ..."189 . , , 1908, . , . , . (!) , , - -

(-)! . - - . , - . , - . , , , . , : . . , , . : , , . ? , , . , . - . ? ( , , ...) - ? : " () ."

? ! . . . 2.1.10 - , , , , , . ____________.79 - , 1908, , , . , : " , ."190 ' . . : ; . , . -

, - . . . , : " . , , , . . , ." () , , . . , (, : ). . , , , (: takiye, : taqqiah), . . (von Reichenau) , - (von Berthmann) "" "". " , ... ."191

, . . . ( ) - () . _________.80 , , , . : " ... . ... , ." : : " ." , - - . "" , " , , ."192 , . , -

, . . , , , (!), " , ."193 (von Marchall) . : , . - , : " ... , ." " ... ", . () , , . . " , ". , (von Tschirschky), " , . -

" ".194 , , , "" . ________.81 , , " ", - . - , , , " - , , ".193 , . , I , , " ". , " " ( ) ,

" , , ." () . II - , : ! . . 2.1.11 XX . 1946-1949 ., ( 1912/13 1985 .), : . , . - , : 1909 . . , , , : ,

(12 ), (11 ), (3 ), , ( 1 ) 4 .196 ___________-.82 , , , - , . 2.1.12 , , . , , , , , . , , . . , . , , , , , , - ."197 ,

. : ' ', , , ? , . , , . " ". , ( ) , . 5. . : . : " j ."198 ! , : , , . , ____________.83

. , " " : " . , , , ."199 , , .. . " ", , " : " , "" ( ) . "[-] , . , , ."199 , . - 1896 . , , "" ( , ), , "" . , , : . , . ,

, 22 26 1910 . " " , , .200. , , , , .201 , / , , , " ". , , , 3 ( , ) . 2.2 2.2.0 - . . " " , , , , , ( ), , , ___.84

. 375 . .., .202 " ... () ."203 ( : .) 1. , VI , " , VII ... ."204 ( : , , 1354 . , .) , 679 . , , 681 . . " - ".205 " - ... - , ' , , - . . VI ... '', ."206 - , , .. -, , ! ( ,

() . , . 99)

.

.

"", XX . , 845 971 . 1185 1393 . . (? , . ! .) 1. 803 . , 809 . , . " ."207 " - ".208 840 850 . () . : " , .. 681 . , , ''".209, _________.85 - :

, 150 ( ) , "" . ,( ) . , . , XX , . : , - -, . 3. 865 ., (893-927) .210 ( . - - .) 4. - - 211 , . " - IX . () II (976-1025) XI

..."212 . : () . . , , 945 969 ., , , . , (9781015) , II, .213 : 971 (972) . , , , "" "", . ", , . - . ."214 , . . __________.86 " 1185 . , ... ". "

." " II (1218-1241), , ."215 , , . " 1241 . . . 1257 . ; 1330 . . 1393 1396 . ." () 5. : , , , ; , " ".216 , , 1598 . . 1686 . 1757 . . XIX : 1835,1841 1850 . . . ", ... , , .... , , , ".217 6.

, . : 1453 . , .218 , , . " , ( ) , ."218 : " V-VIII , , , . , , ... ." " . ."219 . , __________.87 " ' -

'."220 1767 . , . ", , * " ."221 , , , : , , , , . : . . " ... , , ."222 , , : 1832 ., 380 1870/1872 ., 420 1885 ., 435 . , 200 , 1767 . 750 . 1958 ., ! 1967 .223 , ( , , ,

-) . , , . 7. , . ( ) XIX " , '', .. ..."224" . , , .... . . ... 'Bulgarophonoi hellenes' ... , ."225 " ": " " " ."236 , XX , : ________.88 " , , ."227 , :

, . , - - 1870 . : " ".228 , ., 8.12.1913 ( 20728-2, 116) - " ", , : " ... ( .) ... ( )". , ".". ? - ? " 40 ..." , " ". : ( " "), . , ( ) . , (""),

. ; . (von Saurma) . " ,... ."229 , , , 1877 . , . " , ", " . ?"230 : ! ___________.89 , , : ,, , . . , . ...

1876 . , 1875 . , . 1876 . , . , " " , - , 50 . . 80. XIX , ( ) , - , . -^ ( 1876 .), , . , - , . " " . - . , , 8. - . - - , , " ... , ."231 rs : . -

" "- , , , - . 3.3.1878 . . . , . ( : , , . 29 6.3.1909 ( 20727-3, 207) " ... .") ; , ( "" 232) 1856 . ( ), de facto .233 _________.90 . 13.6. 13.7.1878 . , , , " ".234 : : " , - ..." ()

"" 17.6.1878 ., , ; 26.6.1878 . . , , , - - , , , . , , , . , , , - , . , , , . 1 : " , , ; ."235 . , . , , , , .236 - . 3 23 (

1.2.0.8) , . 1988 . 3 , - - , . : 125 , 3 2003 , ( ). . , , . , , , . , ( 1879 . , , , ________.91 (Alehander von Hessen )), , .. . 30 . . . , , , - . 2.2.1 "" ,

: ( ) : " , , ."237 , , , " ". " " , , 30 , 1880 , " ". 1885 : . - . (George F. Kennan) : " , " ... " [ ], ." , " 1885 . ... ,

".238 , , , . . , : , ."239 ______.92 - , 240 , . . , , ( - 1877/78 .), - , , . , , , " ".241 . , . " " 18.6.1881 . " ".242 -

" " ( - ), , . . . - (Busch) , , " ." , " ." , " " [""!], .243 "" ""; , , . , (von Saldern) . (", , .,."244!) , ( ): " ... ... ...

."245 . ( IX) , - , III ,

___________.93 " , , , , ."244 , , , , , 8. - 1877 . . .246 : , 9.8.1886 . . , , , III. . (aul Sethe)

. I, [ "", , , II) , ( (Friedrich)]. ? ( " ") - , , , , , ? ! , : " , . , , ." [ : = ] " , . ..." : " , ; 45 , ".247 . , - ( ) . , " "

. " ", , " " " 1-"' ' ' ' . .248 ( ) . , , , . " " ( __________.94 , ) (lexander Zubkoff), , (von Hartenau) , (Loisinger).244 , . , 7.7.1887 ., I, -- (SachsenCoburg-Gotha). , "". 1896 . . ( , 1893 ., (Maria-

Louise) , . 1896 . - . 1896 ., . "" 20 - - 1908 ., . . 2.2.2 - , - . "" ( ) , " " 14.10.1897 , : " , , ." : " ...", . " ".250 "", , . ( ) " ". : " -

." " ." ( ) - - . "" , , , ( ) . , : __.95 : , , " ". . : " ? , ,"251 , : ; , . ? ""- , . , . -

. " " ("Munchener Neusten Nachristen") - ( " '', .")251 , , - " ", "" e. , . 1 , " " . , . 4, " , , ."251 ( XX - ) , .. , -. , , -, " ." 2.23 - : , , 1898 ., . , , , - " ", , , -

, . , (Schwerin) , : _________.96 " () ". , , " , ."252 , , , . , , . "" , - . , , - , " ". "" . , , , . : , , , , - - "".

, , ; , : , , , , .251 , 1893 . , , 1896 . , , .254 , , , " " . , , , , , , . , , . " , , , . : ' '."255 . . " " " , ". , ,

. ; " , , ( ) ..."257 ( 1918 . .258) _________________.97 , " " " " . " - " (/) "" , expressis verbis " ... /."259 - > "" : " () / () , " , , " " " ". , , , " ... /", (, ) " (, )

-"(!), " , ."260 , : , " '' ... ", ", , ... ."261 , '. " - , 1872 . 1896 . ."262 - 125 - . : " . , , . 1870/72 ., . , XIX , "263, .

: , , , . , ; , _________.98 pro forma , , . , : "... ( ) ... : , - .. , ."264 2.2.4 1908 ., II, . ", , " . , :

, . ; , 5 1908 ., . : - . , . " ", "" ("he Times") "deus ex machina".265 , ; ad calendas graecas. . , - . . ! (von Romberg) (Mister Buxton) - , " , /."266 (!!!) ? , () !

__________.99 (: "") : . , Antanta Cordinale 1904 ., 1907 . . ( .) , . , , , . , . "" . ( ). , . , : . , , , " ".267 - , - : " ." () 1914 ., - " ".

, . , , . . . , , . , , , . , , - , . , , . , 1915 ., , , , , . 2.2.5 - , , , . : ________.100 - " . , : 1.) ; 2.) , -

, . ."268 , , . , . , (von Reichenau) : ". [ ] . ." , " , .... . ."... " , - , . , ."269 ( , , , .) , - . , 5. , . (.. ) . , . . , 1909 ., , -

, , " ".270 1910 . , ( , ) , ( 20 ), " ... - ."271 , II . : ( ) . ? , - , 1908 . ( 2.3.10 5) , " "? ( .) __________.101 - - , ,

" ... ." : . , - , , -, , . : " , . 3. (z.S von Hintze) 7 1910 . ... ... , , ."272 ! , .. ( ) , , , ( ), - . : . 2.2.6 1909 . , " 1900 .

, , ", , " ."273 ( "1900" ) , , - , , , . : : " , . , . e e, _________________.101 , , . , , " ", .

, , . , ."273 !

, , , , . 78 , , - - . , , ; .: - 1900- ., ; - , . - , ! "", .

, . , 1900 . . : 1. , , . . : " ", , , , , 1990/91 . , , , - "takiye", -, "" , , , , ! : XXI - ( ) , _________.103 , , . , " " ! -

, - . . 2. , - , . . , : (1900 .) ( ), , 1909 ., , , , : , 1903 . . , , , ( ), ( ). : 1912 1913 ., , 1989/90 . , , 1300 14. , . , , -

. , , , , . "", . . .3. . , , : " ... ".273 ! , , - - . - 104

XX XIX

I ... ' . 500- , , " ' ', , , ."274 , XXI , - . , : .275 : ? () ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++ 2.3 2.3.0 : " . , -

" " - - ."276 (tefan Weidner) " " ( 11< - (1908-1914)... ".... ... "", , " "... " ". () ! - : "" ... , , , . .-12 8.1.1916 . ( 20727-1, 41) : " - " (- ) , , . (, , , ) _____________.375

" 1912 . " , ( 11()."1103 1912 1914 . - 1912 ., , . , . - - X. - . "", "", - , . : , , - II ( ) . , , - . , 1989/90 ., , , . , (UNMIK) (Michael Steiner) 2002 . , , , : ["" " " " "1108]. " -

."1109 . : , , . - - . 5.5 " 1913 . ; -; ...1110 , . . () ( 30.05. 1913.), " "."1111 " ", _______________.376 (von Griesinger). -. : " , , , ." ()

" ". " -."1112 . : , !! , , . , (Graf Berchtold) " , , ." () , - . . ! ? , , . ( . . ,

. ( " "?). (30. ), 29.06.1913. . . - . . . 10 , , . , . (von Waldthausen) , ( I) ."1113 ______________.377 " ..."1114 ( .) () . . " 10.08.1913 . ."1114 , ( .) .. ( 10% ).

" ".1115 38%, ( ) , 51% , . -, . . XX , , , 1913.: " , ."1116 . ?! ( , , , .) ( 1117) , . , , . " .... .

, . , , ."1118 ( , " ", ). . , ! , ____________.378 : , (Graf von Bassewitz) , , . , ? " ".'1119 " ". 1912 . " " -

"Nowoja Wremja", , " - - "? 1120 " " , . " " : " - , , ."1121 , , , , , : " , ." (...) "" "" ? . - ( , ) , , , , " " " " " "."1122 . , . , . -

(Dumaine), - , - . - . ? " -."1123 . 1913 !! ( ) - . _____________.379 , . " e "."1124 They never give up! 230 , . " - " - : " . , "...1125 - ? e . ? , , -

(Furst Lichnowski) , . , , , " , , ," " , ."1126 , ( ) . , , 1913 . , . !" , , , (von Below) : " () . ."1127 , 10.08.1913 . :

" . , , , 13. . , (), ."1128 , , . _______________.380 , , . " ... - ."1129 : " ... . ' ' ". (...) , , . " ' '." ()

XX . 5.5.1 , 5.5, . , . , . , , . . , ( ) : , . , "Tino just wired me to telegrap you that the most importen would be ein gutes Wort einzulegen King Roumania to support claims Greece on Cavala"1130 (" , "), , , , (, , II.): " ... ... ? . ... "1131

, ; : "Pleace excuse forwarding this importen message." ( .) _______________.381 , . : " ( "")", (von Treutler) : " ,... . ."1132 ( "hybris") . : -, , ( ) . ( ). " - , , , ."1133 : , , , , .

, , : . : , , . - - , . , . , . , , II , : 1918 . " " " ... () . . , ( 1917 .) . , ."1134 , , :

" , . , , ."1135 __________.382 - : " , , . . ."1136 II , - (" ..., "1137). , , . . , 1913 . . k . : "Intensely relieved.Thankful overjoyed.peace at last.Know what we owe you.Thanks again.Kisses

Cannons firing rejoucing in Athens.Sophy"1138 ( . . . . . . . .") , ...? ( , , , , ( - ), , . , .) , , , - , , , , : "Our thoughts with youfull of gratitude. Grateful jou during Tinos splendid,thouching,enthousiastic reception with soldiers....Tino and boyswell,but look wery tired and thin.Joy in the kingdom indiscribable.Such a relief have them home again.Best love Sophie.."1139 ( . , , ..... , . . . . .") : , .

- . ______________.383 5.5.2 I

. . , . (10.08.1913), , " " , " ."1140 . : " " " ... . ... ", . " , ."(!) () , . ."1141 - , ( -

), .. . . " " - - . 13 28.09.1923 ( 19811, 14236) : " - - ." , , : "" , . , , . " , ." " ."1142 , . , "", " 14- ".1143 , , : " " ... " ... ... ."1144 ( , 5.6.4.1). __________.384

- 5.6 5.6.1 , , 1914 . : " , " ( " ) " ", - . , , . . , , , . . . - "......1145 ! ? , , . , ... , 25 72 : " " ("L`Action Francaise ") . 209 29.07.1919 ( 21122, 22027) :

, , " ?, . ", , ". ." ! 5.6.2 1) , , : 1904 . " ", , ( ), : " ." 1914 . " ..... , .1146 ( ). _____________.385 2) 21 ( ) " " ( , ), , 1914.: " . , ,

, , ."1146 , , 231 . - , . . , - ( 5.4.1). 5.63 , , - . . " .... ( ) ". " - , ."1147 - , , - . , -

, . von Scharfenberg ( ) 1914 . , , " "! - , . "" ! , , (von Waldthausen) , "" . , _________________.386 , , ( ) : " (), () ( ) ...... ( ) , , ". ("Griff........", .41 .) , . , " . (Egmont Zechlin)

" ... ". ("Juli 1914. Wir sind..." , . 14 . "Der Erste Weltkriegod..", , . 279) . , , "" () " ... ". 1148 " . " , ."1149 . . ( 1914 .) : " - , , , , , , ."1150

: ! ( ), "Fortnightly Review", , . 23. - , , . ______________.387 - : " (Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg)." : " , ..."1151 5.6.4 ( 5.5.2) . 1915 . , .

. 1916 . ( , ) - , . . ( , ) . , : (Barth) ( , ) 1916 . . : 10.11.1916 . " | e ." , ( ) , , . - 1917 . . ( -

, . , , , . __________.388 , . . " ".1152 1917 . . , 1915 : " , ."1153 . . , , , . , , - ; . . 1917 . : "..... (') . (. )

" , , , ."1154 : " .... , , , -, , ." () , , , , : " ..... ....... ........ ."1155 , , (( ( ( ), . . " " ("Vossische Zeitung"), - (Dr. Emil Ludwig) 1917 . 1915 . ( ), : " pium desiderium ( )".1156

, . , , : , , : " ....... ( ). (:Frunkspuch 24.07.1919, 20907, 22027). __________.389 - : , 15 .........", " "! , . (Neully) 1919 . (Sevre) 1920 . " ... ( ) ( ) . , 1918 . ." , .1157 . -

: . , . 5.6.4.1 (9) 1. , , II (1922 . 1935 .) I (1947 .) . 1964 . II I, II, 24- , 1967 . . ... 20 "" . ( 1973/74 . ). 2002 . II 12 .1158 2. ( 5.5.1), ( ) 12 . - , 37- , . ( 1692 . I (: ) ,

). 1962 . . 1975 . I, , II, "". ( 1938 ., 62- ). ____________.390 5.6.5 ( ) ", , ... ... ." " - , , . , , , . ."1159

__________.391 , , - ,

- . . , , , , . . . 1989/90 . XX , , , . , , . " " . , " " , . . " " , . , . .

"" () , : ! , , , . ___________.393 , , , , : , " ". ( - ). , , : (. 2.3.0, . 109, 300) () . 161 28.10.1868 ., , . , . , .. , :

" ". , 26 1992 . 8 1993 . , "", ( , ?) - . . . , , , ( ). , XXI , . . - 1877/78 ., , -

. " " ( ) ( ) - , , "" . __________.394 , , . . . , , . : " () , ... ."1160 ( .) : , , 1911 ., ,

. . - . , , . , () , - . - - II , - , . , , , . II 1914 .

, . 1912 . . 1905 . 1909 . (1911 .) ___________.395 , , . , 1914 . , II , . - , - , - - - , : , , , : , 27.7.1914 . - . . , , 27 , 1 , . , . , -

, , . , , , . , - - , . ( - (?) - .) 30 , 1912/13. , , 1929 . . 1944 . , . . , , ( ) , 6 . ( " " . ). 1990 . , 45 . , -

, " , ", __________.396 9.9.1999 ., ( ) , . , , , . . , . - : - : , , , , . , , , XIX ! - . ( ). - , , XXI .

, , : , . . , (3. ), 1988 ., . . . , - , , , "FYROM" (""), . , . , , ; - : ........ __________________.397

(: ) - , , , , . , , , . " , ." " ..."1161 (h) . , , . , , , . , , . , , , , / . , , , , -

, , , - 1912/13 . : , . ___________________________

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