အနုပဋိေလာမ ရုပ္၀ါဒ
TRANSCRIPT
jroef;wifh1
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tEky#davmr &kyf0g'
«tvkyform; vlwef;pm;tbd"r®m»
jroef;wifh
xGef;vif; ® pmay1963-ck? arv/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 2
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
xkwfa0ol/ /armifxGef;cif(0612)
3? 2 vrf;? csif;acsmif;uGufopf?
Munfhjrifwkdif? &efukef/
ykHESdyfol/ /py,f (0377)
200? vrf;-50/
&efukef/
jroef;wifh3
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
xkwfa0ol\trSm
,aeYum; urÇmhtvkyform;aeY/
vuf&Sdtpdk;&um; tvkyform;ta&;udk OD;pm;ay;í aqmif&Gufrnfhtpkd;&/
þpmtkyfum; tvkyform;wkdY\oabmw&m;udk zGifhqkdonfhpmtkyf/
odkYjzpfí þtpkd;&vufxuf? þaeYwGif þpmtkyftm; xkwfa0jzefYcsdvkdufEkdifjcif;
udk txl;ESpfaxmif;tm;& jzpfrdonf/
wenf;xyfí wifjyvkdygonf/
tu,fí þpmtkyfudk ,cktcsdefrSr[kwfbJ? vGefcJhonfhESpfESpf yxptpkd;& vuf
xufu xkwfa0cJhonfqkdMuygpdkY/
xkdpOfu vTrf;rkd;cJhaom oabmw&m;um; tb,fenf;/ t&if;&SifwkdY\ pdwf0g'
tbd"r®mr[kwfygvm;/ bmaMumifh qif;&Jol qif;&Jae&oenf;qkdonfhjyóemwGif ]]xm0
& bk&m;ocifu zefwD;ay;vkdufjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ csrf;omolrsm;onf tokH;tpGJuspf
vpfí t&SnfudkarQmfwwfum qif;&Jolrsm;rSm tokH;tpGJ vufzGmum tajr§mftjrif r&Sd
aomaMumifhjzpfonf}}[laom oabmw&m;ESifhajzqkdcJh Muonf r[kwfygvm;/
xkdpOfwGif þpmtkyfrsKd; xkwfa0cJhygvQif ta&;rvSjzpfcJh&rnfrSm aocsmygonf/
odkYaomf ,aeY b,foabmw&m;rsKd; vTrf;rdk;vmNyDenf;/ qkd&S,fvpfoabmw&m;
vTrf;rdk;vmNyD r[kwfygvm;/ txufazmfjyyg jyóemukdyif ajz&Sif;&m0,f ]]vlYtzGJYtpnf;
wGif qif;&JolESifhcsrf;omol[k uGJjym;jcm;em;ae&jcif;onf b0wnfNrJrI &kyf0w¬Krsm; xkwf
vkyfa&;pepfaMumifhjzpfonf/ tcsKdUu ajr,mESifhukefvkyfud&d ,mrsm;udk ydkifqkdifí? tcsKdUu
¤if;wkdYtwGuf tvkyfvkyfay;&aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ ydkifqkdifrIr&Sdolonf rnfrQyif BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfonfjzpfap? acRwmpkaqmif;onf jzpfap? qif;&JNrJ qif;&Jum? ydkifqkdifrI&Sdoluom
¤if;wkdYtvkyf\toD;tyGifhudk cHpm;vsuf csrf;omonfxuf csrf;omvmrnfjzpfonf}} [l
aom tajzrsKd;ay;rnfht,ltqrsKd; vTrf;rkd;pjyKvmygNyD/
tcsKyftm;jzifh xkdacwfonf ]]qif;&Jol}}jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&mwGif ]]wwftm;
orQ tvSL'gejyK qkawmif;}}qkdonfhenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;rnfhacwf/ ,ckacwfum; þjyóem
ukd ajz&Sif;&mwGif ]]vlYtzGJYtpnf;BuD;tm; ajymif;vJ&ef enf;vrf;ukd&SmazG}}qkdonfhenf;jzifh
&Sif;rnfhacwf/
]]vlYtzGJYtpnf;BuD;tm; ajymif;vJ&efenf;vrf;rsm;}}qkdvQif ,ckxkwfa0vkduf
onfh ]]tEky#davmr&kyf0g'}}trnf&Sd ]]tvkyform;wkdY\tbd"r®m}}wGif tjynfhtpkHyg
onf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 4
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
odkYjzpfí þtpkd;&vufxuf? þaeYwGif? þpmtkyftm; xkwfa0vdkufEkdifjcif;udk
txl;ESpfaxmif;tm;&jzpfrdygaMumif;/
tem*wfudk ykdifqkdifvmMuawmhrnfhtvkyform;rsm;onf þpmtkyfudkzwfjcif;
tm;jzifh vlYtzGJYtpnf;tm; ajymif;vJ&ef enf;vrf;aumif;rsm; &SmazGawGY&SdEkdifMuygap
ownf;/
xGef;vif;pmay/
1963-ck? arv 1-&uf/
jroef;wifh5
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
rmwdum
tydkif; 1/ &kyf0g'
tcef; 1/ ygwDtbd"r®m
tcef; 2/ &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'
tcef; 3/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'
tcef; 4/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rS tEky#davmr&kyf0g'odkY
tcef; 5/ jzpfay:wkd;wufrItm; tEky#davmruspGmcH,lykH
tydkif; 2/ tEky#davmr
tcef; 6/ tEky#davmrESifhwuúaA'
tcef; 7/ ajymif;vJrIESifhtnrnqufoG,frI
tcef; 8/ jzpfay:wkd;wufrIOya'orsm;
tcef; 9/ topfESifhta[mif;
tcef; 10/ jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufjcif;
tcef; 11/ a0zefa&;ESifhudk,fhudk,fudk a0zefa&;
tcef; 12/ tEky#davmr&kyf0g'ESifhodyÜHynm ed*kH;
aemufqufwGJ
u/ a0g[m&&Sif;csuf/
c/ yk*¾KdvftnTef;/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 6
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
«tEky#davmr&kyf0g'oabmw&m;udk odyÜHenf;? &lyaA'enf;?
ZD0aA'enf;? ocsFmaA'enf;? cE¨maA'enf;wkdYjzifh
,SOfí &Sif;vif;az:jycsuf/»
jroef;wifh7
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tydkif; 1/
&kyf0g'
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 8
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'
tcef;(1)
ygwDtbd"r®mygwDtbd"r®mygwDtbd"r®mygwDtbd"r®mygwDtbd"r®m
tbd"r®mwkdif;ü vlwef;pm;tjrif&Sdonf? aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faomvlwef;pm;onf
¤if;wkdY\vlwef;pm;&yfwnfrI ckdifNrJa&;ESifhw&m;rSefuefa&;wkdYtwGuf trsKd;rsKd;aom
[efaqmifzkH;uG,frIESifhvdrfvnfrIrsm;udk tokH;jyKMuonf/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rSmrlum;
¤if;\vlwef;pm;&yfwnfrIESifh&nfrSef;csufrsm;\obm0twkdif; t&m0w¬Krsm;udk e*kd&f
yuwdtwkdif;yif jrifMuonf/ [efaqmifzkH;uG,frIESifhvdrfvnfrIrsm; r&Sday/
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tzkdY awmfvSefaomvlwef;pm;tjrifw&yfudk azmfjy
onfhtbd"r®mw&yfvkdtyfavonf/ ,if;odkYaom tbd"r®mw&yf uif;rJhjcif;onf tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;ESifhqkd&S,fvpf0g'tm; tEÅ&m,fjzpfapaom awG;ac:rIrsm;udkom ay:
aygufaponf/
,if;tcsufonfyifvQif uREkfyfwkdYtbd"r®m\&kyf0g'orm;vu©Pmudk az:jy
ayonf/
ygwDtbd"r®mESifhvlwef;pm;tbd"r®mygwDtbd"r®mESifhvlwef;pm;tbd"r®mygwDtbd"r®mESifhvlwef;pm;tbd"r®mygwDtbd"r®mESifhvlwef;pm;tbd"r®mygwDtbd"r®mESifhvlwef;pm;tbd"r®m
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf ]]rmhufpf-vDeifygwD\avmutjrifjzpfonf}}[k pwm
vifu zGifhqkdcJhonf/
rsm;pGmaom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifhtbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;tzkdY þzGifhqkdcsufonf
txl;tqef; jzpfaumif;jzpfzG,f&m&Sd\/ odkY&mwGif tEky#davmr&kyf0g'udk uREkfyfwkdY em;
vnfvkdvQif þzGifhqkdcsuf\aemufuG,fwGif&Sdaom tawG;tac:udkod&Sd em;vnf&ef vkday
onf/
yXrtcsuftm;jzifh þvlwef;pm;tbd"r®mzGifhqkdcsufwGifyg&Sdonfh awG;ac:rI
aemufuG,fü rnfonfhtbd"r®mcH,lcsuf &Sdoenf;/
tbd"r®mqkdonfrSm urÇmavmuBuD;\obm0ESifhxdkurÇmavmuBuD;xJü vlY
abmif\tcef;u@wkdYudk a,bk,stusqkH; az:jycsufw&yfyifjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\
avmutjrif[kvnf; ac:Ekdifayonf/
,if;odkYjzpfvQif vlwkdif;ü tbd"r®m&Sdonf/ vlwkdif;onf tbd"r®mqkdif&m &Ijrif
csufrsm;\MoZmudk vTrf;rdk;rIudk cHMu&onfqkdonfhtcsufrSm xif&Sm;onf/
jroef;wifh9
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
Oyrm/ /tcsKdUu urÇmavmBuD;onf ]]'ku©bkH}}BuD;omjzpfonf/ vlYb0qkdonf
rSmvnf; aemufxyfykdrk daumif;rGefaom urÇmavmuBuD;wckESifhyd krk daumif;rGefaom
b0wckodkYa&muf&Sdatmif BudK;yrf;&m pcef;axmufa'owckomjzpfonf/ uREkfyf wkdYonf
uHMur®mzefwD;orQudk cHpm;awGUMuKHMu&rnf/ uHMur®mzefwD;ay;aom tajctaersm;
avmufESihfowå0grsm; aumif;usKd;udk twwfEkdifqkH;vkyfaqmifMu&efom &Sdawmhonf[k
,lqMuonf/ ,if;rSm tbd"r®mwrsKd;? avmutjrifwrsKd;jzpfonf/
tcsKdUuvnf; urÇmavmuBuD;onf pnf;pdrfcsrf;omudk pHpm;&ma'ojzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh vlwkdif;onf ukd,fhudk,fudkom tm;udk;um ukd,fusKd;udkomMunfh&rnf[k qkdMu
onf/ þonfrSmvnf; tbd"r®mwrsKd; jzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdY\tbd"r®monf uREkfyfwkdY\avmutjrifjzpfonf qkdcJhNyD/ odkYjzpfvQif
uREkfyfwkdY\avmutjrifudk pepfwus tao;pdwfzGifhqkd&ef aocsmusepGm zGJYpnf;í a&SU
aemufnDnTwfaom oabmw&m;w&yftjzpf xlaxmif&efjyóemay:aygufvmayonf/
,kHMunfcsufrsm;ESifhoabmxm;rsm;ukd pepfusaom vrf;nTef0g'rsm;tjzpf xkwfaz:
wifjy&ef vkdtyfvmayonf/ ,if;rSm tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;\tvkyfjzpfayonf/
tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;u ¤if;wkdY\oabmw&m;rsm;udk xlaxmifMu&mwGif ¤if;wkdY
onf &IyfaxG;pGm az:jycJhMuonf/ 0dk;w0g;zGifhqkdcJhMuonf/ vlrsm;em;rvnfatmif az:jy
cJhMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf; olwkdY\tbd"r®mrsm;onf em;vnf&ef cufcJonfhwkdifatmif vl
trsm;tm; MoZmvTrf;rkd;vsuf &Sdonfudk awGU&wwfonf/ ,if; odkYMoZmvTrf;rdk;aejcif;rSm
tbd"r®mq&mrsm;onf tcsKdUaomrd&kd;zvm,kHMunfcsufrsm;udk pepfwus jyKjyifí
aomf¤if;? xyfrHjznfhpGufíaomf¤if; jyKvkyfum omrefvlrsm;tay:wGif twif;tMuyf&kduf
oGif;cJhMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf tbd"r®mpmtkyfBuD;
rsm;udk rzwfzl;Muaomfvnf; tbd"r®mynm&SiftoD;oD;\tbd"r®mtrsKd;rsKd;\vTrf;rkd;rI
udk wenf;r[kwf wenf;jzifh cHaeMu&ayonf/
odkYjzpfav&m qkdcJhaom tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;\tbd"r®mrsm;onf ¤if;wkdY\OD;
aESmufrS xGufay:vmaom udk,fydkiftbd"r®mrsm;[k uREkfyfwkdY vufrcHEkdifay/ wpkHwckaom
&Ijrifcsuf? wpkHwckaom enf;vrf;rsm;onf wpkHwa,mufaom tbd"r®mynm&SifjyKpka&;
om;onfhwpkHwckaomtbd"r®mpmtkyfwGif yg&Sdaumif; yg&Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf;? a,bk,s
oabmwGifrl xkdawG;ac:&Ijrifcsufrsm;onf acwf\vlrIqufqHa&;ESifhvlrIvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
udk xif[yfaz:jyonfhvlrItajccHay:üom &yfwnfí aeayonf/ xkdtbd"r®mynm&Sif
rsm;\awG;ac:&Ijrifcsufrsm;onf olwkdYacgif;xJrS tqifoifhxGufvmMujcif; r[kwfay/
þtcsufudk oabmaygufvQif a&SUwqifhwufí aqG;aEG;vkdonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 10
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
vlYtzGJYtpnf;ü vlwef;pm;trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;vsuf&Sdonf/ a&S;a[mif;bkHpepfuG,f
aysmufonfhtcsdefrSpí vlYtzGJYtpnf;ü vlwef;pm;rsm; ay:aygufcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh awG;
ac:&Ijrifcsufrsm;onfvnf; vlwef;pm;trsKd;rsKd;\tjrifudk az:jycJhonfomjzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh tbd"r®mynm&SiftoD;oD;\pepfrsm;onfvnf; vlwef;pm;tjrifudk az:jyonf
omjzpfonf/ tbd"r®monf vlwef;pm;tjrifw&yfudk pepfwusaz:jyjcif;? oabmw&m;
a&;xlaxmifjcif;yif jzpfonf/ wduspGmajym&vQif vlwef;pm; toD;oD;\t,ltqom
jzpfayonf/
tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;u tbd"r®mtppfonf vlowå0gtm;vkH;ESifhoufqkdifonf
[k qkdMuaomfvnf; trSefrSm tbd"r®monf vlwef;pm;tbd"r®mrQom jzpfayonf/
vlrsm;onf vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhuif;uGmí rawG;ay/ awG;vnf; rawG;Edkifay/ xkdY
aMumifh vlwef;pm;toD;oD; &SdMuaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif vlwef;pm;tusKd;pDyGm;rsm; vl
wef;pm;wkdufyGJrsm;ESifhawG;ac:rIwGif¤if; vIyf&Sm;rIwGif¤if; aexkdifrIwGif¤if; uif;uGmír&
ay/ tbd"r®mw&yfonf avmutjrifw&yfjzpfí urÇmavmuBuD;udk¤if;? xkdurÇmavmu
BuD;xJ&Sd vl\tEG,fESifhvl\tcef;udk¤if; od&Sdem;vnf&ef BudK;yrf;csufw&yfom jzpfay
onf/ ,if;odkYaom tjrifonf vlwef;pm;w&yf\tjrifrSvGJí tjcm;bmrQrjzpfEkdifay/
xkdYaMumifh tbd"r®mq&monfvnf; vlwef;pm;&yf\tawG;tac:udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;rQ
omjzpfayonf/ xkdrSvGJí rjzpfEkdifay/ tbd"r®mtoD;oD;onf tjcm;N*dK[fwckrS wifoGif;
onfvnf; r[kwfay/ wnf&Sdaeaom vlwef;pm;qufqHrIrsm;ESifhvlwef;pm;wkdufyGJrsm;
Mum;rS xGufay:vmjcif;om jzpfayonf/ vlwef;pm;tjrifwckr&Sdaom tbd"r®m[lí r&Sd
ay/ bufrvkdufaom tbd"r®m[lívnf; r&Sday/
þtjrifjzifhMunfhvQif a&S;ya0PDu ay:aygufcJhaom tbd"r®mrsm;onf ]]usrf;
wwfpmwwf}}vlwef;pm;rsm;[k ac:aom vlwef;pm;rsm;?(aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faomvlwef;
pm;rsm;)\tjrifudk wenf;r[kwf wenf;jzifh azmfjycJhjcif;om jzpfaMumif;udk awGY&rnf
jzpfayonf/ rdrdwkdY\awG;ac:rIrsm;udk pepfusaom tbd"r®mrsm;tjzpf xkwfaz:zGifhqkd
olwkdYrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh vlYtzGJYtpnf;\acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfMuonf/ t&if;&Sifpepf
\xl;jcm;aom ukefxkwfw&yfjzpfonfhacwfopftvkyform;vlwef;pm; ay:aygufvmonfh
tcsdeftxd? þacgif;aqmifrsm;onf aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faom vlwef;pm;rsm;omjzpfaeMu
ayonf/ olwkdYonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk vTrf;rkd;cs,fvS,faeMuovkd olwkdY\tjrifonfvnf;
tbd"r®mudk vTrf;rkd;cs,fvS,faeMuonf/
,aeYtcsdefwGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif acgif;aqmifrI
udk &,l&ef &nf&G,fvsuf&SdayNyD/ xkdYaMumifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\vlwef;pm;tjrifudk
jroef;wifh11
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
vnf; tbd"r®mqkdif&m ykHoP²mefjzifh az:jy&ef vkdtyfayNyD/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf
¤if;\vlwef;pm;tbd"r®mjzifh aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faomvlwef;pm;\tbd"r®mudk qefYusif
wkdufzsuf&ef vkdtyfvmayNyD/
]]tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGuf rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfwkdYu rnfodkYtrIawmfxrf;
cJhonfudk pum;vkH;eJeJjzifh atmufygtwkdif; az:jyvdkayonf/ ,if;rSm rmufhfpfESifhtdef*s,fvf
pfwkdYonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; olYudk,fol od&Sd&ef? olYudk,fol oabmayguf&efoif
jyay;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdYonf tdyfrufrsm;ukd odyÜHynmjzifh tpm;
xkd;cJhayonf}}[k vDeifu a&;cJhayonf/
vDeifu xyfrHí]]t&if;&Sifpepfonf ra&SmifrvTJom NydKvJysufpD;í vlvlcsif;aoG;
pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;uif;aom uGefjrLepfpepfodkY rvTJraoG ul;ajymif;&rnfqkdonfhtcsufudk
odyÜHenf;uspGmokH;oyfjcif;? vkyfom;rsm;ESifhaoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;cH&oltm;vkH;tm; wkduf
yGJwGif pwifí pnf;&kH;a&;paom ypönf;rJhrsm;\tcef;u@? ¤if;wkdY\vkyfief;ESifhOD;aqmif
rIwkdYudk nTefjyjcif; ponfwkdYonf rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdY\orkdif;wGifí xl;jrwfaom*kPf
&nfrsm;yif jzpfayonf}}[k a&;om;cJhayonf/
rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdYonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; ]]udk,fhudk,fudk od&Sd&ef
ESifhem;vnfoabmayguf&ef}}oifMum;chJNyD;aemuf ]]vkyfom;rsm;ESifhaoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;
cH&olrsm;tm;vkH;}}\A[dktv,fwGif &yfwnf&ef nTefjycJhum tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\
awmfvSefaom oabmw&m;udk xlaxmifcJhMuonf/ þawmfvSefaom oabmw&m;onf
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u t&if;&SifaoG;pkyfcs,fvS,frIudk wGef;vSefy,f&Sm;ypfEkdifonfhjynf
olvlxkrsm;tm;vkH;udk acgif;aqmifEkdifonfh vlYtzGJYtpnf;wckvkH;tm; vlvlcsif; aoG;pkyf
cs,fvS,fjcif;? zdESdyfjcif;ponfwkdYrS tNyD;tydkif vGwfajrmufEkdifaponfhvrf;wkdYwGif tvif;
a&mifudk xGef;nd§ay;cJhayonf/
t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wkd;wufvsuf&Sdcsdef? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tiftm;pkrsm;
onf yXrqkH;tBudrf pnf;&kH;pjyKcsdefwGif rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdYonf olwkdY\oabmw
&m;udk xlaxmifcJhonf/ t&if;&Sifpepfonf ¤if;\aemufqkH;tqifhjzpfaom vuf0g;BuD;
tkyf t&if;&Sifpepf(0g)e,fcsJYpepfodkY a&muf&Sdcsdef? ypönf;rJhqkd&S,fvpfpepfawmfvSefa&;pwif
csdefwGif vDeifonf rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdY\oabmw&m;udk wkd;csJYysHYyGm;apcJhonf/
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf ¤if;wkdY\udk,fydkifygwD r&SdbJ t&if;&Sifpepfudk rzsuf
odrf;Ekdif[k¤if;? t&if;&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;í qkd&S,fvpfwnfaqmuf&mwGif vlYtzGJYtpnf;
BuD;wckvkH;tm; a&SUaqmifjcif;rjyKEkdif[k¤if;? rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdYu oifMum;cJhonf/
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf "e&SifygwDrsm;ESifhoD;jcm;uif;vGwfaom ¤if;\udk,fydkifygwD
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 12
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
&Sd&rnfom jzpfayonf/ þygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifhtvkyform;vlwef;pm;
\vlwef;pm;pdwft&SdqkH;aom tydkif;wkdY\wyfOD;tjzpf aqmif&Gufí EkdifiHa&;tmPmudk
odrf;ydkufxlaxmif&mü wefqmyvmjzpf&rnf[k vDeifu rmhufpf\oifMum;csufay:wGif
tajccHí wkd;csJYcJhonf/
þwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&eftwGuf ygwDonf todem;vnfrIESifhodjrifrIwkdY &Sdrnf
jzpfonf/ wenf;qkd&vQif ygwDonf awmfvSefaomoabmw&m;udk wyfqifxm;&rnfjzpf
ayonf/ ygwD\ay:vpDrsm;onf þoabmw&m;ay:wGif tajccHí ygwD\vIyf&Sm;rI
udk þoabmw&m;u acgif;aqmifayonf/
þawmfvSefaomoabmw&m;onf rmhufpf0g'? vDeif0g'jzpfayonf/ rmhufpf0g'
vDeif0g'onf pD;yGm;a&;oabmw&m;w&yfrQom r[kwfay/ EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;w&yf
rQomvnf; ruao;ay/ rmhufpf0g? vDeif0g'onf avmutjrifw&yf? tbd"r®mw&yf
vnf;jzpfayonf/ EkdifiHa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;awG;ac:&Ijrifcsufrsm;onf a,bk,savmut
jrifw&yfESifhoD;jcm;uif;vGwfwnf&Sdjcif;r[kwfay/ oD;jcm;uif;vGwfívnf; rwnf&SdEkdif
ay/ oD;jcm;aompD;yGm;a&;ESifhEkdifiHa&;awG;ac:&Ijrifcsufrsm;onf ,if;awG;ac:&Ijrif
csufrsm;udk vufcHusifhokH;olwkdY\avmutjrifudk az:jyayonf/ tvm;wlyif tbd"r®m
qkdif&m awG;ac:&Ijrifcsufrsm;onfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;ESifhEkdifiHa&; awG;ac:&Ijrifcsufrsm;udk
az:jyMuonfom jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfvQif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\awmfvSefaom ygwDonf ¤if;\ygwDtbd
"r®mudk rxlaxmifbJ aeírjzpfay/ xlaxmifNyD;aemuf tom;usapum jyefYyGm;<u,f0
atmif raqmif&GufbJ aeívnf; rjzpfay/ ygwDtbd"r®mjzpfaom tEky#davmr&kyf0g'
wGif ygwDu urÇmavmuBuD;tm; odjrifem;vnfykHudk az:jyaom a,bk,sawG;ac:csuf
rsm;yg&Sdayonf/ ygwDu vlwef;pm;w&yfvkH;tm; todÓPfay; pnf;&kH;&ef? vkyfom;jynf
olvlxkw&yfvkH;tm; odrf;oGif;vrf;nTef&ef? rdrdwkdY\tawGYtMuKHrsm;rS ocFPf;pm,lí jynf
olvlxkrsm;tm; rnfokdYrnfykH qkd&S,fvpf0g'odkY csDwuf&ef ponfwkdYudk az:jyaom a,bk
,sawG;ac:csufrsm; yg&Sdayonf/
odkYjzpfvQif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\awmfvSefaom avmutjrifudkaz:jyonfh
tbd"r®monf bmaMumifhay:vm&onfqkdonfhtcsufudk od&SdavmufNyD[k ,lqayonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'[kac:aom þtbd"r®mudk bmaMumifh ]]rmhufpf0g'ygwD\avmut
jrif}}[k ac:&aMumif;ukd oabmaygufavmufNyD[k ,lqayonf/
ygwDonf tbd"r®m&SdoifhaMumif;udk tawGYtMuKHu oifMum;cJhNyD;jzpfayonf/
uREkfyfwkdYü uREkfyfwkdYukd,fydkif awmfvSefaom qkd&S,fvpftbd"r®mr&Sdygu uREkfyfwkdYonf uREkfyf
jroef;wifh13
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
wkdY\awG;ac:rIrsm;udk qkd&S,fvpfqefYusifaom &efbufusaomtbd"r®mrsm;rS iSm;,lMu
&awmhrnfomjzpfonf/ ,aeYtcsdefü tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\tjrifESifhqkd&S,fvpf0g'
wkdufyGJtjrifudk csrSwfEkdifjcif; r&Sdygu uREkfyfwkdYonf t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;\tjrifESifhqkd&S,f
vpf0g'qefYusifa&;wkdufyGJtjrifudk rodrom ul;cs&efom &Sdawmhonf/ xkdYaMumifh tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\ppfrSefaom awmfvSefaomacgif;
aqmifrIudk &,lí &efbufusaom t&if;&SifawG;ac:rIrsm; wifoGif;jcif;udk a&Smif&Sm;um
ukd,fydkifawmfvSefaom tbd"r®mukd wnfaqmufjyefYyGm;&rnfjzpfayonf/
vlwef;pm;tbd"r®mESifhopömw&m;vlwef;pm;tbd"r®mESifhopömw&m;vlwef;pm;tbd"r®mESifhopömw&m;vlwef;pm;tbd"r®mESifhopömw&m;vlwef;pm;tbd"r®mESifhopömw&m;
vlwef;pm;tbd"r®mESifhygwDtbd"r®m &Sd&rnfqkdcJhNyD/ odkY&mwGif vlwef;pm;tbd
"r®mESifhygwDtbd"r®mqkdonfrSm tbd"r®mqkdaompum;vkH;\teuft"dyÜm,fcH,lcsuf p
onfwkdYESifh vkH;0pyftyfjcif; r&Sdaom w&m;[k tcsKdYu apm'uwufaumif;wufMurnf
jzpfonf/
tbd"r®mqkdonfrSm vlwef;pm;tusKd;pD;yGm;\txufuom &Sdoifhonf[k¤if;?
tbd"r®mqkdonfrSm "r®"d|mefusí bufvkdufjcif;r&Sdoifh[k¤if;? tbd"r®mqkdonfrSm vlwef;
pm;tusKd;pD;yGm; ygwDponfwkdYxuf tqifhjrifhí opömw&m;udkom &SmazG&rnf[k¤if;? vl
wef;pm;rsm;\tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifhudkufnDonfjzpfap? rukdufnDonfjzpfap? trSefw&m;onf
trSefw&m;rQom jzpfonf[k¤if;? tMuiftbd"r®monf bufvkdufaom tbd"r®m? ygwDt
bd"r®mjzpfvQif xkdtbd"r®monf rnfokdY"r®"d|mefusawmhrnfenf;/ rnfodkYrSefuefaom t
bd"r®mjzpfawmhrnfenf;[k¤if; apm'uwufzG,f&m &Sdayonf/
tbd"r®mESifhywfoufaom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;&yfwnfrIwGif opömw&m;&Sday
onf/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;&yfwnfrIonf opömw&m;udk rypfy,fay/ opömw&m;r&Sd
aom t&m[lívnf; r&SdEkdifay/ xkdYaMumifhyif vlonf opömw&m;udk &SmazGaejcif; jzpfay
onf/ odkY&mwGif opömw&m;ESifhywfoufírl tjrifcsif;rwlMuay/ tbd"r®mwkdif;onf vl
wef;pm;tjrifudk az:jyayonf/ vlYtzGJYtpnf; wkd;wufrItwGuf yg0ifaqmif&Guf&mwGif
¤if;? vlrIwm0efudk aqmif&Guf&mwGif¤if;? vlwef;pm;wckESifhwck uGJjym;jcm;em;Muovkdyif
urÇmavmuBuD;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom opömw&m;udk &SmazG&mwGifvnf; tbd"r®mwckESifhtjcm;
tbd"r®mwckonf uGJjym;jcm;em;Muayonf/
bufvkdufaomvlwef;pm;&yfwnfrIudk vufcHusifhokH;vkdufonfESifh uREkfyfwkdYonf
opömw&m;udk ausmckdif;oGm;MuNyD[k tcsKdYu ,lqMuonf/ opömw&m;udk wu,f&SmazG
vQif uREkfyfwkdYonf bufrvkdufbJ Mum;ae&rnf[k ,lqMuonf/ odkY&mwGif uREkfyfwkdYu þ
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 14
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
odkYr,lqay/ uREkfyfwkdYonf orkdif;t& twkd;wufqkH; vlwef;pm;\bufvkdufaom&yfwnf
rIjzifhomvQif opömw&m;udk &SmazGEkdifrnf[k ,kHMunfayonf/
xkdYaMumifh tEky#davmr&kyf0g'udk awmfvSefaom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ygwD\
tbd"r®mtjzpf zGifhqkdusifhokH;jcif;onf opömw&m;udk &SmazG&ef az:jy&ef[laom tEky#d
avmr&kyf0g'\&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhudkufnDtHusayonf/
vlYtzGJYtpnf;\acgif;aqmifrIudk &,l&ef &nfrSef;xm;onfhvlwef;pm;rsm;tm;
vkH;teuf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rSvGJí tjcm;vlwef;pm;rsm;tm;vkH;onf aoG;pkyfcs,f
vS,faom vlwef;pm;rsm;om jzpfMuonf/ aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faom vlwef;pm;wkdif;onf
¤if;wkdY\wuJh&yfwnfrIESifh&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk zkH;uG,fxm;wwfMuonf/ olwkdY\pdk;rkd;cs,f
vS,frIonf w&m;rQwí xm0&jzpfonf[k a<u;aMumfMuonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh a&S;a[mif; aus;ydkifuRefydkifvlYtzGJYtpnf;ü tbd"r®mq&mBuD;w
qljzpfaom tm&pöawmfw,fvftm&pöawmfw,fvftm&pöawmfw,fvftm&pöawmfw,fvftm&pöawmfw,fvfu vlrsm;onf obm0tm;jzifh uRefrsm;om jzpfaom
aMumifh aus;ykdifuRefydkifpepfonf obm0u zefwD;ay;vkdufaom pepfjzpfonf[k qkdcJh
onf/
ajr&Sifya'o&mZfvlYtzGJYtpnf; pef;yGifhonfhumvuvnf; acwfv,ftbd"r®m
q&mBuD;wqljzpfaom aomrwfpftufuGDemhpfaomrwfpftufuGDemhpfaomrwfpftufuGDemhpfaomrwfpftufuGDemhpfaomrwfpftufuGDemhpfu pMum0VmBuD;wckvkH;onf ya'o&mZf
pepfwrsKd;jzpfonf[k qkdcJhonf/ ¤if;u bk&m;ocifonf wrefawmfrsm; 0dkif;&Hvsuf&Sdaom
ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYBuD;jzpfí t&mtm;vkH;onf þpepfBuD;xJü wckay:wck w
qifhay:wqifh wnf&SdMuonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif r&SdbJ bmrQwnfNrJjcif; r&SdEkdif[k zGifhqkd
cJhonf/
ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepf\ aESmifBudK;rsm;udk jzwfawmufNyD;jzpfaom t&if;&Sifpepf
udkrl rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfwkdYu ]]vltcsif;csif; qufoG,frIü ukd,fusKd;&Smjcif;? aiGay;í
&ufpufpGm ckdif;jcif;wkdYrSvGJí tjcm;bmrQ r&Sdaompepf}}[k ,lqcJhMuonf/ þt,ltq
rsKd;udk t&if;&Siftbd"r®mpwifxGef;um;csdefavmufu NAdwdeftbd"r®mq&mrsm;\awG;
ac:rIrsm;xJwGif xif&Sm;awGYjrifEkdifonf/
t&if;&Siftbd"r®mt& wckwnf;ESifhNyD;jynfhpkHí wckwnf;wnf&SdEkdifaom oD;jcm;
wnf&SdaeonfhtEkjrLrIefYuav;rsm; tcsif;csif;qufoG,f aygif;pyfzGJYpnf;xm;jcif;udk urÇm
avmuBuD;[k &IjrifMuonf/ ,if;rSm BuD;xGm;aeaom "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u t&if;&SifvlY
tzGJYtpnf;BuD;udk &IjrifykHjzpfayonf/ þawG;ac:rIjzifhyif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf ¤if;wkdY
\vTrf;rdk;cs,fvS,fa&;ESifhtjrwftpGef;&&Sda&; arQmfrSef;csufrsm;udk zkH;uG,fxm;ayonf/
¤if;wkdY\tbd"r®mt& tvkyform;ESifht&if;&Sif oD;jcm;wnf&SdaeMuaom rEkótEkjrL
jroef;wifh15
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
rIefYuav;rsm;jzpfMuNyD; tcsif;csif;tvkdtavsmuf qufoG,faygif;pyfvmrdMuum w
a,mufu tvkyfvkyfay;&NyD; wa,mufu t&if;tESD;xkwfum tcaMu;aiG ay;&jcif;
jzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/
odkY&mwGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf ,if;tbd"r®mrsm;xJwGif az:jyaom
]]arSmufrSm;aompdwf"mwf}}ukd vufrcHay/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,f
a&;pepfopfw&yfudk xlaxmifjcif; jyKrnfr[kwfbJ vlvlcsif; aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;tm;
vkH;udk zsufqD;ypf&efom vkdvm;ayonf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf
bmudkrQ zkH;uG,fvkdaom qE´r&SdbJ t&m0w¬Krsm;ukd ¤if;wkdY\e*kd&ft&Sdtwkdif;om odem;
vnfvkdaom qE&Sdayonf/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf opömw&m;udk ydkrkdodem;vnfvm
onfESifhtrQ ¤if;\wkdufyGJtwGif;ü ydkrkdckdifrmvmrnfom jzpfayonf/
tjcm;vlwef;pm;rsm;onf ¤if;wkdYudk,fudk ¤if;wkdYtpOfxm0& wnfwHhapvkdMu
onf/ xkdYaMumifh pMum0VmxJwGif olwkdYtm; xm0&ae&mwae&mudk ay;rnfhtbd"r®mqkdif
&m]]pepf}}rsm;udk ESpfNcdKufoabmusMuonf/ ¤if;wkdY\pepfrsm;onf pMum0VmBuD;\obm
0ukd teuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqkd&ef BudK;pm;Mu&mwGif tcsKdYaom t&m0w¬Krsm;ESifhtcsKdYaom
qufqHa&;rsm;onf r&Sdrjzpfatmif vkdtyfí rajymif;vJaom xm0&t&mrsm;jzpfonf[l
aomoabmESifh tajcjyKMuonf/ wpkHwckaom vlrIepfonf wckvkH;twGuf vkdtyfaom
tpdwftydkif;w&yf jzpfav[efvnf; ¤if;wkdYu ykHaqmifMuonf/
odYk&mwGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;um; ¤if;\vlwef;pm;ukd tpOfxm0&wnfwHh
apvkdaom qE´r&Sday/ r&Sd&kHrQru ¤if;\vlwef;pm;w&yftaejzifh wnf&SdaerIudk jrefEkdif
orQ jrefpGmzsufodrf;um vlwef;pm;rJh vlYtzGJYtpnf;wckudk wnfaqmufvkdayonf/ xkdY
aMumifh wu,fr[kwfaom ]]xm0&wnfaerI}}udk az:jyonfhtbd"r®mqkdif&m ]]pepf}}rsm;
onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGuf bmrQtokH;r0ifay/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf
topfjzpfvmaomt&mrsm;? csKyfNidrf;a&GUavsmvsuf&Sdaomt&mrsm; ponfhajymif;vJrI
udkom &SmazGí ajymif;vJrIudkom todtrSwfjyKayonf/ ,if;onfom tvkyform;vl
wef;pm;\vlwef;pm;&yfwnfrIESifh&nfrSef;csufrsm; jzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifh uREkfyfwkdY\ygwDtbd"r®monf opömw&m;udk az:jyayonf/ tb,f
aMumifhqkdaomf uREkfyfwdkYonf t&m0w¬Krsm;tm; Munfhjrif&mü zkH;uG,frIrsm;jzifh¤if; pdwf
ul;jzifh¤if; rMunfhrlbJ ¤if;wkdYtcsif;csif; qufpyfxdawGYajymif;vJvsuf&Sdonf[laom w
u,fjzpfysufaeonfhobm0twkdif; Munfhjrifwwf&rnf[laom oabmudk uREkfyfwkdYtbd
"r®mu tajccHaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 16
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tbd"r®mawmfvSefa&;tbd"r®mawmfvSefa&;tbd"r®mawmfvSefa&;tbd"r®mawmfvSefa&;tbd"r®mawmfvSefa&;
]]rmhufpf\Mo0g'onf £'dyg'fwefckd;ESifhjynfhpkHayonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf ¤if;
onf rSefuefaomaMumifhyif jzpfayonf/ ¤if;onf NyD;jynfhpkHí usKd;aMumif;nDnTwfum
vlrsm;tm; aygif;pnf;aomavmutjrifudk ay;ayonf/ xkdavmutjrifonf wpkHw&m
aomOyg'gefpGJvrf;rIrsm;? "e&SifzdESdyfrI\wkYHjyefumuG,frIrsm;ESifhaphpyfí r&atmif qefY
usifayonf}}[k vDeifu a&;om;cJhonf/
vDeifu qufí a&;cJhonfrSm-
]]rmhufpf0g'onf urÇmh,Ofaus;rI\wkd;wufjzpfay:rIvrf;rBuD;rS ab;odkYacsmf
xGufaeaomMo0g'? olYbmomol oD;jcm;uif;vGwfaeaom Mo0g'r[kwfay/ rmhufpf0g'
ü *kdPf;*P0g'ESifhwlaom t&m[lívnf; r&Sdygay/ xkdrQru rmhufpfonf vlYtEG,fBuD;\
txufjrufqkH;aom ÓPfynm&SifwkdY wifjyar;jref;aom jyóemrsm;udk ajyvnfatmif
ajz&Sif;cJhavonf/ ,if;onfyifvQif rmhufpf\yg&rDÓPfjzpfavonf/ rmhufpf\oifMum;
csufrsmonf tbd"r®m? EkdifiHa&;abm*aA'ESifhqkd&S,fvpf0g'wkdY\tBuD;jrwfqkH;aom ukd,f
pm;vS,frsm;\oifMum;csufrsm;udk wkduf&kdufwkd;csJYjyefYyGm;jcif; jzpfayonf/}}
tbd"r®mqkdif&m tawG;tac:jzpfay:rI wavQmufvkH;wGif tbd"r®mrsm;onf
ay:aygufvmcJhMuum ajymif;vJrItqifhqifhudk ausmfjzwfcJhMuNyD;aemuf q,fhudk;&mpktp
ü acwfa[mif;*smreftbd"r®m ay:aygufvmonfwGif qkH;cef;wkdifodkY a&mufcJhavonf/
tbd"r®mcef;wGif rmhufpf0g'onf ,if;tbd"r®mqkdif&m tawG;tac:w&yfvkH;udk o&zl
aqmif;vkdufjcif;yif jzpfayonf/
þenf;jzifh rmhufpf0g'onf tbd"r®m\atmifjrifcsufrsm;udk qufvufjyefYyGm;
í o&zlaqmif;vkduf&kHrQru acwfa[mif;tbd"r®mudk tqkH;owfapaom wkd;csJYjyefYyGm;
jcif;wrsKd;vnf; jzpf\/ acwfa[mif;tbd"r®mrS cGJxGufvmaom c&D;rSwfwkdifwckvnf;
jzpfayonf/ rmhufpf0g'onf acwfa[mif;tbd"r®mrsm;uJhodkY r[kwfbJ vrf;aMumif;opf
ay:wGif ay:aygufvmcJhavonf/ rmhufpf0g'onf tbd"r®me,fy,fwGif awmfvSefajymif;
vJjcif;wckjzpfí acwfa[mif;\]]pepf}}rsm;udk tqkH;owfjcif;vnf;jzpfum vkH;0opfvGif
aom trsKd;tpm;jzpfonfh tbd"r®mw&yf jzpfayonf/
rmhufpf0g'? vDeif0g'onf aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faomvlwef;pm;\avmutjrifudk
az:jyaom tbd"r®mw&yfr[kwfay/ jynfolvlxktm; vufatmufcHtjzpf xm;a&;t
wGuf rdrd\tkyfcsKyfrIESifhawG;ac:rIudk jynfolvlxkrsm;tay: twif;tMuyf vTrf;rkd;ap&ef
BudK;pm;aeonfhvlenf;pk\tbd"r®mw&yfvnf; r[kwfay/ aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,frItm;vkH;udk
wGef;vSefum vlwef;pm;rJhvlYtzGJYtpnf;udk wnfaqmufa&;wkdufyGJwGif;ü omrefjynfolrsm;
jroef;wifh17
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tm; tusKd;jyKaeaom tbd"r®mw&yf jzpfayonf/
rmhufpf0g'? vDeif0g'onf urÇmavmuBuD;tm; ajymif;vJypf&eftwGuf urÇm
avmuBuD;udk od&Sdem;vnf&ef &SmazGBudK;pm;aeaomtbd"r®mw&yf jzpfayonf/ ]]tbd
"r®mynm&Sifrsm;onf oef&moef&menf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh urÇmavmuBuD;tm; teuft"dyÜg,f
zGifhqkd&kHom zGifhqkdcJhMuonf/ odYk&mwGif ta&;BuD;onfrSm urÇmavmuBuD;tm; ajymif;vJ
ypf&efjzpfayonf}}[k rmhufpfu a&;cJhonf/ acwfa[mif;tbd"r®monf urÇmavmuBuD;
udk¤if;? þurÇmavmuBuD;wGif vl\ae&mESifhuHMur®mudk¤if;? od&Sdem;vnf&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;
w&yfrQomjzpfí rmhufpf vDeif0g'orm;tbd"r®mrSmrl urÇmavmuBuD;udk¤if;? xkdurÇm
avmuBuD;twGif; vl\ae&mESifhvl\uHMur®mudk¤if;? odem;vnf&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;w&yfrQ
omrubJ? þodkYod&Sdem;vnfvmjcif;jzifh urÇmavmuBuD;udk¤if;? urÇmavmuBuD;twGif;
vl\ae&mESifhvl\uHMur®mudk¤if; ajymif;vJzefwD;&ef tm;xkwfjcif;w&yfvnf; jzpfay
onf/ tEky#davmr&kyf0g'rSm ,if;odkYurÇmavmuBuD;udk ajymif;vJ&mwGif jynfolrsm;t
zkdY oabmw&m;a&;vufeufwck jzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifh rmhufpf0g'? vDeif0g'onf t&m0w¬Krsm;tay: awG;ac:&Ijrifcsufrsm;
udk tawGYtMuKHjzifh¤if;? vufawGYjzifh¤if;? prf;oyfppfaq;NyD;? ¤if;wkdYrS xGufay:vmonfh
wu,fjzpfaompl;prf;rIrsm;ay:wGifom tajcjyKayonf/ rmhufpf0g' vDeif0g'onf t
jcm;aomtbd"r®mrsm;uJhodkY]]pepf}}wckudk xyfrHwDxGifum t&m0w¬Krsm;tm;vkH;tm; þ
pepfESifhudkufnDtHusatmifvnf; BudK;pm;jcif; rjyKay/
odkYjzifh tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf trsm;ESifh[yfrdaom tbd"r®mw&yf? odyÜHenf;
usaom tbd"r®mw&yf? vufawGYtbd"r®mw&yf jzpfvmayonf/
]]rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdY\&SmazGawGY&SdrIrsm;onf tbd"r®ma[mif;udk ed*kH;csKyf
csKyfjcif;[k t"dyÜg,fxGufayonf/ urÇmavmuBuD;ESifhywfoufaom tpOfxm0&rSefuef
aernfhteufzGifhqkdcsufudkay;rnf[k a<u;aMumfaeaom acwfa[mif;tbd"r®mudk ed*kH;csKyf
jcif;[k t"dyÜg,fxGufayonf}}[k Z'g;aemhAfZ'g;aemhAfZ'g;aemhAfZ'g;aemhAfZ'g;aemhAfu a&;cJhonf/
]]rmhufpf0g'onf ypönf;rJh\odyÜHenf;usaom avmutjriftjzpf ay:xGufvm
onfESifhwNydKifeuf tbd"r®m\orkdif;wGif acwfa[mif;onf ukefqkH;jcif;odkY a&mufav
awmhonf/ tbd"r®m\orkdif;acwfa[mif;wGif tbd"r®monf oD;jcm;uif;uGmaeMuaom
woD;yk*¾vtpkav;rsm;\t&mrQom jzpfayonf/ ta&twGuf ao;i,faom tbd"r®m
ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh olwkdY\taEÅ0godursm;omyg0ifonfhtbd"r®m*kdPf;rsm;\ypönf;omjzpf
ayonf/ orkdif;acwfa[mif;ü tbd"r®monf b0ESifh¤if;? jynfolrsm;ESifh¤if;? uif;uGmum
jynfolrsm;ESifhrtyfr&maom ypönf;rQomjzpfcJhayonf/}}
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 18
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
]]rmhufpf0g'onf ,if;odkYjynfolvlxkESifhuif;uGmaom tbd"r®m*kdPf; w*kdPf;r[kwf
ay/ ¤if;onf ao;i,fvSaomvlenf;pkynm&Sdrsm;? r[mynmausmfrsm;\ypönf;tjzpf
om wnf&Sdaeaom tbd"r®ma[mif;udk jzwfausmfcJhayonf/ rmhufpf0g'onf tbd"r®m\
orkdif;wGif acwfopfw&yfudk tpysKd;vkdufayonf/ þodkYjzifh rmhufpf0g'onf t&if;&Sif
pepfatmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wkdufyGJwGif;ü ypönf;rJhvlxkrsm;tzkdY odyÜHenf;usaom
vufeufwck jzpfvmayonf/}}
]]rmhufpf0g'tbd"r®monf tjcm;aomodyÜHynm&yfrsm;txufuaeaom odyÜH
ynm&yfwckr[kwfay/ þtcsufwGifvnf; rmhufpf0g'tbd"r®monf tjcm;aoma&S;
a[mif;tbd"r®mpepfrsm;ESifhrwl jcm;em;vsuf&Sdavonf/ odkYrQru rmhufpf0g'tbd"r®m
onf odyÜHenf;usaom pl;prf;&SmazGrItwGuf wefqmyvmwck? enf;vrf;wckvnf; jzpfay
onf/ ,if;onf obm0ESifhvlrIodyÜHynm&yftm;vkH;udk xGif;azmufum xkdynm&yfrsm;jzpf
ay:wkd;wufrIvrf;aMumif;wavQmufwGif &&Sdaom atmifjrifcsufrsm;jzifh ydkrkd<u,f0vm
cJhayonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh rmhufpf0g'tbd"r®monf tjynfhpkHqkH;jzpfí a&S;a[mif;tbd
"r®mtm;vkH;ukdvnf; vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; jiif;csufxkwfjcif; ypfvkdufjcif;jzpfayonf/ odkY&m
wGif jiif;csufxkwfjcif;qkdonfrSm ]]bl;}}cHajymjcif;r[kwfay/ þtcsufukd ]]tdef*s,fvf}}
uvnf; tav;teufajymcJhayonf/ jiif;csufxkwfjcif;jiif;csufxkwfjcif;jiif;csufxkwfjcif;jiif;csufxkwfjcif;jiif;csufxkwfjcif;qkd&mwGif vl\tawG;tac:
orkdif;ESifhwkd;wufacwfrSDaomtcsuftm;vkH;udk ykHoP²mefopfjzifh aygif;pnf;pk&kH;jcif;t
jzpfodkY a&muf&Sdatmif a0zefaomoabmjzifh jyKjyifjcif;? aygif;pyfjcif; qufvufjyefYyGm;
apjcif;? jcKHikHí,ljcif;ponfwkdY yg0ifayonf/}}
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'\awmfvSefaom vu©Pm&yfrsm;onf rmhufpfvDeif0g'tbd
"r®m\toGifoP²mefESpf&yfxJwGif tMuKH;0ifayonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm tEky#davmr&kyf0g'wkdY
jzpfayonf/ þESpfck aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh tEky#davmr&kyf0g'jzpfvmayonf/
t&m0w¬Krsm;udk ajymif;vJzefwD;a&;twGuf ¤if;wkdYudk od&Sdem;vnf&ef vkdonf/
¤if;udk od&Sdem;vnf&eftwGuf avhvm&efvkdonf/ odkY&mwGif pdwåZqefaom pepfrsm;t&
avhvmjcif;rsKd; rjzpf&ay/ ¤if;wkdY\wu,fajymif;vJrIrsm;? tnrnqufoG,frIrsm;t&
om avhvmoifhayonf/ tEky#davmronf ,if;odkYavhvmjcif; jzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf BudKwifudef;0yfaeaom awG;ac:rIrsm;? pdwful;rsm;jzifh t&m0w¬K
rsm;tm; od&Sdem;vnfrIudk y,f&Sm;ypf&ef vkdonf/ uREkfyfwkdY\todw&m;rsm;udk &kyfb0\
wu,fhtajctaersm;ESifh udkufnDatmif BudK;pm;&efvkdonf/ ,if;odkYjzifhom uREkfyfwkdY\
tjrifESifh todw&m;onf &kyf0w¬Kusayrnf/
]]&kyf0g'orm; avmutjrifonf tEky#davmr&kyf0g'wGif yXrqkH;tBudrftjzpf
jroef;wifh19
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
av;eufpGm az:jyjcif;cHcJh&um wdrf;apmif;jcif;r&Sd? worwfwnf; o,faqmifjcif;vnf;
cHcJh&ayonf/ &kyf0g'orm;avmutjrifonf ¤if;tm; avhvm&ef csOf;uyfvmolwkdY\a&SU
arSmufwGif BudKwifudef;0yfaeaom pdwf0g'qefonfhpdwful;rsm;ESifhuif;vGwfí wnf&SdMu
ayonf/ tvm;wlyif ¤if;uwzef Munfhjrif&mwGifvnf; obm0ESifhorkdif;wkdYyg0ifaom
wu,fwnf&Sdaom urÇmavmuBuD;udkom Munfhjrifayonf/ &kyf0g'orm;avmutjrif
onf pdwf0g'qefaompdwful;rsm;udk tn§mwmuif;rJhpGm y,fypfayonf/ pdwf0g'qefaom
pdwful;rsm;onf &kyf0g'orm;avmutjrifwGif udef;0yfaeaom taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;ESifh
vkdufavsmnDnTwfjcif;vnf; r&Sday/ ¤if;wkdYESifhqef;Mu,fpGm qufpyfaejcif;vnf; r&Sday/
þonfrSm &kyf0g'\t"dyÜg,fyifjzpfayonf}}[k tdef*s,fvfpfu ajymcJhayonf/
®
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 20
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcef;(2)
&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'
pdwfESifhpdwful;arQmfrSef;csufonf &kyfxuf y"meusonf[k pdwf0g'u ,lqonf/
&kyf0g'url &kyfu y"meusonf[k ,lqonf/ xkdYaMumifh &kyf0g'onf pdwf0g'udk qefYusif
onf/ jyóemwkdif;udk t"dyÜg,faumuf,l&mwGif¤if;? em;vnfodjrif&mwGif¤if;? &kyf0g'ESifh
pdwf0g'qefYusifjcm;em;csufonf tNrJwrf; ay:vmonf/ xkdYaMumifh vufawGYwGifvnf;
þoabmxm;ESpfckonf uGJjym;jcm;em;Muonf/
pdwf0g'onf tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;\a&;om;csufrsm;xJwGif Eke,faomykHoP²mef
trsKd;rsKd;udk aqmifum obm0r[kwfaom t&mrsm;tm; ,HkMunfudk;uG,frIudk tajccH
tm;jzifh qufvufjyefYyGm;aponf/ pdwf0g'onf t[kwf&Sd? wu,f&Sdaom &kyfurÇmavmu
BuD;udk qefYusifausmfvGefvsuf pdwful;&nfrSef;csufurÇmavmuBuD; (0g) obm0r[kwf
aom urÇmavmuBuD;udk ,kHMunfonf/
tcsKyftm;jzifh pdwf0g'onf acwfaemufjyefqGJaom azmufjyefa&;tiftm;pkjzpf
onf/ ,if;\azgufjyefaom MoZmonfvnf; vufawGYwGif xif&Sm;0ifa&mufvmonf/
rmhufpf0g'onf wuf<uaom&kyf0g'\ckdifrmwnfNrJaom &yfwnfrIudk vufcHusifhokH;ay
onf/
&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'/&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'/&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'/&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'/&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'/ /jyóemwkdif;udk t"dyÜg,faumuf&mwGif qefYusif jcm;em;Mu/jyóemwkdif;udk t"dyÜg,faumuf&mwGif qefYusif jcm;em;Mu/jyóemwkdif;udk t"dyÜg,faumuf&mwGif qefYusif jcm;em;Mu/jyóemwkdif;udk t"dyÜg,faumuf&mwGif qefYusif jcm;em;Mu/jyóemwkdif;udk t"dyÜg,faumuf&mwGif qefYusif jcm;em;Mu
aeMuaom enf;vrf;ESpfvrf;/ aeMuaom enf;vrf;ESpfvrf;/ aeMuaom enf;vrf;ESpfvrf;/ aeMuaom enf;vrf;ESpfvrf;/ aeMuaom enf;vrf;ESpfvrf;/
]]tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf obm0\toGifoP²mefrsm;udk csOf;uyf&mwGif¤if;?
avhvmodjrif&mwGif¤if;? tEky#davmrenf; usayonf/ obm0\toGifoP²mefrsm;udk
t"dyÜg,faumuf&mwGif¤if;? ,if;toGifoP²mefudk vufcHESvkH;oGif;&mwGif¤if;? ¤if;\t,l
tqonf &kyfusayonf}}[k pwmvifu ajymcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh tEky#davmr&kyf0g'[k
ac:jcif;jzpfayonf/
&kyf0g'onf w&m;aousaom pepfwckr[kwfay/ ,if;onf jyóemwkdif;udk t
"dyÜg,faumuf,laom? vufcHESvkH;oGif;aom? &Sif;vif;az:jyaom enf;w&yfomjzpfay
onf/
tjzpftysufrsm;tm; t"dyÜg,faumuf,ljcif;? t&m0w¬Krsm;tm; pGJydkufESvkH;oGif;
jcif;? ¤if;wkdY\tnrnqufoG,frIudk pGJykdufESvkH;oGif;jcif; ponfhudpöwkdYwGif &kyf0g'enf;
onf pdwf0g'enf;ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;avonf/ &kyf0g'onf pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;ay
jroef;wifh21
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
onf/ jyóemwkdif;udk t"dyÜg,faumuf,l&mwGif &kyfusaomenf;ESifhpdwfqefaomenf;[l
í &Sdayonf/ jyóemwkdif;udk odjrifem;vnfatmif tm;xkwf&mwGifvnf; &kyfusaom
enf;ESifhpdwfqefaomenf;[lí &Sdayonf/
odkYjzifh &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'onf urÇmavmuBuD;\obm0ukd t"dyÜg,faumuf,l&m
wGifom qefYusifjcm;em;aeMuonfh pdwåZqefaom t,ltqESpfck r[kwfay/ ,if;ESpfck
onf jyóemwkdif;ukdyif t"dyÜg,faumuf,l&mwGif¤if;? odjrifem;vnf&mwGif¤if;? jcm;em;
aeMuayonf/ xkdYaMumifh vufawGYwGifvnf; &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'onf qefYusifaoma'o
ESpfckqDodkY OD;wnfaeMuum vufawGYvkyfaqmifa&;twGuf qGJ,lMuaom aumufcsufwGif
vnf; qefYusifjcm;em;aeMuayonf/
tcsKdYu &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'onf qefYusifjcm;em;aeaom vlYusifh0wfqkdif&moabm
xm;rsm; jzpfonf[kqkdonf/ wcku pdwfoabmxm; BuD;jrifhí wcku pdwfoabmxm;
,kwfnHhum twåtusKd;udk Munfhonf[k qkdMuonf/ trSefrSm þodkYr[kwfay/ þenf;jzifh
MunfhvQif pdwf0g'orm;cH,lcsufESifh&kyf0g'orm; cH,lcsufwkdY jcm;em;MuykHudk b,fawmhrQ
em;vnfawmhrnf r[kwfay/
&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'wkdYtm; a,bk,soabmjzifh teuft"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdjcif; rjyKrD
,if;wkdYonf jyóemwckudk Munfhjrif&mwGif b,fykHb,fenf; jcm;em;Muonfudk Oyrm vG,f
vG,fwckjyí &Sif;vif;vkdonf/
jrifawGYaeusjzpfaom obm0\toGifoP²mefwckjzpfonfh rdk;csKef;oHudk pdwf0g'
orm;ESifh&kyf0g'orm;wkdY rnfokdYqefYusifjcm;em;í MunfhjrifMuonfudk MunfhMu&atmif/
O'g[&kPf (1) bmaMumifh rkd;csKef;oHrsm; jzpfay:vm&oenf;/O'g[&kPf (1) bmaMumifh rkd;csKef;oHrsm; jzpfay:vm&oenf;/O'g[&kPf (1) bmaMumifh rkd;csKef;oHrsm; jzpfay:vm&oenf;/O'g[&kPf (1) bmaMumifh rkd;csKef;oHrsm; jzpfay:vm&oenf;/O'g[&kPf (1) bmaMumifh rkd;csKef;oHrsm; jzpfay:vm&oenf;/
pdwf0g'orm;tjrif/ /rkd;csKef;oHonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\trsufa'go
aMumifh jzpfay:vmonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf pdwfqkd;awmfrlí rkd;BudK;ESifhvQyfppfudk vlY
avmuodkY apvTwfjcif; jzpfonf/
&kyf0g'orm;tjrif/ /rkd;csKef;oHonf obm0tiftm;pkrsm;aMumifh jzpf
ay:vmonf/ Oyrm - ya0PD&kyf0g'orm;wkdYu rkd;csKef;oHjzpfay:vmjcif;onf xm0&
bk&m;ocif\a'goaMumifhr[kwf? wdrfwkdufrsm;xJü &Sdonfh&kyf0w¬Krsm; wckESifhwck wkduf
ckdufrdí ay:aygufvmonf[kqkdMuonf/
þonfrSm jyóemtay :&kyf0g'orm;ESifhpdwf0g'orm;wkdY MunfhjrifyHkjcif; jcm;
em;aMumif;ukd jyvkdí jzpfayonf/ ,cktcgwGifrl obm0tiftm;pkrsm;tm; odyÜHenf;us
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 22
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
pGm avhvmpl;prf;jcif;jzifh rdk;csKef;oH\taMumif;udk ykdíod&Sdvm&NyD; jzpfayonf/
O'g[&kPf (2) bmaMumifhqif;&JolESifhcsrf;omol[k uGJjym;aeMu&oenf;/O'g[&kPf (2) bmaMumifhqif;&JolESifhcsrf;omol[k uGJjym;aeMu&oenf;/O'g[&kPf (2) bmaMumifhqif;&JolESifhcsrf;omol[k uGJjym;aeMu&oenf;/O'g[&kPf (2) bmaMumifhqif;&JolESifhcsrf;omol[k uGJjym;aeMu&oenf;/O'g[&kPf (2) bmaMumifhqif;&JolESifhcsrf;omol[k uGJjym;aeMu&oenf;/
pdwf0g'orm;tjrif/ /xm0&bk&m;ocifu zefwD;ay;vkdufjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
qif;&Jjcif; csrf;omjcif;wkdYonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmftwkdif;om jzpfMuonf/
tcsKdYpdwf0g'orm;rsm;tjrif/ /csrf;omolrsm;onf tokH;tpGJuspfvpfí t&Snfudk
ajr§mfjrifwwfonf/ qif;&Jolrsm;rSm tokH;tpGJvufzGmol? tajr§mftjrifr&SdolwkdYjzpfonf/
qif;&Jjcif;? csrf;omjcif;wkdYonf ]]vl\p&kduf}}ay:wGif wnfonf/ ]]vl\obm0}}ay:wGif
wnfonf/
&kyf0g'orm;tjrif/ /vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif qif;&JolESifhcsrf;omol[l uGJjym;ae&jcif;
onf b0wnfNrJrI&kyf0w¬Krsm; xkwfvkyfa&;pepftay:wGif wnfonf/ tcsKdYonf ajr,m
rsm;ESifhukefvkyfud&d,mrsm;udk ydkifqkdifí tcsKdYrSm ¤if;wkdYtwGuf tvkyfvkyfay;&aomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ ykdifqkdifrIr&Sdolonf rnfrQyif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfonfjzpfap? acRwmpkaqmif;onf
jzpfap? qif;&JNrJqif;&Jum ykdifqkdifrI&Sdoluom ¤if;wkdYtvkyf\toD;tyGifhrsm;udk cHpm;um
csrf;omonfxuf csrf;omrnfom jzpfonf/
odkYjzpf&m ,if;odkYaomjyóemrsKd;wGifvnf; &kyf0g'orm;ESifhpdwf0g'orm;wkdYonf
tjrifcsif;qefYusifjcm;em;Muayonf/ tjrifjcm;em;ojzifh tvkyfvnf; jcm;em;Muonf/
pdwf0g'orm;onf rkd;csKef;oHESifhvQyfpD;ukd 0yfwGm;udk;uG,fqkawmif;rnf/ &kyf0g'orm;
onf rkd;BudK;vTJud&d,mudk wyfqifrnf/ pdwf0g'orm;onf csrf;omvQif ydkícsrf;omatmif
tvSL'gejyKí qkawmif;um qif;&JvQif usdefqJrnf/ &kyf0g'orm;onf vlYtzGJYtpnf;BuD;
tm; ajymif;vJ&ef enf;vrf;udk &SmazGrnf/
odkYjzpfvQif &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'udk¤if;? ,if;ESpfckwkdY\jcm;em;csufudk¤if;? a,bk,s
tm;jzifh rnfokYdt"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdMurnfenf;/ þonfudk tdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif;
zGihfqkdcJhayonf/
]]tbd"r®me,f? txl;ojzifh acwfopftbd"r®me,fy,fwGif tajccHusaom jy
óemw&yfrSm odrIESifhjzpfrIwkdY qufoG,faeykHESifhoufqkdifonf/ ,if;jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&m
wGif tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;onf odrIESifhjzpfrIudk *kdPf;BuD;ESpf*kdPf;tjzpf cGJjcrf;xm;ypfvkduf
Muonf/ obm0xuf pdwfu y"meusonf/ xkdYaMumifh pdwfonfom urÇmavmuBuD;udk
wenf;r[kwf wenf;jzifh zefqifonf[k ,lqolwkdYonf pdwf0g'*kdPf;wGif yg0ifayonf/
jroef;wifh23
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tjcm;wbufwGif obm0u y"meusonf[laom ,lqolwkdYum; &kyf0g'\trsKd;rsKd;aom
*kdPf;rsm;wGif yg0ifMuayonf/}}
pdwfonf &kyfxuf y"meusonf[laom t"dyÜg,faumuf,lenf;onf pdwf0g'jzpf
í &kyfonf y"meusonf[laom t"dyÜg,faumuf,lenf;onf &kyf0g'jzpfonf/ &kyfESifhqkdif
aom t&mwkdif;onf pdwfESifhqkdifaomt&m\tqkH;tjzwfjyKjcif;udkcH&í pdwfESifhqkdifaom
t&may:wGifom trSDo[J jyKae&onf[k pdwf0g'u ,lqonf/ pdwfESifhqkdifaom t&m
wkdif;onf &kyfESifhqkdifaom t&m\tqkH;tjzwfjyKjcif;udkcH&í &kyfESifhqkdifaom t&may:
üom trSDo[J jyKae&onf[k &kyf0g'u ,lqayonf/ þjcm;em;csufonf urÇmavmu
BuD;wckvkH;ESifh ywfoufaom a,bk,stbd"r®mcH,lcsufwGifomru omrnt&m0w¬Kt
jzpftysufrsm;ESifhywfoufcH,lcsufwGifvnf; xif[yfaz:jyvsuf &Sdaeayonf/
pdwf0g'ESifhobm0 r[kwfaomt&mpdwf0g'ESifhobm0 r[kwfaomt&mpdwf0g'ESifhobm0 r[kwfaomt&mpdwf0g'ESifhobm0 r[kwfaomt&mpdwf0g'ESifhobm0 r[kwfaomt&m
pdwf0g'onf tajccHtm;jzifh bmoma&;jzpfayonf/ bmomt,l0g'jzpfay
onf/ ]]pdwf0g'onf omoemt,l0g'jzpfayonf}}[k vDeifu a&;cJhonf/ tcsKdYaompdwf
0g'wkdYonf bmoma&;ta&udk cRwfNyD;MuNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; pdwf0g'wckvkH;onf jyóem
rsm;tm; bmoma&;t& csOf;uyfMunfhjrifrIrS aygufzGm;vmjcif; jzpfayonf/ pdwf0g'onf
Oyg'gefpGJvrf;rIrsm;? obm0r[kwfaom t&mudk ,kHMunfrIrsm;? vQKdY0SufeufeJí rodem;
rvnfEkdifaomt&mrsm;udk ,kHMunfudk;uG,frIrsm;ESifh cGJír&ay/
&kyf0g'onf &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;wGif wu,f&Sd t[kwf&Sdaomt&mrsm;jzifhom t
ajzudk &SmazGwifjyonf/ prf;oyfppfaq;&Ekdifaom em;vnfEkdifaom xdrf;csKyfEkdifaom t
aMumif;jcif;rsm;jzifhom tajzudk &SmazGwifjyayonf/
xkdYaMumifh t&m0w¬Krsm; pdwf0g'jzifh cH,lodjrifjcif;onf t&if;tjrpfwGif bmom
a&;jzifh cH,lodjrifjcif;ESifhtwlwlyif jzpfayonf/
bmoma&;udk pGJykdufouf0if,kHMunfjcif;? pdwfESifhoufqkdifaom obm0r[kwf
aom t&m0w¬Krsm;udk ouf0if,kHMunfjcif; ponfwkdYudk jyKvkyf&mü xm0&bk&m;ukd ,kHMunf
olrsm;onf pOf;pm;ÓPfjzifh vufcHMujcif; r[kwfay/ ol\pdwfobm0twGif;wGif udef;
atmif;aeonfh wpkHwckaom t&mjzifhom vufcHMujcif;jzpfayonf/ odkYjzpfvQif ,if;odkY
aom ouf0if,kHMunfrIrsKd;onf b,fvkdpwifcJhoenf;/ b,fu pwifcJhoenf;/ bk&m;o
cif>rufqkdcsufrsm;wGif tpjyKonf[k¤if;? obm0r[kwfaom taMumif;t&mrS xGufay:
vmonf[k¤if;? bmomw&m;rsm;u a[mMum;cJhMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYurl vufrcHEkdifay/ þ
ouf0if,kHMunfrIrsm;ü obm0Zpfjrpf&Sdayonf/ þZpfjrpfonfvnf; &SmazGpl;prf;í &Ekdif
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 24
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
ayonf/
vlonf obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk &ifqkdifvm&aomtcgwGif obm0tiftm;pk
rsm;\taMumif;udk odem;vnfjcif;r&SdbJ? ckdukd;&mrJh jzpfvm\/ obm0tiftm;pkrsm;tm;
0dnmOfrsm;\udk,fxifjyrI[k vlrsm;u ,lqcJh\/ þonfESifhwNydKifeuf vlonf obm0
r[kwfaom t&mrsm;udk¤if;? bmoma&;awG;ac:rIrsm;udk¤if;? ,kHMunfouf0ifvmawmh
onf/
Oyrm/ /rkd;csKef;oHonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\trsufa'goaMumifh[k
,lqcJhMuonf/ aumufyJoD;ESHrsm; zGHYNzdK;jcif;onf or®ma'0ewf\rIdif;rrIaMumifh[k ,lqcJh
onf/ v,fxGufoD;ESHaumif;jcif;onfvnf; vrkdif;ewf\apmifrrIaMumifh[k ,lqcJhMu
onf/
vlay:pacwfOD;rSpí vlonf obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk þenf;jzifhom t"dyÜg,f
aumuf,lcJhonf/ vlwef;pm;tzGJYtpnf; ay:aygufvmaomtcgwGif vlrIqufqHa&;w
&m;rsm;onf vludk BuD;pkd;vmonf/ vlwkdYonf vlrIqufqHa&;w&m;rsm;\ ckdif;apcsuft&
vkyfaqmifvm&onf/ odkY&mwGif vlonf olYtm; vlrIqufqHa&;w&m;rsm;u pdk;rkd;cs,fvS,f
aejcif;udk roday/ odkYjzifh vlonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;\tpkd;&paom obm0r[kwfonfhudk,f
pm;jyKtzGJYrsm;udk wDxGifvmMuonf/ omrefvlrsm;xuf &Sifbk&ifrsm;? rSL;rwfrsm;u jrifh
jrwfonf/ &Sifbk&ifrsm; rSL;rwfrsm;xuf bk&m;ocifu jrifhjrwfonf[k wDxGifzefwD;vm
Muonf/ odkYjzifh urÇmavmuBuD;udk pdwfemrfqkdif&m urÇmavmuESifh&kyfqkdif&murÇmavmu
[lí ESpfckjzpfatmif zefqif;vmMuonf/
bmomw&m;tm;vkH;? pdwf0g'tm;vkH;onf ,if;odkYjzifh pdwfemrfurÇmavmu? &kyf
urÇmavmu[k urÇmavmuESpfckpvkH;udk vufcHMuonf/ wu,fh&kyfurÇmudk pdwfemrfurÇm
u vTrf;rkd;aeonfqkdaom t,ltqudk zefwD;vmMuonf/ odkYjzifh urÇmavmuBuD;onf
ESpfckESpfyu© jzpfvmayonf/
pdwf0g'\t"duvu©Pmrsm;wGif ,if;odkYaom ESpfyu©toGifrsm;om jzpfvmMu
onf/ 0dnmOfESifhcE¨mudk,f? xm0&bk&m;ESifhvl? edAÁmefbkHESifhvlYbkH? todÓPfjzifhom zrf;,l
&Ekdifaom awG;ac:pdwful;rIrsm;ESifh tm&kHjzifhzrf;,lEkdifaom &kyftrSefw&m;ponfwkdYjzpf
onf/
pdwf0g't&qkdvQif ydkítxufusaom ydkíppfrSefaom &kyfr[kwfonfh urÇmavm
uBuD;wck&Sdonf/ þ&kyfr[kwfaom urÇmavmuBuD;onf &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;xuf y"me
usonf[k¤if;? &kyfr[kwfaom urÇmavmuBuD;onf tqkH;pGefaom rlvESifhtaMumif;w
&m;jzpfonf[k¤if;? &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;onf &kyfr[kwfaom urÇmavmuBuD;\vuf
jroef;wifh25
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
atmufcHrQom jzpfonf[k¤if; ,lqonf/ &kyf0g't&qkdvQif wckwnf;aom urÇmavmu
BuD;om &Sdonf/ ,if;rSm &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;omjzpfonf[k,lqonf/
odkYjzpf&m &kyfusaom trSefw&m;\txufü pdwfemrfusaom trSefw&m;&Sdonf/
&kyfusaomtrSefw&m;udk pdwfemrfusaom trSefw&m;jzifhom az:jyEkdifonf[laom o
abmukd aqmifonfhMo0g'wkdif;onf pdwf0g'wGif tusKH;0ifMuonfcsnf;omjzpfayonf/
acwfopftbd"r®m\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;acwfopftbd"r®m\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;acwfopftbd"r®m\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;acwfopftbd"r®m\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;acwfopftbd"r®m\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;
þae&mü acwfopf"e&Siftbd"r®m\xl;jcm;aom Mo0g'tcsKdYudk tusOf;wifjy
vkdonf/
vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;okH;&meD;yg;avmufu (Subjective Idealism) qEpGJpdwf0g'
[laom tbd"r®mw&yfay:aygufcJhonf/ ,if;\tqkdt&qkdvQif &kyfurÇmonf b,ftcg
rQ r&Sd[lí jzpfayonf/ wu,fwnf&Sdonfht&mrSm uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfxJü &SdonfhawG;ac:rI
rsm;? tm&kHrsm;om jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYrSvGJí jyify&kyfusaomtrSefw&m;[lonfr&Sd? tjcm;
bmrQvnf;r&Sd[k ,if;u ,lqonf/
þqE´pGJpdwf0g'onf aemufü todw&m;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom Mo0g'wckudk zGifhqkdcJh
onf/ ,if;tqkdt& uREkfyfwkdY\tjyifywGif uREkfwdkYodEkdifaom 'd|jzpfaomtrSefw&m;[l
í r&SdEkdif/ uREkfyfwkdYonf A[d'¨ykHyef;ü todw&m;udkom &EkdifMuonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;\
olYtvkdtavsmuf wnf&Sdaejcif;(tewåw&m;)udk rod&SdEkdif[k ,lqonf/
,if;odkYaom pdwf0g'onf ,cktcsdefü rsm;pGmacwfpm;vsuf&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf
wu,f&Sd t[kwf&Sdaom urÇmavmuBuD;\taMumif;udk ydkí odvmEkdifonf/ ,if;odkYjzifh
obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk xdef;csKyfEkdifum vlYtEG,fBuD; wkd;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf vkyf
aqmifEkdifrnf[k "e&SiftawG;tac: ynm&Sifrsm;u qkdcJhMuonf/ olwkdYajymonfhtcsdefrSm
t&if;&Sifpepfonf wkd;wufaomtif;tm;pkw&yftjzpf? wnf&Sdaecsdefu jzpfonf/ odkY&m
wGif t&if;&Sifpepfonf csKyfNidrf;aeaom ,aeYumvwGifrl olwkdYonf wrsKd;ajymvmMu
jyefonf/ olwkdYu wu,f&Sd t[kwf&Sdaom urÇmavmuBuD;onf rodEkdifaomt&mjzpfonf
[k qkdvmMujyefonf/ ,if;odkYaom Mo0g'rsm;\Aavmif;AvJjzpfaeMuykHonf t&if;&Sif
pepfcsKyfNidrf;jcif;\vu©Pmyif jzpfayonf/
pdwf0g'onf urÇmavmuBuD;ESpfck&Sdjcif;udk ,kHMunfaMumif; jyqkdcJhNyD/ pdwfurÇm
avmuESifh&kyfurÇmavmuESpfck&Sdí pdwfurÇmavmuonf &kyfurÇmavmuxuf y"meus
onf[k ,lqaMumif;udkvnf; az:jycJhNyD/ tjcm;wbufü &kyf0g'onf &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;
wckwnf;om&Sdí 'kwd,jzpfaom pdwful;jzpfaom tqifhjrifhaom pdwful;arQmfrSef;csuf
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 26
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
urÇmavmuBuD;&Sdonfqkdjcif;udk jiif;y,fcJhonf/
&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'wkdYonf aphpyfí r&atmif qefYusifjcm;em;Muayonf/ odkYwkdif
atmif tcsKdYaomtbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;url &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'udk aphpyfaygif;pnf;&ef BudK;
pm;vsuf&SdaeMuao;onf/ tbd"r®mwGif ,if;odkY &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g' aphpyf&ef enf;trsKd;
rsKd;jzifh BudK;yrf;cJhMuzl;onf/
,if;odkY aphpyfaygif;pnf;rdatmif BudK;yrf;rIrsm;teuf wckrSm Dualism &kyfemrf
'GefwGJ0g'jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkdYu pdwfemrfurÇmavmuBuD;wckonf &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;ESifhuif;
vsuf oD;jcm;&Sdaeonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;pdwfemrfurÇmavmuESifh&kyfurÇmavmuonf b,f
olYb,folurQromvGefbJ b,folu b,folYxufrS edrfhusjcif;r&SdbJ wef;wltajccHay:ü
wajy;nDpGm wnf&SdaeMuonf[k qkdMuonf/ obm0tiftm;pkrsm;\vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrI
paom &kyfurÇmavmuonf pdwfemrfurÇmavmuBuD;\pGufzuf0ifa&mufrIrygbJ ya,m*
rygbJ olYtvkdtavsmuf wnf&SdvIyf&Sm;onf[k ,lqonf/ þtcsufwGif &kyfemrf'GefwGJ
0g'onf &kyf0g'tjrif&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif vlESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;udk Munhfjrifonfhtcgürl pdwf
emrfvIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrIonf t"dujzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/ þtcsufü &kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g'
onf pdwf0g'tjrif &Sdayonf/
,if;odkYjzifh &kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g'onf pdwfemrftjrifESifh&kyf0g'tjrifudk aygif;pyfay;
vkdufonf/ odkY&mwGif vl? vlYtzGJYtpnf;? orkdif;ponfhta&;BuD;aomjyóemrsm;wGifrl &kyf
emrfESpfyu©0g'onf &kyf0g'tjrifudk qefYusifum pdwf0g'tjrifudk vufcHayonf/
tjcm;aphpyfa&;tbd"r®mwckrSm ]]trSefwu,f0g'}} (Realism) jzpfayonf/
trSefwu,f0g'onf qE´pGJpdwf0g'udk qefYusifonf/
trSefwu,f0g'onf tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;\tvkdt& jyify&kyfurÇmavmuBuD;
onf uREkfyfwkdY\odjrifrIrsm;rSuif;vsuf wu,ftrSefwnf&Sdonf[k ,lqMuonf/ okYdjzifh
qE´pGJpdwf0g'udk qeYfusif&mü trSefwu,f0g'orm;rsm;ESifh&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf wlnD
Muayonf/ pifppftm;jzifhvnf; &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;\t[kwf&Sd? wu,f&SdrIudk vufcHaom
trSefwu,f0g'Dwa,muf rjzpfbJ &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf rjzpfEkdifay/
odkY&mwGif jyify&kyfurÇmavmuBuD;onf uREkfyfwkYd\odjrifrIrsm;rS uif;vsuf t
[kwf&Sd? wu,f&Sdonf[k vufcHumrQjzifhvnf; &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf rjzpfao;ay/ þ
twkdif;omjzpf&vQif acwfv,fbk&if*sDtbd"r®mynm&SifwOD;jzpfaom aomrwf(pf)tufaomrwf(pf)tufaomrwf(pf)tufaomrwf(pf)tufaomrwf(pf)tuf
uGdemh(pf)uGdemh(pf)uGdemh(pf)uGdemh(pf)uGdemh(pf)onfvnf; &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdYbk&if*sDbmomt,l
0g'qkdif&mynm&Sifrsm;rSm ,aeYwkdif tbd"r®mcef;wGif ]]trSefwu,f 0g'orm;}}rsm;jzpf
aeMuayao;onf/ odkY&mwGif bk&if*sDbmom0ifwkdYu þü&yfraeMubJ t[kwf&Sd wu,f
jroef;wifh27
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
&Sdaom&kyfurÇmavmuBuD;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifu zefqif;í pdwfemrfwefckd;tmPmpuf
w&yfjzpfaom xm0&bk&m;ocif\wefckd;awmfu pdk;rkd;cs,fvS,fxm;onf[k qufvufí
,lqMujyefaomtcg ,if;wkdYonfvnf; pdwf0g'orm;rsm;tpkwGif usa&mufoGm;Muay
onf/
,if;odkYjzifh &kyfonf oD;jcm;uif;vGwfpGm wu,ft[kwfwnf&Sdaeonfqkdonfht
csuftxd trSefwu,f0g'onf &kyf0g'ESifhwlnDí useftcsufrsm;wGifrl pdwf0g'ESifhwlnD
oGm;ayonf/
xkdYjyif ]]trSefwu,f0g'}}qkdaompum;vkH;onfvnf; tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm; okH;
zefrsm;ojzifh qDonfr vufokwfzwfjzpfaeayNyD/ wpkHwckudk wu,ftrSefwnf&Sdonf[k
,lqolwkdif;tm; trSefwu,f0g'orm;[k ac:aeMuonf/
pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;
&kyf0g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;onf toGiftrsKd;rsKd;aom pdwf0g'wkdYESifhqefY
usifonf/ &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'udk aphpyfay;aom&kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g'ESifhvnf; qefYusifonf/
&kyf0g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;udk ykdrkdyDopGm od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf pdwf0g'\t"dutcsuf
BuD;rsm;udk yXrjyvkdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-
(1) &kyfurÇmBuD;onf pdwfemrfay:wGif trSDo[JjyKaeonf/
(2) pdwfemrf okdYr[kwf pdwf odkYr[kwf pdwful;awG;ac:rIwkdYonf &kyfESifhoD;jcm;uif;vGwfí
wnf&SdaeEkdifonf/ wu,fvnf; wnf&Sdaeonf/ (,if;wkdYteuf tjyif;xefqkH;aompdwf
0g'rSm &kyfqkdonfrSm vkH;0r&Sd? &kyfonf tm&kHwGif xifpm;csufrQomjzpfonf[k qkdaomqE
pGJpdwf0g'yifjzpfonf/)
(3) odyÜHynm? tawGYtMuKH? odjrifrIwkdYjzifh ppfaq;prf;oyfod&SdEkdifaom t&mrsm;\]]aemuf
uG,fwGif}} odkYr[kwf ]]txufwGif}} okdYr[kwf ]]vufvSrf;rrSD&m}}wGif eufeJcufcJaom? rod
Ekdifaom bkHwck&Sdonf[lí jzpfonf/
&kyf0g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;onf az:jyyg pdwf0g'\t"dutcsufrsm;ESifh
qefYusifayonf/
(1) urÇmavmuBuD;onf jyuawhobm0tm;jzifh &kyfjzpfonf/ wnf&Sdaeaomt&m0w¬K
wkdif;onf &kyftaMumif;w&m;rsm;ay:wGif tajccHí jzpfay:vmMujcif; jzpfonf/ &kyf\
armif;ESifrIOya'orsm;t& jzpfay:wkd;wufvmMujcif;jzpfonf/
(2) &kyfonf 'd|usaom trSefw&m;jzpfí pdwf\jyifywGif oD;jcm;uif;vGwfwnf&Sdonf/
pdwfonf &kyfESifhuif;uGmí oD;jcm;&yfwnfaejcif;r[kwfay/ pdwf odkYr[kwf pdwfemrfESifhpyf
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 28
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
orQt&mwkdif;onf &kyfjzpfpOf\tusKd;w&m;om jzpfonf/
(3) urÇmavmuBuD;ESifh¤if;\Oya'orsm;onf vkH;0od&SdEkdifaomt&mrsm; jzpfonf/ o
bm0tm;jzifh rodao;aomt&mrsm;om&Sdí rodEkdifaom&mrsm;[lí bmrQr&Sd? ponfht
csufrsm; jzpfonf/
wavQmufvkH;wGif ,drf;,kdifjcif;r&Sd? worwfwnf;jzpfaom &kyf0g'udk pGJukdifjcif;
jzifh¤if;? pdwf0g'udk b,ftcsuf? b,fae&mwGifrS tavQmhray;jcif;jzifh¤if;? rmhufpfvDeif
0g'\tbd"r®monf xl;jcm;jcif;udk aqmifayonf/ odkYjzifh pwmvifu atmufygtwkdif;
ajymcJhayonf/
]]---(u)urÇmavmuBuD;onf ]]xm0&0dnmOfawmf}}? ]]wurÇmvkH;ESifhqkdifaom
pdwfemrf}}? ]]odpdwf}}ponfwkdYjzifh zGJYpnf;xm;aom t&mrQomjzpfonf[laom pdwf0g'ukd
qefYusifvsuf urÇmavmuBuD;onf jyuawhobm0tm;jzifh &kyfjzpfonf¤if;? þurÇm
avmuBuD;\txl;xl;taxGaxGaom toGifoP²mefrsm;onf vIyf&Sm;armif;ESifaeaom
&kyfj'yftrsKd;rsKd;wkdYjzifh zGJYpnf;xm;onf[k¤if;? xkdYjyif urÇmavmuBuD;onf &kyf\vIyf&Sm;
rI Oya'orsm;t& jzpfay:wkd;wufvsuf&Sdum ]]wurÇmvkH;ESifhqkdifaompdwfemrf}}rygbJ
uif;vGwf&yfwnfaeonf[k¤if;? rmhufpf\tbd"r®mqkdif&m&kyf0g'u ,lqayonf/
]](c) uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfomvQif wu,fwnf&Sdí tjcm;bmrQ wu,ftrSefr&Sd[k ,l
qaom pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifvsuf? &kyf? obm0 ponfwkdYonf pdwf\jyifywGif oD;jcm;uif;
vGwfwnf&Sdaeonfh 'd|usaom trSefw&m;jzpfonf[k¤if;? &kyfonf tm&kHrsm;? awG;ac:
rIrsm;ESifhpdwfwkdY\t&if;tjrpfjzpfí &kyfonfom t"dujzpfonf[k¤if;? pdwfonf jzpfrI\
ta&mif[yfcsuf? &kyf\ta&mif[yfcsufrQomjzpfí? omrnjzpfonf[k¤if;? tawG;t
ac:onf &kyf\&vm'frQomjzpfí OD;aESmufjzifhom jynfhpkHaom tawG;tac:tqifhodkY
a&mufapojzifh OD;aESmuf(&kyf)onf tawG;tac:(pdwf)udkjyKvkyfonfhud&d,mBuD;jzpfonf
[k¤if;? urÇmavmuBuD;ü rod&ao;aomt&m[líom&SdNyD;? rodEkdifaomt&m[lí r&Sd[k
¤if;? xkdrod&ao;aomt&mwkdYonf odyÜHynmESifhvufawGYBudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIrsm;rS od&Sd
vmawmhrnf[k¤if;? rmhufpf\tbd"r®mqkdif&m &kyf0g'u ,lqayonf/}}
&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'wkdY vufawGYwGif jcm;em;MuykH&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'wkdY vufawGYwGif jcm;em;MuykH&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'wkdY vufawGYwGif jcm;em;MuykH&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'wkdY vufawGYwGif jcm;em;MuykH&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'wkdY vufawGYwGif jcm;em;MuykH
az:jycJhonfhtwkdif; &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'jcm;em;ykHwkdYonf urÇmavmuBuD;\obm0
ESifhywfoufaom pdwåZqefaom todw&m;ESpfck jcm;em;MuykHrsKd; r[kwfay/ jyóemwkdif;
wGif em;vnfykH? t"dyÜg,faumuf,lykHutp jcm;em;aeMuaom t,ltqESpfckjzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifh ,if;ESpfck\jcm;em;csufudk txl;rSwfom;&ef vkdonf/
jroef;wifh29
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'jcm;em;MuykHudk vufawGYenf;rsm;jzifh aemufxyfEIdif;,SOfppfaq;
MunfhMu&atmif/
Oyrm - pdwf0g'orm;wkdYu odyÜHynmtay:wGif ]]vGefrif;pGm}} tm;xm;jcif;rjyK
&ef rMumcPajymwwfMuonf/ ta&;BuD;aom opömw&m;rsm;onf odyÜHynmvufvSrf;
rrSDaomae&mwGif &Sdonf[kvnf; olwkdYu qkdMuonf/ odkYqkdjcif;onf oufaoom"u&Sd
aom? tawGYtMuKHu jyaom? vufawGYjzifh prf;oyfEkdifaom t&mrsm;udk r,kHMunfESifh[k
qkdjcif;yifjzpfonf/ odkYqkdjcif;jzifh ]]tqifhjrifh}}aom todw&m;udk &&Sdav[ef trSefqkH;udk
odav[ef aqmifaeMuonf/ pdwf0g'orm;rsm;udkom ,kHMunfMu[kqkd&ma&mufayonf/
þenf;jzifh pdwf0g'onf azgufjyefaom 0g'jzefYcsDrIa&mif;&if; rdwfaqGaumif;
BuD;jzpfvmayonf/ t&if;&Sifowif;pmrsm;\tbd"r®mBuD;w&yf jzpfvmayonf/ pdwf
0g'onf vlYusifh0wfESifhvlrIjyóemrsm;udk odyÜHenf;uspGm csOf;uyfavhvmjcif; rjyKEkdif
atmif uREkfyfwkdYtm; wm;qD;xm;um Oyg'gefpGJvrf;rI trsKd;rsKd;udk ,kHMunfatmif tm;
ay;aeonf/
xkdYjyif uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf ta&;tBuD;qkH;rSm 0dnmOfonf tZöswåtwGif; b0jzpf
onf[kvnf; pdwf0g'orm;wkdYu qkdMuao;onf/ (pdwf)twGif;ajymif;vJ qef;opfrIr&SdbJ
vlYjyóemrsm;udk rajz&Sif;Ekdif[kvnf; qkdMuao;onf/ þpum;rSm xrif;0olrsm; rMum
cPajymavh&Sdaom pum;jzpfonf/ tvkyform;onf vkyfcGiftajctaeaumif;rGefa&;
twGuf wkdufyGJr0ifbJ pdwf"mwfwkd;wufaumif;rGefatmif vkyfjcif;jzifh b0opfodkY a&muf
vmygrnfavm/
qkd&S,fvpfrsm;xJwGif rMumcPawGY&aom pdwf0g'csOf;uyfavhvmrIwrsKd;&Sdao;
onf/ &kd;om;aom tcsKdYqkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf t&if;&Sifpepfudk raumif;[k jrifMuonf/
,if;odkYt&if;&Sifpepf raumif;&jcif;rSm ukefrsm;udk nDrQpGm a0iSjzefYjzL;jcif;r&SdaomaMumifh
[k olwkdYu ,lqMuonf/ t&if;&Sifrsm; tygt0if vltm;vkH;rQwrIESifhw&m;rIwkdYudk usifh
okH;jcif;jzifh t&if;&Sifpepf\tjypftemtqmrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;Muum aumif;rGefvm
rnf[k qkdMuonf/ olwkdY\qkd&S,fvpf0g'rSm w&m;rQwjcif;[laom pdwåZqefonfhawG;ac:
rIudk vufawGYtaumiftxnf az:jcif;yifjzpfonf/
þpdwf0g'onf tESpfom&tm;jzifh tb,fenf;/ uREkfyfwkdY\aexkdifrIpepfESifhvlY
tzGJYtpnf; wnfaqmufykHpepfudk tqkH;tjzwfjyKaomt&mrSm uREkfyfwkdY\awG;ac:rIawG;ac:rIawG;ac:rIawG;ac:rIawG;ac:rIrsm;
yif jzpfonf[k qkdvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;odkYjzifh olwkdYonf &kyfusaom&kyfusaom&kyfusaom&kyfusaom&kyfusaomtaMumif;w&m;rsm;
udk Munfhjrif&ef arhavsmhaeMuonf/ trSeftm;jzifh t&if;&SifvlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif; ukef
rsm; jzefYcsDykHpepf? qif;&JolESifhcsrf;omol[lí uGJjym;aeonfhtjzpfwkdYay:vmjcif;rSm ukef
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 30
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
rsm;jzefYcsDa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom vl\awG;ac:rIaMumifh r[kwfay/ t&if;&Sifrsm;u tvkyf
orm;tm; aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;ay:wGif ukefxkwfrIpepf? þtajccHwnfaqmufxm;aom
&kyfusonfhtaMumif;w&m;aMumifhom jzpfayonf/ ,if;ukefxkwfrIpepfwnfíaeorQ
umvywfvkH;? tqkH;pGefcsrf;omjcif;ESifhtqkH;pGef qif;&Jjcif;wkdYonf wnf&SdaeMuOD;rnfom
jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifh qkd&S,fvpfrsm;\vkyfief;rSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; pnf;&kH;
um t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;tm; qefYusifaom wkdufyGJudk acgif;aqmif&ef jzpfonf/ odkYjzifh
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf tmPmudk t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;xHrS &,l&ef jzpfonf/
þtcsufudk em;rvnfygu uREkfyfwkdYonf qkd&S,fvpf0g'twGuf wkdufckduf&ef xd
a&mufaom enf;vrf;udk &SmazGEdkifrnf r[kwfay/
,if;O'g[&kPfwkdYudkMunfhí pdwf0g'onf azgufjyefa&;\vufeuftjzpf b,fodkY
b,fykH tokH;awmfcHonfudk odjrifEkdifayonf/ qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf t&if;&SifwkdY\pdwf0g'
udk ,lí qkd&S,fvpfoabmw&m;udk xlaxmifí r&ay/ tvm;wlyif t&if;&Siftpdk;&puf
,EÅ&m;ESifhwuG ,EÅ&m;armif;ESifolt&m&Sdrsm;udk iSg;&rf;í qkd&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmuf
ívnf; r&Ekdifay/
orkdif;wavQmufvkH;rSmyif pdwf0g'onf azgufjyefa&;\vufeuf jzpfcJhayonf/
aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fvlwef;pm;\tkyfpkd;rIudk ormorwfjzpfav[ef a&mufatmif jyKvkyfay;
aom ud&d,mrQom jzpfcJhayonf/
okdYjzifh pdwf0g'onf acwfaemufjyefqGJaom tiftm;pkjzpfonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;
udk AkdaeNrJ usm;aeNrJ wnf&Sdaeatmif umuG,fxm;aomoabmw&m; jzpfonf/ tjcm;
wbufwGif &kyf0g'onf wkd;wufvsuf&Sdonf/ ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm; wkd;wufvmjcif;?
odyÜHynmwkd;wufvmjcif; ponfhvlrIwkd;wufrIwkdif;onf &kyfusaom pdwful;rsm;jzifh ay:
aygufvmcJhMuNyD;aemuf &kyf0g'udk wzefjyefí <u,f0ckdifrmapcJhonf/ vlYtawG;tac:\
orkdif;onf &kyf0g'u pdwf0g'ukd wkdufonfhwkdufyGJ\orkdif;rQom jzpfayonf/
&kyf0g'a&;&mwkdufyGJ
uGefjrLepf0g' wnfaqmufa&;twGuf vlvlcsif;aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,frIudk qkH;cef;wkdif
wkdufonfhtvkyform;vlwef;pm;\pnf;&kH;aom wyfOD;jzpfaom uGefjrLepfrsm;onf rnf
odkYaomykHoP²mef&Sdonfh pdwf0g'udkrS vufrcHay/
,if;ESifhywfoufí vDeifu atmufygtwkdif; ajymqkdcJhavonf/
]]&mpkESpf\w0ufrQaom &SnfMumaomumvwavQmufvkH;wGif rmhufpfESifhtdef
*s,fvfpfwkdYonf &kyf0g'udk wkd;wufzGHYNzdK;apcJhonf/ tbd"r®mwGif tajccHusaom tEG,f
jroef;wifh31
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
wckudk xyfrHí wkd;csJYcJhonf/ ,if;tcsufwGifyifvQif rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdY\yg&rDÓPf
onf xif&Sm;pGm ay:vsuf&Sdayonf/
]]rmhufpf\tbd"r®mqkdif&m >rufqkdcsufrsm;udk MunfhvQif rajymif;vJaom tajccH
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk awGY&ayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;rSm &kyf0g'udk pGJNrJjcif;? t0dZÆm0g' pdwf0g'jzifh
a&marTrI? pdwf0g'odkY ,drf;,dkifrIwkdYudk &IHUcsjypfwifjcif;wkdYyif jzpfayonf/}}
]]rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdYonf tprStqkH;wkdif tbd"r®me,fy,fü bufvkdufol
rsm; jzpfayonf/ olwkdYonf &kyf0g'rS aoGzDrIrsm;udk¤if;? pdwf0g'tm; avsmhayghcsufay;
jcif;udk¤if;? &SmazGEkdifcJhMuayonf/}}
]]ayghZcfwpfApfrsm;tygt0if &kyfemrf'GefwGJorm;rsm;onf qif;&Jacgif;yg;vSaom
vlnHhrsm;om jzpfayonf/ olwkdYonf jyóemudk Munfhjrif&mü &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'tEG,frsm;
udk a&maxG;arTaESmufypfonfh tv,fvrf;tbd"r®mESifhom oifhawmfayonf/ tbd"r®m
wGif þtajccHtET,fESpfckpvkH;rS xGufajy;&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;onf wufa,mifum; aphpyf
a&;orm;wkdY\tvkyfrQom jzpfacsonf/}}
jyóemwkdif;rSmyif uREkfyfwkdYonf pdwf0g'udk qefYusifaom&kyf0g'\bufawmf
om;rsm;jzpfMuayonf/ ,if;odkYbufvkduf&jcif;rSm t&m0w¬Krsm;udk pdwful;awG;xifrIrsm;
rygbJ ¤if;wkdYtvkdtavsmufwkdif; avhvmMunfhjrifonfh&kyf0g'todw&m;jzifhomvQif
uREkfyfwkdYonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhobm0tiftm;pkrsm; taMumif;udk odem;vnfEkdifaom
aMumifhjzpfayonf/ ,if;odkY odem;vnfjcif;jzifhomvQif vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk ajymif;vJypfum
obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk Ekdifeif;rnfjzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifhvnf; uREkfyfwdkY udk,fudk¤if;? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk¤if;? jynfoludk
¤if;? ,kHMunfrI&Sd&ef odem;vnfrI\tjyifbufwGif vQKdU0SufeufeJ todcufaom t&m[l
onf r&Sd[lí¤if;? xm0&bk&m;ociftvkdawmftwkdif; jzpfMuonf[laom t,ltqukd
vufcHp&m rvkd[lí¤if;? ]]ckdifrmwdusaom}}oifMum;csufrsm;udk &Iwfcsypfyg,fjcif;rjyK
[lí¤if;? vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhobm0udk ajymif;vJypf&eftwGuf em;vnfod&SdEkdifonf[lí¤if;?
&kyf0g'u oifMum;ay;ayonf/
®
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 32
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcef;(3)
puf,EÅ&m; &kyf0g'
acwfa[mif;wGif awmfvSefaom "e&Sifu xkwfvkyfcJhonfh&kyf0g'trsKd;tpm;w
&yfrSm puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'jzpfonf/ ,if;0g'onf ya0PD&kyf0g'tjrifudk ausmfvGefcJhonf/
,if;puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g't&qkdvQif urÇmavmuBuD;onf ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom &kyf0w¬K
rsm;(tEkjrLrIHrsm;)jzifhom zGJYpnf;xm;onf/ ¤if;&kyf0w¬Krsm;\tnrnvIyf&Sm;rIonf
obm0\toGifoP²mefrsm;tm;vkH;udk xkwfvkyfonf/ xkdYjyif obm0\tvkyfvkyfykHudk
vnf; puf,EÅ&m;wck\tvkyfvkyfykHjzifh EIdif;,SOfodem;vnfayonf/
xkdacwfurl puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf wkd;wufawmfvSefaom 0g'jzpfayonf/ odkY
&mwGif puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'wGif BuD;rm;aom aysmhuGufBuD;okH;ck&Sdonf/
(1) urÇmavmuBuD;udk teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sifwyg;u zefqif;onf[k ,lqjcif;
(2) jzpfpOf[loíonf puf,EÅ&m;\tnrnvIyf&Sm;rI puf0dkif;rsm; txyfxyf&pf0Jvnf
ywfojzifh t&nftcsif;topfrsm;? obm0wGif jzpfpOftopfrsm; ponfwkdYjzpfay:wkd;
wufrIr&Sd[k ,lqjcif;
(3) vlrIwkd;wufjzpfay:rIudk¤if;? vl\vlrIvIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk¤if;? az:jyEkdifjcif;
r&SdbJ vlYobm0udk pdwåZqefpGm ouf0if,kHMunfjcif; ponfwkdY jzpfonf/
ajymif;vJaeaom urÇmavmuBuD;ESifh¤if;wkdY rnfokdYem;vnfykH
rmhufpfray:rDuqkdvQif &kyf0g'onf t"dutm;jzifh puf,EÅ&m; qefvSayonf/
&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf b0ESifhpdwftygt0if urÇmavmuBuD;wckvkH;udk Munfhjrif
&mü touf0dnmOfuif;rJhaompuf,EÅ&m;zGJYpnf;rI w&yftjzpfom MunfhjrifMuonf/ &kyf
cE¨mrsm;\puf&kyfqefqef tnrn vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIrsm;tjzpfom jrifonf[k rMum
cPajymoHMum;&onf/ ,if;rSm puf,EÅ&m;qefaom &kyf0g'udkqkdvkdjcif; jzpfayonf/ odkY
&mwGif rmhufpf0g'\&kyf0g'rSm puf,EÅ&m;rqefbJ tEky#davmrusayonf/ ,if;udk em;
vnf&eftwGuf puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'udk yXrtm;jzifh vkdtyfayonf/
urÇmavmuBuD;wGif pl;prf;awGY&Sd&onfhtrsKd;rsKd;aom ajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfrsm;udk
&kyf0g'orm;rsm;u rnfokdYodjrifem;vnfMuygoenf;/
urÇmavmuBuD;onf ajymif;vJrIwkdYjzifhom NyD;onf/ aeYqkH;vQif nodkYa&mufí
nNyD;qkH;vQif aeYodkYa&mufonf/ &moDcGifonf wckNyD;wck vSnfhaeonf/ vlonf arG;zGm;
í BuD;jyif;um aoqkH;onf/ þajymif;vJrIw&m;(tedpöw&m;)onf ta&;BuD;aom t
jroef;wifh33
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
csufjzpfonf[k tbd"r®mynm&Sifwkdif;u todtrSwfjyKMuonf/ odkYjzpfvQif urÇmavmu
BuD;ü ,if;odkY awGYjrifod&Sdae&aom ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk rnfokdYodjrifem;vnfMu&rnfenf;/
&kyf0g'enf;jzifhaomf¤if;? pdwf0g'enf;jzifhaomf¤if;? wenf;enf;jzifh þajymif;vJ
rIrsm;udk odjrifem;vnf&ayvdrfhrnf/
pdwf0g'tvkdt&qkdvQif xkdajymif;vJrIonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmft&
om jzpfayonf/ odkYjzifh &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;wGif &Sdaom ajymif;vJrI[lorQonf ,kwådtqkH;
wGif &kyf\tjyifywGif &Sdaom? &kyfr[kwfaom? &kyfurÇm\Oya'orsm;\vufatmufcH
r[kwfaom t&mwcku aphaqmfzefwD;onf[k pdwf0g'u ,lqayonf/
odkY&mwGif &kyf0g'url ajymif;vJrI[lorQonf &kyftaMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifhjzpf
onf[k ,lqayonf/ wenf;qkd&vQif &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;wGif jzpfysuforQwkdYudk &kyfurÇm
avmuBuD;jzifh &Sif;vif;az:jyayonf/
odkY&mwGif tcsKdYtbd"r®mynm&SifwkdYurl ajymif;vJrI\twGif;rSmyif ajymif;vJjcif;
r&Sdaomt&m? xm0&wnfaomt&m? edpöjzpfaomt&m[lí &Sdao;onf[k qkdMujyefonf/
,if;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faomvlwef;pm; udkifpGJaom oabmw&m;\
ta&;BuD;aomtpdwftydkif;jzpfonf/ olwkdYonf ajymif;vJjcif;udk aMumufMuonf/ ajymif;
vJjcif;aMumifh olwkdYonfvnf; aysmufuG,fvGifhpifoGm;awmhrnf[k pdk;&drfMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh
olwkdYonf wnfNrJaomt&m? edpöjzpfaomt&m? ajymif;vJjcif;w&m;(tedpö)r[kwfaom
t&mudk &SmazGMuonf/
ya0PD&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onfvnf; þw&m;udk &SmazGcJhMu\/ ajymif;vJaeaom
A[d'¨toGifrsm; aemufuG,fwGif rajymif;vJaomt&mudk vkdufvH&SmazGMuonf/ pdwf0g'
orm;rsm;u ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom xm0&jzpfaom t&mrsm;udk pdwfemrfbkHü &SmazGMuí
&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf tvm;wlt&mudk &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;xJü &SmazGaeMuonf/ odkY&m
&Sm&if;jzifh olwkdYonf olwkdY&SmazGaeonfhajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom? xm0&jzpfaomt&mudk t
qkH;pGefaom&kyf0w¬KrSm xm0&vnf;jzpf? zsufqD;ívnf; r&Ekdifaom tEkjrLjzpfayonf/
(tEkjrL Atom tufwrfrSm acgrpum;vkH;jzpfí ]]csKd;zJYr&Ekdifaom}}[k teufxGufonf)
okYdjzifh ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom tEkjrLuav;rsm;\tnrnwkHYjyefaqmif&GufrI?
vIyf&Sm;rIonf ajymif;vJrItm;vkH;ajymif;vJrItm;vkH;ajymif;vJrItm;vkH;ajymif;vJrItm;vkH;ajymif;vJrItm;vkH;udk jyKay;onf[k xkd&kyf0g'orm;rsm;u ,lqMuayonf/
,if;rSm vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; ESpfaxmifausmfavmufu acgrEkdifiHESifhtdEd,jynfwkdYwGif xGef;
um;cJhonfh rsm;pGma&S;usvSaom t,ltqw&yf jzpfayonf/
xdkpOfurl ,if;t,ltqonf olYacwfESifhol wkd;wufaomt,ltqjzpfí pdwf
0g'ESifhOyg'gefpGJvrf;rIrsm;udk wkdufzsuf&mwGif vufeufBuD;wck jzpfayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 34
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
acgrtbd"r®mynm&Sif tufyDusL;&yf(pf)\tEkjrL&kyf0g't,ltq\&nf&G,fcsufrSm ]]t
&m0w¬Kwkdif;udk jzpfay:aponfh"mwfrsm;rSm rnfonfh"mwfrsm;jzpfonfudk¤if;? t&m0w¬K
wkdif;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifrsm;\ya,m*r&SdbJ rnfodkYrnfykH jzpfay:vmMuykHudk¤if;}} jy
qkd&ef&nf&G,fayonf[k a&mruAsmq&m vlua&;wD;,mh(pf)u ol\]]t&m0w¬Krsm;\
obm0}}trnf&Sd tbd"r®muAsmusrf;wGif az:jyxm;onf/
odkYjzifh urÇmavmuBuD;onf cufrmí csKd;zJhr&Ekdifaom &kyf"mwf0w¬Krsm; zGJYpnf;
xm;jcif;rQomjzpfonf[k¤if;? ajymif;vJrItm;vkH;onf ,if;"mwf0w¬Krsm;\vIyf&Sm;rI? ¤if;
wkdYtcsif;csif; tnrnwkHYjyefaqmif&GufrIwkdYrS xGufay:vmonf[k¤if; ,lqonfh&kyf0g'
wrsKd;onf xkdpOfuyif ay:aygufvmcJhayonf/
,if;t,ltqudk acwfopfü jyefvnfqef;opfvmapcJhonf/ 16 &mpkESifh17&mpk
ESpfrsm;ü tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;ESifhodyÜHynm&Sifrsm;onf ya'o&mZfqefaom bk&if*sDtbd
"r®mudk wkdufzsuf&mwGif ,if;t,ltqudk tokH;jyKcJhMuayonf/ odkY&mwGif acwfopf&kyf
0g'onf ya0PD&kyf0g'xuf tESpfom&tm;jzifh <u,f0vmayonf/ &kyf"mwf0w¬Krsm;\
tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;rI\Oya'orsm;onf b,ft&mrsm;jzpfonfudk acwfopf&kyf0g'u
&SmazGcJhayonf/ odkYjzifh &kyf\oD;jcm;tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfysufvIyf&Sm;jcif;ESifhtnrnwkHY
jyefvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rS ay:xGufvmonfh&lyu©E¨majymif;vJrItp? vlYb0ajymif;vJrItqkH;jzpf
aom toGifoP²meftm;vkH;\&kyfvkH;udk az:jyayonf/ þenf;jzifh 18-&mpkESpftqkH;wGif
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'acwfopft,ltqrsm;\vu©Pmrsm;onf ay:vmMujcif;jzpfayonf/
"e&Siftbd"r®mw&yf
tESpfom&tm;jzifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf ay:xGef;pjyKvmaom "e&Sif\o
abmw&m;jzpfayonf/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf ajr&Sifya'o&mZfoabmw&m;udk qeYf
usifí wkd;wufzGHYNzdK;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZfawG;ac:csufrsm;ukd OD;wnfwkduf
cJhonf/ ajr&SifqkH;aom ya'o&mZftjrifudk OD;wnfwkdufckdufaom tjyif;xef"e&Sifwkduf
yGJykHoP²mef jzpfayonf/
"e&Sifay:xGef;p acwfwGif ajr&Sifya'o&mZfvlrIqufqHa&;rsm;onf NydKusae
Muonf/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZfvlrIqufqHa&;rsm; awmufyxGef;vif;&mjzpfaom bk&if*sDt
bd"r®mxJwGif jr§KyfESHXmyemxm;onfhajr&Sifya'o&mZfawG;ac:rIrsm;onfvnf; NydKusae
Muonf/ uRefykdifya'o&mZfrsm;u ajruRefrsm;udk aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fonfhpD;yGm;a&;tajc
cHay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;onfhajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfonf opömawmfcH? vufatmufcH?
trSDckdcHjzpfaom&IyfaxG;onfhvlrIqufqHa&;rsm;jzifh >yrf;vsuf&Sdonf/ þ&IyfaxG;rIrsm;
jroef;wifh35
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
onf vlrIESifhEkdifiHa&;tbd"r®mrsm;wGifom xif[yfaeonfr[kwfbJ obm0tbd"r®mxJ
wGifvnf; xif[yfaeonf/
obm0twGif;&Sd t&m0w¬Kwkdif;onf pMum0VmpepfBuD;xJwGif 'l;ae&m'l; awmf
ae&mawmf &SdMu&onf/ xkdpepfBuD;\vufatmufcHtjzpf xkdpepfBuD;udk rSDwG,faeMu&
onf/ odkY&Sd&if;jzifh pMum0VmpepfBuD;tm; tusKd;jyKaeMu&onfqkdaom obm0tbd"r®m
rSm ajr&Sifya'o&mZfacwfwGif xGef;um;aom tbd"r®mrsKd; jzpfayonf/
"e&Siftbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;ESifh odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;onf obm0ESifhywfoufaom
,if;okYdaom ajr&Sifya'o&mZfawG;ac:rIrsm;udkyg y,fzsufcJhMuonf/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZf
w&m;aot,ltqrsm;udk y,fum obm0onf &kyfcEmrsm; tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;Muonfh
pepfBuD;omjzpfonf[k olwkdYu ,lqMuonf/ obm0onf rnfodkYrnfykHajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;
aeonfudk odjrif&eftwGuf obm0tm; pl;prf;&SmazG&rnf[kvnf; qkdcJhMuayonf/
yx0D0ifqkdif&m awGY&Sdcsufrsm;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifho,f,lydkYaqmifa&;wkd;
wufrIrsm;? pufrIESifhpufxkwfvkyfrI wkd;wufzGHYNzKd;rIrsm;ESifhtwl obm0pl;prf;&SmazGrIonf
vnf; wkd;wufvmcJhonf/ pufrItwwfynm\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifh eD;pyf,SufEG,faeonfh
tavsmuf pufrIqkdif&m odyÜHynmonfvnf; wkd;wufzGHYNzdK;vmcJhonf/ okdYjzifh obm0tm;
odyÜHenf;uspGm pl;prf;rIwkdYaMumifh¤if;? txl;ojzifh pufrIqkdif&m odyÜHynmwkdYaMumifh¤if;?
&kyf0g't,ltqonf ydkí<u,f0vmayonf/
wNydKifwnf;rSmyif ,if;awGY&Sdcsufrsm;onf &kyf0g't,ltq\aysmhuGufrsm;ESifh
aumif;uGufrsm;udk¤if;? atmifjrifcsufrsm;ESifhuefYowfcsufrsm;udk¤if;? nTefjycJhayonf/
&kyf0g't,ltqudk a&SUodkYwqifh wGef;ydkYvkdufonfht&mrSm tdef*s,fvfpfajymovkd
yif ]]pGrf;tm;BuD;í vsifjrefpGm w[kefxkd;csDwufaeaomodyÜHynmESifhpufrIvkyfief;\wkd;
wufrIwkdY}}yifjzpfonf/ &kyf0g't,ltqonf ]]t"dutm;jzifh puf,EÅ&m;qefayonf}}/
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf pufrIqkdif&m odyÜHynmonfomvQif wkd;wufzGHYNzdK;rIwGif jrifhrm;aom
tqifhodkYa&muf&SdaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ ,if;&kyf0g'ü ]]oD;jcm;usí a&SmifvTJr&aom
uefYowfcsufrsm; &Sdayonf/ ,if;odkYuefYowfcsufrsm; &Sdjcif;rSm puf,EÅ&m;twwfynm
\pHrsm;ESifhvkH;0EIdif;csdefukdufxm;aomaMumifh}}jzpfayonf/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf pufrIqkdif&m odyÜHynmxGef;um;pjyKvmaomtaMumif;
wckwnf;aMumifhom ay:aygufvmonf r[kwfao;ay/ twkd;wufqkH;aom "e&Siftbd
"r®mynm&Sifrsm;\vlwef;pm;tjrifwGif euf&Idif;pGm tjrpfwG,faeaomaMumifhvnf;jzpf
ayonf/ twkd;wufqkH;aom "e&Siftbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;onf pufrIqkdif&modyÜHynmrsm;
udk vkH;0tm;ukd;arQmfrSef;MuaomaMumifhvnf; jzpfayonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 36
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
ajr&Sifya'o&mZf vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk wGef;vSefNyD;aemuf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf w
oD;yk*¾vvGwfvyfcGifh&a&;? wef;wlnDrQa&;ESifhtcsKyftcs,fr&Sdaom aps;uGufzGHYNzdK;a&;wkdY
twGuf wkdufchJonf/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZf\awG;ac:rIrsm;udk y,fzsufcJhNyD;aemuf urÇm
avmuBuD;onf pufrIodyÜH\Oya'orsm;t& tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;aeMuaom &kyf"mwf
0w¬Krsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;omjzpfonf[k "e&Sif\twkd;wufqkH;aom tbd"r®mynm&Sif
rsm; jzpfaom&kyf0g'rsm;u tvm;wl a<u;aMumfcJhMuonf/
ajr&Sifya'o&mZf\t,ltqrsm;onf ajr&Sifya'o&mZf vlrIqufqHa&;rsm;
wGif xif[yfaeouJhodkY obm0ESifhywfoufaom az:jyyg "e&Sift,ltqonfvnf; "e
&SifvlrIqufqHa&;wGif xif[yfaeayonf/ odkY&mwGif "e&Sif vlrIqufqHa&;opfonf ajr
&Sifya'o&mZfaESmiftzGJYrsm;udk jzwfawmufum ukefvkyftiftm;pkHopf\wkd;wufjzpfay:
rIopfudk jzpfay:apouJhodkY obm0ESifhywfoufaom "e&Sift,ltqopfonfvnf; ajr
&Sifya'o&mZfawG;ac:rIrsm;udk y,fzsufum odyÜHenf;usaom okawoejyKrIudk wkd;wuf
jzpfay:apcJhayonf/
odyÜHynmonf tbd"r®mqkdif&m tjrifwkd;wufrItwGuf rsm;pGmtaxmuftulay;
cJhum ,if;odkYjzifh tbd"r®mqkdif&m tjrifonf odyÜHynmaMumifh ydkrkdckdifrmvmcJhayonf/
urÇmavmuBuD;ESifhpuf,EÅ&m;
urÇmavmuBuD;onf tnrn wkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;aeMuaom &kyf"mwf0w¬Krsm; pk
aygif;zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;om jzpfonf[k puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;rsm;u ,lqMuonf/ "mwf
0w¬Krsm;onf wckESifhwck oD;jcm; uif;vGwfpGmwnf&SdaeMuonf/ odkYjzifh wckpD wnf&Sdíae
aom "mwf0w¬KwkdY pkaygif;zGJYpnf;vkdufaomtcg urÇmavmuBuD;tjzpfodkY a&muf&Sdvm
onf/ ,if;"mwf0w¬Krsm; tcsif;csif; tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;rsm; pkaygif;vkdufaom
tcgwGif urÇmBuD;twGif;ü pkaygif;t&mrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ ,if;wkdY\tnrnwkHYjyef
vIyf&Sm;jcif;rsm;onfvnf; puf,EÅ&m;\wkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ "mwf0w¬Kwck
onf tjcm;"mwf0w¬Kwckudk jyifyrS csKyfudkifxdef;odrf;aom puf,EÅ&m;\wkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;
ykHrsKd;jzpfonf/
,if;t,ltqrSm puf,EÅ&m; &kyf0g'orm;wkdY\t,ltqjzpfonf/ ,if;t,l
tqonf urÇmavmuBuD;wckvkH;tm; &IyfaxG;aom puf,EÅ&m;tpdwftydkif;BuD;wckt
jzpf oabmxm;jcif;ESifhtwlwlyif jzpfonf/ odkYjzifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf obm0wck
vkH;ukdjzpfap? obm0\tpdwftydkif;wckudkjzpfap Munfhjrifonfhtcgü puf,EÅ&m;wckvkH;
udk MunfhjrifouJhodkY¤if;? Munfhjrifayonf/ obm0BuD;rnfodkY tvkyfvkyf vIyf&Sm;onfudk
jroef;wifh37
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
Munfhjrif&mü puf,EÅ&m;BuD; rnfodkYtvkyfvkyfvIyf&Sm;onfudk MunfhouJhodkY Munfhayonf/
,if;MunfhjrifrIrsKd;udk e,lwef\pMum0VmpepfwGif awGYjrifEkdifonf/ e,lwefonf
acgr&kyf0g'orm;BuD;tufyDusL;&wfpfuJhodkYyif urÇmavmuBuD;onf [if;vif;jzpfaom
v[mxJwGif vIyf&Sm;aeMuaom "mwf0w¬Krsm; zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[laom a,bk,s
&Ijrifcsufudk vufcHayonf/ odkY&mwGif aeESifN*dK[frsm; oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;ykHponfh obm0\
oD;jcm;aomtoGifoP²mefrsm;ESifhywfoufírl tufyDusL;&wfpfonf az:xkwf&Sif;vif;
jcif; rjyKEkdifcJhay/ aumif;uifjyifü ta&SUrS taemufodkY jzwfoef;oGm;vmaomae\vIyf
&Sm;rIESifhpyfvsOf;í tufyDusL;&wfpfu puf,EÅ&m;yrm wdusaom ae\vIyf&Sm;oGm;vm
rIudk az:jy&efrvkd? az:jy&ef ta&;rBuD;? aeonf bk&m;wql r[kwfrlí? tEkjrLrIHrsm;
aygif;pyfzGJYpnf;xm;onfht&mrQom jzpfonfqkdonfhtcsufudk od&Sd&efom vkdtyfí ta&;
vnf;BuD;ayonf[k ajymcJhayonf/ aeonf yx0DajrBuD;udk vSnfhywfoGm;vmaeonf/
odkYvSnfhywfoGm;&if;jzifh aewGif zGJYpnf;yg0ifaeonhftEkjrLrIHrsm;onf yJhusum nbufwGif
,if;tEkjrLrIHuav;rsm;onf vkH;0uGJaysmufvGifhpifum wjcm;pD jzpfoGm;NyD; aemufwaeY
eHeufusrS wzef ,if;tEkjrLrIHuav;rsm;onf jyefí pkaygif;zGJYpnf;vmMujyefum ]]ae
opf}}wckjzpfay:vmonf[k tufyDusL;&wfpfu ,lqayonf/ olYtzkdY obm0BuD;jzpfay:
vmykHomvQif ta&;BuD;í obm0BuD;vIyf&Sm; tvkyfvkyfykHonf ta&;rBuD;ay/ e,lwef
url obm0BuD;jzpfay:vmykHonf ta&;rBuD;? rnfokdYrnfykH tvkyfvkyf vIyf&Sm;ykHonfom
ta&;BuD;onf[k ,lqonf/ pMum0Vmpepf rnfokdYtvkyfvkyfonfudk od&Sd&efom ta&;
BuD;onf[k ,lqonf/ pMum0Vmpepf tvkyfvkyfykHukdvnf; e,lwefonf puf,EÅ&m;yrm
wifpm;í az:jyonf/ qGJiifjcif;tm;? puf,EÅ&m;tiftm;pk ponfwkdYjzifh wifpm;jyonf/
,if;odkYaom puf,EÅ&m;qefonfhcsOf;uyfavhvmrIrsKd;udk [maA;\aoG;vSnfhywf
oGm;vmrIoabmw&m;xJwGifvnf; awGYEkdifonf/ [maA;u aoG;oGm;vmvSnfhywfykHudk
puf,EÅ&m;BuD;wck tvkyfvkyfouJhodkY jrifonf/ ESvkH;onf ykdufvkH;BuD;wckESifhwlonf/ xkd
ykdufvkH;rS aoG;rsm;udk aoG;vTwfaMumrsm;wavQmuf yef;xkwfvkdufNyD; aoG;jyefaMumrsm;
rSjyefí pD;qif;aponf/ odkYjzifh aoG;vSnfhywfoGm;vmrIonf ydkufacgif;rsm;rSwqifh oGm;
vmvSnfhywfaeonf[k [maA;u ,lqayonf/
odkYjzpf&m puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'tjrifudk ydkrdkí em;vnfEdkif&ef atmufygtwkdif; t
qifhqifh ppfaq;MunfhMu&atmif/
(1) puf,EÅ&m;zGJYpnf;rIqkdonfrSm bmvJ¿
(2) puf,EÅ&m;zGJYpnf;rI\toGifvu©Pmrsm;onf bmvJ¿
(u) puf,EÅ&m;zGJYpnf;rIwckwGif wckESifhwcktHukdufaeMuaom xm0&tpdwft
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 38
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tydkif;rsm;ygonf/
(c) puf,EÅ&m; vnfywfvIyf&Sm;a&;twGuf armif;ESifa&;tiftm;pkwckvkdonf/
(*) puf,EÅ&m;BuD; vnfywfvIyf&Sm;onfESifhtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf tnrnwkHY
jyefvIyf&Sm;Muonf/ okdYjzifh puf,EÅ&m;zGJYpnf;rIOya'orsm;t& wduspGm ajymqkdEkdifaom
tajzrsm;udk &&Sdonf/
Oyrm/ /em&DwvkH;\puf,EÅ&m;zGJYpnf;rIudk MunfhMu&atmif/
(u) em&DwGif wckESihfwck tHudkufaeMuaom acG;oGm;pdwf? azgif;wef? oHywfponfh
trsKd;rsKd;aom tpdwftydkif;rsm;ygonf/
(c) em&Dudk armif;ESifa&;tiftm;jzpfaom oHywfjzifh oGm;aponf/
(*) oHywfajyí oHywfu vIyf&Sm;aomtcg puf,EÅ&m; Oya'ot& txJ&Sdt
pdwftydkif;wkdYonf wckESifhwck tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;Muum 'kdifcGufay;wGif wduspGm xkwf
az: ajymqkdEkdifaom em&DvufwHrsm;\vIyf&Sm;rIudkjzpfay:aponf/ ,if;em&D\puf,EÅ
&m;zGJYpnf;rIudk odem;vnfvkdvQif em&D\tpdwftydkif;rsm;ukd wckpDjzKwfMunfh&ef vdkonf/
xkdtpdwftydkif;rsm; wckESifhwck rnfodkYtHudkufatmif wyfqifxm;onfudk od&Sd&efvkdonf/
vkdtyfaom armif;ESifa&; tiftm;pku wGef;vkdufaomtcg xkdtpdwftydkif;rsm; tcsif;
csif;rnfokdYwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;Muonfudk odem;vnf&efvkdonf/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf obm0udkvnf; þenfjzifh Munfhjrifayonf/
olwkdYonf obm0\tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk wckpDcGJjcm;um Munfhonf/ obm0tpdwftydkif;
rsm; wckESifhwck tHudkufjzpfaeMuonfudk Munfhonf/ xkdtpdwftydkif;rsm;\tnrnwkHY
jyefvIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;rnfodkY rnfykHay:vmaMumif;udk Munfhonf/ ,if;odkY
MunfhjrifNyD;aemufwGif obm0\rnfonfhtpdwftydkif;udk rnfokdYjyifrnf/ rnfonfhtpdwf
tydkif;udk rnfodkYwkd;wufatmif vkyfrnfpojzifh awG;ac:Muayonf/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\pGrf;tm;owådESifhatmifjrifcsufrsm;
obm0ukd odem;vnfa&;wGif puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf ta&;BuD;aomrSwfwkdifw
wkdifjzpfayonf/ ,if;0g'onf "e&SifawG;MuHrIynm&Sifrsm;\wkd;wufaom ajcvSrf;jzpf
ayonf/ pdwf0g'udk xkd;ESufcsufw&yfvnf; jzpfayonf/
puf,EÅ&m;0g'orm;rsm;onf olwkdY\&kyf0g'ESifhywfoufaom tykdif;wGifrl jywf
om;vSayonf/ olwkdYonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhpdwf\tmedoifudk puf,EÅ&m;qefqefMunfh
jrifEkdifonftxd wkd;csJYcJhMujcif;jzifh pdwf0g'ESifhomoemt,l0g'udk wkdufckdufcJhMuonf/ vl
ESifhvl\pdwfemrfqkdif&m vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrItm;vkH;udk obm0urÇmavmuBuD;\puf,EÅ
jroef;wifh39
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
&m;qefaompepfxJü tusKH;0ifatmif xnfhoGif;cJhMuonf/
tjyif;xefqkH;aom puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;wkdYurl &kyfcEmjzpfpOfrsm;? tyifrsm;?
wd&pämefrsm;ESifhwd&pämefwkdY\jzpfwnfrI ponfwkdYudkomru vludkyif puf,EÅ&m;ozG,f
oabmxm;Muonf/ owå0gtm;vkH;onf atmfwkdarwm[kac:aom &IyfaxG;aompuf
,EÅ&m;rsm;omjzpfonf[k jyifopftbd"r®mynm&Sifa';um;u 17-&mpkESpfuwnf;uyif
ajymcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif vlrSmrl 0dnmOf&Sdojzifh cRif;csuftjzpf xm;&rnf[kqkdcJhayonf/
odkY&mwGif a';um;\wynfhjzpfol 18-&mpkESpfwGifay:aygufvmaomorm;awmfBuD;vm
rufx&Durl vlonfvnf; rsm;pGm&IyfaxG;aom puf,EÅ&m;rsm;yif jzpfacsonfwum;[k
ol\]]vlonf puf,EÅ&m;wck}}trnf&Sdusrf;wGif az:jycJhayonf/
xkdacwfuqkdvQif ,if;t,ltqonf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk rqkdxm;bd? omref
vl\obm0udkyif rxDrJhjrif jyKaom apmfum;rIw&yfjzpfum wkefvIyfzG,f aumif;ayonf/
okdYwkdifatmif olYacwfolYtcgESifhqkdvsifum; wkd;wufaom tjrifw&yfyifjzpfayonf/ vl
onf raoEkdifaom 0dnmOfrsm;ukd pkpnf;xm;onfhnpfywfaya&aom &THUap;cJrsm;ESifhwl
onf[laomt,ltqESifhpmvQif vlonf puf,EÅ&m;ESifhwlonf[laom t,ltqrSm cH
omao;onf[kqkdoifhayonf/
,if;ESifhywfoufí t*Fvdyf&kyf0g'orm;ESifh pdwful;,Ofqkd&S,fvpf0g'orm;wOD;
jzpfol a&mbwftkd0ifu bmomw&m;ukdif;&Idif;aom xkdacwfu pufrIvkyfief;&Sifrsm;tm;
ajymMum;cJhonfudk udk;um;vkdonf/ a&mbwftkd0ifu-
]]puf,EÅ&m;zGJYpnf;rIonf oyf,yfonf? oefY&Sif;onf? tpDtpOfusí tNrJwap
rGrf;rHjyifqifrI&Sdonf? tjcm;t&mrsm;rSm z&kdz&JEkdifonf? npfywfonf? pepfusjcif;r&dS?
tNrJwaprGrf;rHjyifqifjcif;vnf; r&Sd? þjcm;em;aomt&mESpfckrS ay:xGufvmaom t
usKd;w&m;wkdYudk oifwkdYonf tawGYtMuKHt& od&SdNyD;jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkYaom jyifypuf
,EÅ&m;rsm;udk *&kpdkufxdef;odrf;jcif;jzifh aumif;rGefaom tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk &&SdapEkdifvQif
ydkfí qef;Mu,fpGm wnfaqmufxm;aomoifwkdY\udk,fwGif;tZöswåudk,fwGif;tZöswåudk,fwGif;tZöswåudk,fwGif;tZöswåudk,fwGif;tZöswåpuf,EÅ&m;udk *&kwpdkuf
xdef;odrf;jcif;jzifh ydkrkdaumif;rGefaom tusKd;w&m;wkdYudk &&SdapEkdifrnfr[kwfygavm}}[k
ajymMum;cJhonf/
a&mbwftkd0if\0g'onf jA[®pkd&f0g'jzpfayonf/ odkY&mwGif ol\jA[®pkd&f0g'onf
"e&SifjA[®pkd&f0g'om jzpf\/ol\0g'onf tjcm;aompuf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rsm;vkdyif "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;\vlwef;pm;tjrifwGif tjrpfwG,fayonf/ vlonf pufu&d,mwckomjzpf
onf[laom &IjrifcsufaMumifh ukefxkwfrIü puf,EÅ&m;onf t"du? vlonf omrn[laom
&Ijrifcsufudkjzpfay:ap\/ vlpuf,EÅ&m;udk *&kwpkdufxdef;odrf;xm;&rnf[laom tkd0if\
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 40
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tqkdtrdefY rSefcJhvQif xkdodkYxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;onfvnf; vlpuf,EÅ&mtm; ukefxkwfa&;
twGuf pufvkd tvkyfvkyfEkdifaomtajcwGif&Sdatmif xdef;odrf;xm;&rnf[k qkdvkd&m r
a&mufygoavm/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\aysmhuGufrsm;ESifhuefYowfcsufrsm;
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'ü BuD;rm;aom aysmhuGufrsm;&Sdonf/
(1) ,if;onf &kyf0g'tjrifudk worwfwnf; r,drf;r,dkifpGJudkifEkdifjcif;r&Sd/
urÇmavmuBuD;onf puf,EÅ&m;wckESifhwlonfqkdvQif xkdpuf,EÅ&m;udk rnfol
vkyfoenf;/ rnfolu pwifoenf;/ urÇmavmuBuD;udk zefqif;&eftwGuf &kyfurÇmavm
uBuD;\tjyifbufwGif ]]teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sif}}&Sdonf/ teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sifonf urÇmBuD;
udk zefqif;&kHom zefqif;NyD;aemufwGif bmudkrQ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; r&Sd? urÇmavmu
BuD; vIyf&Sm;ykHudk apmifhMunfhaeonf[k tm;vkH;aom puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rsm;u ,lqMu
onf/ teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sifukd puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rsm;u ,lqMuonf/ teEÅwefckd;awmf
&Sifudk puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;wkdif;u vufcHMuonf/ (Oyrm - aAgvfwJ,m;? wGefydef;
ponfhynm&Sifrsm;/) odkYjzifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'wGif pdwf0g'wydkif; 0ifaeonf/
(2) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf t&mwkdif;wGif ajymif;vGJrI&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfonf/ toGifoP²mef
tm;vkH;udk pufrIqefaom tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;pepftjzpf tqifhedrfhí jrifonf/
,if;ajymif;vJrIonfvnf; trsKd;tpm;wlonfhpufrIqefaom jzpfpOfrsm; tpOftNrJt&pf
ywfvSnfhywfaejcif;om jzpfonf/ ajymif;vJrIonf puf0dkif;&pfywfovkd txyfxyf vSnfh
ywfajymif;vJjcif;rsKd;om jzpfonf/
urÇmavmuBuD;tm; puf,EÅ&m;uJhodYk MunfhjrifvQif ,if;uefYowfcsufonfvnf;
&Sdaernfjzpfonf/ puf,EÅ&m;wckonf jyKvkyfNyD;onfESifh jyKvkyfNyD;onfhtwkdif;om &Sdae
rnfjzpfonf/ ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? xyfrHopfvGifjcif;r&Sd? xkdYaMumifh topfay:aygufvmaom
t&nftaoG;opfrsm;t&nftaoG;opfrsm;t&nftaoG;opfrsm;t&nftaoG;opfrsm;t&nftaoG;opfrsm;udk pOf;pm;aomtcgwGif puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf pOf;pm;jcif;rjyK
wwfawmhay/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf ajymif;vJrIudk vufcHaomfvnf; topfajymif;vJtopfajymif;vJtopfajymif;vJtopfajymif;vJtopfajymif;vJ
jcif;? wkd;wufajymif;vJjcif;jcif;? wkd;wufajymif;vJjcif;jcif;? wkd;wufajymif;vJjcif;jcif;? wkd;wufajymif;vJjcif;jcif;? wkd;wufajymif;vJjcif;udkom em;rvnfay/ puf0dkif;yrm &pfywfajymif;vJjcif;udkom
em;vnfayonf/
obm0jzpfpOfrsm;tm;vkH;udk &kyf"mwf0w¬Krsm;\pufrIqefaom tnrnwHYkjyef
vIyf&Sm;rItwGif;rSmom&Sdonf[k wxpfcs ,lqí r&ay/ Oyrm - "mwfjzpfpOfrsm;ESifhouf
&Sd&kyf\jzpfpOfrsm;ukd ,if;odkYMunfhjrifí r&Ekdifay/
jroef;wifh41
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
"mwfrsm;\tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;onf pufrIqefaom tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf
&Sm;jcif;ESifhuGmjcm;ayonf/ "mwfrsm;\tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh jzpfay:aom
ajymif;vJrIü t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI yg&Sdayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh "mwkaA'ypönf;ESpfrsKd;
udk "mwkaA'enf;tm;jzifh aygif;pyfvkdufjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;w&m;rSm t
&nftcsif;tm;jzifh xkdESpfrsKd;ESifhrwlaom "mwkaA'ypönf;opfwrsKd; jzpfay:jcif;jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif "mwf0w¬KESpfck\puf,EÅ&m;qefpGm tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;aMumifh &&Sdaom
tusKd;rSm t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI r[kwfay/ ta&twGufajymif;vJrIom jzpfonf/ xif
&Sm;aomO'g[&kPfrSm awaZm"mwfyifjzpfonf/ "mwkaA'wGif awaZm"mwfonf t&nf
tcsif;ajymif;vJrIudk jzpfaponf/ (tyl&Sdefjyif;jcif;aMumifh a&onf tckd;taiGYtjzpfajymif;
vJoGm;enf;rsKd;)pufrIynmwGifrl awaZm"mwfonf &kyf\vIyf&Sm;ta&twGufukd wkd;wuf
vmap&kHrQomjzpfonf/ (tyltm;aMumifh pufvnfywfrI ta&twGufrsm;jym;vmjcif;rsKd;)
tvm;wlyif obm0\jzpfpOfrsm;onfvnf; puf,EÅ&m;qefpGm tnrnwkHYjyef
vIyf&Sm;rIrsKd; puf0dkif;yrmtxyfxyf &pfywfvSnfhvnfaejcif;rsKd; r[kwfay/ obm0jzpf
pOfrsm;onf tqufrjywf jzpfay:wkd;wufvsuf&Sdum wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJ
vsuf&Sdayonf/ odkYajymif;vJykHpHrsKd;jzifh ykHoP²mefopfrsm;? wnf&SdrItopfrsm;onf jzpfay:
vsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;rSm &kyf\&kyfajymif;vJjcif;jzpfayonf/ odkYjzpf&m obm0udk t"dyÜg,f
aumuf,l&mwGif puf,EÅ&m;qefaomenf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKavav uefYowfcsufrsm;jym;
um tjrifusOf;ajrmif;vmavav jzpfayonf/
(3) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf vlrIwkd;wufjzpfay:rIudk &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif; rjyKEkdifay/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf "e&Sif\vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom ouf0if,kHMunf
rIudk az:jyavonf/ ,if;t&qkdvQif vlYtzGJYtpnf;onf tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;aeaom
vlrItEkjrLrIHuav;rsm;jzifhom zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfayonf/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;jzpfay:wkd;wuf
rIudk aphaqmfonfhpD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk þ&Ijrifcsufjzifh &SmazGawGY
&SdEkdifonfr[kwfay/ þ&Ijrifcsufjzifhom vltzGJYtpnf;udk Munfhjrif&ygvQif vlrIajymif;vJ
rIrsm;onf a&Smifwcif jzpfay:vmMuonf[k xifzG,f&mom&Sdayonf/ vl\vIyf&Sm;aqmif
&GufrIonfvnf; jyifytaMumif;w&m;rsm;rS xGufay:vmaom puf,EÅ&m;qefonfht
usKd;w&m;rsm;[k ,lqzG,f&mom &Sdavonf/ odkYr[kwf taMumif;w&m;r&SdbJ o,HZmw
tvkdtavsmuf ay:aygufvmonf[k ,lq&awmhrnfom jzpfayonf/ ,if;tcsufüyif
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf &kyf0g'tjrifrS a&GUavsmum "mwf0g'toGifodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;ay
awmhonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 42
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcsKyfqkd&vQif puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf vl\vlrIvIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd
&Sif;vif;az:jyjcif; rjyKEkdifay/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'ESifhpdwful;,Of qkd&S,fvpf0g'
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf vludk pdwåZqefpGm Munfhjrifonf/ vlwa,muftm; vlrI
tEkjrLrIHuav;wrIH[k ,lqonf/ xkdvltEkjrLrIHuav;tm; ADZowådrsm;? t&nftaoG;
rsm;? ydkifcGifhrsm;udk obm0u tyfESif;vkdufonf[k ,lqonf/
,if;udk ]]vl\ykdifcGifh}}ESifhpyfvsOf;aom "e&SifcH,lcsufwGif az:jyxm;onf/ ]]vl
wkdif;onf wef;wlnDrQMuonf}}[laom "e&SifawmfvSefa&; a<u;aMumfoHrSm þouf0if
,kHMunfrI(cH,lcsuf)rS aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfayonf/
]]vl\ykdifcGifh}}ESifhpyfvsOf;í ,if;odkYaz:jyjcif;rSm pdwåZqefvSayonf/ ]]vl\ykdif
cGifh}}ESifhpyfvsOf;aom cH,lcsufudk ,if;odkYpdwåZqefqef qGJ,lír&Ekdifay/ trSeftm;jzifh
]]vl\ykdifcGifh}}ESifhpyfvsOf;aom cH,lcsufudk vlwkdYaexkdifaomvlYtzGJYtpnf;a&muf&Sdaeonfh
tqifhuom tqkH;tjzwfjyKayonf/ vlwkdYonf ,cktajcteodkY a&muf&SdaeMujcif;rSm
]]obm0uzefwD;}}\r[kwfay/ vlwkdY,cktajctaeodkY ajymif;vJa&muf&Sdvmjcif;rSm vl
wkdY\vlrIvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcsufaMumifhom jzpfonf/ ]]obm0tm;jzifh}} vlwkdif;onfvnf;
wef;wlnDrQMuonf r[kwfay/ ,if;odkYaom t,ltqrSm wef;wlnDrQa&;udk pdwåZqefpGm
az:jyaom "e&Sifouf0if,kHMunfrIom jzpfayonf/ wef;wlnDrQa&;ESifhywfoufí rmhufpf
ESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdYu atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;cJhayonf/
]]ypönf;rJhwef;wlnDrQa&; awmif;qkdcsuf\wu,fhtESpfom&onf vlwef;pm;rsm;
udk zsufodrf;&ef awmif;qkdjcifyif jzpfonf/ vkdtyfrIxuf ykdrkdaom wef;wlnDrQa&;awmif;
qkdcsufonf t"dyÜg,fuif;rJhvSayonf---}}
,if;odkYjzifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf vludk tEkjrLrIHav;wrIHozG,f pdwåZ
qefpGm puf,EÅ&m;qefpGmMunfhjrifonf/ xkd&IjrifcsufwGif tajccHí vlYtEG,fBuD;twGuf
rnfodkYaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;ykHpHrsKd;onf taumif;qkH;jzpfrnf[k pdwåZqefpGmawG;onf/
rmhufpfrwkdifrDu ay:aygufcJhaom pdwful;,Ofqkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf ,if;awG;ac:&Ijrifcsuf
udk qufcHjyefYyGm;cJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf qkd&S,fvpf0g'udk pHjyvlYtzGJYtpnf;w&yftjzpf xl
axmifcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh olwkdYonf vlrsm;uom pdwfygvQif qkd&S,fvpfvlYtzGJYtpnf;
udk b,ftcsdeftcgwGif xlaxmifEkdifonf[k ,lqcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ þt&monf vlYobm
0\vkdtyfcsufrsm;tm; w&m;rQwqkH;? taumif;qkH;jznfhpGrf;ay;Ekdifonf[k vlwkdif;u ,kH
MunfvmonfhrnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqkd jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k ,lqcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ qkd&S,fvpf
jroef;wifh43
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
vlYtzGJYtpnf;xlaxmifa&;twGuf t&if;&Sifpepf y#dyu©jzpfay:wkd;wufrIrsm; vkdtyfonf
udk¤if;? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u t&if;&Sifpepftm; tNyD;owfatmifEkdif&ef vkdtyfonf
udk olwkdYrjrifcJhMuay/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; a&mbwftkd0ifonf ol\qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfukd
axmufcH&ef uifwmbm&D*kdPf;csKyfBuD;ESifh0dwkd&d,bk&ifrBuD;udk yefMum;cJhjcif; jzpfavonf/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;rsm;ESifhpdwful;,Ofqkd&S,fvpfrsm;u vl? vl\tusifhpm
&dwåESifhvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrItm;vkH;wkdYudk vl\ywf0ef;usifESifhynma&;wkdYu tqkH;tjzwf
jyKonf[k ,lqMujyefonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlrsm;\aysmf&Tifa&;? aumif;rGefa&;ESifhÓPftajrmf
tjrif&Sdvma&;wkdYtwGuf aumif;aomywf0ef;usifESifhaumif;aomynma&;udk zefwD;ay;
&efvkdonf[k ,lqonf/
,if;udk rmhufpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhonf/
]]vlonf ywf0ef;usifavmuESifholBuD;jyif;vm&aom tajctaersm;\om;
aumifomjzpfonf[k¤if;? okdYtwGuf ajymif;vJNyD;jzpfaomvlonf ajymif;vJNyD;jzpfaom
ywf0ef;usifavmu? ajymif;vJNyD;jzpfaomBuD;jyif;rItajctaewkdY\om;aumifrQomjzpf
onf[k¤if;? puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;rsm;u ,lqMuonf/ (ywf0ef;usifajymif;vJvQif vl
vnf;ajymif;onf)odkY&mwGif ywf0ef;usifonf vlYaMumifhom ajymif;vJ&onfqkdonfhtcsuf
udk¤if;? xdkYaMumifh olwyg;tm; ynmay;rnfhol(ajymif;vJrnfhol)onf olYudk,fol jyefí
ynmay;&OD;rnf(ajymif;vJatmifvkyf&OD;rnf)qkdonfhtcsufudk¤if; olwkdYarhaeMuay
onf/
tu,fí vlonf ywf0ef;usif\om;aumifomjzpfonfqkdygvQif vlonf ywf
0ef;usifjyKorQ Ek&awmhrnftajcwGifom &Sdayonf/ trSeftm;jzifh þodkYr[kwfay/ vl
onf ol\ywf0ef;usifudk ajymif;vJypfEkdifayonf/ vlonf ajymif;vJaomywf0ef;usif
aMumifh puf,EÅ&m;qefpGm ajymif;vJvm&jcif; r[kwfbJ xkdywf0ef;usifudk ajymif;vJ&if;
jzifhyif rdrd\vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIumvtwGif; xkdvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI\taMumif;w&m;
aMumifh ajymif;vJvmjcif;ayonf/
odkYjzpfvQif vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif t[kwfjzpf? wu,fjzpfí &kyfvnf;usaom rnf
onfhvlrItaMumif;w&m;rsm;&Sdoenf;/ rnfonfht&maMumifh vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrItopf
rsm;? awG;ac:rItopfrsm; ay:aygufvm&oenf;/ rnfonfht&maMumifh ajymif;vJNyD;
ywf0ef;usifESifhajymif;vJNyD; vlwkdYay:aygufvm&oenf;/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf þar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqkdjcif;rjyKEkdifay/ vlrIjzpfay:wkd;
wufa&; Oya'orsm;udk az:jy&Sif;vif;jcif;rjyKEkdifay/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;tm; rnfokdYajymif;
vJypf&rnfudk jyojcif; rjyKEkdifay/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 44
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
xkdYaMumifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf olYacwfolYtcgwGif wkd;wufawmfvSefoabm
w&m;jzpfaomfvnf; vlYtzGJYtpnf;tm; ajymif;vJypfa&;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\
wkdufyGJudk a&SUaqmifvrf;nTefjcif; rjyKEkdifay/
®
jroef;wifh45
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcef;(4)
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rS tEky#davmr&kyf0g'odkY
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf atmufygw&m;ao,lqcsufrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/
(1) urÇmavmuBuD;onf rajymif;vJaom? wnfNidrfaom t&m0w¬Krsm; "mwf0w¬Krsm;jzifh
omzGJYpnf;xmonf/ ,if;t&m0w¬Krsm; "mwf0w¬Krsm;wGif ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom rlao
ADZowådrsm;&Sdonf/
(2) jyifytaMumif;w&m;rsm;\aphaqmfrIr&SdvQif &kyf"mwf0w¬Krsm;onf vIyf&Sm;jcif;r&Sd
ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd?
(3) ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rItm;vkH; ajymif;vJrItm;vkH;onf &kyf\oD;jcm;aom "mwf0w¬Krsm;
\puf,EÅ&m;qefaom tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;om jzpfonf/
(4) "mwf0w¬Kwkdif;wGif t&mtm;vkH;ESifhoD;jcm;uif;vGwfaeaom rlaoobm0&Sdonf/ oD;
jcm;t&m0w¬Krsm;\qufoG,frIonf jyifyA[d'¨qufoG,frIom jzpfonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf az:jyyg puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\w&m;ao &IjrifcsufwkdYudk
ausmfvGefqefYusifonf/ tEky#davmr&kyf0g'tjrifü urÇmavmuBuD;onf t&m0w¬Krsm;
\ zGJYpnf;rIBuD;r[kwfrlí jzpfpOfrsm;\zGJYpnf;rIBuD;om jzpfonf/ &kyfonf ajymif;vJvIyf
&Sm;rIESifhcGJcGmír&/ &kyf\ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIonf tqkH;tpr&Sd rsm;jym;aomykHoP²mefrsm;
jzifh jzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf/ wckonf tjcm;wckrS ay:xGufvmí tjcm;wckodkY ul;ajymif;
oGm;wwfaomoabm&Sdonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;onfvnf; woD;yk*¾v,lepfrsm;tjzpf oD;
jcm;wnf&Sdjcif;r[kwf/ wckESifhwck t"du&pyfum; tnrnqufoG,faeMuonf/
t&m0w¬Krsm;\zGJYpnf;rIESifhjzpfpOfrsm;\zGJYpnf;rIwkdY uGmjcm;ykH
(1) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'tjrifwGif urÇmavmuBuD;onf ajymif;vJaom wnfNrJ
aom t&m0w¬Krsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;xm;onf/ xkdt&m0w¬Krsm;ü ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom rlao
ADZowådrsm; &Sdonf/ ,if;odkYaom t&m0w¬Krsm;udk tajccHí ajymif;vJrItm;vkH;jzpfay:
vm&onf[k ,lqonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf ,if;t,ltqudk y,fonf/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'u nTef
jyouJhodkY urÇmavmuBuD;onf t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;[k r,lqay/ urÇm
avmuBuD;onf jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;om jzpfonf[k ,lqonf/ xkdjzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;
t&omvQif t&m0w¬Krsm;onf jzpfay:vmMuum ysufokOf;oGm;Mu&jcif; jzpfonf/
]]urÇmavmuBuD;onf toifhjyKvkyfNyD; t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;xm;jcif; r[kwf
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 46
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
rlí jzpfpOfrsm;jzifhjzpfpOfrsm;jzifhjzpfpOfrsm;jzifhjzpfpOfrsm;jzifhjzpfpOfrsm;jzifhom zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdjzpfpOfjzpfpOfjzpfpOfjzpfpOfjzpfpOfwavQmufü rvIyfr&Sm; wnfNrJ
aeonf[k xif&aom t&m0w¬Krsm;onf jzpfvmMu? ysufoGm;Muojzifh tqufrjywfbJ
tNrJwap ajymif;vJaeMuonf-}}[k tdef*s,fvfpfu ajymcJhayonf/
odyÜHynm\aemufqkH;awGY&Sdcsufrsm;uvnf; tdef*s,fvfpf\tqkdtrdefYrSefuef
aMumif;udk jyocJhNyD;jzpfayonf/ xkdodkYjzifh wcsdefwcgu xm0&wnfonf[k¤if;? cGJjcrf;pdwf
jzmír&[k¤if; ,lqcHcJh&onfhtEkjrLudk tDvufx&Gef? y&kdwGef? EsLx&Gef"mwfrsm;tjzpfodkY
cGJpdwfí &&SdvmcJhonf/ wzef þt&mrsm;onfvnf; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmír&aom t&mrsm;
r[kwfao;/ tEkjrLuJhodkYyif cGJpdwfí&aom t&mrsm;jzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifh urÇmavmuzGJYpnf;rI\tajccHrSm ]]t&m0w¬K}}t&m0w¬K}}t&m0w¬K}}t&m0w¬K}}t&m0w¬K}}rsm;r[kwfbJ obm0\
tqkH;r&Sdaom]]jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;}}omjzpfayonf/ þ]]jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;jzpfpOfrsm;}}jzifhom ]]t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;t&m0w¬Krsm;}}onf
jzpfvmMu? ysufoGm;MuESifhtqufrjywfbJ tNrJwap ajymif;vJaeMujcif; jzpfayonf/
xkdYjyif obm0\jzpfpOfonfvnf; tqkH;tpr&Sday/ topfrsm;udk aemufxyfawGY&SdvmMu
í xkdtopfonfvnf; tqkH;pGefaomtqkH;pGefaomtqkH;pGefaomtqkH;pGefaomtqkH;pGefaomtpdwftydkif;rsm; r[kwfMuao;bJ ¤if;wkdYudk aemuf
xyfcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmí &Ekdifao;onf/ xkdYaMumifh tDvufx&Gef"mwfonfvnf; ]]tEkjrLuJhodkY
yif cGJpdwfrIü ukefqkH;jcif;odkY ra&mufao;ay/ obm0onf tqkH;r&Sd? tpr&Sdacswum;}}
[k vDeifu a&;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk awG;ac:&Ijrif&mwGifvnf; tvm;wlyifjzpfonf/ wpkHwckaom
vlYtzGJYtpnf;onf rdef;r? a,musfm;? woD;yk*¾vrsm;udk pkpnf;xm;aom ajymif;vJjcif;
r&SdonfhykHaoum;us tzGJYtpnf;wckr[kwfay/ vlrIjzpfpOfrsm;onf jzpfay:vsuf&Sday
onf/ xkdvlrIjzpfpOfrsm;t& pepfESifhvlrsm;onf ajymif;vJjzpfay:aeMuayonf/
&kyfESifhajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIwkdY qufpyfaeykH
(2) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\'kwd,w&m;ao,lqcsuft& jyifytaMumif;w&m;\
aphaqmfrIr&SdvQif rnfonfhajymif;vJrIrS r&SdEkdif[k ,lqonf/
puf,EÅ&m;wck\tpdwftydkif;wck? cvkwfwckonf tjcm;tpdwftydkif;wck? c
vkwfwck\wGef;rIr&SdbJESifhrjzpfEkdif/ xkdYaMumifh &kyfonf olYtvkdtavsmuftm;jzifh vIyf&Sm;
ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? jyifyt&m0w¬KwpkHwck wGef;rIygrS ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;onf[k ,lqonf/
,if;0g't&qkdvQif &kyfudk vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJatmif aphaqmfaeaomt&mrSm teEÅwefckd;
awmf&Sifwyg;[k ,lqonf/ ,if;wefckd;awmf&Sifu pwifwGef;ykdYvkdufrS &kyfonf vIyf&Sm;
ajymif;vJvmum pufBud,mtpdwftydkif;rsm;uJhodkY tjcm;&kyfrsm;udk wqifhwqifhwGef;ydkY
armif;ESifvIyf&Sm;aponf[kqkdonf/
jroef;wifh47
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf &kyfESifhywfoufí ,if;odkYtoufuif;rJhpGm Munfhaom
tjrifudk ypfy,fonf/ ,if;tjrifonf &kyfESifhvIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJjcif;udk wjcm;pDcGJMunfhonf/
&kyfudk aoaeaom tpdkiftcJBuD;wcktjzpf oabmxm;NyD; tjyifyrS wGef;ydkYarmif;ESifrSom
vnfywfoGm;vmaomt&mBuD;wck[k oabmxm;onf/ tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf þt
,ludk jiif;y,fonf/ vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJjcif;onf &kyf\wnf&SdaeykHpHepfyif jzpfonf[k tdef
8s,fvfpfu qkdcJhonf/
]]...vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrIonf &kyf\wnf&SdaeykHpepfjzpfayonf/ vIyf&Sm;ajymif;
vJrIr&Sdaom &kyf[lonf b,ftcgurQ r&Sday/ &Sdvnf;r&SdEkdifay/ aumhprpfv[mjyif&Sd vIyf
&Sm;ajymif;vJrIonf¤if;? ajryx0Day:wGif tpdkiftcJrsm;\puf,EÅ&m;qefpGm vIyf&Sm;
ajymif;vJrIonf¤if;? awaZm"mwf? vQyfppf"mwf? oHvkduf"mwfponfhy&rmEkjrLrsm;\vIyf
&Sm;ajymif;vJrIonf¤if;? "mwfrsm;\aygif;pnf;rIESifhcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIrsm;onf¤if;? ouf&Sd
b0onf¤if; urÇmavmuBuD;twGif;&Sd t&mrsm;onf wpkHwckaom tcsdefwGif vIyf&Sm;
ajymif;vJrIykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeMuonfcsnf; jzpfonf/ ajymif;jcif;
r&Sd wnfNidrfaeonf[kxif&aom t&mrsm;onf jrifvG,fxifvG,fajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;ae
aomt&mrsm;ESifhEIdif;,SOfMunfhaomaMumifhom ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? wnfNidrfaeMuonf[k
xif&jcif;jzpfonf/ trSeftm;jzifhrl ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;vsufom &Sdayonf/ OyrmjytHh/ ajr
BuD;ay:wGif t&m0w¬Kwck(opfyif? wkdufwm? taqmuftODponfhajrBuD;ay:wGif &Sdaom
rnfonfht&m0w¬Kudkrqkd)wnf&Sdonf qkdygpkdY/ puf,EÅ&m;qefqefMunfhvQif ,if;onf
ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;r&Sd? wnfNidrfaeonf[k xif&onf/ odkY&mwGif xkdt&m0w¬Konf
ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;aeaom pMum0VmpepfBuD;twGif;&Sd r[myx0DajrBuD;\ajymif;vJvIyf
&Sm;vnfywfrIxJwGif yg0ifaeonfr[kwfygavm/ xkdt&m0w¬K\tao;i,fqkH; tpdwft
ydkif;uav;onfyif tyl&SdefaMumifh ajymif;vJae&onfr[kwfavm/ xkdt&m0w¬K\tEkjrL
uav;rsm;onf "mwfjzpfpOft& ajymif;vJae&onfr[kwfygavm/ (tyltat;ajymif;
jcif;? ,if;aMumifh usKHUjcif; csJUum;jcif;ponfhajymif;vJrI)&kyfESifhuif;aomajymif;vJvIyf
&Sm;jcif;[lí r&SdEkdifay/ xkdYtwl ajymif;vJjcif;ESifhuif;aom &kyf[lívnf; r&SdEkdifay}}[k
tdef*s,fvfpfu ajymcJhayonf/
xkdYaMumifh &kyfonf taor[kwfay/ toufuif;rJhonf r[kwfay/ wnfNidrfae
onf r[kwfay/ tqufrjywf ajymif;vJjcif;? ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;ponfh jzpfpOftwkdif;
jzpfay:&efrSm &kyf\obm0yifjzpfonf/ ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;onf &kyfuJhodkYyif tpr&Sdacs/
&kyfESifhajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;wkdY cGJjcm;í r&Ekdifjcif;? ]]ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;onf
&kyf\wnf&SdaeykHpHepf}}jzpfonfqkdaomtcsufudk ouf0if,kHMunfjcif;jzifh &kyf0g'ESifhywfouf
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 48
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
aomtjrifrsm;udk &Sif;vif;usepGm em;vnfoGm;Ekdifaponf/
urÇmavmuBuD;udk teEÅwefcdk;awmf&Sifwyg;u zefqif;oavm/ &kyf\tprlv
onf bmvJ/ ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;\tprlvonf bmvJ/ t&m0w¬Krsm;\tprlvonf
bmvJ/ taMumif;w&m;onf bmvJ/
þar;cGef;wkdYudk atmufygtwkdif; ajzvdkonf/
urÇmavmuBuD;udk teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sifwyg;u zefqif;jcif;r[kwf/ &kyf\wpkH
wckaom zGJYpnf;rI? ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;aeaom &kyf\wpkHwckaomjzpfpOfwkdYü tpjyKonf/
,if;rSm NyD;cJhaomNyD;cJhaomNyD;cJhaomNyD;cJhaomNyD;cJhaom&kyf\zGJYpnf;rIjzpfonf/ NyD;cJhaomNyD;cJhaomNyD;cJhaomNyD;cJhaomNyD;cJhaomajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;aeonfh&kyf\wpkHwck
aomjzpfpOf jzpfonf/ &kyfzGJYpnf;rIta[mif;rS &kyfzGJYpnf;rItopf ay:vmonf/ &kyfjzpfpOf
ta[mif;rS &kyfjzpfpOftopf ay:vmonf/ wzef xkd&kyfzGJYpnf;rI ta[mif; &kyfjzpfpOf t
a[mif;onf b,fuvmoenf;/ xkdYxuf a[mif;aom&kyfzGJYpnf;rI? xkdYxufa[mif;aom
&kyfjzpfpOfrS vmonf/ odkYjzifh qufíqufí oGm;onf/ &kyfü rlvr&Sd? tpr&Sd/
&kyfESifhajymif;vJ vIyf&Sm;rI cGJr&EkdifaMumif;udk odyÜHynmu nTefjycJhonf/ wnfNidrf
vsuf &Sdonf[k xif&aom t&mrsm;onf twGif;ü tqufrjywf ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;aeMu
onf/ tEkjrLonf ¤if;\tpdwftydkif;uav;rsm;u tqufrjywf vIyf&Sm;ay;aejcif;
jzifh wnf&Sdae&jcif; jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh ajymif;vJrI\taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk avhvm&mwGif xkdajymif;vJrI\
jyifyA[d'¨taMumif;rsm;udkcsnf; ravhvmtyf/ jzpfpOftwGif; vIyf&Sm;rItwGif;&Sdajymif;
vJrItaMumif;w&m;udkvnf; avhvmtyfayonf/ tvm;wlyif vlrIwkd;wufjzpfay:rIt
aMumif;w&m;rsm;ESifh¤if;\Oya'orsm;udk avhvm&müvnf; xkdvlrIajymif;vJrIrsm;onf
xif&Sm;BuD;us,faomyk*¾KdvfBuD;rsm;\aqmif&GufrI? xkdyk*¾KdvfBuD;rsm;u wnfNidrfajymif;vJ
jcif;r&SdaomvlYtzGJYtpnf;xkx,fBuD;udk ykHoGif;rIponfwkdYaMumifh ay:aygufvmonf[k r
,lqtyfay/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;xJ&Sd twGif;tiftm;pkrsm;\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIukefvkyfa&; vl
rItiftm;pkrsm;\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIwkdYaMumifh xkdajymif;vJrIrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfay
onf/
xkdYaMumifh pdwful;,Of0g'orm;rsm;xifouJhodkY qkd&S,fvpf0g'onf avmuBuD;udk
jyKjyifvkdaom jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;\pdwful;rsm;rS ay:xGufvmjcif; r[kwfay/ t&if;&Sif
vlYtzGJYtpnf;\wkd;wufjzpfay:rItwGif;rS ay:xGufvmjcif;omjzpfayonf/ t&if;&Sif
vlYtzGJYtpnf;onf rdrdtm; tqkH;owfpD&ifum qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;udk a&muf&Sdaprnfh
taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk rdrd\twGif;ü vG,fydkufxm;&onf/ (rdrd\toufudk qkH;&IH;ap
rnfhoaE¨om;udk ydkufxm;&aomrdcif a>rayG;ouJhokdYyifwnf;/)
jroef;wifh49
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
&kyfajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI\ykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;/
(3) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\wwd,w&m;ao,lqcsufrSm þodkYjzpfonf/ "mwf0w¬K
uav;rsm;\puf,EÅ&m;qefaom ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI? jyifytiftm;pkrsm;\aphaqmfrI
aMumifh "mwf0w¬Kuav;rsm;\omrefajymif;vJrIonf tqkH;pGefjzpfonf/ xkdajymif;vJykH
onf &kyf\tajccHtusqkH;aom ajymif;vJrIykHoP²mefjzpfonf[k ,lqonf/
þodkY,lqjcif;onf &kyfajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI[lorQudk puf,EÅ&m;\omrefvIyf&Sm;
rIrsKd; tjzpfMunfh jrif&ma&mufayonf/ &kyfwGif ajymif;vJaeaom t&nftcsif;rsm;tm;
vkH;onfvnf; tay:,HrQomjzpfaeonf/ &kyf\oD;jcm;&Sdaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;onf puf
,EÅ&m;qefpGm tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;um puf0kdif;yrm w&pfywfywfvSnfhvnfaeMuonf
[k qkd&ma&mufonf/
,if;ESifhywfoufí tdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhayonf/
]]ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIonf a,bk,st"dyÜg,ftm;jzifh &kyf\wnfaeykHpepfjzpfonf/
&kyf\ADZypönf;jzpfonf/ ae&majymif;a&TUjcif;rStp? awG;MuHjcif;txd? pMum0VmwckvkH;
wGif jzpforQaomajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifhjzpfpOftm;vkH;wkdY yg0ifayonf/ ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI
\obm0ukd &SmazGpl;prf;vQif xkdajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI\tedrfhqkH;? omreftusqkH;ykHoP²mef
rsm;u pí &SmazGpl;prf;&ayvdrfhrnf/ odkYrSomvQif ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI\ydkrkdjrifhrm;aom
ydkrkd&IyfaxG;aom ykHoP²mefrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufrnf jzpfayonf/}}
ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI\omreftusqkH;aomykHoP²mefrSm &kyfcE¨mrsm;\omrefae
&majymif;a&TUjcif;ponfhudpörsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;udk pufrItwwfynmOya'orsm;jzifh avh
vmEkdifonf/ odkY&mwGif ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rItm;vkH;tm;? ,if;odkY omreftusqkH;aom ykH
oP²mefrsm;jzifhcsnf;jzpfEkdifonf[k r,lqtyfay/ omreftusqkH;aom ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;
rIykHoP²mefrsm;rS ydkíjrifhrm;aom ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIykHoP²mefrsm; rnfodkYrnfykH ay:xGuf
wkd;wufvmonfudk avhvm&rnfjzpfayonf/ &kyfcE¨mrsm;\omrefae&m ajymif;a&TUrIrS
awG;MuHrIodkY rnfodkYrnfykH ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;wkd;wufvmonfudk avhvmtyfayonf/
ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIykHoP²mefwckxJrS tjcm;ykHoP²meftopfwckonf ay:xGuf
ajymif;vJvmayonf/ ydkíjrifhrm;NyD; ydkí&IyfaxG;aom ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIykHoP²mefonf
ydkíedrfhNyD; ydkíomrefusaom ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIrS ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;
jzifh acgif;xJwGif ay:aygufvmaom awG;MuHrIrsm;onf &kyfwnf;[laom OD;aESmuftwGif;
wGif "mwkqkdif&m vQyfppf"mwftm;qkdif&m ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIwkdYaMumifh ay:xGufvmjcif;
jzpfayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh oufrJh&kyfonf tjrifhqkH;? t&IyfaxG;qkH;? ykHoP²mefudk aqmif
í wkd;wufjzpfay:vmNyD;aemuf wpkHwckaom tqifhodkY ta&mufwGif ouf&Sd&kyfjzpfvm
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 50
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
onf/
t&m0w¬Krsm;ESifh¤if;wkdYESifhtnrnqufoG,frI
(4) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\aemufqkH; w&m;aot,ltqrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpf
onf/ pMum0VmBuD;wGif pkaygif;zGJYpnf;rIBuD;wck jzpfay:vmatmif tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf
&Sm;Muonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;ESifh&kyf0w¬rsm;ü ¤if;wkdYtvkdtavsmuf oD;jcm;&yfwnfaeaom
obm0&Sdonf[k ,lqonf/ wenf;qkd&vQif t&m0w¬Kwkdif;onf wckESifhwckuif;uGm&yf
wnfaeum vGwfvyfaom ,lepfrsm;jzpfMuonf[k,lqonf/ þtwkdif;qkdvQif t&m0w¬K
wckESifhwckwkdY\qufpyfrIonf jyifyqufpyfrIom jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh t&mwckvkH;onf
oD;jcm;aomtpdwftydkif;uav;rsm; pkaygif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqonf/ wckvkH;\
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIOya'orsm;ESifhowådrsm;onf ¤if;tpdwftydkif;rsm;\owådrsm;t& jzpf
ay:&onf[k ,lqonf/
tEky#davmronf ,if;t,ltqudk y,favonf/ &SdorQt&mwkdif;onf wckESifh
wck uif;uGm&yfwnfírjzpf/ uif;uGmí r&yfwnfEdkif/ t&m0w¬Krsm;onf wckESifhwckuif;
uGmaeMuonf r[kwfrlí wckESifhwck qufpyfvsuf jzpfvmMuonf/ wnf&SdaeMuonf/
wnf&dSjcif;rS a&GUavsmMuonf/ t&m0w¬Kwck\obm0onf tjcm;t&m0w¬Krsm;ESifhquf
pyfrdaomtcgwGif ajymif;vJoGm;Muonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;onf ,if;odkYaomenf;jzifh quf
pyf,SufEG,foGm;MuaomtcgwGif t&mwckvkH;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfvmMuonf/ odkY&m
wGif wckvkH;t&monf tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk aygif;pyfzGJYpnf;xm;jcif; r[kwfay/ wckvkH;
t&mESifhtpdwftydkif;uav;rsm;onf b,folYb,foludkrS uif;vGwfí aeEkdifMuonfr[kwf?
wckvkH;udk tpdwftydkif;uav;rsm;u qkH;jzwfí tpdwftydkif;uav;rsm;udk wckvHk;u qkH;
jzwfonf/ xkdYaMumifh wckvkH;ESifhtpdwftydkif;uav;rsm;onf tjyeftvSef qufoG,fae
Muonf/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'udk jrifcsufrsm;
,if;odkYjzifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'udk y,fum &kyf0g'opfw&yfudk xlaxmif&ef vdktyf
vmonf/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\ajymcsufrsm;? usOf;ajrmif;rIrsm;ESifhw&m;aot,ltq
rsm;udk y,f&ef vkdtyfonf/ ,if;&kyf0g'opfrSm tEky#davmr&kyf0g'aywnf;/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g't& &kyfonf tNrJwrf; ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;aeonf/ ajymif;vJ
vIyf&Sm;jcif;onf &kyf\wnfaeykHpepfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIr&SdbJ &kyfr&Sd
Ekdif? &kyfr&SdbJ ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIvnf; r&SdEkdifay/ ,if;ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIonfvnf; &kyf\
jroef;wifh51
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
jyifytiftm;pkwckrS aphaqmfaomaMumifh jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwf/ xkd&kyf\jzpfay:wkd;wuf
rItwGif;rS xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ &kyftwGif;rS tvkdtavsmuf ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ jzpfpOfrsm;tm;vkH;twGif;wGif&Sdaom ADZowådjzpfonf/
pMum0VmwckvkH;wGif &Sdaeaom ajymif;vJrIrsm;tm;vkH;ESifhjzpfpOfrsm;tm;vkH;wkdY
onf &kyf\ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh jzpfay:vm&onfcsnf; jzpfonf[k tEky#davmr
&kyf0g'u cH,lonf/ xkdYaMumifh tEky#davmronf &kyf\ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIwGif tqkH;tp
r&Sd rsm;jym;aom ykHoP²mefrsm;&dSonf[k todtrSwfjyKonf/ ykHoP²mefwrsKd;rS tjcm;w
rsKd;odkY ul;ajymif;onf/ &kyf\ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIykHoP²mefonf omrefrS tqef;wus,fodkY
tedrfhqkH;rS tjrifhqkH;okdY jzpfay:wkd;wufonf[k ,lqonf/
pMum0VmxJwGif jzpfay:aeaom trsKd;rsKd;aom jzpfpOfrsm;xJwGif jzpfay:ae
aomt&mrsm;? csKyfNidrf;aeaomt&mrsm;wkdYonf wckESifhwck uif;uGmí jzpfay:csKyfNidrf;
aeMuonfr[kwfbJ wckESifhwck tnrn qufoG,frIjzifh qufoG,faeMuonf[k tEky#d
avmru ,lqonf/
xkdYaMumifh tEky#davmronf puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'xuf tESpfom&tm;jzifh <u,f0
avonf/ ydkívnf; &Sif;vif;avonf/
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tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 52
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcef;(5)
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIESifhpyfvsOf;í tEky#davmrusaom ouf0if,kHMunfrI
pMum0VmBuD;onf rsm;pGmajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? a&S;enf;twkdif;om&Sdonf[k¤if;
jzpfpOfta[mif;rsm;udk xyfwvJvJ jzpfaom csm;&[wfvSnfhywfjcif;rsKd;[k¤if;? a[mif;
EGrf;aom tbd"r®mrsm;u ,lqcJhonf/ odyÜHynmurl pMum0VmBuD;onf wa&GUa&GUESifht
qifhqifhajymif;vJaeonf[k ,lqonf/ "e&Siftbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;onf wa&GUa&GESifht
qifhqifhjzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk vufcHaomfvnf; ¤if;udk &Sif;vif;az:jy&mwGifrl qef;Mu,f
aom pdwf0g'qefonfhpum;vkH;rsm;jzpfom az:jyMuayonf/ jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf ajy
jypfí tqufrjywfjzpfpOfrsm;jzpfonf[k olwkdYu ,lqMuonf/ tqufrjywfjzpfrIwGif
&kwfw&uf jywfawmufum tqifhwckrS tjcm;wqifhodkY ckeful;onf[laom tjrifudk ol
wkdYu todtrSwf rjyKMuay/
rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvf(pf)wkdYu [D*Jvftbd"r®m\pdwf0g'qefaom tydkif;udky,f
um awmfvSefaomtydkif;udk vufcHcJhMuNyD;aemuf jzpfay:wkd;wufrItcef;wGif tEky#davm
r&kyf0g'orm; ouf0if,kHMunfrIudk xlaxmifcJhMuonf/ jzpfpOfrsm;tm;vkH;wGif twkduft
cHjzpfvsuf&Sdaom qefYusifbufrsm;&Sdayonf/ twGif;y#dyu©rsm;&Sdavonf/ obm0ESifh
vlYtzGJYtpnf; jzpfay:wkd;wufrIwdYkESifh tqufrjywfwnf&SdrI? jzwfawmufrIESifhckefausmfrI
wkdYudk odem;vnfvkdvQif twkduftcHjzpfaom qefYusifbufrsm;twGif;y#dyu©rsm;&Sdonf[k
odem;vnf&ef vkdonf/
rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfwkdY\awGY&Sdcsufrsm;onf tbd"r®mwGif awmfvSefa&;w&yf
jzpfayonf/ ,if;onf tvkyfvkyfaom jynfolrsm;\awmfvSefaomvufeufwckjzpfav
onf/ urÇmavmuBuD;tm; ajymif;vJypf&eftwGuf xkdurÇmavmuBuD;tm; odem;vnf
&ef enf;vrf;wckvnf; jzpfayonf/
wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifhajymif;vJaom jzpfpOf\t"dyÜg,f
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\tjrift& pMum0VmBuD;onf ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? &Sdaom
ajymif;vJjcif;[lorQonfvnf; tzefwvJvJ jyefjzpfaom ajymif;vJrIomjzpfonf[k ,l
qonf/ Mu,fwm&mrsm;? eu©wfrsm;? yx0DajrBuD;? yifv,fork'´&m? opfyifwd&pämefwkdY
\ajymif;vJjcif;onf tzefwvJvJ jyefjzpfaom ajymif;vJjcif;[k puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'u
,lqonf/
wa&GUa&GESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJrIoabmw&m;url xkdokYdr,lqay/ odyÜHynm
jroef;wifh53
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ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
pl;prf;&SmazGrIrsm;onf wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJrIoabmw&m;udk awGY&SdcJhonf/
odkY&mwGif odyÜHynmonfvnf; vlYtzGJYtpnf;BuD;wckvkH;ESifhuif;uGmí wkd;wufvmcJhjcif;
r[kwfay/ wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJrI oabmw&m;onf pufrIt&if;&Sifpepfay:
xGef;vmjcif;rS arG;zGm;ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfayonf/
þonfudk jyvkdí
]]ukefvkyfud&d,mrsm;udk tpOftNrJ awmfvSefajymif;vJjcif;rjyKbJ "e&Sifonf wnf
NrJjcif;r&SdEkdifay/ ukefvkyfud&d,mrsm;udk awmfvSefajymif;vJypfjcif;aMumifh ukefvkyfqufqH
a&;onfvnf; ajymif;vJvmum vlYtzGJYtpnf;\qufqHa&; wckvkH;onf ajymif;vJvm&
ayonf/ ,cifur ukefvkyfa&;pepfa[mif;rsm;udk ykHoP²mefajymif;vJjcif;r&SdbJ? e*kd&ft
wkdif;xdrf;odrf;xm;jcif;onf a&S;usaompufrIvlwef;pm;\wnfNrJrItwGuf yXrqkH;vkd
tyfaomtajctaew&yf jzpfonf/ ukefvkyfa&;udk tNrJwap awmfvSefajymif;vJypfjcif;?
tm;vkH;aom vlrItajctaersm;udk w&Hrvyf uarmufurjzpfapjcif;? tpOftNrJrao
rcsm ra&r&mjzpfaejcif;ESifhvIHYaqmfjcif;wkdYonf "e&Sifacwfor,ESifha&S;a[mif;acwf
or,wkdY\uGmjcm;csufwkdYyif jzpfayonf}}
[k rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfwkdYu ajymcJhayonf/
rdrdwkdYonf wkd;wufrIudk o,faqmifvmolrsm;[k pufrIt&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;onf
udk,fhudk,fukd aumif;pGm odjrifayonf/ wkd;wufrIonf t&if;&Sifpepf\Oya'o[k ,lq
ouJhodkY wkd;wufrIonf pMum0VmBuD;wckvkH;\Oya'o[k ,lqMuayonf/ odkYjzifh pMum
0VmBuD;tm; odyÜHenf;uspGm Munfhjrifa&;wGif a&SUwqifhwkd;Ekdifaom tajctaeudk zefwD;
ayonf/ pMum0VmBuD;\ykHyef;onf rvIyfr&Sm; wnfNidrfaeonfr[kwf? tqufrjywfwkd;
wufjzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf[k ,lqonf/
,if;\t,ltqt& eu©wfwm&mrsm;onf tNrJwef;wnfíaeMuonf r[kwf
bJ/ vGifhaysmufoGm;aom tckd;taiGYrsm;\tpdkiftcJrS jzpfay:vmMujcif; jzpfonf/ eu©wf
wm&mwkdYESifhwuGaom pMum0VmpepfBuD;wckvkH;onf jzpfay:vmNyD;onfESifhwqifhrSodkY w
a&GUa&GUESifhajymif;vJjzpfay:vmonf[k ,lqonf/ ¤if;wkdYu tcsKdUaomMu,fwm&mrsm;
onf wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh aeuJhodkYyif pMum0VmpepfBuD;wcktjzpf N*dK[frsm;jzpfvmMu
onf[k ,lqMuonf/ yx0DajrBuD;onfvnf; ,if;odkY wa&GUa&GUtqifhqifh ajymif;vJjzpf
ay:vmonf[k qdkMuonf/ yx0DajrBuD;onf N*dK[fBuD;wvkH;jzpfí rsm;pGmyljyif;onf/ w
jznf;jznf;ESifhyx0DrsufESmjyifonf at;vmum tyl&Sdefjyif;aomMu,fwm&mrsm;ay:wGif
r&SdEkdifonfh "mwftpkta0;rsm; ay:aygufvmMuonf[k ,lqMuonf/ þodkYjzifh &kyfonf
,cifupí xl;aomowådrsm;udk &&Sdvmonf/ ,if;owådrsm;rSm "mwfaygif;tpkta0;owåd
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 54
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
rsm; jzpfayonf/
xkdaemuf umbGeftEkjrL"mwfrsm; aygif;pyfzGJYpnf;rIjzifh ouf0if"mwfaygif;tpk
ta0;jzpfvmonf/ xkdouf&Sd&kyfrS ZD0&kyf? ouf&Sd&kyf\owådrsm; xif&Sm;&Sdaom&kyfcEmrsm;
jzpfay:vmonf/
þodkYjzifh ouf0if&kyf? ouf&Sd&kyfonf wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifhajymif;vJvmcJhNyD;
onf\tqkH;wGif vl[lí jzpfvmonf/ vlay:NyD;aemufwGif vlYtzGJYtpnf; ay:aygufvm
onf/ aemufjzpfpOftopfrsm;? Oya'topfrsm; ay:aygufvmum xkdrSwqifh vlYtzGJYt
pnf;\Oya'o? tawG;tac:\Oya'orsm; ay:aygufvmonf/
xkdaemuf bmjzpfoenf;/
t&if;&SifodyÜHynmonf ,if;tqifhxuf ausmfvGefí rjrifEkdifawmhay/ t&if;
&SifodyÜHynmonf t&if;&Sifpepf\csKyfNidrf;jcif;udk awG;ac:pOf;pm;jcif; rjyKEkdifay/ þ
ae&mwGif t&if;&SifodyÜHynmonfvnf; qkH;cef;wkdifodkYa&mufavawmhonf/ qkd&S,fvpf
odyÜHynmonf ay:xGufvmum vlonf uGefjrLepfvlYtzGJYtpnf;[laom wa&GUa&GUESifht
qifhqifh ajymif;vJrItqifhopfwckodkY a&muf&Sdvdrfhrnf[k nTefjychJavonf/ uGefjrLepfvlY
tzGYJtpnf;wGif vlrIjzpfpOfw&yfvkH;onf vl\odpdwfjzifh pDrHudef;csxm;aom OD;wnfcsuf
odkYa&muf&Sdvdrfhrnf[kvnf; nTefjycJhayonf/
rmhufpf0g'\&SmazGawGY&SdcsufrSm &kyfusaom tEky#davmrOya'oudk &SmazGawGY
&Sdjcif;jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifh rmhufpf0g'wckwnf;omvQif jzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk odyÜHenf;
uspGm az:jyEkdifjcif;jzpfonf/ tem*wfvrf;pOfudk jynfhpkHpGm jyefjyEkdifjcif;jzpfavonf/
ajymif;vJrIESifhjzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk pdwf0g'orm;rsm;u cH,lykH
olwkdYawGY&Sdaomtm;vkH;ESifhqkdifaom ajymif;vJrIESifhwkd;wufjzpfay:rIrsm;udk "e
&SifawG;MuHrI ynm&Sifrsm;u rnfodkY&Sif;vif;az:jyMuoenf;/
vGefcJhaom tESpfw&mausmfavmufu wifjycJhMuaom "e&SifawG;MuHrI ynm&Sif
rsm;\wifjycsuf tusOf;udk aqG;aEG;Mu&atmif/
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wGif udk,fxif&Sm;jycJhNyD;jzpfaom (Absolute Idea) t<uif;rJhÓPfaMumifh ay:aygufcJh&
jcif;jzpfonf[kqdkonf/ [m;bwfpyifqm[m;bwfpyifqm[m;bwfpyifqm[m;bwfpyifqm[m;bwfpyifqmurl jzpfay:wkd;wufrItm;vkH;onf &kyftpkt
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jroef;wifh55
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ok is
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ted
by sh
anyo
ma
a&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJaom jzpfpOf[k ,lqonf/
xkdodkYjzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk &Sif;vif;az:jyMu&mwGif tbd"r®mynm&Sifwkdif;onf
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q&mrsm;url jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\w&m;oabmudk aemufxyf&SmazGaz:jyjcif;iSm rwwf
EkdifMuawmhbJ vufavQmhMuum t&mtm;vkH;onf odem;vnfEkdifpGrf; r&Sdaom tiftm;pk
rsm;\tusKd;w&m;omjzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/
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ESifhtqihfqifh ajymif;vJrIwkdYudk avhvmvsuf&SdMuonfhv[mjyifokawoDwkdYuvnf; þjzpf
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&Sdrsm;uvnf; jzpfpOfwckvHk;\tajccHonf BudKwifajymjyjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom a&Smifw
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,ckwkdif &SmazGrawGY&Sdao;jcif;om jzpfayonf/ taMumif;w&m;ESifhuif;í ay:aygufvm
aomjzpfpOf[lí r&SdEkdifay/
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csKdU,Gif;csufw&yf &Sdao;onf/ ,if;rSm wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifhajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfonf ajy
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a&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifhajymif;vJrI? tqifhwckrS tjcm;wckodkYul;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfonf y#d
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trSeftm;jzifh tqufrjywf jzpfrIonf wkd;wufjzpfay:rI\Oya'or[kwfay/
wa&GUa&GUSESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJwkd;wufrIonf acsmarGYpGm tqufrjywfjzpfay:ae&mrS
&kwfw&uf ckefausmfí ul;ajymif;aom ajymif;vJrIrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmwwfayonf/
tajctae&ifhrmvmaomtcgwGif jzpfay:wkd;wufrItqifhopfwckonf &kwfw&ufay:
aygufvmNyD; tqufrjywfjzpfay:rIudk jywfawmufapum tjcm;tqifh? tqifhopfwck
odkYckefausmful;ajymif;oGm;wwfonf/ [D*Jvfu[D*Jvfu[D*Jvfu[D*Jvfu[D*Jvfuatmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhayonf/
]]ul;ajymif;a&;umvwckudk Munfhjrif&mwGif cav;wa,muf arG;zGm;onfhtcg
wGif ul;ajymif;ykHudk Munfhovkd? Munfjrif&ef vkdonf/ cav;i,fonf trd0rf;wGif;ü wdwf
qdwfpGm zGHYNzdK;vmonf/ t&G,fyrmPBuD;xGm;rIonfvnf; tqufrjywf wjznf;jznf;jzpf
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 56
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
ay:vmonf/ ,if;rSm ta&twGufajymif;vJrIjzpfonf/ cav;u yXrqkH; xGufouf0if
ouf &SKdufxkwfjcif;trIudk jyKvkyfvkdufonfhtcgwGif ,if;odkYaom wjznf;jznf; ta&t
wGufajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfonf jywfawmufoGm;um t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI jzpfvmNyD;aemuf
rS cav;onf arG;zGm;oefYpifvmayonf/}}
[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf\az:jyyg pl;prf;csufudk rmhufpfwOD;wnf;omvQif tav;teufcH,lí
wkd;csJYjyefYyGm;apcJhonf/ jzpfay:wkd;wufrI[lorQonf jywfawmufrI r&SdbJ &kwfw&ufckef
ausmful;ajymif;rIr&SdbJ rjzpfay:EkdifaMumif;udk odyÜHynmpl;prf;&SmazGrIwkdYESifh tawGYtMuKH
wkdYu oufaojycJhNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; ,if;tcsufudk tjcm;aom"e&SifawG;MuHrIynm&Sifrsm;
onf vufrcHcJhMuay/ olwkdYonf jywfawmufrIr&Sdaom wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJ
jzpfay:a&;w&m;\tqufrjywf jzpfrIudkom vufcHcJhMuonf/
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk tEky#davmr&kyf0g'u cH,lykH
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIjyóemudk &kyf0g'tjrifjzifh &Sif;vif;wifjy&efrSm tEky#davmr
&kyf0g'\tvkyf jzpfayonf/ tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf jzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk pdwful;qef
aom qufoG,frIykHrsm;jzifh az:jyjcif;rjyKbJ jzpfay:wkd;wuffrI twGif;&Sd taMumif;jcif;
&mrsm;ESifhnDnTwfpGm az:jyayonf/
pMum0VmBuD;onf ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? Nidrfoufaeonf[k tEky#davmru r,lq
ay/ pMum0VmBuD;onf tNrJwap ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIjzpfpOft& ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;aeonf
[k ,lqayonf/ þjzpfay:wkd;wufrIonfvnf; acsmarGYí tqufrjywfjzpfaom tjywf
tawmufr&SdaomjzpfpOfr[kwfrlí wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifhajymif;vJvmaom jzpfpOftqifh
wckrS tjcm;tqifhwckokdY &kwfw&uf ckefausmful;ajymif;oGm;wwf[k tEky#davmr&kyf0g'
u ,lqonf/ ,if;oabmudk Munfhjrif&mwGifvnf; pdwful;qefaomMunfhjrifcsufrsm;jzifh
Munfhjrifonfr[kwfbJ xkd&kyfjzpfpOfwkdY\twGif;wGif y#dyu©rsm;? twkduftcHjzpfvsuf&Sd
aomtaMumif;rsm;? &efbufjzpfvsuf&Sdaomt&mrsm;? tcsif;csif;wkdufckdufrIrsmudk avh
vmí Munfhjrifjcif;jzpfayonf/ obm0wGif¤if;? vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif¤if; rnfonfht&m
0w¬KtwGif;wGifjzpfap? qefYusifbufy#dyu©rsm;onf wnfí aeMuayonf/
&kyfurÇmavmuBuD;jzpfay:wkd;wufrIOya'orsm;ESifh ywfoufí tEky#davmr
&kyf0g'\tjrifudk vDeifvDeifvDeifvDeifvDeifu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhayonf/
]]obm0\jzpfpOfrsm;tm;vkH;? toGifoP²mefrsm;tm;vkH;ü wckESifhwck ajzmifh
ajzmifhqefYusifaeMuaom y#dyu©jzpfaeMuaom twkduftcHjzpfaeMuaomt&mrsm;&Sdonf
qkdonfhtcsufudk todtrSwfjyK&ef vkdayonf/ ,if;tcsufonf &kyfusaomtEky#davmr
jroef;wifh57
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
\tajccHtcsufBuD; jzpfayonf/ ,if;tcsufukd oabmaygufrSomvQif wnf&Sdaeaom
t&m0w¬Kwkdif;\tvkdtavsmuf vIyf&Sm;jcif;udk em;vnfrnfjzpfayonf/ ,if;tcsufudk
oabmaygufrSomvQif ckefausmfrIudk¤if;? tqufrjywfjzpfrIü jywfawmufoGm;rIudk¤if;?
qefYusifbufjzpfaom t&mwckxJodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;rIudk¤if;? ta[mif;udk zsufqD;í t
opfwnfaqmufrIudk¤if; em;vnfrnfjzpfayonf/}}
]]tESpfcsKyfqkd&vQif t&m0w¬Krsm;\twGif;tESpfom&ü&Sdaom y#dyu©rsm;udk
avhvmjcif;onf tEky#davmrjzpfayonf/}}
]]qefYusifbuftcsif;csif;wkdY\wkdufyGJ(y#dyu©)onf jzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk ay:
aygufapayonf/}}
[D*Jvf rS rmhufpfodkY
y#dyu©&SdvQif wkd;wufrI &Sdayonf/
[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvfon ,if;cH,lcsufudk yXrqkH;wifjycJhonf/ odkY&mwGif [D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf\wifjyenf;
rSm pdwf0g'qefvSonf/ [D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf\enf;t&qkdvQif &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;twGif;ü¤if; v[m
jyifESifhtcsdefumvtwGif;ü¤if;? &SdonfhjzpfpOfwckvkH;onf jyifywGif &Sdaom t<uif;rJhÓPf
awmf\tvkdawmftwkdif;om jzpf&onf[k,lqonf/ t<uif;rJhÓPfawmfonf y#dyu©rsm;
udk jzwfoef;í BuD;xGm;wkd;wufvmum &kyfurÇmBuD;wGif ay:aygufvmonf[kqdkonf/ t
&m0w¬KwckrS wckokYdul;ajymif;jzpfay:jcif;wkdYonfvnf; t<uif;rJhÓPfawmftwGif;wGif
jzpfaom y#dyu©aMumifh ay:ayguf&onf[k ,lqonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;\jzpfay:wkd;wuf
rIonf ¤if;t&m0w¬Krsm;tm; ouf0if,kHMunfykHwGif jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdaom y#dyu©rsm;aMumifh
omjzpfonf[k ,lqonf/
[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf\tbd"r®mESifhywfoufí tdef*sJv,f(pf)u atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJh\/
uREkfyfwkdYonf [D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvfudk ab;z,fxm;jcif; r[kwfay/ uREkfyfwkdYonf awmfvSefa&;
usaom [D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf\tEky#davmroabmudk ,lí enf;udk ypfy,favonf/ [D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf\tvkd
tm;jzifh tEky#davmrqkdonfrSm ouf0if,kHMunfpdwf\tvkdtavsmufjzpfay:wkd;wufrI
jzpfavonf/ t<uif;rJhouf0if,kHMunfpdwfonf rodEkdifaomxm0&bkHwGif &Sdonfht&mwck
rQomru urÇmavmuBuD;wGif wu,ftrSef&Sdaeaom ouf&Sd0dnmOfwckvnf; jzpfonf[k
[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvfu ,lqonf/ xkdYaMumifh [D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf\t,ltqtwkdif;qkdvQif obm0ESifhorkdif;wGif
awGYjrif&onfhtEky#davmrjzpfay:wkd;wufrI[lonf rnfolrQ rodEkdifaomwae&mwGif
ouf0if,kHMunfpdwf\tvkdtavsmuf wkd;wufjzpfay:ykHtwkdif; jzpfay:aeonf/ xkdouf
0if,kHMunfpdwfonf awG;MuHwwfaom vl\OD;aESmufESifhuif;vGwfí oD;jcm;&yfwnfae
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 58
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
onf[k [D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvfu ,lqonf/
]]uREkfyfwkdYonf [D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf\awmfvSefaom tEky#davmroabmudk vufcHí pdwfqef
aom tydkif;udk y,fypfayonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtjrifwGif uREkfyfwkdYOD;acgif;xJ&Sd ouf0if,kHMunf
pdwfqkdonfrSm wu,f&Sdaom t&m0w¬Krsm;\ykHoP²mefjzpfayonf/ [D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf[D*Jvf,lqouJhodkY
t[kwf&Sd? wu,f&Sdaomt&m0w¬Krsm;onf wpkHwckaom ouf0if,kHMunfpdwf\ykHyef;
oP²mef[k r,lqay/
...odkYjzifh tEky#davmronf ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIOya'orsm;\odyÜHynm&yfjzpf
vmayonf/ jyifyurÇmavmuBuD;ESifhvlYtawG;tac:\a,bk,sOya'orsm; jzpfvm
ayonf/ odkYjzifh tEky#davmrusaom ouf0if,kHMunfpdwfonf t[kwf&Sd wu,f&Sdaom
urÇmBuD;\tEky#davmrusaom ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI\a&mifjyef[yfcsufrQom jzpfav
onf/
tEky#davmrudk ,if;odkY&kyfusus odjrifem;vnfjcif;onf urÇmavmuBuD;t
wGif;&Sd wkd;wufjzpfay:rItiftm;pkrsm;udk jyifytaMumif;w&m;rsm;\qufpyfrIrygbJ
odjrifem;vnfa&;twGuf aomhBuD;wacsmif;jzpfavonf/ þawGY&Sdcsufonf odyÜHynmESifh
tbd"r®m\wkd;wufrIrS&&SdcJhjcif; jzpfavonf/ xkdrQru vlYtzGJYtpnf;\Oya'orsm;? t
&if;&Sifpepf\y#dyu©rsm;xJrS xkdw&m;udk awGY&SdcJhjcif;vnf; jzpf\/ ,if;odkYawGY&Sdjcif;onf
t&if;&Sifpepf\ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif;jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; "e&SifawG;MuHrI
ynm&Sifrsm;onf þw&m;udk &SmazGrawGYcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; "e&SifawG;
MuHrIynm&Sifrsm;onf obm0ESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf; jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\wu,fh&kyfusaom
tiftm;pkrsm;udk &SmazGwifjy&ef rpGrf;cJhjcif;jzpfavonf/ þtiftm;pkrsm;udk &SmazGaz:
xkwfwifjyEdkifonfht&mrSm awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;\wyfOD;jzpfaom tvkyform;vl
wef;pm;\awmfvSefaomtbd"r®mom jzpfavonf/
rmhufpfawGY&SdcJhaom tEky#davmrusonfh &kyf0g'Oya'orsm;onf uREkfyfwkdYtm;
obm0\tEky#davmruspGm jzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk nTefMum;jyocJhayonf/ xkdrQru vl
rIajymif;vJrIrsm;udk em;vnfodjrif&efESifhqkd&S,fvpf0g'twGuf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;wkduf
yGJudk rnfokdYrnfykH qifETJ&efukdvnf; nTefMum;jycJhayonf/
rmhufpf\awGY&Sdcsufonf tbd"r®mudk awmfvSefajymif;vJypfvkduf\/ &kyf0g'u pdwf
0g'udk atmifyGJcHvkdufjcif;jzpf\/ twdwfrS puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\usOf;ajrmif;aom uefYowf
rIrsm;udk y,f&Sm;ypfvkdufjcif; jzpf\/ tbd"r®mudk tvkyfvkyfaom jynfolrsm;\awmfvSef
a&;vufeufw&yftjzpfodkY ajymif;vJvkdufjcif; jzpf\/ urÇmavmuBuD;udk ajymif;vJypf
&eftwGuf urÇmavmuBuD;tm; odjrifem;vnf&ef enf;vrf;wcktjzpfodkY ajymif;ypfvkduf
jroef;wifh59
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
jcif;vnf; jzpfavonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'\t"dyÜg,fudk pwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifu atmufygtwkdif; tusOf;csKyfí
ajymcJh\/
]]...b0wGif topfESifhta[mif; BuD;xGm;&Sifoefaeaomt&mESifhcsKyfNidrf;ysuf
pD;aeaomt&m? awmfvSefa&;ESifhwefjyefawmfvSefa&;...[lí tNrJ&Sdayonf/ arG;zGm;í
aeYpOfESifhtrQ BuD;xGm;&Sifoefaeaomt&m[lorQwkdYudk zsufqD;í r&Ekdifay/ ¤if;wkdY\wdk;
wufrIudk wm;qD;ívnf; r&Ekdifay/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf arG;zGm;vm
um aeYpOfESifhtrQ &SifoefBuD;xGm;vsuf&Sdonf/ ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf ,aeYtcsdefwGif
tm;enf;vsuf&Sdaumif;&Sdrnf jzpfaomfvnf; a&&SnfwGif atmifyGJcH&rnfomjzpfayonf/
tb,faMumifhenf;/ ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf &Sifoefvsuf cGeftm;wkd;wufvsuf a&SUodkY
csDwufvsuf &SdaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ tjcm;wbufwGif tkdrif;&ifha&mfí okomefodkY
OD;wnfaeaomt&monf ,aeYtcsdefwGif tiftm;aumif;vsuf &Sdaeao;aomfvnf;
aemufqkH;wGif t&IH;jzifhom &ifqkdif&rnfomjzpfonf/ "e&Sif\ajcaxmufatmufrS ajr
BuD;onf wjznf;jznf; NydKí yJhí yJhí usaeayonf/ "e&Sifonf ,aeYtcsdefwGif cGeftm;
aumif;aeao;aomfvnf; aeYESifhtrQ ,dkifvJvsuf&Sdum a&&SnfwGif bkH;bkH;vJusqkH;&rnf
om jzpfayonf}}
®
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 60
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tydkif; (2)
tEky#davmr
jroef;wifh61
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcef;(6)
tEky#davmrESifhwuúaA'
tEky#davmronf wuúaA'ESifhqefYusifaom pl;prf;&SmazGrIenf;w&yf? awG;MuH
rIenf;w&yfjzpfonf/ wuúaA'awG;MuHenf;onf pdwåZt&mrsm;ESifhywfoufonf/ wuú
aA'onf t&m0w¬Krsm;udk oD;jcm;pOf;pm;onf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;\wuJhjzpfwnfrItajc
taersm;ESifhtnrnqufoG,frIrsm;rS uif;uGmí pdwåZqefqef pOf;pm;onf/ t&m0w¬K
rsm;\wuJhajymif;vJrIESifhjzpfay:rIwkdYrS uif;í rlaocsí pOf;pm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh wuú
aA'onf wif;MuyfaomykHaoum;usenf;rsm;? rlaojzpfaom y#dyu©rsm;udk jzpfay:ap
onf/ wuúaA'onf obm0ESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif;&Sd qefYusifbufwkdY\twkduftcHjzpf
rIESifhaygif;pnf;nDnTwfrIudkrjrif/
tEky#davmrum; wuúaA'ESifhqefYusifonf/ urÇmavmuBuD;twGif;&Sd t&m
0w¬KwkdY\ajymif;vJrIESifhtnrnqufoG,frIwkdYudk avhvm&SmazGayonf/
wuúaA'awG;MuHrIenf;
rmhufpf0g'vDeif0g'ygwD\avmutjrifjzpfaom tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf t,l
tqcef;wGif &kyf0g'&kyf0g'&kyf0g'&kyf0g'&kyf0g'jzpfí t&m0w¬Krsm;tm; t"dyÜg,faumuf,laz:jyonfhenf;wGifrl ttttt
Eky#davmrEky#davmrEky#davmrEky#davmrEky#davmrenf;jzpfayonf/
tEky#davmrenf;onf t&m0w¬Krsm;tm; ¤if;wkdY\wuJhajymif;vJrIjzpfay:wkd;
wufrIt& odjrifatmif avhvmtm;xkwfaomenf;jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;onf wuúwuúwuúwuúwuú
aA'aA'aA'aA'aA'udk qefYusifayonf/
odkYjzpfvQif wuúaA'wuúaA'wuúaA'wuúaA'wuúaA'qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;/ tEky#davmrawG;MuHrIenf;ESifhqefY
usifaom wuúaA'awG;MuHrIenf;qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;/
tajccHtm;jzifh wuúaA'onf pdwåZqefaom awG;MuHrIenf;jzpfonf/ awG;MuH
rI[lorQonf tcsKyfwGif pdwåZqefonf/ Oyrm ]]vlwGif ajcESpfacsmif; &Sdonf}}[kqkdMuyg
pdkY/ þwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf vlwGif ajcESpfacsmif; &Sdjcif;rQudkom jrifí acgif;wvkH;? vufESpf
bufponfh vlü&Sdaom tjcm;owådrsm;udk rjrifbJ wckwnf;udkom uGufíMunfh&ma&muf
onf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;tqkdjyKcsufonf pdwåZqefonf/ aemufxyf Oyrmwckudk MunfhMu
ygOD;pkdY/ vl\obm0qkdygpkdY/ vl\obm0 þodkYþES,fygwum;[k rsufrjrifykPÖm;ajcmuf
a,muf qifudk prf;Munfhí qifudk t"dyÜg,fzGifhonfhenf;jzifh rMunfhjriftyfay/ vl\obm
0udk pdwåZqefqef ]]uGufMunfh}}írjzpfay/ vlonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif aexkdifoljzpfonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 62
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
xkdYaMumifh vlYobm0onfvnf; vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk vkdufíjzpfay:&onf/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;\
ajymif;vJrI? wkd;wufjzpfay:rIvkdufí vlYobm0onfvnf; ajymif;vJjzpfay:&onf/ vlY
obm0onf vlaeaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhuif;í jzpfay:jcif; r[kwfay/ xkdYaMumifh vlY
obm0onf vl\b0wnf&SdrI tajctaersm;ESifhuif;í jzpfay:onf[k¤if;? vlonf b,f
tzGJYtpnf;a&mufa&muf rnfonfhaexkdifrIb0rSmyif &Sd&Sd? vlYobm0onf ajymif;vJjcif;
r&Sd? twlwlyif jzpfonf[k¤if;? ,lqjcif;onf rSm;onf/ pdwåZqefonf/ wuúaA'qef
onf/
xkdYaMumifh wuúaA'awG;MuHrIenf;udk csKHMunfhvQif atmufygtESpfom&ESpfrsKd;wGif
tMuKH;0ifaeonfukd awGY&onf/
(1) t&m0w¬Krsm;udk Munfhjrif&mwGif ¤if;wkdY\tnrnqufoG,frIudk ypfy,fum wckpD
oD;jcm;uif;uGmí Munfhonf/
(2) t&m0w¬Krsm;onf ajymif;vJjcif;? jzpfay:wkd;wufjcif;r&Sd? ykHaoum;uswnf&Sdae
onf/ taovkdwnfNidrfaeonf[k ,lqonf/
wuúaA'awG;MuHrIenf;wckudk odEkdif&ef 'Drkdua&pDooabmw&m;udk O'g[&kPf
aqmifMunfhMu&atmif/
rsm;pGmaomolwkdYonf ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pD? t<uif;rJhjzpfaom 'Drkdua&pDudk r
MumcPa<u;aMumfonf/ odkY&mwGif wu,fwGifrl olwkdYatmfaom 'Drkdua&pDonf r&Sday/
vlYtzGJYtpnf;\wuJhjzpfay:wkd;wufrI? vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifhvlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ ponfwkdYESifh
uif;í oD;jcm;&yfwnfaeaom ppfrSefonfh'Drkdua&pD[lí r&Sday/ ,if;odkY ppfrSefaom 'Drkd
ua&pD&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;onf wuúaA'qefaom awG;MuHrIrS aygufzGm;vmjcif;om
jzpfonf/
'Drkdua&pDtaMumif;udk odem;vnfvkdvQif ,if;'Drkdua&pDonf rnfolYtwGufvJ?
aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,folwkdYtwGufvm;? aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;cH&olwkdYtwGufvm;/
'Drkdua&pDonf tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfrIykHoP²mefwrsKd;jzpf\/ 'Drkdua&pDonf tkyfpdk;aom
vlwef;pm;\tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifhtNrJwrf; qufpyfaeonf/ a&S;a[mif;acgracwGif ay:
aygufonfh'Drkdua&pDonf tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;jzpfaom aus;ydkifuRefydkif&Sifrsm;\'Drkdua&
pDomjzpf\/ t&if;&Siftpkd;&u ay;onfh 'Drkdua&pDonf t&if;&SiftusKd;pD;yGm;udk um
uG,fay;aomt&if;&Sif'Drkdua&pDjzpfonf/ ,if;onf acgracwf 'Drkdua&pDxuf tqifh
jrifh\/ tvkyform;vlwefpm;u tmPm&&SdvmonfhtcgwGifum; ,if;'Drkdua&pDonf t
vkyform;vlwef;pm;\tusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,faom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\'Drkdua&
pDjzpfonf/ ,if;onf t&if;&Sif'Drkdua&pDxuf tqifhjrifhonf/
jroef;wifh63
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
xkdYaMumifh vlYtzGJYtpnf;\ajymif;vJjzpfay:wkd;wufrIrS¤if;? wu,f&Sdaom vlrI
qufqHa&;rsm;rS¤if;? oD;jcm;cGJxkwfí 'Drkdua&pD\t"dyÜg,fudk zGifhqkd&efrSm rjzpfEkdifay/
,if;odkY oD;jcm;cGJxkwfí awG;ac:jcif;onf wuúaA'qefaomawG;ac:rIom jzpf\/
aemufxyfO'g[&kPf/ /at;csrf;a&;0g'orm;rsm;u ppf[lonf raumif;
[k qefYusifa&;pum;qkdMuonf/ olwkdYonf ppfudk pdwåZqefqef MunfhjrifMujcif;omjzpf
onf/ wpkHwckaom ppfyGJ\toGifoP²mefonf rnfonfhorkdif;acwfwacwf? rnfonfh&nf
&G,fcsufrsm;? odkYr[kwf rnfonfhvlwef;pm;\tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf wkdufckduf&onfqkdonfh
taMumif;w&m;udk Munfhjrifjcif;r&SdbJ t&rf;uma&m odrf;MuKH;í qefYusifaejcif;jzpf
onf/ e,fcsJYppfESifhvGwfajrmufa&;ppf? w&m;aomppfESifhrw&m;aomppfwkdYudk cGJjcm;í r
MunfhMuay/ ,if;odkYrMunfhEkdifbJ ]]uGuf}}íMunfhjcif;onf wuúaA'tjrifyif jzpfayonf/
tcsKyftm;jzifhqkd&vQif wuúaA'awG;MuHrIenf;onf obm0udk¤if;? t&m0w¬K
rsm;\owådrsm;? pGrf;tm;rsm;udk¤if; taovkdMunfhjrifenf;rsKd;jzpfayonf/ wuúaA't
jrifonf ]]jzpfpOf}}udk rMunfhbJ ]]t&m0w¬Krsm;}}udk Munfhayonf/ urÇmavmuBuD;onf
,if;odkYaom t&m0w¬Krsm;om &Sdí ,if;odkYaom owådrsm;omí&Sdrnf[k ykHaoum;usenf;
jzifh wGufíMunfhayonf/
tbd"r®mwGif ]]wuúaA'}}qkdonfrSm pMum0VmBuD;\tqkH;pGefaom tpdwftykdif;
rsm;}}udk &SmazGjcif;[k t"dyÜg,fxGufonf/ txufwGif az:jycJhonfhpuf,EÅ&m;0g'udk wuú
aA'&kyf0g'[k ac:qkdEkdifayonf/
tEky#davmrawG;MuHrIenf;onf wuúaA'enf;udk qefYusifonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;
udk oD;jcm;]]uGuf}}írMunfhbJ wuJhajymif;vJrIrsm;? tnrnqufoG,frIrsm;t& Munfhjrif
onf/ tEky#davmrususawG;jcif;onf 'd|ususawG;jcif;jzpfí 'd|ususawG;jcif;onf
tEky#davmrusus awG;jcif;jzpfonf/
tEky#davmr (Dialectics) qkdaom pum;onf acgrbmom (Dilego) rSqif;
oufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm aqG;aEG;&ef? odkYr[kwf tajctwifjiif;ckef&efvJ t"d
yÜg,fxGufonf/ jyóemw&yfudk tbufbufrS &Ia'gifhtaxGaxGrS MunfhjrifaqG;aEG;jcif;?
&Ijrifcsufwckudk tjcm;wbufowfusaom &Ijrifcsufwckjzifh qefYusiftwkduftcHjyKí
aqG;aEG;jcif;/ xkdenf;rsm;jzifh trSefodkYa&muf&Sdapjcif;[k t"dyÜg,fxGufayonf/ þenf;
udk qkdua&wD;qkdua&wD;qkdua&wD;qkdua&wD;qkdua&wD;paom acgrynm&Sifrsm;u pwiftokH;jyKcJhonf/
rmhufpf\tEky#davmronf acgrtEky#davmrenf;udk jcKHikHNyD;aemuf wkd;csJYjyefY
yGm;jcif;jzpfí acgrtEky#davmrenf;xuf tESpfom&tm;jzifh <u,f0onf/ jrifuGif;us,f
jyefYonf/ xkdYaMumifh rmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;onf opfvGifí awmfvSefaomenf;jzpf
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 64
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
ayonf/ rmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;onf a&SUaemufnDnTwfaom &kyf0g'jzifh aygif;pyfNyD;
onfhaemufwGif obm0ESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;udk pl;prf;avhvmaomenf;wenf;jzpfvmay
onf/ tacstwif jiif;ckefaqG;aEG;aomenf;rQomruawmhbJ ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;aeaom
urÇmBuD;xJrS xkd;xGufvmaom&kyf0g'orm;tjrifvnf; jzpfayonf/
wuúaA'enf;\]]wckr[kwfwck}}usKd;aMumif;jyw&m;
t&m0w¬Kwkdif;ü rlaoobm0&Sdonf/ rlaoowådrsm;&Sdonf/ xkdYdaMumifh ,if;wkdY
udk woD;wjcm;cGJjcm;í Munfh&rnf/ tnrnqufoG,frIrsm;jzifh¤if;? ajymif;vJrIjzpfay:
wkd;wufrIrsm;jzifh¤if;? Munfhjrif&efrvkd[k wuúaA'u ,lqonf/
xkdYaMumifh wuúaA'onf t&m0w¬Krsm;udk rlaoy#dyu©enf;rsm;jzifhom Munfhjrif
onf/ t&m0w¬KtrsKd;tpm;wckudk tjcm;t&m0w¬KwcktrsKd;tpm;jzifh qefYusifbufjyK
Munfhonf/ t&m0w¬KwcktwGif;wGif jzpfay:aom y#dyu©rsm;udk rjrifbJ oD;jcm;t&m
0w¬KwckESifhtjcm;t&m0w¬KwckwkdY\tay:,H y#dyu©udkom jrifonf/ wcktwGif;üyif&Sd
aom y#dyu©udk rjrifay/
xkdYaMumifh tdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymqkdcJhayonf/
]]wuúaA'ynm&Sifrsm;tjrifü t&m0w¬Krsm;? ¤if;wkdY\pdwfykHyef;oP²mefrsm;?
awG;ac:rIrsm;onf uif;uGmwnf&SdaeMuum oD;jcm;í? cGJjcm;í? wckpDt"dyÜg,faumuf,l
Muonf/ xkdt&m0w¬Krsm;onf aphpyfír&aom y#dyu©rsm;xJwGif a&muf&Sdaeonf[k,l
qMuonf/ t&m0w¬Kwckudk MunfhvQif [kwfjcif;ESifhr[kwfjcif;ESpfck wckckom&Sd&rnf[k
w&m;ao,lqMuonf/ t&m0w¬Kwckonf xkdt&m0w¬Komjzpfí tjcm;t&m0w¬Kwck r
jzpfEkdfif[k ,lqMuonf/}}
wuúaA'awG;MuHrIenf;udk tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;u atmufygtwkdif; pdEÅduuxm
xkwfMuonf/ ,if;rSm]]t&m0w¬Kwckonf xdkt&m0w¬Komjzpfí tjcm;t&m0w¬Krjzpf
Ekdif}}[líjzpfonf/
&kwfw&ufMunfhvQif [kwfovkdvkd&Sdayonf/ ,if;tcsufonf vlwkdif;aeYpOfvkdvkd
ajymqkdawGYjrifokH;pGJaeMuaom tcsufjzpfonf/ EkdifiHa&;orm;wa,mufonf vuf0Jo
rm;wa,mufjzpfvQifjzpf? rjzpfvQif vusfmorm;wa,mufom jzpf&rnf[kqkdwwfMu
onf/ trSeftm;jzifhvnf; ,if;odkYvG,fvG,fyif awG;wwfMuonf/ odkYjzpf&m þtwkdif;om
qkdygrl vlwkdif;onf (tvkyfo®m; vlwef;pm;pdwf&Sdolrsm;tygt0if)wuúaA'0g'orm;jzpf
aeMuygyaum[k qkdbG,f&Sdonf/
rSefayonf/ aZmf*sD\]r[mqefcsifoljyZmwf}xJü r[mqefcsifolaom OD;a&T
jroef;wifh65
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
aESmif;onf q&maumif;udk &SmazGum pum;ajy\t"dyÜg,fudk oifMum;onf/ q&mu
pum;ajy\t"dyÜg,fudk &Sif;vif;jyoaomtcgwGif ]]tvkdav;...? vufpoyfawmh...
usKyf[m tESpfav;q,fvkH;vkH; pum;ajyawGukdcsnf; ajymvmyguvm;}}[k qkdouJhodkYyif?
uREkfyfwkdYvnf;]]tvkdav;...? uREkfyfwkdY[m aeYpOfwuúaA'qefqefawG;aeMuygvm;}}[k
qkd&efom &Sdawmhonf/
wuúaA'orm;onf wckr[kwfvQif tjcm;wckudkom ,kHMuonf/ ESpfck&Sdonfudk
r,kHMunf/ qkdvkdonfrSm t&m0w¬Kwckonf þt&mr[kwfvQif xkdt&mom jzpf&rnf/ t
jzLr[kwfvQif trJjzpf&rnf[k ,lqMuonf/ xkdodkYw&m;ao,lqjcif;aMumifh olwkdYonf
jyóemrsm;udk pOf;pm;&mwGif rajyvnfEkdif? em;rvnfEkdifbJ &SdMuonf/
Oyrm? tar&duefe,fcsJYpepfESifhNAdwdoQe,fcsJYpepfwkdY\qufqHa&;udk wuúaA'
orm;rsm;onf ,ckwkdif em;rvnfMuay/ tar&duefe,fcsJYpepfESifhNAdwdoQe,fcsJYpepfonf
aygif;pnf;nDnTwfaeMuoavm/ uGJNyJaeMuoavm[k olwkdY ,ckwdkif em;rvnfEkdifMuay/
nDnTwfaeMuonfqkdvQif olwkdYonf rsm;pGmaom jyóemwkdif;twGuf bmaMumifh uGJNyJae
Muoenf;/ odkYuGJNyJaeMuvQifvnf; olwkdYonf bmaMumifh w*dkPf;xJwGif nDnTwfaeMuao;
oenf;/ wuúaA'orm;rsm;onf jyóemrsm;udk tjzLr[kwf trJjzpf&rnf[laomwGuf
udef;jzifh MunfhjrifMuojzifh ,if;odkY&IyfaxG;aeMuonf/ tEky#davmrenf;jzifh MunfhvQif
&Sif;\/ tar&duefe,fcsJYpepfESifhNAdwdoQe,fcsJYpepfonf w*dkPf;xJwGif nDnTwfvQuf &dSMu
NyD; wNydKifwnf;rSmyif uGJNyJaeMuayonf/ olwkdY\tuGJtNyJ jyóemudk em;rvnfvQif ol
wkdY bmaMumifh aygif;pnf;aeMuoenf; qkdonfhjyóemudkvnf; em;vnfEkdifrnfr[kwfay/
xdkYaMumifh jyóemudk Munfhjrif&mwGif ¤if;wkdY\wuJhajymif;vJrIrsm;? tnrnquf
oG,frIrsm;? ¤if;wkdYtcsif;csif; y#dyu©jzpfaeaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifhqufoG,faeaom
tpdwftydkif;rsm;? ]]t&m0w¬Kwck}}xJrS ]]tjcm;t&m0w¬Kwck}}tjzpfodkYajymif;vJaom
jzpfpOfrsm;udk avhvmtyfayonf/ tEky#davmrenf;onf ,if;odkYMunfhjrifayonf/ urÇm
avmuBuD;wGif trsKd;rsKd;aom t&m0w¬Krsm;&Sdayonf/ xkdt&m0w¬Krsm;wGif xkdADZowåd
rsm;&Sdwwfí þt&m0w¬KrsKd;wGif þADZowådrsm; &Sdwwfonfpojzifh ADZowådrsm;wGifvnf;
uGJjym;jcm;em;Muayonf/ okdY&mwGif t&m0w¬Krsm;? ADZowådrsm;onf wckpDuif;uGmwnf
&Sdaeonfr[kwfbJ wckESifhwck qufpyf,SufEG,faeMuayonf/ y#dyu©vnf; jzpfaeMu
onf/ ajymif;vJívnf; aeMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ]]u}}onf ]]c}}r[kwfay/ ol\]]u}}
wGif ol\ukd,fydkifADZowåd&SdvQif ]]c}}üvnf; ukd,fykdifADZowåd&Sdayonf/ odkY&mwGif ]]u}}\
owådESifh]]c}}\owådonf oD;jcm;&yfwnfaeMuonfr[kwfay/ ¤if;wkdYESpfckonf wckESifhwck
qufpyfaeMuonf/ y#dyu©jzpfaeMuonf/ odkYjzifh ]]u}}onf ]]c}}tjzpfodkY ul;ajymif;vm
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 66
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ted
by sh
anyo
ma
ayonf/
Oyrm/ /iSufrsm;onf O-tkwwfvQif EkdYwkdufwd&pämefrsm;onf om;arG;um EdkY
wkdufwwfMu\/ iSufrsm;ESifhEkdYwkdufwd&pämefrsm; jcm;em;csufrSm EkdYwkdufwd&pämefrsm;u om;
arG;í EkdYwkdufjcif;yif jzpfonf[k obm0odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;u qdkMu\/ odkY&mwGif yvmwd
ygwf(pf)trnf&Sd wd&pämefwrsKd;udk awGY&SdaomtcgwGif obm0odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;\tqkdjyK
csufrSm rSm;aMumif;udk awGY&Sdvm&onf/ ,if;wd&pämefonf EkdYwkdufyifjzpfaomfvnf; O-
tkonfudk awGYae&onf/ okdYjzpfvQif þwd&pämef\xl;qef;aom tcsif;t&mudk rnfodkY&Sif;
vif;rnfenf;/ EkdYwkdufonf Ortk&qkdaomwuúaA'obm0odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;\rlaopGJrSwf
csufonf rSefygOD;rnfavm/
odkY&mwGif wd&pämefrsm;\wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifhajymif;vJaom jzpfay:wkd;wuf
rIudk avhvmvQif þjyóem&Sif;&Sif;av;jzpfonf/ iSufrsm;ESifhEkdYwkdufwd&pämefrsm;\wa&GU
a&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJaom qufoG,frIjzpfpOfwGif ESpfrsKd;pvkH;onf rlvtm;jzifh O-
tkaomwd&pämefrsm; jzpfMuonf/ iSufrsm;rSm Orsm;udk qufvufOaeMuNyD;? EkdYwkdufowå0g
rsm;rSm Orsm;udk qufí rOMuawmhay/ yvmwDygwf(pf)uJhodkYaom acwfaemufusefonfh
EkdYwkdufwd&pämefrsKd;om Orsm;udk qufvuf OaeMujcif;jzpfonf/
tEky#davmrenf;onf obm0ukd¤if;? vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk¤if; Munfhjrif&mwGif w
&m;aorMunfhrlí ,if;wkdY\tqifhtqifhajymif;vJrI? tnrnqufoG,frI? y#dyu©jzpfrI?
wzefjyefí qufEG,frIwkdYudk vkdufí Munfhjrifayonf/
aemufxyfOyrmwck/ /wpkHwckaom tajctaewGif wkd;wufaeaom t,l
tqw&yf? oabmw&m;w&yfonf t<uif;rJhwkd;wufaeonfr[kwfay/ aemifwcsdefü
azmufjyefaomt,ltq? azmufjyefaomoabmw&m; jzpfvmEkdifayonf/ puf,EÅ&m;
&kyf0g'onf ay:aygufxGef;um;pum wkd;wufaomt,ltqjzpf\/ odkY&mwGif ,aeYt
csdefü wkd;wufaomt,ltq[k rajymEkdifawmhay/
odkYjzifh jzpfpOfrsm;udk MunfhvQif rnfonfht&m0w¬KudkrS ykHaoowfrSwfí r&ay/
þ[mr[kwf? xkd[m[k owfrSwfí r&ay/ O-OvQif iSuf[k owfrSwfMuaomfvnf; ajc
av;acsmif;jzpfvsufESifh O-Oaomwd&pämef&SdouJhodkY¤if;? wkd;wufonf[k owfrSwfMuaomf
vnf; wpkHwckaomtcsdefwGif azmufjyefaomt&mjzpfaewwfonfukd¤if; awGY&ay\/ odkY
jzpf&m wuúaA'\w&m;aot,ltqonf rSm;,Gif;aeonfukd awGY&ayonf/
qefYusifbufrsm;\y#dyu©jzpfrIESifhaygif;pnf;nDnTwfrI/
t&m0w¬KwkdY\ADZowådrsm;? ¤if;wkdY\qufoG,frIrsm;? ¤if;wkdY\vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh
jroef;wifh67
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
wkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? jzpfpOfrsm;udk avhvmvQif a,bk,stm;jzifh tajccHusaom y#dyu©tajccHusaom y#dyu©tajccHusaom y#dyu©tajccHusaom y#dyu©tajccHusaom y#dyu©
jzpfrI? twkduftcHjzpfrIrsm;jzpfrI? twkduftcHjzpfrIrsm;jzpfrI? twkduftcHjzpfrIrsm;jzpfrI? twkduftcHjzpfrIrsm;jzpfrI? twkduftcHjzpfrIrsm;udk awGY&rnfjzpf\/
Oyrmtm;jzifh t&Sif;qkH;jzpfaom &kyfcE¨mESpfckaygif;pyfykHudk MunfhvQif qGJiifjcif;
ESifhwGef;vSefjcif;udk awGY&\/
&kyfcE¨mrsm;\vQyfppfowådrsm;ukdMunfhvQif vQyfppfrç"mwfESifhzkd"mwfwkdYudk awGY&
onf/
ouf0ifb0ü ouf0if"mwfrsm; pka0;aygif;pnf;jcif;ESifhysufpD;csKyfNidrf;jcif;wkdYudk
awGY&onf/
ocsFmaA'wGif taygif;ESifhtEIwfudk awGY&onf/
a,bk,sqkd&vQif rnfonfhjyóemudkyif pkHprf;ppfaq;apumrl jyóemwkdif;wGif
tajccHusaom y#dyu©jzpfrIrsm;udk awGY&onf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;? ADZowådrsm;? qufoG,frI
rsm;? jzpfpOfrsm;tm;vkH;ü tajccHusaom y#dyu©jzpfrIrsm; &Sdayonf/ xkdYaMumifh &kyfcE¨m
ESpfckMum;wGif jzpfay:aeaom tiftm;pkrsm;onf wckESifhwck rwluGJjym;jcm;em;Mu&kHrQ
ru qefYusifaeMuayonf/ wckuqGJiifí wcku wGef;vSefayonf/ vQyfppf"mwftm;wGif
vnf; tiftm;pkrsm;onf rsKd;rwl uGJjym;&kHrQru qefYusifaeMuonf/ wcku zdk"mwfjzpf
í wcku r"mwfjzpfaeonf/
wuúaA'onf ,if;odkYaom tajccHusonfhy#dyu©jzpfrIrsm;udk em;vnfodjrifjcif;
r&Sday/
yXrtcsuftm;jzifh wuúaA'awG;MuHrIenf;onf y#dyu©jzpfrIudk todtrSwftjyK
ay/ wpkHwckaom t&m0w¬Kwckonf omrefrQom jcm;em;Muaom ADZowådrsm;? qufoG,f
rIrsm;jzifhom zGJYpnf;xm;onf[k,lq\/ ,if;ADZowådrsm;? qufoG,frIrsm;wGif tajccH
usaom y#dyu©jzpfrIrsm;&Sdonf[k r,kHMunfay/ odkYaMumifhvnf; wuúaA'onf vlwef;
pm;rsm;uGJjym;&Sdaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk Munfhjrif&mwGif vlrIqufqHa&;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdaom
woD;yk*¾vrsm; pkaygif;zGJYpnf;xm;onfhtzGJYtpnf;rQom jzpfonf[k jrifonf/ xkdvlrIquf
qHa&;rsm;wGif&Sdaom tajccHusaom y#dyu©jzpfrI? aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,folESifhaoG;pkyfcs,f
vS,fcH&ol\y#dyu©jzpfrIudk rjrifay/
'kwd,tcsufftm;jzifh wuúaA'onf a&SmifvGJr&aom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh t
ajccHy#dyu©jzpfrIrsm;udk jrifonfhtcgwGifvnf; xkdy#dyu©jzpfrIonf wckESifhwck qufpyf
aeMunf[k rjrif? oD;jcm;uif;uGm jzpfay:aeMuonf[k jrifonf/ xkdYaMumifh a&S;a[mif;
&lyaA'ynm&Sifrsm;u vQyfppf"mwfzkdESifh"mwfronf oD;jcm;uif;uGmaeonfhjcm;em;aom
rsKd;rwlaom ]]vQyfppf"mwf&nf}}rsm;tjzpf ,lqcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 68
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tEky#davmru þodkYrjrifay/ t&m0w¬Kwkdif;ü tajccHusaom y#dyu©jzpfrI
rsm;&Sdonf[k ,lqonf/ þy#dyu©jzpfrIrsm;onfvnf; wckudkwck tjyeftvSef wkHYjyefae
Muum cGJjcm;r&atmif qufpyfaeMuonf/ ,if;odkY wckESifhwck qufpyf,SufEG,faejcif;
r&SdvQif rnfonfht&m0w¬KrQ rwnf&SdEkdif[k ,lqayonf/
,if;odkYaom y#dyu©jzpfrI\toGifvu©Pmudk 0ef&kd;pGef;oabmw&m;[k ac:\/
tajccHy#dyu©jzpfrIrsm;onf 0ef&kd;pGef;rsm;vkd qefYusifMu\/ Oyrmtm;jzifh oHvkduftdrf
ajr§mifwckü awmif0if&kd;pGef;ESifhajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;[lí &Sdayonf/ þqefYusifbufjzpfaom
0ef&kd;pGef;ESpfckonf wckpD wnfaeí r&ay/ oHvkduftdrfajr§mifudk tv,fu csKd;ypfvkduf
onfESifh b,ft&monf awmif0ef&kd;pGef;? b,ft&monf ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;[k ajymír&
awmhay/ ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;onf awmif0if&kd;pGef;\qefYusifbuftjzpfom wnf&Sdí&ay
onf/ tvm;wlyif awmif0if&kd;pGef;onfvnf; ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;\qefYusifbuftjzpfom
wnf&Sdí&ayonf/ ajrmuft&yfonf awmift&yfudk qefYusifbufjyKNyD;rSomvQif ajrmuf
t&yf[kac:Ekdifvdrfhrnf/ tvm;wl awmift&yfonfvnf; ajrmuft&yfudk qefYusifbuf
jyKrSomvQif awmift&yf[k ac:Ekdifayvdrfhrnf/ wckudk qefYusifjcif;rjyKbJ tjcm;wck
onf wnf&Sdjcif; rjyKEkdifay/
a,bk,stm;jzifhqkd&vQif tajccHy#dyu©jzpfrIrsm;onf 0if&kd;pGef;ESpfckvkd jcm;em;
qefYusifMu\/ t&m0w¬Kwkdif;ü 0ef&kd;pGef;vkd jcm;em;qefYusifrIrsm; &SdMuayonf/ &lyaA'
oabmjzifhMunfhvQifvnf; &kyfjzpfpOfwkdif;ü qGJiifrIESifhwGef;vSefrI[lí &Sd\/ qGJiifrIESifhwGef;
vSefrIonf &lyaA'\&kyfjzpfpOfwGif wckESifhwck cGJjcm;ír&ay/ qGJiifrIr&SdvQif wGef;vSefrI
r&Sdacs/ wGef;vSefrIr&SdvQifvnf; qGJiifrIr&Sdacs/ xkdYaMumifh &kyfrjzpfacs/ &kyfjzpfpOfwkdif;ü
,if;odkYy#dyu©jzpfrIrsm; &Sdayonf/ ,if;tajccHy#dyu©jzpfrIrsm;? wckESifhwckqefYusifhonfh
enf;jzifh qufoG,faeMurSom &kyfjzpfvmonf/ t&m0w¬Kjzpfvmonf/
vlYtzGJYtpnf;udkMunfhjrif&mwGif tEky#davmronf ,if;enf;twkdif;jrif\/ t
&if;&SifvlYtzGJYtpnf;ü tvkyfudk bkHtvkyftoGifodkY ul;ajymif;ypfjcif;(trsm;0dkif;vkyfjcif;)
onf ¤if;\qefYusifbufjzpfaom t&if;ukd wOD;wnf;u pkpnf;csKyfudkifrIESihfcGJjcm;ír&
ay/ t&if;&Sifpepfonf tvkyfudk trsm;0dkif;vkyfjcif;ESifht&if;udk wOD;wnf;pkpnf;csKyf
udkifjcif;ponfhqefYusifbuftoGifESpfckudk aygif;pyfjcif;jzifhom wnf&SdEkdif\/
qefYusifbuftcsif;csif;\nDnTwfaygif;pnf;rI/ ,if;\t"dyÜg,frSm qefYusifbuf
t&mrsm;onf wckESifhwcktwkduftcHjzpfMuonf/ twkduftcHjzpfNyD;aemuf aygif;pnf;
nDnTwfMujcif;udk qkdvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;oabmukd ocsFmaA'wGif ydkíxif&Sm;pGm awGYEkdif
ayonf/ ocsFmaA'wGif tajccHusaom twkduftcHjzpfrIESpfckrSm aygif;jcif;ESifhEIwfjcif;
jroef;wifh69
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
jzpfonf/ taygif;vu©PmESifhtEkwfvu©Pmjzpfonf/ taygif;vu©PmESifhtEIwfvu©
Pmonf woD;wjcm;pDwnf&SdaeMujcif; r[kwfay/ taygif;oabmudk tEIwfvu©PmESifh
jyí&ayonf/ tvm;wl tEIwfoabmudkvnf; taygif;vu©PmESifhjyí&ayonf/ tEIwf
oabmjzpfonfh(u-c)udk taygif;vu©Pm(-c+u)jzifhjyí&ayonf/ tvm;wlyif t
pm;oabmudkvnf; tajr§mufvu©Pmjzifhjyí&ayonf/ tpm;oabmjzpfonfh ( )ukdt
ajr§mufvu©Pm(u_ )ESifhjyí&ayonf/
odkY&mwGif qefYusifbuftcsif;csif;\aygif;pnf;nDnTwfrI? ¤if;wkdY\qufoG,fwnf
&SdrIonf tpOftNrJr[kwfay/ xm0pOfr[kwfay]]qefYusifbuft&mwkdY\aygif;pnf;nDnTwf
rIonf cRif;csufrQomjzpfonf/ ,m,DrQom jzpfonf/ tcsdeftcgudk vkdufíjzpfonf/ EIdif;
,SOfrIjzifhom jzpfonf}}[k vDeifvDeifvDeifvDeifvDeifu ajymcJhayonf/
tajccHusaom 0ef&kd;pGef;yrmqefYusifbufrsm;onf vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhobm0\
t&mwkdif;wGif xif&Sm;wnf&SdaeMuayonf/ qefYusifbuft&mtcsif;csif;\wkdufyGJwkdufyGJwkdufyGJwkdufyGJwkdufyGJESifh
y#dyu©y#dyu©y#dyu©y#dyu©y#dyu©rsm; tjzpfudkyif xif&Sm;jyMuayonf/
tEky#davmrESifhwuúaA'
ed*kH;csKyf&aomf-
wuúaA'onf ]]tqifhoifh&SdNyD;}}t&m0w¬KwdYkukdomjrifonf/ xkdt&m0w¬Krsm;\
owådrsm;? pGrf;tm;rsm;udkvnf; wcgwnf; rlaotyfcsrwfcs wGufxm;Muonf/ t&m0w¬K
rsm;tcsif;csif; qufoG,frIr&SdbJ? oD;jcm;wnf&Sdaeonf[k ,lqonf/ xkdt&mr[kwfvQif
þt&m[k wxpfcs,lqxm;onf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;udk ¤if;wkdY\ajymif;vJrIESifhtnrnquf
oG,frIt& odjrifjcif;vnf; r&Sday/ t&m0w¬Kwkdif;wGif qufoG,f,SufET,faeMuaom qefY
usifbuft&mrsm;&Sdonf[k¤if;? xkdqefYusifbuft&mrsm;onf twkduftcHjzpfaeMuonf
[k¤if;? wzef xkdqefYusifbuft&mrsm;onf aygif;pnf;nDnGwfaeMuonfudk¤if;? odjrif
em;vnfjcif;r&Sday/
tjcm;bufwGif tqkH;r&Sdaom ajymif;vJrIESifhjzpfay:wkd;wufrI jzpfpOfBuD; w
avQmufwGif &IyfaxG;í tNrJajymif;vJaeaom tnrnqufoG,frIjzpfpOfBuD;wavQmufü
t&m0w¬Krsm;onf jzpfvmae? wnfxGifae? ysufpD;aeMuonf[k tEky#davmru ,lq
ayonf/ t&m0w¬Kwkdif;onf tjcm;t&m0w¬KESifhqufoG,fí wnf&SdaeMuonf/ odkYjzifh
toGiful;ajymif;aeMuonf/ okdYjzifh nDnGwfaygif;pnf;rIudk xif&Sm;jyaeMuonf[k ,lq
ayonf/
tEky#davmr\&nf&G,fcsufonf urÇmavmuBuD;twGif;&Sd t[kwfwu,fjzpf
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tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 70
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
aom ajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifhtnrnqufoG,frIwkdYudk avhvmum t&m0w¬Krsm;\ajymif;vJ
vIyf&Sm;jcif;? tnrnqufoG,fenf;&Sdjcif;wkdYt& awG;MuHpOf;pm;&ef jzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifh tdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif; a&;cJhayonf/
]]urÇmavmuBuD;onf tqifoifhjyKvkyfNyD; t&m0w¬Krsm;udk zGJYpnf;xm;aom
tpkta0;BuD;r[kwfrlí jzpfpOfrsm;udk zGJYpnf;xm;aomtpkta0;BuD;om jzpfayonf}}
]]toGifoP²mefwkdif;\y#dyu©usaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk odem;vnfjcif;onf
tEky#davmr\tESpfom&jzpfayonf}}[k vDeifvDeifvDeifvDeifvDeifuvnf; ajymcJhbl;ayonf/ vDeifu qufvDeifu qufvDeifu qufvDeifu qufvDeifu quf
vufí ]]tEky#davmronf pdwfoP²mefESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;tygt0if obm0\jzpfpOfESifhvufí ]]tEky#davmronf pdwfoP²mefESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;tygt0if obm0\jzpfpOfESifhvufí ]]tEky#davmronf pdwfoP²mefESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;tygt0if obm0\jzpfpOfESifhvufí ]]tEky#davmronf pdwfoP²mefESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;tygt0if obm0\jzpfpOfESifhvufí ]]tEky#davmronf pdwfoP²mefESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;tygt0if obm0\jzpfpOfESifh
toGifoP²meftm;vkH;xJwGif twkduftcHjzpfaomt&mrsm;\y#dyu©jzpfrIudk awGY&Sdjcif;yiftoGifoP²meftm;vkH;xJwGif twkduftcHjzpfaomt&mrsm;\y#dyu©jzpfrIudk awGY&Sdjcif;yiftoGifoP²meftm;vkH;xJwGif twkduftcHjzpfaomt&mrsm;\y#dyu©jzpfrIudk awGY&Sdjcif;yiftoGifoP²meftm;vkH;xJwGif twkduftcHjzpfaomt&mrsm;\y#dyu©jzpfrIudk awGY&Sdjcif;yiftoGifoP²meftm;vkH;xJwGif twkduftcHjzpfaomt&mrsm;\y#dyu©jzpfrIudk awGY&Sdjcif;yif
jzpfonf}}[k ajymcJhayonf/jzpfonf}}[k ajymcJhayonf/jzpfonf}}[k ajymcJhayonf/jzpfonf}}[k ajymcJhayonf/jzpfonf}}[k ajymcJhayonf/
®
jroef;wifh71
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcef;(7)tcef;(7)tcef;(7)tcef;(7)tcef;(7)
ajymif;vJrIESifhtnrnqufoG,frI/ajymif;vJrIESifhtnrnqufoG,frI/ajymif;vJrIESifhtnrnqufoG,frI/ajymif;vJrIESifhtnrnqufoG,frI/ajymif;vJrIESifhtnrnqufoG,frI/
t&m0w¬Krsm;udkMunfhjrifawG;ac:&mwGif wckpDoD;jcm;uif;uGmí rpOf;pm;rlít&m0w¬Krsm;udkMunfhjrifawG;ac:&mwGif wckpDoD;jcm;uif;uGmí rpOf;pm;rlít&m0w¬Krsm;udkMunfhjrifawG;ac:&mwGif wckpDoD;jcm;uif;uGmí rpOf;pm;rlít&m0w¬Krsm;udkMunfhjrifawG;ac:&mwGif wckpDoD;jcm;uif;uGmí rpOf;pm;rlít&m0w¬Krsm;udkMunfhjrifawG;ac:&mwGif wckpDoD;jcm;uif;uGmí rpOf;pm;rlí
¤if;wkdYtcsif;csif; wckESifhwck tnrnqufoG,faerIt&om pOf;pm;oifhonf/ t&m0w¬K¤if;wkdYtcsif;csif; wckESifhwck tnrnqufoG,faerIt&om pOf;pm;oifhonf/ t&m0w¬K¤if;wkdYtcsif;csif; wckESifhwck tnrnqufoG,faerIt&om pOf;pm;oifhonf/ t&m0w¬K¤if;wkdYtcsif;csif; wckESifhwck tnrnqufoG,faerIt&om pOf;pm;oifhonf/ t&m0w¬K¤if;wkdYtcsif;csif; wckESifhwck tnrnqufoG,faerIt&om pOf;pm;oifhonf/ t&m0w¬K
wckpD\wuJhtajctaersm;udkom pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\ajymif;vJrIESifhvIyf&Sm;rItwckpD\wuJhtajctaersm;udkom pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\ajymif;vJrIESifhvIyf&Sm;rItwckpD\wuJhtajctaersm;udkom pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\ajymif;vJrIESifhvIyf&Sm;rItwckpD\wuJhtajctaersm;udkom pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\ajymif;vJrIESifhvIyf&Sm;rItwckpD\wuJhtajctaersm;udkom pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\ajymif;vJrIESifhvIyf&Sm;rIt
&om pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\jzpfvmrIESifhcsKyfNidrf;ysufpD;oGm;rIt&om pOf;pm;oifh&om pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\jzpfvmrIESifhcsKyfNidrf;ysufpD;oGm;rIt&om pOf;pm;oifh&om pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\jzpfvmrIESifhcsKyfNidrf;ysufpD;oGm;rIt&om pOf;pm;oifh&om pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\jzpfvmrIESifhcsKyfNidrf;ysufpD;oGm;rIt&om pOf;pm;oifh&om pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\jzpfvmrIESifhcsKyfNidrf;ysufpD;oGm;rIt&om pOf;pm;oifh
onf/ opfvGifaom? ay:xGef;aeaom? jzpfay:wkd;wufaeaom t&mrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;íonf/ opfvGifaom? ay:xGef;aeaom? jzpfay:wkd;wufaeaom t&mrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;íonf/ opfvGifaom? ay:xGef;aeaom? jzpfay:wkd;wufaeaom t&mrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;íonf/ opfvGifaom? ay:xGef;aeaom? jzpfay:wkd;wufaeaom t&mrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;íonf/ opfvGifaom? ay:xGef;aeaom? jzpfay:wkd;wufaeaom t&mrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;í
pOf;pm;oifhonf[k rmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;u nTefjyayonf/pOf;pm;oifhonf[k rmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;u nTefjyayonf/pOf;pm;oifhonf[k rmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;u nTefjyayonf/pOf;pm;oifhonf[k rmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;u nTefjyayonf/pOf;pm;oifhonf[k rmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;u nTefjyayonf/
rmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;\t"dutoGifBuD;av;&yfrmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;\t"dutoGifBuD;av;&yfrmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;\t"dutoGifBuD;av;&yfrmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;\t"dutoGifBuD;av;&yfrmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;\t"dutoGifBuD;av;&yf
rmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpf0g'tEky#davmrenf;wGif t"dutoGifBuD;av;&yf&Sdonf[k pwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifu
ol\]]tEky#davmrESifhorkdif;a&;&m&kyf0g'}}[laomusrf;wGif az:jycJhayonf/
(1) wuúaA'u ,lqouhJodkY obm0BuD;onf t&m0w¬Krsm; pkaygif;zGJYpnf;xm;aom t
zGJYtpnf;BuD;jzpfonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;onfvnf; wckESifhwck oD;jcm;uif;uGm&yfwnfae
onf[k tEky#davmru r,lqay/ t&m0w¬Krsm;onf wckESifhwck qufoG,faeMuonf/
wcktay:wck trSDo[JjyKaeMuonf/ wcku wckudk tqkH;tjzwfjyKaeMuonf[k,lq
ayonf/ xkdYaMumifh t&m0w¬Kwckudk ¤if;t&Sdtwkdif; oD;jcm;uif;uGmí pOf;pm;vQif bm
rQt"dyÜg,fr&Sd? tjcm;t&m0w¬Krsm;u ykHoGif;ay;xm;onfhtwkdif; wjcm;t&m0w¬Krsm;
ESifhcGJcGmr&atmif qufpyf,SufET,faeonfhtwkdif;om pOf;pm;&rnf[k ,lqonf/
(2) t&m0w¬KwkdYonf tNrJwap vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJvsuf&SdaeMuonf/ opfvGifwkd;wufae
Muonf/ tcsKdYwkdYonf arG;zGm;jzpfay:wkd;wufvsuf&Sdum tcsKdYwkdYonf ysufpD;csKyfNidrf;ae
Muonf[k ,lqonf/ xkdYaMumifh t&m0w¬Krsm;udkMunfhjrif&mwGif ¤if;wkdY\tnrnquf
oG,frI? ¤if;wkdY\tnrntrSDo[JjyKrIwkdYudkom rMunfhbJ ¤if;wkdY\vIyf&Sm;rI? ¤if;wkdY\
ajymif;vJrI? ¤if;wkdY\jzpfay:wkd;wufrI? ¤if;wkdY\arG;zGm;jzpfay:vmrIESifh¤if;wkdY\csKyfNidrf;
ysufpD;rIwkdYudkyg Munfhjrifonf/
(3) jzpfay:wkd;wufrIjzpfpOfonfvnf; ]]omrefBuD;xGm;rIjzpfpOf}}w&yfrQom r[kwfbJ t
a&twGufajymif;vJwkd;wufrI? tajccHusaom? t"duusaom? rsKd;rwljcm;em;aom? t
&nftcsif;? ajymif;vJjzpfay:rI[k tEky#davmru ,lqonf/ odkYajymif;vJjzpfay:&mwGif
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 72
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
vnf; tqifhwckrS tjcm;tqifhwckodkY &kwfw&uf ckefausmfajymif;vJonf[k ,lqonf/
xkdYaMumifh jzpfay:wkd;wufrI[lonf ta[mif;rS topfodkY t&Sif;rSt&IyfokdY tedrfhrStjrifh
okdY pojzifh txufodkY a&SUodkYul;ajymif;aom jzpfay:wkd;wufrI[k ,lqonf/
(4) ,if;odkY tedrfhrStjrifhodkY ul;ajymif;aom jzpfay:wkd;wufrIjzpfpOfonfvnf; t&m0w¬K
rsm;twGif; ADZjzpfaom y#dyu©rsm; aygufuGJrIrS¤if;? ,if;y#dyu©rsm;\tajccHwGif vIyf
&Sm;aphaqmfaeMuaom qefYusifbuft&mrsm;\wkdufyGJrS¤if;? ay:xGufvmonf[k tEk
y#davmru ,lqayonf/
t&m0w¬Krsm;tm; tnrnqufoG,frIjzifh avhvmjcif;
t&m0w¬Kpkrsm;udk wckpD oD;jcm;uif;uGmí rpOf;pm;bJ ¤if;wkdY\tnrnquf
oG,frIt& avhvmpOf;pm;&ef tEky#davmrenf;u nTefjycJhonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;tm; ¤if;
wdkY\wuJhtajctae? wuJhjzpfysufrI? wuJhywf0ef;usifESifhqufoG,fí pOf;pm;&ef tEk
y#davmru nTefjycJhonf/ ,if;tcsufonf rsm;pGmta&;BuD;ayonf/
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif tajccHusaom ay:vpDjyóemrsm;udk qkH;
jzwf&mwGif rsm;pGmta&;ygayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\tpdwft
ydkif;w&yftbdkY wpkHwckaom tcsdefwGif oydwfwkdufyGJqifETJjcif;onf rSefuefaomfvnf; w
cgw&HwGif ,if;wkdufyGJqifETJ&ef rrSefuef rvkdtyfonfhtcsdefrsm; &Sdwwfonf/ jzpfysufae
aom wuJhtajctae? wuJhjzpf&yf? wuJhywf0ef;usifwkdYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;rjyKbJ
ay:vpDay:vpDay:vpDay:vpDay:vpDudk ]]a,bk,srl}}oabmjzifh csrSwfjcif;onf tEÅ&m,frsm;vSayonf/
xkdYaMumifh vDeifvDeifvDeifvDeifvDeifu atmufygtwkdif; a&;cJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
]]wcgw&H vGefrif;pGm &IyfaxG;vSaom jynfwGif;jynfya&;&m jyóemrsm;? ygwD
rsm;ESifhvlwef;pm;rsm;tcsif;csif; qufqHa&;jyóemrsm; ponfhEkdifiHa&;jyóemtm;vkH;
wGif a,bk,sowfrSwfcsufwck (odkYr[kwf) ykHaoum;usenf;wckjzifh vkyfaqmifjcif;onf
t"dyÜg,fuif;rJhvSayonf/ tajctaew&yfonf olYtcsdefolYtcgESifhvkdufavsmatmif cGJ
jcrf;jzmpdyfMunfhwwfaom OD;aESmuf&SdzkdYvkdtyfayonf}}
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ma
jynfrsm;wGif ajymqkdaeMuonfudk awGY&onf/ olwkdYu t&if;&Sifpepf? e,fcsJYpepf? zufqpf
pepfpojzifhoGm;NyD;rS uGefjrLepfpepfodkY a&mufrnf[k qkdMuonf/ t&if;&Sif'Drkdua&pDudk
pGefYí zufqpfpepfodkY ul;ajymif;jcif;onf wqifhjzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/ uGefjrLepfrsm;
url þodkYr,lqay/ "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDu xdef;odrf;xm;&eftwGuf 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;
ESifhyl;aygif;um zufqpfpepfudk wkdufzsuf&rnfom jzpfayonf/ odkYrSom tvkyform;vl
wef;pm; tmPmpufxlaxmifa&;? qkd&S,fvpf0g'xlaxmifa&;onf jzpfEkdifayvdrfhrnf/
,if;wkdYudk MunfhvQif rlaopDrHudef;? w&m;aoykHpHonf t&if;&Sifpepfudk tvkyf
ta<u;jyKum tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifhqkd&S,fvpf0g'udk opömazmufjcif;jzpfaMumif; od
Ekdifayonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;udk ¤if;wkdY\ajymif;vJrI? tnrnqufoG,frI? jzpfay:wkd;wuf
rIwkdYt& MunfhjrifrSomvQif 'd|usum ckdifrmwdusayvdrfhrnf/
®
jroef;wifh79
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcef;(8)
jzpfay:wkd;wufrI Oya'orsm;
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIw&m;udk em;vnfEkdif&ef atmufygwkdY\uGJjym;jcm;em;MuykHudk
yXrodzkdY&ef vkdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm ta&twGufajymif;vJrI(twkd;ESifhtavsmh)ESifht&nft
csif;wkd;wufrI(ta[mif;ysufpD;jcif;ESifhtopfjzpfay:jcif;)wkdYjzpfonf/
ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIonf wpHkwckaomtrSwf? wpkHwckaom twkdif;twm
odkY a&mufaomtcg t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ t&nftcsif;jcm;em;
rI? t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIwkdYonf ta&twGufjcm;em;rI? ta&twGufajymif;vJrIrSay:
xGufvmonf/
xkdYaMumifh jzpfay:wkd;wufrI[lonf omrefBuD;xGm;zGHYNzdK;rIjzpfpOffw&yfrQomru
ta&twGufajymif;vJrIrS tajccHusaom t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI? ajAmifusaom ajymif;
vJrIodkY ul;ajymif;aomjzpfpOfw&yfvnf; jzpfonf/
þrQru ,if;okYdta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;odkY ajymif;vJjcif;onfvnf; t&m
0w¬Krsm;? jzpfpOfrsm;\ADZy#dyu©wGif tajcwnfíaeMuaom qefYusifhbuft&mrsm;\
twkduftcHjzpfrI? wkdufyGJwkdYaMumifh jzpfay:vm&jcif; jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\jzpfpOfudk MunfhjrifvkdvQif ta&twGufrS t&nf
tcsif;ajymif;vJrItjzpf Munfhjrif&rnf/ odkYMunfhjrifEkdifatmifvnf; qefYusifbuft&m
rsm;\wkdufyGJESifhaygif;pnf;nDnTwfrIudk avhvm&rnf[k tEky#davmru nTefjyonf/
]]jzpfay:wkd;wufrI}}qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;
t[kwfwu,fjzpfaom jzpfpOfrsm;tm;? ¤if;wkdY\vIyf&Sm;rI? ¤if;wkdY\tnrn
qufoG,frIwkdYt& avhvm&efvkdtyfaMumif;udk &nfnTef;í pwmvifu tus,fw0ifhajym
cJhayonf/ obm0ESifhorkdif;\jzpfpOfrsm;wGif ]]topfjyefjzpfjcif;ESifhjzpfay:wkd;wufjcif;}}
[lí tNrJ&Sdavonf/ tcsKdUt&mwkdYonf arG;zGm;jzpfay:wkd;wufvsuf&Sdum tcsKdUt&m
wkdYonf NydKvJysufpD;ícsKyfNidrf;aeMuayonf[k pwmvifu nTefjycJhonf/
arG;zGm;jzpfay:wkd;wufvsuf&Sdaomt&monf &ifhusufvmcsdef? NydKvJysufpD;í
csKyfNidrf;aomt&monf aysmufuG,fcsdefwGif topfjzpfaom t&monf ay:aygufvmay
onf/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'a0zefa&;wGif nTefjycJhonfhtwkdif; jzpfpOfrsm;onfvnf; ajymif;
vJrIjcm;&[wfü w&pfywfywf tzefwvJvJ ajymif;vJaeMujcif; r[kwfay/ tqifhwckrS
tjcm;tqifhwckodkY ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfayonf/ topfwckodYk ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfayonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 80
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
,if;rSm tEky#davmrukd jyqkdvkdaom]]jzpfay:wkd;wufrI}}\t"dyÜg,fjzpfav
onf/ wpkHwckaom t&m0w¬Kwckonf tqifhwckrS wckul;ajymif;í topfjzpfay:vm
jcif;udk jzpfay:wkd;wufrI[k ac:ayonf/
xkdYaMumifh omrefajymif;vJrIajymif;vJrIajymif;vJrIajymif;vJrIajymif;vJrIESifhjzpfay:wkd;wufrIjzpfay:wkd;wufrIjzpfay:wkd;wufrIjzpfay:wkd;wufrIjzpfay:wkd;wufrIwkdY t"dyÜg,fjcif;uGmjcm;ayonf/
tcsKyfqkd&vQif jzpfay:wkd;wufrI[lonf ¤if;\twGif;Oya'orsm;t& wqifhrSwqihfodkY
ajymif;vJrIudk ac:jcif;jzpfayonf/ tvm;wlyif BuD;xGm;rIBuD;xGm;rIBuD;xGm;rIBuD;xGm;rIBuD;xGm;rIESifhjzpfay:wkd;wufrIonfvnf;
t"dyÜg,fjcm;em;Muonf/ BuD;xGm;rIESifhjzpfay:wkd;wufrIwkdY\jcm;em;csufonf ygPaA'
yg&*lrsm;tzkdY ydkíxif&Sm;odomvG,fayonf/ BuD;xGm;rI[lonf t&G,fyrmPBuD;vmjcif;
udkqkdonf/ ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIudk qkdvkdonf/ odkY&mwGif jzpfay:wkd;wufrIum; t&G,f
yrmPBuD;xGm;jcif;udk qkdvkdjcif; r[kwfay/ t&nftcsif;tm;jzifh opfaomtqifh wqifh
okYdul;ajymif;a&muf&Sdjcif;udk qkdvkdayonf/ t&nftcsif;tm;jzifh jcm;em;csufudk jyqkday
onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ydk;wkH;vkH;aumifonf wjznf;jznf;&Snfvmum wkwfvmonf/ aemuf
olYudk,fudk ydk;rQifrsm;jzifh &pfywfaxG;jcKHvmonf/ aemufqkH;wGif vdyfjymwaumifjzpfvm
ayonf/ þtcsif;t&mudk jzpfay:wkd;wufrI[k ac:ayonf/ ydk;wkH;vkH;aumifonf ydkí
BuD;aom ydkwkH;vkH;aumiftjzpfodkY BuD;xGm;BuD;xGm;BuD;xGm;BuD;xGm;BuD;xGm;vmonf/ xkdYaemuf vdyfjymwaumiftjzpfodkY
jzpfay:wkd;wufjzpfay:wkd;wufjzpfay:wkd;wufjzpfay:wkd;wufjzpfay:wkd;wufvmcJhayonf/
obm0jzpfpOfESifhorkdif;jzpfpOfrsm;onf omrefajymif;vJMu&kHrQruay/ omref
BuD;xGm;Mu&kHwGif ruay/ jzpfay:wkd;wufvmMujcif;jzpfayonf/ odkYjzpfvQif jzpfay:wkd;
wufrI\Oya'orsm;udk csrSwfjyEkdifygrnfavm? jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\Oya'orsm;onf t
b,fenf;[laomjyóemrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ ,if;onf &kyfusaom tEky#davmr
\tvkyfjzpfayonf/ tEky#davmrenf;onf þjyóemrsm; ajz&Sif;ayonf/
ta&twGufESifht&nftcsif;/
ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIrS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIodkY toGiful;ajymif;a&;Oya'orsm;
tEky#davmr\toGifav;&yf &Sdonfhteuf toGifESpf&yfudk ,ciftcef;wGif jy
qkdcJhNyD/ ,ckusefESpf&yfudk &Sif;vif;az:jyaytHh/ þtoGifESpf&yfteuf yXrtoGifudk ]]t
a&twGufrS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIOya'o}}[kac:ayonf/ ,if;\t"dyÜg,fonf t
b,fenf;/
tm;vkH;aom ajymif;vJrIrsm;ü ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrI&Sdayonf/ twkd;tavQmh
tenf;trsm; ponfwkdYüom ajymif;vJaomfvnf; yifukd,fobm0rSm ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd
ay/ odkY&mwGif ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrItwkd;tavQmhjzpfrIonf tpOftNrJ&SdraeEkdifay/
jroef;wifh81
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
wpkHwckaom trSwfodkYa&mufonfhtcgwGif ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIonf t&nftcsif;
odkYckeful;ajymif;vJoGm;ayonf/ trsm;tenf;? twkd;tavQmhomruawmhbJ yifukd,fo
bm0yg ajymif;vJoGm;ayonf/
Oyrm a&udk rD;jzifh usKdcsufonfqkdygpkdY/ a&onf at;&mrS wjznf;jznf; aEG;vm
onf/ aemufylvmonf/ þtxdum; ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIjzpfayonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;
odkYaom ta&twGufajymif;vJrIonf tqkH;rowfbJ aeonfr[kwfay/ wpkHwckaom t
yl&SdeftrSwfodkYa&mufvmaomtcgü a&onf tckd;taiGYtjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoGm;ayonf/
odkYjzifh t&nfonf tckd;taiGGYjzpfoGm;ayonf/ ,if;rSm t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIjzpfay
onf/ 0efxkyfwckudk qGJiifxm;aom BudK;wacsmif;onf ydkíav;aom? xkdYxufykdíav;
aom 0efxkyfwckudk qGJiifxm;Ekdifonf/ odkY&mü BudK;\qGJiifEkdifrItm;onf twkdif;qr&Sd
&Sdaeonfr[kwfay/ wpkHwckaom twkdif;twmta&mufwGif BudK;\qGJiifEkdifrItm;onf
ukefqkH;oGm;onf/ ,if;ESifhwNydKifeuf BudK;onf jywf&awmhonf/ ,if;onf t&nftcsif;
ajymif;vJrIyif jzpfonf/ bGKdifvmtkd;wvkH;onf a&aEG;aiGY\ueftm;udk wpxufwp cH
Ekdifonf/ odkY&mwGif wpkHwckaom trSwfodkY a&mufaomtcg rcHEkdifawmhbJ aygufuGJvm&
ayonf/ ,if;onf t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI jzpfonf/ opfyifwyifonf ¤if;BuD;xGm;vm
aom &moDOwktajctae ajymif;vJrIatmufwGif rsKd;qufaygif;rsm;pGm Mumonftxd
tyifrsKd;&kd; rajymif;bJ &Sifoefonf/ Oyrm - tat;a'owGifaygufaom tyifwyif
onf wjznf;jznf;ESifhykdí ydkíat;aoma'orsm;odkY a&TUpkdufwkdif; opfyifrsKd;&kd;rajymif;bJ
&SifoefEkdifonf/ odkY&mwGif cHEkdifonfhtwkdif;twm ukefqkH;aom tat;qkH;tykdif;odkYa&muf
aomtcg xkdtyif\rsKd;&kd;onf ajymif;vJoGm;avonf/ ,if;enf;twkdif; aEG&moDoD;ESH
rsm;onf aqmif;&moDoD;ESHrsm;tjzpfodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;Mujcif; jzpfayonf/ ,if;onf
t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI jzpfayonf/
vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif;üvnf; t&nftwGufrS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk awGY
Ekdifonf/ pufrIt&if;&Sifpepfonf þenf;twkdif; ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfayonf/ pufrI
t&if;&Sifpepfray:aygufrDu vlenf;pk tcsKdU\vufwGif "eaMu;aiGpkpnf;rIonf wjznf;
jznf;BuD;xGm;vmonf/ "erJhypönf;rJhwkdY\ta&twGufonfvnf; rsm;jym;vmonf/ xkd
tcsdeftxd ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIom&Sdao;onf/ xkdtcsdeftxd ta&twGuf ajymif;
vJrIom &Sdao;onf/ odkY&mwGif wpkHwckaom trSwfodkYa&mufvmonf/ "epkpnf;rIonf
pufrIvkyfief;xlaxmifa&;twGuf vkHavmufaomvkHavmufaomvkHavmufaomvkHavmufaomvkHavmufaomt&if;tESD; jzpfvmonf/ vkdtyfaom
tvkyftwGuf jynfolrsm;tm; vkHavmufaomvkHavmufaomvkHavmufaomvkHavmufaomvkHavmufaomypönf;rJhOD;a& ta&twGufudk &ívmonf/
vkdavmufaomvkdavmufaomvkdavmufaomvkdavmufaomvkdavmufaomtwkdif;twmodkY a&mufonfESifh pufrIt&if;&Sifpepfonf ay:aygufvmay
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 82
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
onf/ ,if;rSm t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJrIjzpfayonf/
a,bk,stm;jzifh t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJrIrsm;onf &kwfw&uf ckefausmful;
ajymif;jcif;rsm; jzpfayonf/ tqufrjywf jzpfay:aeaom ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIrsm;
wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJaom jzpfpOfrsm;xJwGif topf\pGrf;tm;onf oaEwnf
íaeNyD;aemufrS &kwfw&uf arG;zGm;vmjcif; jzpfayonf/ odYkjzifh wjznf;jznf;tqufr
jywfjzpfay:vmaomajymif;vJrIrsm;onf wpkHwckaomtrSwfodkY a&mufonfESifhtqufjywf
í &kwfw&ufjzpfay:vmaom t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIonf ay:aygufvmayonf/
a&aEG;tkd;xJrS a&onf wpkHwckaom trSwfodkYa&mufvQif yGufyGufqlum tckd;t
aiGYtjzpfodkY ajymif;vJouJhodkY vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk ajymif;vJ&müvnf; vlwef;pm;wck\tkyf
pdk;rIudk tjcm;vlwef;pm;wcku 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufvkdufjcif;jzifh t&if;&Sifpepfonf qkd&S,f
vpfpepfodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;ayonf/ þul;ajymif;rIonf t&if;tjrpfusaom ul;ajymif;
rIjzpfayonf/ topfodkYckefausmful;ajymif;rIjzpfonf/ awmfvSefa&;jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIudk &,lvkdvQif ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIudk od
em;vnf&ayvdrfhrnf/ b,ft&mudk wkd;íb,ft&mudk avQmh&rnfqkdonfudk em;vnf&ay
vdrfhrnf/ ta&twGuf jcm;em;rIonf t&nftcsif;jcm;em;rItm; rnfokdYjzpfay:vmEkdif
apaMumif;udk obm0odyÜHynmudk avhvmvQif odEkdifayonf/
Oyrm - tEkjrLudk MunfhMu&atmif/ tEkjrLrsm;onf wpkHwckaom ta&twGuf
&Sdonfhy&dkwGefrsm;ESihftDvufx&Gefrsm;udk aygif;pyfxm;aom"mwfjzpfonf/ yg&Sdonfhy&kdwGef
ta&twGufESifhtDvufx&Gefta&twGufudk vkdufí tEkjrL"mwftrsKd;tpm;vnf; jcm;
em;Muavonf/ xkdYaMumifh y&kdwGefwck tDvx&Gefwckygaom tEkjrL"mwfudk [kduf'&kd*sif
tEkjrL[kac:í ,if;udk aemufxyfy&dkwGefwckESifhtDvx&Gefwck xyfxnfhvkdufygu [,f
vD,HtEkjrL"mwfjzpfvmayonf/ xkdYaMumifh [dkuf'&kd*siftEkjrLESifh[,fvD,HtEkjrLonf
ta&twGufvnf; jcm;em;Muí t&nftcsif;vnf; jcm;em;Muayonf/ a,bk,stm;
jzifh t&nftcsif;jcm;em;rIonf ta&twGufjcm;em;rIwGif tajccHavonf/
,if;ESifhywfoufí tdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhavonf/
]]...&kyf odkYr[kwf ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI? ta&twGuftenf;trsm;? twkd;t
avsmhr&SdbJ obm0ü t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI r&SdEkdifay/ t&nftcsif;jcm;em;rI[lorQ
wkdYonf "mwfzGJYpnf;rI\ta&twGuf jcm;em;rI? &kyfrsm;\ta&twGuf jcm;em;rIwkdYtay:
wGif wnf&Sdavonf/ xkdYaMumifh &kyfcE¨mwck\t&nftcsif;udk ajymif;vJvkdvQif xkdtxJ
wGif yg0ifzGJYpnf;aeaom&kyf odkYr[kwf ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI ta&twGufukdwkd;vQif wkd;&ay
rnf/ odkYr[kwfvQifvnf; avQmh&ayvdrfhrnf/ &kyfcE¨m\ta&twGufudk ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd
jroef;wifh83
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
bJ t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIudk &Ekdifrnf r[kwfay}}
ta&twGufESifht&nftcsif;wkdYESifhpyfvsOf;aomtEky#davmrw&m;\toGif
oP²mefudk ydkí&Sif;&ef tEkjrLAkH;udk Oyrm jyvkdonf/ ,la&eD,HAkH;wvkH;vkyf&eftwGuf ,l
a&eD,H 235-tkdufqkdwkyf&SdzkdYvkdonf/ omrefokH;pGJaeMujzpfaom ,la&eD,H 238-tkdufqkd
wkyfESifhrvkHavmufay/ þtkdufqkdwkyfESpfrsKd;onf tav;csdfefwGifom uGmjcm;Mujcif;jzpf
onf/ ta&twGufom uGmjcm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ,la&eD,H 235ESifh,la&eD,H
238\ta&twGuf jcm;em;rIaMumifh AkH;\trsKd;tpm;t&nftcsif;vnf; uGmjcm;Muav
onf/
xkdYaMumifh t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIrsm;onf wpkHwckaomtrSwfodkYa&mufonfh
tcgwGif t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIudk jzpfay:vmapayonf/ ta&twGuf jcm;em;rIonf
t&nftcsif;jcm;em;rIudk jzpfay:vmaponf/ ,if;um;jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\toGifjzpf
ayonf/ ,if;jzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk bmuay:aygufapoenf;/
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf qefYusifbuft&mrsm;\wkdufyGJESifhaygif;pnf;nDnTwfrIrS ay:xGuf
vmonf/
a,bk,sqkd&vQif ta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI\taMumif;&if;onf
tESpfom&tm;jzifh oD;jcm;aomjzpfpOfrsm;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh jyóemwkdif;rSm
vkdyif t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIonf rvGJra&Smifom jzpfay:vm&rnf[k ajymEkdifjcif;jzpf
onf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh a&aEG;qlonfhjyóemwGif t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIudk pOf;pm;
MunfhMu&atmif.../
a&tjynfhxnhfxm;aom a&aEG;u&m;wvkH;udk rD;ay:odkYwifvkdufonfESifha&xJ
wGif yg0ifzGJYpnf;aeMuonfh tEkjrLrsm;\ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIonf rsm;jym;wkd;wufvm
onf/ a&onf t&nftjzpfwnf&SdorQumvywfvkH; y&rmEkjrLrsm; tcsif;csif;\qGJiif
jcif;tiftm;pkrsm;onf odyfrjyif;xefMuao;bJ a&tjzpf zGJYpnf;xm;Ekdifavmufatmif
aygif;pnf;xm;Ekdifaom tajctaersm;rSmyif &SdaeMuao;onfudk jyonf/ odkY&mwGif a&
aEG;qlonfhtrSwfodkYa&mufvmaomtcgüum; y&rmEkjrLrsm;\ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIonf
jyif;xefvmum tcsKdYonf a&xJwGif r&SdMuawmhbJ vGifhaysmufukefMuonf/ ,if;ESifhw
NydKifeuf t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIudk pwifawGY&Sd&onf/ a&onf yGufyGufqlvmNyD;aemuf
wGifum; a&xkonf a&aEG;aiGYtjzpfodkY vsifjrefpGm ajymif;vJoGm;ayawmhonf/ ,if;ajymif;
vJrIonf a&xkxJwGif qefYusifbuft&mtcsif;csif;wkdY\twkduftcHjzpfrIaMumifh ay:
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 84
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
ayguf&jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;t&mrsm;rSm tyl"mwfaMumifh ajymif;vJ&kef;xGufaeMuonfh
y&rmEkjrLrsm;ESifhxkdy&mrEkjrLtcsif;csif; Mum;ü qGJiifjcif;tiftm;pkwdkY\twkduftcHjzpf
rI jzpfayonf/
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rSmvnf; qefYusifbuftcsif;csif;\twkduftcHjzpfrIaMumifh jzpfayonf/ ,if;t&mrsm;
rSm BudK;\qGJiifEkdifrItm;ESifh0efxkyf\qGJiifjcif;wkdYjzpfonf/ aemufOyrmwckrSm aEGoD;ESH
ESifhaqmif;oD;ESHwkdY\jyóemjzpfonf/ aEG&moDoD;ESHudk aqmif;&moDoD;ESHtjzpfodkYajymif;
vJapEkdifjcif;rSmvnf; qefYusifbuf tcsif;csif;\twkduftcHjzpfrIaMumifh jzpfonf/ opf
yif\rajymif;vJwwfjcif;oabmESifhxkdopfyifBuD;xGm;zGHYNzdK;vmonfhywf0ef;usif&moDOwk
\ajymif;vJwwfjcif;oabmwkdY\twkduftcHjzpfrIaMumifh jzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifh pwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifu atmufygtwkdif; a,bk,saumufcsufw&yfudk csrSwfcJh
jcif;jzpfayonf/
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ajymif;vJrIodkY ul;ajymif;jcif;\twGif;tESpfom&rSm xkdjzpfpOf xkdt&m0w¬Krsm;xJü qefY
usifbuft&mtcsif;csif;\twkduftcH jzpfrIyif jzpfayonf/}}
xkdYaMumifhvnf; ta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;odkY ajymif;vJrIOya'o? t&nft
csif;jcm;em;csufonf ta&twGufjcm;em;csufü tajccHonf[laom Oya'oudk Munfh
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&SmazGawGY&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
pwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifu tEky#davmr\toGifw&yfjzpfaom ,if;Oya'oudk atmufygt
wkdif; zGifhqkdcJhayonf/
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vkH;? obm0\toGifoP²mefrsm;tm;vkH;\ADZtajcü twGif;y#dyu©rsm;wnf&Sdaeonf
[laom tcsufjzpfonf/ tjyKoabmESifhtzsufoabm? twdwfESifhtem*wf? wkd;wuf
jzpfay:jcif;ESifhysufpD;csKyfNidrf;jcif;wkdY wnf&Sdaeonf[laom tcsufjzpfayonf/ þqefY
usifbuf&mtcsif;csif;\wkdufyGJ? ta[mif;ESifhtopfwkdY\wkdufyGJ? arG;zGm;jzpfay:jcif;ESifh
,kd,Gif;ysufokOf;jcif;wkdufyGJ? ay:aygufjzpfxGef;jcif;ESifhysufpD;csKyfNidrf;jcif;wkdY\wkdufyGJwkdY
onf jzpfay:wkd;wufrIjzpfpOf\twGif;tESpfom&jzpfayonf/ ta&twGufrS t&nft
csif;odkY ajymif;vJrI\twGif;tESpfom& jzpfayonf/
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ay:onfr[kwfbJ t&m0w¬Krsm;twGif;ü y#dyu©rsm;? xkdy#dyu©rsm;udk tajccHívIyf&Sm;
jroef;wifh85
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
aeMuaom qefYusifbuft&mrsm;\wdkufyGJaMumifhom jzpfayonf[k tEky#davmru ,l
qayonf/}}
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk em;vnf&ef bmaMumifh ta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;odkY
ajymif;vJrIodkY ul;ajymif;onfudk em;vnf&ef? t&nftcsif;a[mif;rS t&nftcsif;topf
odkY b,fodkYb,faMumifh ul;ajymif;onfudk em;vnf&efrSm t&m0w¬KESifhjzpfpOfrsm;\ADZt
ajccH&Sd? y#dyu©rsm;udk em;vnf&ef vkdayonf/ xkdy#dyu©rsm;udk tajccHwnf&SdaeMuaom
qefYusifbuft&mwkdY\wkdufyGJudk odem;vnf&ef vkdayonf/
uREkfyfwkdYonf jyóemwkdif;udk ckdifrmwduspGm odem;vnf&ef vkdayonf/ odkYrSom
vQif ]]opömw&m;onf tNrJwrf;ckdifrmwdusonf qkdaomtcsufonf tEky#davmr\t
ajccHrlvw&m;om jzpfonf}}[laom vDeifvDeifvDeifvDeifvDeif\tqkdtrdefYESifhudkufnDayvdrfhrnf/
vlrIjzpfay:wkd;wufrI\tEky#davmr/ t&if;&Sifpepf\y#dyu©rsm;/
qefYusifbuft&mtcsif;csif; twkduftcHjyKrIESifhaygif;pnf;nDnTwfrI[laom jzpf
ay:wkd;wufrI\tEky#davmrw&m;onf vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom rmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpf0g'odyÜH
ynmwGif ydkrkdxifvif;pGm awGYjrifEkdifayonf/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; wkdufyGJtjrif? tvkyf
orm; vlwef;pm;tawGYtMuKHtajccHay:wGif &yfwnfum t&if;&Sifpepfy#dyu©rsm;\
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIrsm;udk tEky#davmrenf;jzifh cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm Munfhoifhayonf/ vlYtzGJY
tpnf;jzpfay:wkd;wufrIrsm;\tajccHrsm;onf obm0jzpfay:wkd;wufrIrsm;\tajccH
rlrsm;ESifhtwlwlyif jzpfayonf/ okdY&mwGif ykHoP²mefwGifum; jyóemudk vkdufí uGJjym;ay
onf/
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&Sdonfhajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIqkdif&m tEky#davmrw&m;rsm;ESifhvlYorkdif;ü ay:aygufaeonfh
tjzpftysufrsm;udk csKyfudkifaeaomajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIqkdif&m tEky#davmrw&m;rsm;
onf xyfwlrQxyfjzpfonfukd uREkfyfonf oHo,pdk;pOf;rQ r&Sday}}/ tdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpf
t&if;&Sifpepf\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIESifhy#dyu©rsm;tm; rmhufpf0g'u rnfokdYem;
vnfykHudk tdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpfu a,bk,stm;jzifh az:jycJhavonf/ t&if;&Sifpepf\tajccHy#d
yu©onf woD;wjcm;pD&Sdaeaom jyifytiftm;pkESpf&yf jzpfonfhvlwef;pm;ESpfck\y#dyu©
rQomru? t&if;&SifvlaerIpepftwGif;üuyif ay:aygufvmaomy#dyu©vnf; jzpfay
onf/ vlwef;pm;ESpfck\y#dyu©onf vlaerIpepf\twGif;y#dyu©rSay:aygufvmjcif;jzpf
ayonf/ ,if;ESifhywfoufí tdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhayonf/
]]t&if;&Sifpepfonf puf&kHtvkyf&kHBuD;rsm;udk wnfaxmifvkdufjcif;jzifh ukefvkyf
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 86
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
ud&d,mrsm;\pkpnf;rIudk jzpfay:apcJhavonf/ puf&kHtvkyf&kHBuD;rsm;tm; ukefvkyfu&d,m
rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfvkdufjcif;onf trSeftm;jzifh trsm;ESifhqkdifaom bkHudpöw&yfom
jzpfayonf/ odkY&mwGif ukefxkwfvkyfa&;\trsm;ESifhqkdifaom bkHud&d,mrsm;ESifhtrsm;ESifh
qkdifaom bkHxkwfukefwkdYudk ukefvkyfud&d,mESifhwoD;yk*¾vrsm;\xkwfukef[k ,cifu oabm
xm;cJhMuonf/ ,ckvnf; oabmxm;vsuf&Sdonf/ ,cifurl tvkyf\wefqmyvmrsm;
udk ydkifqkdifolrsm;(puf&kHtvkyf&kHudk ydkifolrsm;)onf xkwfukefudk a0ykHuscGJ,lcJhMuonf/ xkwf
ukefudk oludk,fwkdif jyKvkyfaom xkwfukef[k oabmxm;cJhMuonf/ tjcm;olrsm;\tvkyf
udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;rjyKbJ csefvSyfxm;cJhMuonf/ ,cktcsdefwGifrl tvkyfwefqmyvm
ydkif&Sifrsm;onf xkwfukefudk a0ykHuscGJ,laeMuao;aomfvnf; olukd,fwkdifjyKvkyfaomolukd,fwkdifjyKvkyfaomolukd,fwkdifjyKvkyfaomolukd,fwkdifjyKvkyfaomolukd,fwkdifjyKvkyfaomxkwf
ukef[k oabmrxm;awmhbJ tjcm;tvkyftjcm;tvkyftjcm;tvkyftjcm;tvkyftjcm;tvkyf(tvkyform;rsm;)\xkwfukef[k ,lqvmMu
onf/ xkdokdYtm;jzifh ,cktcsdefü bkHxkwfvkyfay;onfhxkwfukefrsm;udk ukefvkyfu&d,mrsm;
tm; vIyf&Sm;armif;ESifolrsm;u a0ykHuscGJa0cHpm;cGifhr&SdMuawmhbJ t&if;&Sifrsm;uom
cGJa0cHpm;Muayonf/}}
xkdYaMumifh t&if;&Sifpepf\tajccHy#dyu©rSm trsm;u vkyfMu&aom ukefvkyfa&;
ESifht&if;&Sifa0ykHuscGJa0cHpm;rIwkdY\y#dyu©jzpfonf/ ukefvkyfa&;udk trsm;u jyKvkyfjcif;
ESifhtjrwfudk ydkif&SifwOD;wnf;u cGJa0cHpm;jcif;wkdY\y#dyu©jzpfonf/ ,if;y#dyu©udk tajc
cHí vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJonf ay:aygufjcif;jzpfayonf/
]],aeY jzpfay:aeaom &efbufusrIrsm;onf tqkdyg y#dyu©rsm;wGif oaEwnf
jcif;jzpfayonf/ trsm;ydkifukefvkyfa&;ESifht&if;&SiftjrwfcGJa0cHpm;rIwkdY\y#dyu©onf
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,if;y#dyu©udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\atmifyGJjzifhom ajz&Sif;Ekdifayonf/ t
vkyform;vlwef;pm;u ¤if;\tmPm&Siftjzpfudk xlaxmifNyD;aemuf bkHukefvkyfa&;ESifh
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ajz&Sif;Ekdifayonf/
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wkdY\wkdufyGJ}}qkdonfhpum;ukd xif&Sm;pGm o&kyfaqmifvkdufjcif; jzpfonf/ vlwef;pm;wkduf
yGJonf vlaerIpepftwGif; ADZ&Sdy#dyu©rsm;udk tajccHí ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfavonf/
"e&SifESifhypönf;rJh\wkdufyGJonf t&if;&SifvlaerIpepftwGif; ADZ&Sd? ukefvkyfa&;udk trsm;
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avonf/ vlrIajymif;vJrIrsm;? vlrIjzpfay:wkd;wufrIwkdufyGJrsm;onf vlaerIpepftwGif;
ADZ&Sdy#dyu©rsm;wGif tajccHaomqefYusifbuftiftm;pk? qefYusifbuft&mrsm;\wkduf
jroef;wifh87
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ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
yGJxJrS t&nftcsif;opfwcktjzpf ckefausmful;ajymif;vmjcif;jzpfayonf/
,if;odkYul;ajymif;&mwGifvnf; yXrta&twGuftm;jzifh ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfí
aemufrS t&nftcsif;tm;jzifh ajymif;vJjcif; jzpfayonf/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh¤if;
\tzGJYtpnf;rsm;onf OD;a&tm;jzifh wjznf;jznf; rsm;jym;vmonf/t&if;onf ydkrkdrsm;
jym;aompkpnf;rI? ydkrkdwif;Muyfaom csKyfudkifrIatmufodkY a&mufvmonf/
]]t&if;&SifBuD;rsm;\OD;a&onf wjznf;jznf;enf;vmum t&if;onf vufw
qkyfpm vlenf;pkuav;\vufwGif;wGif pkpnf;rdvmonfESifhwNydKifeufqif;&Jjcif;/ zdESdyf
jcif; uRefjyKjcif;? vlYatmufusjcif;? aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;\om;aumifjzpfaomvlrsm;
pkvlxkBuD;\yrmPonfvnf; BuD;xGm;vmonf/ ,if;ESifhwNydKifeufwGif tvkyform;vl
wef;pm;\ykefuefx<urIonfvnf; BuD;xGm;vmonf/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onfvnf;
t&if;&Sifukefvkyfa&;jzpfpOf puf,EÅ&m;aMumifh pnf;urf;ao0yfaom? nDnTwfaom? pnf;
&kH;aom? ta&twGufrsm;jym;aomvlwef;pm; jzpfvmayonf}} (rmhufpf)
,if;odkY twkd;tavQmhpaom ta&twGufjzpfpOfESifhtwl bkHtvkyfESifhwoD;yk*¾v
tjrwfcGJa0rIwkdY\tajccHy#dyu©onfvnf; jyif;xefvmcJhonf/ tvkyform;rsm; 0dkif;0ef;
vkyf&aom tvkyf\pepfESifhtvkyf&SifwOD;om cHpm;&aom tjrwfcGJa0rIpepfwkdY\y#dyu©
onf jyif;xefvmcJhonf/ vlenf;pkuav;\vufwGif t&if;pkpnf;rIonf rsm;jym;BuD;rm;
vmonfESifhtrQ tvkyf\bkHtoGifvu©Pmonfvnf; ydkrkdxif&Sm;jywfom;vmcJhonf/ t
&if;pkpnf;rIwGif olEkdifigEkdiftm;NydKifaeMuaom t&if;&Siftcsif;csif;Mum; wifrm;rIonf
vnf; ykdrkdjyif;xefvmayonf/ ,if;okdYaom ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIonf aemufqkH;wGif
t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIudk jzpfay:vmapcJhonf/
xkdYaMumifh rmhufpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhjcif;jzpfavonf/
]]ukefvkyfud&d,mrsm;tm; pkpnf;csKyfudkifjcif;ESifhtvkyfudk bkHykdifjyKvkdufjcif;wkdY
onf aemufqkH; wpkHwckaom trSwfwckodkY a&mufvmaomtcgwGif t&if;&SifpepfvkHBuD;
xJwGif twlwuG wnf&Sd&efrjzpfawmhaom tajctaeodkY a&mufvmMuonf/ odkYjzifh t
&if;&SifpepfvkHBuD;onf tpdwfpdwftrTmrTmuGJcJh&avonf/ þonfESifhtwl yk*¾vduykdifqkdif
rI\romacgif;avmif;onf yJhwifjrnf[D;avawmhonf/ vk,ufolonf vk,ljcif;cH&av
awmhonf/}}
,if;odkYjzifh ta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;odkY ul;ajymif;rI? qefYusifbuft&mwkdY\
twkduftcHjzpfrIESifhaygif;pnf;nDnTwfrIponfrlrsm;xJwGif tajccHaom? tEky#davmrus
onfhjzpfay:wkd;wufrIOya'orsm;udk vlYtzGJYtpnf;\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIwavQmufwGif
vnf; awGYEkdifayonf/ ,if;odkYjzpfay:wkd;wufjcif;onf tEky#davmrw&m;t& jzpfay:
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 88
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
wkd;wufjcif;jzpfayonf/ tEky#davmrodjrifem;vnfolonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\
oabmw&m;jzpfvmonfESifh vlYtzGJYtpnf;tm; qkd&S,fvpfykHtoGifodkY ul;ajymif;a&;wGif
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifhcGJcGmr&aom vufeufaumif;w&yfvnf; jzpfvmcJhayonf/
®
jroef;wifh89
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcef;(9)
topfESifhta[mif;
jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\armif;ESifa&;tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfonfh qefYusifbuftiftm;
pkwkdY\wkdufyGJonf a&Smifwcif ay:aygufjcif;r[kwf? oufqkdif&m jzpfpOf\obm0ADZwGif
&Sdaom? twGif;y#dyu©rsm;wGif tajccHí ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ topfESifhta[mif;
Mum;wGif y#dyu©onf ay:aygufvmonf/ arG;zGm;BuD;xGm;vsuf&Sdaomt&mrsm;onf csKyf
Nidrf;aysmufuG,fvsuf&Sdaomt&mrsm;udk y#dyu©jyKonf/ ,if;tcsufudk vlYtzGJYtpnf;\
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIwGif xif&Sm;pGm awGY&onf/
jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\jzpfpOfwGif topfonf BuD;xGm;oefpGrf;vmum ta[mif;udk
vTrf;rdk;oGm;onf/ ,if;odkYjzifh jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf a&SUodkYcsDwufvIyf&Sm;onf/ ,if;odkY
csDwufvIyf&Sm;&mwGif tqifhwkdif;onf topfodkY vSrf;wufrIwckyifjzpfonf/ vGefNyD;aom
tqifhodkY jyefa&mufjcif;r[kwf/ ,if;odkYjzifh jzpfay:wkd;wufrI[lonf topfu ta[mif;
tm; ausmfjzwfum vTrf;rkd;oGm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf t
a[mif;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;r[kwfbJ jiif;y,fjcif;jzpfayonf/
t&m0w¬Krsm;ESifhjzpfpOftwGif; ADZ&Sdy#dyu©rsm;(twGif;y#dyu©rsm;)
qefYusifbufjzpfaom t&mtcsif;csif;\wkdufyGJaMumifh t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJ
rIwkdYrnfodkYrnfykH a&muf&SdaMumif;udk ,ciftcef;wGif az:jycJhNyD/ &kyf0w¬Krsm;wGif t&nfrS
tckd;taiGYodkY vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif t&if;&SifpepfrS qkd&S,fvpfpepfodkY rnfodkYajymif;vJonf
udk jycJhNyD/ ajymif;vJrIwkdif;wGif ]]qefYusifbufjzpfaomt&mrsm;}} tvkyfvkyfMuykHudk¤if;?
xkdqefYusifbuft&mrsm;\]]wkdufyGJ}}onf tajccHtoGifajymif;rI t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJ
rIudk jzpfay:apaMumif;ukdvnf; jyqkdcJhNyD/
þ]]wkdufyGJ}}onf tjyifyrS a&Smifwcifjzpfonfr[kwfay/ twGif;rS ra&SmifrvGJ
omjzpfay:vmjcif; jzpfayonf/ ,if;]]wkdufyGJ}}onf oD;jcm;wnf&Sdaeaom tiftm;pkrsm;
rS xGufay:vmum aemufrSoGm;í wkdufckdufrdMuonf[k ,lqvQif rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ tEk
y#davmrudk em;rvnfEkdif/ ,if;wkdufyGJonf tjyifwGif r[kwfbJ twGif;üomjzpfayonf/
a&Smifwcifr[kwfbJ rvGJra&Smifom jzpfayonf/ jzpfpOfBuD;w&yfvkH;\y#dyu©usaom
obm0rSxGufay:vmayonf/ qefYusifbuft&mrsm;onf wckESifhwck oD;jcm;uif;uGm
wnf&SdaeMuonfr[kwfbJ ,if;y#dyu©usaom jzpfpOfBuD;wckvkH;xJwGif cGJjcm;ír&atmif
qufoG,f,SufEG,faeayonf/ xkdt&mrsm;onf jzpfpOfBuD;w&yfvkH;\twGif;ADZy#dyu©
rsm;udk tajccHum ay:aygufvmMuNyD;rS twkduftcH jzpfMujcif; jzpfayonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 90
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
xkdYaMumifh &kyfcEmwck\ajymif;vJrIvrf;aMumif;wGif&Sdaom qefYusifbufjzpfonfh
t&mrsm;onf &kyftoGifoP²mef\twGif;ADZwGif&Sdaom qGJiifjcif;ESifhwGef;vSefjcif;tif
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jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;rsm;\oabmw&m;rsm;xJwGifvnf; awGYEdkifonf/ t&if;&Sif
pepftm; ]]zGJYpnf;ykHjyifqifrIrsm;}}jyKvkyfí qkd&S,fvpfpepfudk ul;ajymif;ap&rnf[k olwkdY
u qkdMuonf/ ,if;odkYqkdjcif;onf qkd&S,fvpfpepftwGuf wkdufckdufjcif;rrnfbJ qkd&S,fvpf
pepfudk qefYusifjcif; rnfayonf/ olwkdYonf vlwef;pm;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhvlwef;pm;yl;
aygif;a&;udk a&SUaevkdufay;olrsm;om jzpfMuayonf/
tEky#davmrusaomjzpfay:wkd;wufrItjrifonf þt,ltqrsm;udk qefYusif
ayonf/ vpfb&,f0g'? jyKjyifa&;0g'ESifhjyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'udk qefYusifayonf/ tEk
y#davmronf jzpfay:wkd;wufrIvrf;aMumif;ü jiif;zsufjcif; jiif;zsufjcif; jiif;zsufjcif; jiif;zsufjcif; jiif;zsufjcif;\tcef;udk vufcHusifhokH;í
"e&Sifvpfb&,ft,ltqonf jzpfay;wkd;wufrIvrf;aMumif;ü jiif;zsufjcif;jiif;zsufjcif;jiif;zsufjcif;jiif;zsufjcif;jiif;zsufjcif;udk ypfy,f
ayonf/
vpfb&,f"e&Sif\t,ltqonf jiif;zsufjcif;jiif;zsufjcif;jiif;zsufjcif;jiif;zsufjcif;jiif;zsufjcif;udk tzsufoabm? r[kwfoabm
tjzpfom ,lqMuonf/ tEky#davmrurl tjyKoabm? t[kwfoabm[k,lqayonf/
jiif;zsufjcif;onf jzpfay:wkd;wufrItwGuf vkdtyfaom tajctaejzpfayonf/ a&SUodkY
csDwufrItwGuf tjyKoabmaqmifaomvu©Pmw&yf jzpfayonf/
®
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 96
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcef;(10)
jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufjcif;
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf jiif;zsufjcif;jzifhom &&SdEkdifonf[k tEky#davmru ,lq
onf/ ,if;odkYjzifh þae&mwGifvnf; tEky#davmronf vpfb&,ft,ltqESifhqefYusif
ayonf/ vpfb&,ft,ltqü jiif;zsufjcif;[lonf wpkHwckudk zsufqD;aom xkd;ESufzsuf
qD;jcif;[k t"dyÜg,fxGufonf/ tjcm;wbufwGif tEky#davmru þokdYr,lqay/ tEk
y#davmrtjrifwGif jiif;zsufjcif;[lonf a&SUodkYcsDwufrItwGuf tjyKoabmaqmifaom
vu©Pm[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ topfodkYul;ajymif;a&;twGuf vkdtyfaomtajctaewkdYudk
jzpfay:apNyD;aemufwGif ta[mif;tm; zsufqD;jcif;[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ ta[mif;\t
jyKoabmaqmifaom vu©Pmrsm;udk topfxJodkY qufvufo,faqmifjcif;[k t"dyÜg,f
&onf/
xkdYjyif jiif;zsufjcif;udk ESpfBudrfESpfvD jyKvkyfjcif;jzifhvnf; zsufNyD;aom? vGefNyD;
aom ta[mif;udk ykdrkdjrifhaomtqifhwckwGif jyefvnfwnfaqmufEkdifayao;onf/ ,if;
odkYtm; jiif;zsufjcif;\jiif;zsufjcif;(edao"\edao")[kac:ayonf/ vpfb&,ft,l
tqwGifrl wpkHwckaom tqifhwckudk ydkrkdíjrifaomtqifhodkY jr§ifhwifvkdvQif jiif;zsufjcif;
rvkdbJ wjznf;jznf; Nidrf;csrf;pGm jyKvkyfEkdifonf[k,lqonf/ tEky#davmrurl jiif;zsuf
jcif;udk ESpfBudrfESpfvD jyKvkyfjcif;jzifhom tqifhwqifhudk ydkrkdjrifhaom tvm;wltqifhwck
odkY a&mufatmif vkyfEkdifonf[k ,lqonf/
tqifha[mif;tm; ydkíjrifhaom wae&mwGif jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&mwGif jiif;
zsufjcif;jzifhom&Ekdifonf/ ,if;udk obm0wGif¤if; vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif¤if; tawG;tac:
wGif¤if; awGYEkdifayonf/
jiif;zsufjcif;\tjyKoabm
]]tEky#davmroabmwGif jiif;zsufjcif;qkdonfrSm ]r[kwf}[k ]jiif;qkdjcif;ouf
ouf}[k t"dyÜg,frxGufay}}[k tdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpfu ajymcJhonf/
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIjzpfpOfwGif tqifha[mif;udk tqifhopfu jiif;zsufonf/ ,if;
odkYjiif;&mwGif (1)tqihfopfonf tqifha[mif;\twGif;rS tqifha[mif;udk qefYusifí
xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ topfjzpfay:vmapaomtajctaersm;onf ta[mif;wGif;
wGif &ifhusufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ jiif;zsufjcif;onf jiif;zsufjcif;cH&aom t&m\jzpfay:
wkd;wufrIxJrS ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ ta[mif;onf topfjzpfay:vmapaom t
jroef;wifh97
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
ajctaersm;udk zefwD;ay;NyD;rS ysufpD;oGm;jcif;jzpfonf/
(2) tqifha[mif;onf jiif;zsufjcif;cH&onf/ zsufqD;jcif;cH&onfqkd&mwGif wck
vkH;r[kwfay/ tqifha[mif;twGif;wGif azmufjyefaom? aemufjyefqGJaomt&mrsm;ukd
om zsufqD;jcif;jzpfí wkd;wufaomacwfrDaom t&mrsm;udkrl zsufqD;jcif;rjyKonfhjyif
topfxJodkYyif o,f,lul;ajymif;xm;vkdufao;onf/
Oyrm/ /qkd&S,fvpfpepfonf t&if;&Sifpepfudk tpm;xkd;onf/ jiif;zsufonf/
odkY&mwGif qkd&S,fvpfpepfaygufzGm;a&;? atmifEkdifa&;twGuf tajctaersm;rSm t&if;
&SifpepfxJrS arG;zGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfonf t&if;&SifpepfNyD;onfhaemuf
vlrIjzpfay:wkd;wufa&;\aemufwqifhtaejzifh ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ t&if;&Sif
pepfudk zsufqD;ypfaomfvnf; t&if;&Sifpepftajctaersm;atmufwGif &&SdcJhaom ukef
vkyfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;\wkd;wufrI? ,Ofaus;rIwkd;wufrI? odyÜHynmwkd;wufrIponfhatmifjrif
rIwkdif;udkrl zsufqD;jcif; rjyK&kHrQru xdef;odrf;um ydkrkdwkd;wuf&ef o,faqmifayonf/
vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;url jiif;zsufjcif;qkdonfrSm tzsufoabmoufouf[kom
,lqMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh olwkdYonf jiif;zsufjcif;\tjyKoabmudk em;rvnfEkdifMuay/
xkdYjyif olwkdYu jiif;zsufjcif;[lonf tjyifrSvmonf/ wpkHwckaom t&mudk tjyifwGif
tjcm;wpkHwckaom t&mu vma&mufí jiif;zsufonf/ zsufqD;onf[k ,lqMuonf/
rdrd\BuD;xGm;wkd;wufrIonfyifvQif zsufqD;jcif;odkYa&mufapaMumif;udk olwkdYowdrrlrd
Muay/
xkdYaMumifhvnf; vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;u vlrIawmfvSefa&;? acwfajymif;awmfvSef
a&;[lonf pepfwuswkd;wufrI? tpDtpOfwus wkd;wufrIudk zsufqD;aom ]]A&kwfA,uf
t&m}}BuD;wcktjzpf Munfhjrifjcif;jzpfonf/ þA&kwfA,uft&mBuD;onfvnf; tjyify
tiftm;pkrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:onf[k,lqMuonf/ t&if;&Sifpepfudk zsufqD;ypfrnfhawmf
vSefa&;BuD;wck ay:aygufpjyKvmonfESifh ,if;onf ]]qlylvIHYaqmfolrsm;}}aMumifh[k
aumufcsufcsvkdufMuonf/ xkdpepftwGif;wGif&Sdaom y#dyu©rsm;aMumifh[k rjrifay/
olwkdY,lqouJhodkY jyifytiftm;pkrsm;u wpkHw&mudk zsufqD;ypfvkdufaomjiif;
zsufjcif;rsKd;r&Sdr[kwf? &Sdygonf/ Oyrm uREkfyfonf vrf;avQmufoGm;&if; um;wkdufcH&
rnfqkdygpdkY/ ,if;rSm wuJhtzsufoabmoufouf aqmifaom jiif;zsufjcif;? zsufqD;jcif;
\tusKd;w&m;wckrQom jzpfayonf/ ,if;odkYaom Oyrmrsm;udk vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif¤if;?
obm0wGif¤if; rMumcPawGYjrifEkdifayonf/ odkY&mwGif tEky#davmrenf;\jiif;zsufjcif;
rSm ,if;odkYaomjiif;zsufjcif;rsKd; r[kwfay/ jiif;zsufjcif; (0g) zsufqD;jcif;\tjyKoabm
udk Munfhjrifaomenf;om jzpfayonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 98
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
jiif;zsufjcif;\jiif;zsufjcif;
vpfb&,ft,ltqwGif jiif;zsufjcif; (0g)zsufqD;jcif;qkdonfrSm ]tzsufoabm}
]]r[kwf}}oabmoufouf[k,lqonf/ xkdjiif;zsufjcif;? (0g) zsufqD;jcif;udk wzefjyefí
jiif;zsufvQif zsufqD;vQif e*dkrlvae&modkY jyefa&mufonf[k ,lqonf/ jiif;zsufjcif;qkd
onfrSm ]]r[kwf}}oabmudk jyonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkd]]r[kwf}}oabmudk wzefjyefí ]]r[kwf}}
oabmjyvQif ]]t[kwf}}oabmodkY jyefa&mufonf[k ,lqonf/ ]]r[kwf}}oabmESpfck
onf ]]t[kwf}}oabmodkYjyefa&mufonfqkdonfho'´gt"dyÜg,frsKd; ,lqMuonf/ Oyrm -
,aeY aeomaomaeY[laom pmykd'fudk jiif;zsufvkdvQif r[kwfoabmjyvkdvQif ,aeY ae
romaomaeYr[kwf[k jyqkdonf/ odkYjzifh]]r[kwf}}oabmESpfcgjyjcif;onf t[kwfoabm
odkYjyefa&mufonf/ avm*spfwGifvnf; þenf;twkdif;jzpfonf/ ]u}onf ]c}ESifhnDrQonf/
(¤if;\r[kwfoabm)]u}onf ]c}ESifhrnDrQ? (¤if;udkwzef jyefír[kwfjyjcif;)]u}onf ]c}
ESifhrnDrQ r[kwf[líjzpfonf/ ,if;oabmt&qkdvQif jiif;zsufjcif;udk aemufxyfjiif;zsuf
jcif; (0g) r[kwfoabmudk aemufxyfr[kwfoabmjyjcif;onf t[kwfoabm(rl&if;)odkY
jyefa&mufonf[k ,lqonf/ ,if;rSm vpfb&,f"e&Sifu jiif;zsufjcif;udk jrifykHjrifenf;
jzpfonf/
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jrif&mü ,if;odkYykHaoenf;jzifh Munfhjrifjcif;rjyKay/
vlYtzGJYtpnf;onf a&S;a[mif;bkHpepfrS aus;ydkifuRefydkifpepfwkdY wkd;wuful;
ajymif;vmonf/ xkdrSwqifh ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfodkY ul;ajymif;onf/ xkdrS t&if;&Sifpepf
odkYul;ajymif;onf/ ,if;odkYul;ajymif;&mwGif tqifhopfwkdif;onf tqifha[mif;rS ay:xGuf
vmjcif;jzpfonf/ tqifha[mif;udk jiif;zsufí ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdaemuf(bkH
pepf) uGefjrLepfpepfjzpfonf/ (bkHpepf)uGefjrLepfpepfodkYa&muf&Sdjcif;onf tpodkYjyefoGm;
jcif; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif uGefjrLepfpepfonf a&S;a[mif;bkHpepfodkY jyefoGm;jcif;jzpfaomf
vnf; tqifhydkíjrifhonf/ a&S;a[mif;bkHpepfonf a&S;usaom ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;
ay:ü tajccHonf/ acwfopfbkHpepf(uGefjrLepfpepf)onf vGefrif;pGm wkd;wufacwfrDaom
ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;ay:ü tajccHonf/ vlwef;pm;rJh a&S;a[mif;bkHpepfonf ydkíjrifh
aom vlwef;pm;rJhacwfopfbkHpepfjzpfvmonf/ ,if;odkY jzpfay:&jcif;rSm a&S;a[mif;bkH
pepfudk vlwef;pm;tzGJYtpnf;u jiif;zsufjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ odkYjzifh wqifhwqifh jiif;
zsufvmcJhMuonfwGif aemufqkH;ü tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u tmPm&í vmaomtqifhodkY
a&mufívmjcif;jzpfayonf/ aemufqkH;ü vlwef;pm;rJhacwfopfbkHpepfodkY jyefa&mufrnf
jzpfayonf/
jroef;wifh99
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
,if;rSm jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufjcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh rl
&if;odkYjyefa&mufonf r[kwfay/ ydkrkdíjrifhaom ydkíopfaomrl&if;ae&modkY a&mufjcif;jzpf
ayonf/ ,if;rSm jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufjcif;oabm jzpfayonf/ xkdodkYtm;jzifh vGefcJh
aom tqifhwckokdYjyefía&mufjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; xdkvGefcJhaom tqifha[mif;r[kwfbJ
toGifwlaom? jrifhaom? opfaom tqifhopfwrsKd;om jzpfayonf/
]]...jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf vGefavNyD;aom tqifhodkY jyefívSnfhywfonf[k
xif&aomfvnf; xkdae&modkY jyefa&mufjcif;r[kwfay/ aMumifvdrfavScg;yrm &pfywfjzpf
ay:NyD; ydkíjrifhaomtqifhodkYa&mufjcif; jzpfayonf...}}(vDeif)
jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\ta&;BuD;aom Oya'ow&yf
tjzpftysufwkdYonf xyfrHjzpfysufMuaomfvnf; ,ciftjzpfudk jyefjzpfjcif;r[kwf?
topfwckudk jyefjzpfjcif;jzpfonf/ csm;&[wfvnfywfovkd qkHvnfEGm;vnfywfovkd &pf
ywfxyfrHjzpfysufjcif;r[kwf? aMumifvdrfavScg;ozG,f&pfí qufum xyfrHjzpfysufjcif;
rsKd;jzpfonf/
jiif;zsufjcif;\jiif;zsufjcif;oabmudk ykdí&Sif;vif;&eftwGuf t&m0w¬Kwcktm;
]]ckdifrmwduspGm}}avhvm&Ijrif&rnf[laom tEky#davmr\tESpfom&udk jyefíowdcsyf
oifhonf/ jzpfpOfwckonf rnfokdYay:aygufvmonfudk Munfhjrifwwf&efvkdonf/ ,if;jzpf
pOf\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk avhvm&efvkdonf/ ,if;jzpfpOf\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk avhvm
&efvkdonf/ odkYavhvmvQif tqifha[mif;wckonf jyefíjzpfwwfaom oabm&Sdonfudk
awGY&onf/ odkY&mwGif xkdae&m xkdtajccHay:ü jyefjzpfjcif;r[kwf? ydkíjrifhaom ydkíwkd;wuf
aom tajccHay:wGifom jyefjzpfonfudk awGY&onf/ aMumifvdrfavScg;udk wufouJhodkY
¤if;? vGefyluJhodkY¤if;? t&pfjcif;wlaomfvnf;? xkdt&pfr[kwfbJ ydkíjrifhaomt&pfodkYa&muf
oGm;jcif;rsKd;udk awGY&onf/ ,if;odkYykdíjrifhaom tajccHü tqifha[mif;onf wzefjyefjyef
íjzpf&jcif;rSm jiif;zsufjcif;\jiif;zsufjcif;enf;t&om jzpfEkdifayonf/ ,if;ESifhywfouf
í tdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif; a&;cJhayonf/
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orkdif;ESifhtawG;tac:wkdYjzpfay:wkd;wufrI\a,bk,sOya'ojzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh
,if;Oya'oonf ta&;BuD;vSayonf/}}
jiif;zsufjcif;\jiif;zsufjcif;oabmudk vlYtzGJYtpnf;jzpfay:wkd;wufrItqifh
rsm;udk Oyrmaqmifí jycJhNyD/ Oyrm a&S;a[mif;bkHpepfrS acwfopfbkHpepf(uGefjrLepfpepf)
odYk wkd;wufvmykHjzpfonf/ acwfopfbkHpepfonf a&S;a[mif;bkHpepf wzefjyefí jzpfjcif;
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 100
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
jzpfaomfvnf; oabmomwlí toGifrwlay/ ,if;odkYta[mif;onf ydkíjrifhaomtqifh
ü topfwzefjyefjzpfjcif;onf jiif;zsufjcif;\jiif;zsufjcif;enf;jzifhom ay:aygufEkdifay
onf/ jiif;zsufjcif;\jiif;zsufjcif;oabmudk ydkíem;vnfatmif aemufxyfOyrmwck
xyfíMunfhMu&atmif/
t&if;&Sifpepfray:rD ajr&Sifya'o&mZfvlYtzGJYtpnf;ü yk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIonf
ydkif&Sif\tvkyfudk tajccHonf/ (Oyrm - v,form;\ykdifqkdifrIonf v,form;\xGef
,ufpkdufysKd;&onfhoD;ESHomjzpfonf/) odkY&mwGif t&if;&Sifyk*¾vduykdifqkdifrIonf ajr&Sify
a'o&mZf\yk*¾vykdifqkdifrIudk jiif;zsufvdkufonf/ zsufqD;ypfvkdufonf/ t&if;&Sifyk*¾vdu
ydkifqkdifrIonf ajr&SifacwfwoD;yk*¾v xkwfvkyfolrsm;udk zsufqD;NyD; xGufay:vmaom
aMumifhjzpfonf/ t&if;&Sifonf woD;yk*¾vydkifukefvkyfwefqmyvmrsm;ESifhxkwfukefrsm;
udk pk,lvkdufonf/ (Oyrm woD;yk*¾vyef;bJq&muav;rsm;\yef;bJzkduav;rsm;udk t
&if;&Sifwa,muf pk0,fum oH&nfBudK&kHBuD;wckwnfaxmifjcif;rsKd;/) odkY&mwGif woD;yk*¾v
ydkif&Sifuav;rsm;udk zsufqD;cJhaom t&if;&SifydkifqkdifrIonfvnf; xyfrHzsufqD;jcif;cH&jyef
onf/ rnfolu zsufqD;ypfoenf;/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfu zsufqD;ypfonf/ qkd&S,fvpfpepf
onf tvkyfrvkyfaomt&if;&Sifrsm;vufrS ydkifqkdifrIudk&,lum tvkyfvkyfaom tvkyfo
rm;wkdif;tm; udk,fhtvkyfrS&&Sdaomxkwfukef tjrwfukd okH;pGJaponf/ cHpm;aponf/ odkYjzifh
t&if;&Sifonf vufrItvkyform;rsm;\yk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIudk zsufonf/ qkd&S,fvpfpepf
onf t&if;&Sif\yk*¾vduykdifqkdifrIudk xyfzsufonf/ zsufNyD;aemuf tvkyfvkyfaom tvkyf
orm;rsm;\yk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIudk tpm;xkd;onf/ odkYjzifh yk*¾vdu ydkifqkdifrIonf wzefjyefí
jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif toGifrSm ajr&Sifyk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIESifhrwlawmhay/ ,if;ESifhywfoufí
rmhufpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhonf/
]],if;odkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf ukefxkwfol\yk*¾vdu ydkifqkdifrIudk jyefíxlaxmifjcif;
r[kwfay/ t&if;&Sif\ypönf;rsm;udk odrf;,lNyD;aemuf olYtm; ol\wOD;csif;ydkifqkdifrIudk
jyefí ay;tyfjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzifh ukefxkwfolonf ajr,mESifhukefvkyfu&d,mrsm;tm;vkH;
udk tjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwl pkaygif;ykdifqkdifí ukefvkyfa&;wGifvnf; pkaygif;aqmif&Gufay
onf/}}
,if;odkY ukefxkwfolonf bkHukefvkyfa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufolwa,muf jzpfvm
onf/ odkYjzifh bkHxkwfukefwckwGif ol\tpkonf yg0ifvmonf/ olYtpkonf ol\wOD;csif;
ydkifqkdifrI jzpfvmonf/ uGefjrLepfpepf\yXrtqifhwGif olonf ]]ol tvkyfvkyfoavmuf
&&Sdí}} 'kwd,tqifhwGif ]]olvkdoavmuf}}&&Sdayonf/
t&if;&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;&ef wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;rSm jiif;zsufjcif;\jiif;
jroef;wifh101
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
zsufjcif;enf;vrf;yif jzpfonf/ t&if;&SifpepfzsufqD;ypfcJhaom wOD;csif;ykdifqkdifrIudk ydkí
jrifhrm;aom tajccHay:wGif wnfaqmuf&ef jzpfonf/ þwGif rMumcPawGY&wwfaom
trSm;wrludk nTefjyvkdonf/ Oyrm -t*Fvdyfcsm;wpfcsm;wpfcsm;wpfcsm;wpfcsm;wpfvIyf&Sm;rItrSm;rsKd; jzpfonf/ csm;wpfcsm;wpfcsm;wpfcsm;wpfcsm;wpf
vIyf&Sm;rI\ajr,may:vpD\t"dutcsufrsm;rSm t&if;&Sifpepf\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIrsm;
udk tokH;jyKum ukefxkwfol\yk*¾vduykdifqkdifrI pepfa[mif;pepfa[mif;pepfa[mif;pepfa[mif;pepfa[mif;udk jyefíwnfaxmif&efjzpf
onf/ ,if;rSm csm;wpfcsm;wpfcsm;wpfcsm;wpfcsm;wpfvIyf&Sm;rI\trSm;jzpfonf/ jzpfoifhonfrSm ukefxkwfol\yk*¾vduukefxkwfol\yk*¾vduukefxkwfol\yk*¾vduukefxkwfol\yk*¾vduukefxkwfol\yk*¾vdu
ydkifqkdifrIudk zsufqD;cJhaom t&if;&Sifpepftm; xyfrHzsufqD;í opfvGifaomqkd&S,fvpftydkifqkdifrIudk zsufqD;cJhaom t&if;&Sifpepftm; xyfrHzsufqD;í opfvGifaomqkd&S,fvpftydkifqkdifrIudk zsufqD;cJhaom t&if;&Sifpepftm; xyfrHzsufqD;í opfvGifaomqkd&S,fvpftydkifqkdifrIudk zsufqD;cJhaom t&if;&Sifpepftm; xyfrHzsufqD;í opfvGifaomqkd&S,fvpftydkifqkdifrIudk zsufqD;cJhaom t&if;&Sifpepftm; xyfrHzsufqD;í opfvGifaomqkd&S,fvpft
ajccHay:wGif yk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIudk ajccHay:wGif yk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIudk ajccHay:wGif yk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIudk ajccHay:wGif yk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIudk ajccHay:wGif yk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIudk jyefíxlaxmif&ef jzpfonf/
tbd"r®morkdif;udk MunfhvQifvnf; trsKd;rsKd;aom tbd"r®mrsm;rSm jiif;zsufjcif;
udk jiif;zsufjcif;enf;jzifh wkd;wufjzpfay:vmaMumif;udk awGY&SdEkdifonf/ Oyrm - a&S;ya0
PDtusqkH;aom tbd"r®mq&mrsm;\ya0PDobm0&kyf0g'udk pdwf0g'u jiif;zsufcJhonf/
pdwf0g'udk acwfopf&kyf0g'(rmhufpf0g')u jiif;zsufcJhonf/ odkYjzifh jiif;zsufjcif;\jiif;zsuf
jcif;enf;tm;jzifh &kyf0g'onf wzefjyefí jzpfaomfvnf; ydkíjrifhaom tajccHay:wGif ay:
aygufvmayonf/
]]jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufjcif;jzifh ay:aygufvmonfhacwfopf&kyf0g'onf &kyf
0g'a[mif;udk jyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;oufoufrQom ruay/ t&Snfwnfaom a&S;a[mif;
ya0PD&kyf0g'\tajccHrsm;ay:wGif ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmifausmfrQ jzpfay:wkd;wufcJhaom
tbd"r®mESifhobm0odyÜHynmtawG;tac:wkdY\twGif;tESpfom&udk xyfrHaygif;xnfhvkduf
jcif;vnf; jzpfayonf/}} (tdef*s,fvfpf)
jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufykHudk opfaphOyrmwGif awGYjrifEkdifao;onf/ ykdíaumif;
aom opfaphrsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf opfaphudk pkduf&onf/ odkYjzifh yXropfaphudk zsufpD;ypf&
onf/ xkdzsufqD;jcif;ysKd;BuJcH&aom opfaphrS opffyifaygufvmonf/ opfoD; oD;vmonf/
xkdtyifudk zsufí opfaphrsKd;udk xkwf,l&onf/ odkYjzifh opfaphOyrmwGif jiif;zsufjcif;(zsuf
qD;jcif;)ESpfBudrfudk awGY&onf/ tdef*s,fvfpfu jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufykHudk tjcm;Oyrm
wckay;cJhao;onf/
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onf/ ajraqG;rsm;onf ysufpD;um ausmufyHokajrvTmwdkY ay:xGufvmMuonf/ wzef
xkdyHokajrvTmrsm;onf ajraqG;rsm;tjzpfodkY a&mufMujyefum yHokajrvTmtopfwckay:
vm&jyefonf/ ,if;odkYjzifh wckudk wckzsufí ay:vmMuonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdtzsufwkdY\
oabmonf tjyKoabmudk aqmifavonf/ ocsFmaA'wGifvnf; xkdYtwlyif jzpfayonf}}
Oyrm - ]u}udkydkíBuD;aom udef;wckjzpfvmatmif vkyfonfqkdygpkdY/ ]u}xdk]tEIwf
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 102
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
u}(-u)jzpfatmif yXrvkyf&onf/ ,if;onf zsufjcif;jzpfonf/ xkd]tEIwfu}(-u)udk
aemuf ]tEIwfu}(-u)jzifh ajr§muf&onf/ odkYjzifh uESpfxyf(u
2
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(u_u=u
2
)ponf omrefwGufenf;jzifhvnf;&onf/ jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufjcif;enf;
onf "mwkaA'"mwfpifrsm;xJüvnf; awGYEkdifonf/ Oyrm - enf;aomtEkjrLtav;csdef
wGif &&Sdonfhj'yfpifrsm;\owådrsm;onf rsm;aomtEkjrLtav;csdef j'yfpifowådrsm;xJwGif
jyefay:vmykHrsKd; jzpfonf/
ouf&Sdb0\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonfvnf; jiif;y,fjcif;udk jiif;y,fjcif;jzifh &&Sdvm
onf/ a&S;OD;usaom ouf&Sdudk,ft*FgzGJYpnf;rIonf oufwrf;&Snfonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdzGJYpnf;
rIoufwrf;onf wkdawmif;um aoqkH;jcif;odkYa&mufonf/ odkYjzifh rsKd;qufjyefYyGm;apaom
vdift*Fgrsm; ay:aygufvmonftxd jzpfay:vmonf/ odkYjzifh ouf&Sd&kyf\jzpfay:wkd;wuf
rIonf jiif;zsufjcif;[laom aojcif;udkawGY&SdNyD;rSomvQif wkd;wufvmjcif;jzpfayonf/
okdYjzifh oufwrf;wkdaom ukd,ft*FgzGJYpnf;rIonf jzpfay:vmonf/ tyifrsm;ESifhwd&pämef
rsm;\jzpfay:wkd;wufrItqifhodkY a&mufvmonf/ aemuf vl[kay:vmonf/ vlay:vm
onfhtcgusrS vlrIjzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf a&S;a[mif;bkHpepfrS acwfopfbkHpepftxd wkd;
wufjzpfay:cJhonf/ ,if;odkYjzpfay:&mwGif vlwef;pm;&SdaomvlYtzGJYtpnf;rsm; jzpfay:
vmonf/ aemuf vlwef;pm;&Sdaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;onf zsufqD;jcif;cH&jyefum vlwef;pm;
rJhvlYtzGJYtpnf;odkY toGifoP²meftopfaqmifvsuf (acwfopfbkHpepf)jyefa&mufonf/
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jroef;wifh103
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcef;(11)
a0zefa&;ESifhukd,fhudk,fudk a0zefa&;
ta[mif;ESifhtopfwkdY\wkdufyGJ? ,if;wkdY\y#dyu©onf uGefjrLepfvlYtzGJYtpnf;
\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIwGifvnf; obm0w&m;rsm;jzpfaeMurnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif vlvl
csif; aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fonfhpepfr&SdawmhonfESifhjzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf jyif;xefaomvlrI
y#dyu©rsm; tkH<urIrsm;udk jzwfoef;&efrvkdawmhbJ a0zefa&;ESifhudk,fhudk,fukd a0zefa&;[l
aom tpOf;pm;tqifjcifÓPfw&m;udk usifhokH;onfhenf;jzifhom wkd;wufajymif;vJoGm;
ayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;onf jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\armif;ESifa&;tm;opf jzpfayonf/
rmhuffpf0g'onf tpOftNrJ a&SUodkYcsDwufvsuf&SdNyD; jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\tajct
aeopfrsm;ESifhvkdufavsmnDpGm usifhokH;aomwDxGifzefwD;aom odyÜHynmw&yf jzpfayonf/
rmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;\ESvkH;om;onf a0zefa&;ESifhudk,fhudk,fukd a0zefa&;jzpfay
onf/
jzpfay:wkd;wufrI trsKd;tpm;opfw&yf
uGefjrLepfpepfNyD;onfhaemufwGif vlYtzGJYtpnf;\jzpfay:wkd;wufrItem*wfonf
rnfokdYenf;/ ,if;odkYyif jzpfay;wkd;wufrI\tEky#davmrusaom Oya'orsm;onf quf
í jzpfay:aeMuOD;rnfavm/ &yfoGm;Murnfavm/
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf &yfwefYoGm;rnfr[kwfay/ r&yfonfomru uGefjrLepf
pepftqifhodkY a&mufonfhtcgusrSom vl\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf tpjyKonf[kyif qkd
csifawmhonf/ xkdtcgusrS jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf vl\tkyfxdef;uGyfuGJrIt& pDrHudef;cs
rSwfcsuft& odpdwft& jzpfay:vmawmhrnfjzpfayonf/ vlonf jzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk xdef;
odrf;ívm&ayonf/
ukefvkyfu&d,mrsm;tm; pDrHudef;csxm;aom vlrIOD;wnfcsut& a&mcsvkyfukdif
oGm;aprnfjzpfonf/ vlonf obm0ukd csKyfudkifvmEkdifvdrhfrnf/ obm0udk toGifajymif;
vmEkdifvdrfhrnf/ odkYjzifh vl\aexkdifrIpepfwGifvnf; ajymif;oGm;vdrfhrnf/ vl\tvkyftif
tm; enf;enf;jzifh xkwfukefrsm;udk xkwfvkyfvmEkdifvdrfhrnf/ NrdKUESifhaus;awmwkdY\jcm;
em;jcif;udk aysmufapvdrfhrnf/ cGeftm;tvkyfESifhÓPftm;tvkyfwkdY\jcm;em;jcif;udk
aysmufapvdrfhrnf/ vlrIYzGJYpnf;ykH? vlYtjrifvlY"avh? vlaexkdifrIpepf ponfwkdYtm;vkH;vnf;
vkH;0ajymif;vJoGm;Murnfjzpfayonf/ jzpfay:wkd;wufrIrsm;onfvnf; y#dyu©? wkdufyGJwkdY
Mum;rS ay:aygufaeMuvdrfhrnfjzpfayonf/ ta[mif;rsm;onf csKyfNidrf;um topfrsm;
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 104
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
onf wkd;wufjzpfay:aevdrfhrnfjzpfayonf/
odkY&mwGif ,ciftcgrsm;uuJhodkY jyif;xefaomy#dyu©rsm;? vlrItkH<urIrsm;um;
jzpfay:awmhrnf r[kwfay/ tdef*s,fvfpf ajymouJhodkYyif ]]uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhtwl vlYabmif
onf vkdjcif;qif;&J? r&Sdjcif;qif;&JrS uif;vGwfum vGwfvyfjcif;edAÁmefodkY}}a&muf&Sdvdrfhrnf
jzpfayonf/ ,if;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhayonf/
]],cifuqkdvQif vlrIvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcsufOya'orsm;onf obm0ed,mrOy
a'orsm;\twkdif;om jzpfMu&onf/ odkY&mwGif uGefjrLepfpepfodkYa&mufonfESifh vlrIvIyf
&Sm;aqmif&GufcsufOya'orsm;onf vl\pdwftvkdqEtwdkif;? xdef;csKyfrItwkdif;omjzpf
Mu&ayawmhrnf/ ,cifu obm0ESifhorkdif;\vrf;aMumif;t&om jzpfay:aom vlrIt
aqmufttkHonf ,ckvl\tvkdt&om jzpfay:&ayawmhrnf/ odpdwftjynfh&Sdaom vl
onf ol\orkdif;udk ykHoGif;ayvdrhfrnf/}}
vlonf ol\vlrItaqmufttkH\Oya'orsm;udk em;vnfod&Sdum pkaygif;odrf;
qnf;Ekdifaomtcsdef? vlvlcsif;aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,frIr&Sdaomtcsdef? arG;zGm;wkd;wufvsuf&Sd
aomtopfESifhcsKyfNidrf;ysufpD;vsuf&Sdaom ta[mif;wkdY\y#dyu©udk jynfhpkHpGmem;vnfcsdef
ponfhumvwkdYü ta[mif;udk z,f&Sm;í topfudk tpm;xkd;a&;rSm pDrHudef;wusjyKvkyf
EkdifrnfjzpfNyD; y#dyu©r&Sd? tkH<urIr&SdbJ jzpfay:Ekdifayvdrfhrnf/ ta[mif;ESifhtopfwkdY\
y#dyu©&SdNrJ&Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; vltcsif;csif;wGif y#dyu©onf aysmufuG,foGm;um jyó
emrsm;tm; a0zefa&;ESifhudk,fhukd,fudk a0zefa&;paom qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifhjynfh0onfhenf;
vrf;wkdYjzifh ajz&Sif;Ekdifvdrfhrnf/
wDxGifzefwD;aom rmhufpf0g'
odkYjzpf&m tEky#davmrudk atmufygtwkdif; tusOf;csKH;í jyvkdayonf/
tEky#davmron ftnrnqufoG,frI? ajymif;vJrI? jzpfay:wkd;wufrIponfwkdY
ESifhom oufqkdifonf/ &kyfususem;vnfodjrifrIjzifh ajym&vQif tEky#davmronf ]]obm
0? vlYtzGJYtpnf;? vlYtawG;tac:jzpfay:wkd;wufrIESifhajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIwkdY\a,bk,s
Oya'orsm;udk az:jyaomodyÜHynmjzpfonf/}}
tEky#davmrenf;onf csOf;uyfavhvma&;enf;jzpfonf/ obm0? orkdif;ESifh
tm;vkH;aom obm0jzpfpOf? orkdif;jzpfpOfrsm;udk &kyfusustao;pdwfavhvmaomenf;
jzpfonf/ tEky#davmronf pdwåZqefaom tbd"r®mpepfw&yf? az:jrLvmwckr[kwf?
enf;wenf;om jzpfonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;udk ajymif;vJypfa&;twGuf odjrifem;vnfatmif
vrf;nTefonf/
jroef;wifh105
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
,if;wkdYrSm tEky#davmr\obm0ESifhtEky#davmrenf;wkdYjzpfonf/ tEky#davm
rodyÜHynmonf jzpfay:wkd;wufvmí tEky#davmrenf;onf tawGYtMuKHrsm;jzifh <u,f
0vmjcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf tEky#davmrenf;jzifh avhvmMu&onf/ wkd;csJUMu&
onf/ jyifMu&onf/ jyóemopfrsm;? tawGYtMuKHopfrsm;jzifh <u,f0ap&onf/ odkYjzifh
rmhufpf0g'onf wkd;wufvsuf&Sdaom odyÜHynmw&yfjzpfayonf/ pwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifu ajymonfrSm-
]]w&m;aousaom rmhufpf0g'ESifhwDxGifzefwD;aom rmhufpf0g'[lí &Sdonfhteuf
igonf wDxGifzefwD;aom rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'udk vufcHusifhokH;ayonf/ wDxGifzefwD;aom rmhufpf
0g'tm; tajctaersm;jzifh tudkufnDqkH;jzpfatmif usifhokH;Ekdif&eftwGuf¤if;? ajymif;vJ
vsuf&Sdaom tajctaersm;t& ajymif;vJusifhokH;Ekdif&eftwGuf¤if;? enf;vrf;rsm;udk &Sm
azGavhvmayonf/ ,if;onf orkdif;rsm;rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;? qGJjcif;? O'g[&kPfaqmif
MuOf;jcif;ponfwkdYudk rjyKvkyfbJ wu,fjzpfay:aeaom tajctaersm;udkom avhvmay
onf/ ,if;onf udk;um;csufrsm;? aqmifyk'frsm;udk &Gwfqkdjcif;rjyKbJ vufawGYtawGYt
MuKHrsm;udk tajccHayonf/ tawGYtMuKHrsm;udk prf;oyfppfaq;ayonf/ trSm;rsm;rS
ocFPf;pm,layonf/
rmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeif0g'oabmw&m;udk ykdifEkdifvkdvQif xkdoabmw&m;\tESpfom&udk
ausnufatmifjyKvkyfNyD; xkdoabmw&m;udk ypönf;rJh vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ\txl;xl;aom
tajctaersm; atmuf&SdawmfvSefa&;vIyf&Sm;rI\vufawGYjyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&eft
okH;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ rmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeif0g'oabmw&m;udk ydkifEkdifvkdvQif awmfvSefa&;vIyf&Sm;
rI\tawGYtMuKHopfrsm;? tajctaeopfrsm;? tqkdjyKcsufopfrsm;? aumufcsufrsm;t&?
xkdoabmw&m;tm; <u,f0ap&ef BudK;pm;&efjzpfonf/ xdkoabmw&m;tm; wkd;csJUjyefY
yGm;um orkdif;\tajctaeopfrsm;ESifhudkufnDaom aumufcsufrsm;? tqkdrsm;udk xkdo
abmw&m;\tESpfom&ESifhtnD jznfhpGufay;jcif;jzpfayonf/}}
wDxGifzefwD;aom rmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpf0g'onf jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'ESifhajzmifhajzmifhqefY
usifonf? jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;rsm;u ]]rmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpf0g'onf w&m;aor[kwf}}[koma<u;
aMumfvmMuonf/ jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'onf rmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpf0g'rS aemufjyefqkwfjcif;jzpfay
onf/ w&m;aot,ltqrsm;udk qefYusifrnf[laom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzifh zkH;uG,fNyD;?
rmhufpf0g'udk pGefYcGmum "e&Sifw&m;aot,ltqrsm;aemufokdY vkdufoGm;ayonf/ wDxGif
zefwD; rmhufpf0g'onf rmhufpf\&kyfoabmw&m;\tESpfom&udk xdef;odrf;<u,f0apay
onf/ xkdYaMumifh vDeifESifhpyfvsOf;í pwmvifu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/
]]vDeifonf rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdY\opömt&SdqkH; trSefuefqkH;aom om0u
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tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 106
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
aom rlrsm;ay:wGif vkH;0tajcpkdufayonf/ vDeifonf rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdY\w&m;
udk vufcH&kHrQru qufvufo,faqmifolvnf; jzpfonf/}}
a0zefa&;ESifhudk,fhudk,fukda0zefa&;
rmhufpf-vDeif0g'udk ykdifEkdifvkdvQif tEky#davmrenf;udk tokH;jyK&rnf/ tokH;jyK
&if;vnf; wkd;csJU&rnf/ odkYtokH;jyKwkd;csJUEkdif&ef vufawGYcef;ESifht,ltqcef;ESpf&yfpvkH;
yif a0zefa&;ESifhudk,fhukd,fudk a0zefa&;vkdonf/
a0zefa&;ESifhudk,fhudkf,fukda0zefa&;onf tEky#davmrenf;\ESvkH;onf;yGwfjzpf
onf/ t,ltqESifhvufawGYonf wckESifhwcknDnTwfae&rnf/ vufawGYu a&SUa&mufí
t,ltqu aemufusaevQifrjzpf/ t,ltqonf vufawGYESifhnDnTwfae&kHrQru a&SU
a&mufae&rnf/ odkYrSom vufawGYudk acgif;aqmifEkdifrnf/ vufawGYonf t,ltqt
vif;a&mifr&SdbJ arSmifxJwGif prf;w0g;0g;vkyfaeírjzpf? odkYjzpf&m oabmw&m;ESifhvuf
awGYnDnTwfrI&Sd&eftwGuf txufESifhatmuf? atmufESifhtxuf? tjyefjyeftvSefvSefppf
aq;jcif;? avhvmjcif;? a0zefjcif;ponfwkdYudk jyKvkyf&ayvdrfhrnf/ rSefaomt&mudk &J&J
wif;wif;todtrSwfjyKí rSm;aomt&m? raumif;aomt&mudkvnf; &J&J&ifh&ifhxif;xif;
MunfhwwfzkdYvkdonf/ trSm;[lonf a&SmifívTJír&ay/ odkY&mwGif trSm;ukd awGYonfESifh
wNydKifeuf trSm;\Zpfjrpfudk&SmazGum jyif&efBudK;pm;oifhonf/ trSm;rSocFPf;pm,lí
trSefokdYa&SU&Ioifhonf/ pwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifu a0zefa&;udk atmufygtwkdif; qkdonf/
]]...tMuifygwDonf a0zefa&;ESifhudk,fhudk,fudk a0zefa&;udk aMumuf&GHUjcif;r&Sd
yg? trSm;rsm;ESifhcsKdU,Gif;csufrsm;udk vpfvsL&Ijcif;rjyKyg/ ygwD\vkyfief;ü awGY&aom t
rSm;rsm;rS ocFPf;pmqGJxkwfum ygwD0ifrsm;tm; ynmay;oifMum;jcif;jyKygvQif xkdtrSm;
udkvnf; rnfokdYtcsdefrSD jyifqif&rnfudk od&SdygvQif xkdygwDonf b,fawmhrQ NydKuGJysufpD;
vdrfhrnfr[kwfay/}}
wcgw&Hü tuJjzwfcsufvGJojzifh rawmfwqtrSm;rsm;udk awGY&wwfonf/ odkY
&mwGif a,bk,stm;jzifhrl? "avha[mif;? vkyfenf;udkifenf;a[mif;wkdYaMumifh rsm;pGmaom
trSm;rsm; ay:aygufvmonfukd awGY&wwfonf/ arQmfvifhxm;ovkd rjzpfvmaomtcg
wGif b,fae&mu rSm;aeonfudk ppfaq;&efvkdonf/ avhvm&efvkdonf/ odkYrSom tawGY
tMuKH<u,f0um trSefodkY a&mufvmayvdrfhrnf/
pwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifpwmvifu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhonf/
]]...wkdufyGJ\jzpfpOftwGif;ü¤if;? y#dyu©rsm;\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIjzpfpOftwGif;
ü¤if;? xkdy#dyu©rsm;tm; ausmfvTm;a&;jzpfpOftwGif;ü¤if;? xkdy#dyu©rsm;tm; tvif;
jroef;wifh107
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
a&mifatmufü Munfhjrifum acszsufypfa&;jzpfpOftwGif;ü¤if;? igwkdYjzwfoef;aeMuay
onf/
...tpítcsKdUwkdYonf aoaMuysufpD;vsuf&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdaoaMuysuf
pD;aeMuaom t&mrsm;onf Nidrfoufat;csrf;pGm ysufpD;aeMujcif;r[kwfbJ taMumuf
tuef jiif;qefvsuf&dSMuonf/ wnfNrJa&;twGuf ckcHvsuf&SdMuonf/ csKyfNidrf;vkeD;yg;
jzpfaeaom tusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,faevsuf&SdMuonf...}}
...b0ü tcsKdYwdkYonf arG;zGm;BuD;jyif;aeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdarG;zGm;BuD;jyif;
aeaomt&mrsm;onf Nidrfoufat;csrf;pGm BuD;jyif;aeMuonfr[kwf? rdrdwkdY\b0wnf
NrJa&;twGuf atmf[pfvsuf? &kef;uefvsuf? ckcHvsufBuD;jyif;aeMuonf/
...,if;odkY topfESifhta[mif;? arG;zGm;BuD;jyif;vsuf&dSjcif;ESifhcsKyfNidrf;jcif;wkdY
\tMum;&Sd y#dyu©onfum;? jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\tajccHaywnf;/ igwkdY\trSm;rsm; csKdY
,Gif;csufrsm;udk yGifhvif;&kdom;pGm rMunfhjrifEkdifjcif;? rnTefjyEkdifjcif;wkYdonf igwkYd\wkd;wuf
a&;vrf;udk ydwfapayonf/ okdY&mwGif igwkdYonf a&SUodkYcsDwufvkdojzifh igwkdYonf igwkdY\
vkyfief;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í &kd;om;aom? awmfvSefa&;usaom udk,fhudk,fudk a0zefa&;udk
jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfayonf/ udk,fhudk,fudk a0zefa&;r&SdbJ jzpfay:wkd;wufrI r&SdEkdifay/}}
®
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 108
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
tcef;(12)
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'ESifhodyÜHynm
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf odyÜHenf;usaomavmutjrif jzpfonf/ qkd&S,fvpf
0g'udk odyÜHynmw&yftoGifodkY jyqkdjcif;? vlYtzGJYtpnf;\odyÜHynmudk wkd;csJUjcif;? odyÜHynm
udk vlYtET,fBuD;\tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tokH;jyK&efnTefjyjcif;ponfwkdYudk MunfhvQif tEk
y#davmr&kyf0g'\odyÜHenf;usaomtoGifvu©Pmrsm;udk awGYjrifEkdifonf/ a,bk,stm;
jzifh qkd&vQif tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf odyÜHenf;usaom avmutjrifwck jzpfonf/ xkd
avmutjrifonf rnfonfhtbd"r®mudkrQ ]]odyÜHynm\txufusonf}}[k vufrcHay/
urÇmavmuBuD;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom tjrif[lorQonf odyÜHynmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;udk tajccHonf
[kom ,lqonf/
odyÜHynmwkd;wufvmjcif;onf &kyf0g'u pdwf0g'tay: atmifjrifrIxkxnfBuD;
rm;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ avmutjrifonf &kyfus&kHrQru tEky#davmrus&rnf[kvnf; odyÜH
ynmu nTefjycJhonf/ pGrf;tifrsm; ajymif;vJjcif;oabmw&m;? 'g0if\wa&GUa&GUESifht
qifhqifh ajymif;vJrIoabmw&m;? uvmyfpnf;rsm;zGJYpnf;rIoabmw&m;paom odyÜHynm
odyÜHynmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;tm;vkH;onf obm0\tEky#davmroabmudk xif&Sm;jycJhonf/
odkY&mwGif t&if;&SifodyÜHynmonf tMuyftwnf;BuD;udk awGYae&onf/ (1) odyÜH
ynmokawoevkyfief;udk t&if;&Sifvuf0g'BuD;tkyf vkyfief;rsm;ESifhppfvkyfief;rsm;twGuf
jyKvkyfjcif;/ (2) odyÜHynmtopfawGY&Sdcsufrsm;ESifhpdwf0g'qefaom wuúaA'usaomt,l
tqrsm; qefYusifaeMujcif;ponfhtaMumif;wkdYaMumifh jzpfonf/
odyÜHenf;usaom avmutjrif
rmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeifrmhufpf-vDeif0g'ygwD\avmutjrifjzpfaom tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf odyÜH
enf;usonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf t&m0w¬Krsm;udk wiful;,lqcsufrsm;(pdwf0g'qef
aom pdwful;rsm;)jzifh rMunfhbJ e*kd&ft&Sdtwkdif; MunfhjrifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ t&m0w¬K
rsm;udk Munfhjrif&mü tu,ft[kwfjzpfaom pl;prf;&SmazGrIrsm;? tawGYtMuKHrsm;udkom
tajcjyK&rnf/ vufawGYjzifh prf;oyfppfaq;&rnf[k tEky#davmrenf;u nTefjyonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'[lonf t&m0w¬Krsm;udk ¤if;wkdY\e*kd&ft&Sdtwkdif;odjrifem;
vnfjcif;? (&kyf0g')ESifht[kwfwu,f&Sdaom ¤if;wkdY\tnrnqufoG,frI? vIyf&Sm;rI(tEk
y#davmrenf;)wkdYtwkdif; odjrifem;vnfjcif; rnfayonf/
rmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpf0g'onf qkd&S,fvpf0g'udk odyÜHynmw&yftaejzifh jyqkdvkdufjcif;jzifh odyÜH
jroef;wifh109
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
enf;usaomtoGifudk aqmifayonf/
rmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpf\qkd&S,fvpf0g'onf pdwful;,Of0g'Dorm;wkdY\qkd&S,fvpf0g'ESifhjcm;em;
ayonf/ pdwful;,Of0g'Drsm;onf pHjyvlYtzGJYtpnf;uav;wckukdom xlaxmifí vufawGY
wGif qkd&S,fvpf0g'atmifjrifatmif rnfodkYvkyf&rnfudk rjyEkdifcJhay/ tjcm;wbufwGif
rmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpf0g'onf orkdif;\wuJhvIyf&Sm;rI? t&if;&SifvlYtzGJYtpnf;\pD;yGm;a&;Oya'orsm;
udkpepfwus cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmum qkd&S,fvpf0g'tm; odyÜHynmw&yftjzpf ykHoGif;cJhayonf/
odkYjzifh qkd&S,fvpf0g'pepfonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;\wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifhjzpfay:ajymif;vJ
rIjzpfpOft& rvGJraoGay:ayguf&rnf[k¤if;? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\wkdufyGJudk rnfokdY
qifETJ&rnf[k¤if; ypönf;rJhtmPm&Siftjzpfudk rnfodkYxlaxmif&rnf[k¤if; rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'u
ajymcJhayonf/
rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'rmhufpf0g'onf vludk¤if;? vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk¤if;? orkdif;udk¤if;? odyÜHenf;uspGm &I
jrifayonf/ þonfudk tdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif; a&;cJhayonf/
]]qkd&S,fvpf0g'onf odyÜHynmw&yfjzpfvmayonf/ xkdYaMumifh ¤if;tm; odyÜHynm
w&yfuJhodkY avhvm&ef qkd&S,fvpf0g'u awmif;qdkayonf/}}
wdusaomOya'orsm;t& vlYorkdif;onf wqifhrSwqifhodYk jzpfay:wkd;wufae
aMumif;udk vlYtzGJYtpnf;tm; odyÜHenf;uspGm avhvmjcif;jzifh odEkdifayonf/ ,if;jzpfwkd;
wufrIwGif vlonf wuf<uvIyf&Sm;aom tiftm;pkjzpfayonf/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;jzpfay:wkd;
wufrI Oya'orsm;udk odjrifem;vnfjcif;jzifh wkdufyGJrsm;udk a&SUaqmifEkdifum qkd&S,fvpf
tem*wfudk zefwD;Ekdifayonf/ odYkjzifh odyÜHenf;usaom qkd&S,fvpf0g'onf odyÜHynm&yf
wckjzpfvmayonf/
,cktcg obm0odyÜHudk avhvmolrsm; acgif;&IyfaeMuaom jyóemw&yf&Sday
onf/ ,if;rSm odyÜHynmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;udk tpkd;&rsm;u tokH;jyK&aumif;rSef; rodaom
tcsufyifjzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;onf tEkjrL"mwftm;udk awGY&dScJhonf/
odkY&mwGif tpdk;&rsm;u aumif;usKd;twGufrokH;bJ tzsufvufeufrsm; jyKvkyfa&;wGif okH;
pGJaeMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh vltrsm;uyif odyÜHynmonf aumif;usKd;xuf qkd;usKd;ukdom ay;
onf/ odyÜHynmr&SdcJhvQif taumif;om;[lí rsm;pGm awG;ac:pjyKvmMuonf/
,if;odkYaom odyÜHynmawGY&dScsufrsm;udk vlYtEG,fBuD;\aumif;usKd;twGuf rnf
odkYtokH;csrnfenf;/ odyÜHenf;usaomqkd&S,fvpf0g'? rmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeif0g'wckwnf;omvQif
þjyóemudk ajz&Sif;Ekdifayonf/ orkdif;udk rnfonfhtiftm;pkrsm;u jyKjyifzefwD;aeonf
qkdonfhtcsufudk¤if;? vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk rnfolawGu ajymif;ypfEkdifí tem*wfudk rnfol
awGu zefwD;Ekdifonfhtcsufudk¤if;? rmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeif0g'u jyoayonf/ xkdYaMumifh odyÜHynm
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 110
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
udk vlYtEG,fBuD;\aumif;usKd;twGuf rnfokdYtokH;cs&rnfqkdonfhtcsufudk¤if;? odyÜHynm
\,aeYtMuyftwnf;udk rnfokdYajz&Sif;&rnfqkdonfhtcsufudk¤if;? rmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeifrmhufpfvDeif0g'uyif
nTefjyayonf/ tEkjrL"mwftm;udk rnfokdYtokH;cs&rnfudk &lyaA'u nTefjyonf/ odYk&m
wGif ,if;"mwftm;udk vlrIaumif;usKd;twGuf rnfodkYtokH;cs&rnfqkdonfudkrl &lyaA'u
nTefjyjcif;rjyKEkdifawmhay/ ,if;odkY nTefjyEkdifaom t&mrSm tEkjrL\odyÜHynmr[kwfbJ
vlYtzGJYtpnf;\odyÜHynmom jzpfayonf/ rmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpf0g'onf vlYtzGJYtpnf;\odyÜHynmjzpf
ayonf/
odyÜHynmESifh&kyf0g'
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf ]]odyÜHynm\txuf}}wGif wnf&Sdaomtbd"r®mr[kwf
ay/
tcsKdUurl tbd"r®mqkdonfrSm ]]odyÜHynm\txuf}}u xm;&rnf[kqkdMuonf/
odkYqkdjcif;tm;jzifh olwkdYonf urÇmavmuBuD;udk &Ijrif&mwGif odyÜHynmtajccH? vufawGY
ESifhtawGYtMuKHrsm;rS uif;uGmum? pdwful;jzifh &rf;a&mfrSef;qMunfh&ma&mufayonf/ þ
odkY]]txufrSpD;íjrifaom}}tjrifjzifh olwkdYonf odyÜHynmukd tbd"r®m\vufatmufcHt
jzpfxm;vkdMuonf/ tbd"r®monf jrifhaomynm&yfjzpfí odyÜHynm&yfonf edrfhaomynm
&yfjzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/
odkY&mwGif rmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpfrmhufpf0g'onf ,if;t,ltqudk vufrcHay/ ,if;udk tdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpftdef*s,fvfpfu
atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhayonf/
]]...tbd"r®mw&yfonf odyÜHynm&yfrsm;\txufu &Sd&rnfqkdaomtcsufudk
acwfopf&kyf0g'(rmhufpf0g')u vufrcHawmhay/ oD;jcm;aomodyÜHynm&yfonf ¤if;ESifh
t&m0w¬Krsm;tm;vkH;\pkaygif;zGJYpnf;rIBuD;(tbd"r®mwckvkH;)wkdY rnfodkYqufpyfaeonfudk
cGJjcm;&Sif;vif;jyonfhynm&yfjzpfayonf/ odkYjzpfav&m pkaygif;zGJYpnfrIpepfBuD;(tbd"r®m)
udk jyefí avhvmaomodyÜHynm[lí rnfokdY&SdEkdifOD;awmhrnfenf;...}}
¤if;uqufvufí...
]]tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onfvnf; tbd"r®mw&yf r[kwfawmhay/ rdrd\ckdifrmrSef
uefrIudk odyÜHynm&yfjzifh ,SOfwGJíjyqkdaom omrefavmutjrifw&yfrQom jzpfayonf}}
[k ajymcJhaovnf/
xkdYaMumifh obm0ESifhobm0t&mrsm;? jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh¤if;wkdYtcsif;csif; tnrn
qufoG,frIrsm;? ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIOya'orsm; ponfwkdYudk Munfhjrif&mwGif tbd"r®m
awG;ac:rIt& Munfhjrifjcif;rjyKoifhbJ obm0odyÜHynm\pl;prf;&SmazGrI &Ia'gifhrSomMunfh
jroef;wifh111
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
jrifoifhayonf/
urÇmavmuBuD;ESifh,if;\jzpfay:wkd;wufrItm; odyÜHenf;usus avhvmpl;prf;
rIonf b,fawmhrS NyD;jynfhpkHEkdifrnfr[kwfay/ odkYodyÜHenf;usus avhvmír&aomt&m
rsm;udk tbd"r®mawG;ac:rIrsm;jzifh rSef;qívnf; &Ekdifrnfr[kwfay/ Oyrm - ouf&dSb0
onf y&kdwdef;"mwfpaom tcsKdUaomouf0if&kyfrsm; yg0ifzGJYpnf;xm;onf[k odyÜHusus
pl;prf;rIrsm;t& od&Sd&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdouf0if&kyfrsm;ESifhwuG ouf&Sdb0onf rnfodkY
pwifjzpfay:vmaMumif;udk &SmazGrawGYao;ay/ okdYrawGYao;aomt&mudk bmaMumifh t
bd"r®mawG;ac:rIrsm;jzifh rSef;qMunfhjrifaeMuOD;rnfenf;/ ouf&Sdb0 b,fodkYpwif
aMumif;udk odyÜHenf;usaom pl;prf;rIjzifhom od&SdEkdifrnfr[kwfygavm/
,if;ESifhywfoufí qkdAD,ufodyÜHynm&SifwOD;jzpfol 0Da&mh0Da&mh0Da&mh0Da&mh0Da&mhu ol\]]v,f,mpdkuf
ysKd;a&;odyÜHynm&yfrsm;qkdif&m vDeifvDeifvDeifvDeifvDeiftu,f'rDrSwfwrf;}}wGif atmufygtwkdif; az:jy
xm;onf/
]]odyÜHynmonf ouf&Sdb0udk¤if;? ouf&SdESifhoufrJh y&dkwdef;"mwfrsm;udk¤if;? csKyf
udkifxm;EkdifayNyD/ odkY&mwGif b,ft&monf y&dkwdef;"mwfjzpfonf/ b,ft&monf ouf&Sd
b0jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf b,frStpjyKonfqkdonfhjyóemrsm;udkrl odyÜHynmonf &SmazG
rawGY&dSao;ay/ y&dkwdef;"mwftaMumif;udk odvkdvQif tedrfhqkH;rS tjrifhqkH;txd prf;oyf
rItrsKd;rsKd;ukd jyKvkyf&ayOD;rnf/ prf;oyfrIonf yXr? prf;oyfrIonf 'kwd,? prf;oyfrI
onf wwd,jzpfayonf/
urÇmavmuBuD;wGif t&mwkdif;udk odyÜHynmpl;prf;rIjzifhom em;vnfEkdifayonf/
t&m0w¬Krsm;? jzpfpOfrsm;? ajymif;vJrIrsm;tm;vkH;onf &kyftaMumif;w&m;aMumifhom
jzpfay:avonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif odYkr[kwf 0dnmOfawmf odkYr[kwf teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sif
\zefwD;rIaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfr[kwfay/
xkdYaMumifh odyÜHynm\awGY&Sdcsufwkdif;onf &kyf0g'\wkd;wufrI? &kyf0g'\atmifyGJ
jzpfavonf/ pdwf0g'\qkwf,kwfrI? pdwf0g'\t&IH; jzpfayonf/
odyÜHynmESifhtEky#davmr
odyÜHynmwkd;wufonfESifhtrQ urÇmavmuBuD;udk Munfhjrifaom&kyf0g'tjrifonf
MunfvifyDovmayonf/ ydkíwduscdkifrmvmavonf/ xkdYaMumifh ]]obm0odyÜHynmonf
awGY&Sdcsuftopfwckudk &vmwkdif; &kyf0g'onfvnf; ¤if;\ykHoP²mefudk ajymif;&rnfom
jzpfayonf}}[k tdef*s,fvfpfu ajymchJayonf/ vGefcJhonfhtESpfw&mtwGif; awGY&dScJhaom
odyÜHnm awGY&Sdcsufrsm;aMumifhvnf; &kyf0g'onf toGifajymif;vJum ydkítEky#davmrenf;
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 112
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
usvmjcif;jzpfayonf/ þonfudk tdef*s,fvfpfu...
]]topfawGY&Sdcsufrsm;aMumifh ajymif;vJvmaom obm0odyÜHynmt,ltqrsm;
onf obm0tcsif;t&mrsm;\tEky#davmrusaom toGifvu©Pmudk xif&Sm;pGm jycJh
onf/ tEky#davmrudk qefYusifolrsm;uyif ,if;tcsufudk todtrSwfjyKvm&ayonf/
]]obm0onf tEky#davmr\rSwfausmufjzpfayonf/ acwfopfobm0odyÜH
ynmonf ,if;rSwfausmufxGif prf;oyfppfaq;&eftwGuf <u,f0rsm;jym;aom t&mrsm;
udk xkwfvkyfay;vsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;onfyifvQif obm0\jzpfpOfonf tEky#davmrus
aMumif;udk oufaojyvsuf&Sdayonf}}
q,fhudk;&mpkESpftwGif;&&SdcJhaom odyÜHynmawGY&SdcsufBuD;okH;&yfonf tEky#davm
rrSefuefaMumif;udk oufaoxlcJhonf[k tdef*s,fvfpfu nTefjycJhonf/
,if;awGY&SdcsufBuD;okH;&yfrSm atmufygwkdY jzpfonf/
(1) uvmyfpnf;onf ,lepfwckjzpfonf/ xkd,lepfudk aygif;jcif;? EIwfjcif;tm;jzifh tyif?
odkYr[kwf wd&pämefwkdY\udk,fcE¨mzGHYNzdK;&onf[laom uvmyfpnf;(pJvf)oabmw&m;/
(1839-ckESpfwGif &Tef;&Tef;&Tef;&Tef;&Tef;qkdolodyÜHynm&SifwOD; awGY&SdcJhonf/)
(2) "mwftm;rsm; toGiful;ajymif;ykHoabmw&m;/ (1845-ckESpfwGif ar,m ar,m ar,m ar,m ar,mqkdol odyÜH
ynm&SifwOD;u awGY&SdcJhonf/)
(3) wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJjcif;oabmw&m;/ (1859-ckESpfwGif 'g0if'g0if'g0if'g0if'g0ifu awGY
&dScJhonf/)
þawGY&SdcsufBuD;okH;&yfonf tEky#davmrwGif rnfrQta&;BuD;ykHudk tusOf;csKyf
íMunfhMupkdY/
Oyrm - "mwftm;rsm; toGiful;ajymif;ykHoabmw&m;/ tyl&Sdefonf "mwfwyg;
jzpfí &kyfcE¨mrsm;wGif jzpfvkduf ysufvkdufESifh&SdaeMuonf[k ,lqcJhMuonf/ vQyfppf"mwf
tm; oHvkduf"mwftm;ponfwkdYonfvnf; &kyfcE¨may:wGif vIyf&Sm;aeMuonfh]]tiftm;
pk}}rsm;[k ,lqcJhMuonf/ odkYjzifh &kyfcE¨may:wGif¤if;? &kyfcE¨mxJü¤if;? vIyf&Sm;aeMuonfh
tyl"mwf? vQyfppf"mwf? oHvkduf"mwfponfwkdYonf wckESifhwck oD;jcm;uif;uGm wnf&Sdae
Muonf[k ,lqcJhonf/ okdY&mwGif q,fhudk;&mpkwGif;wGif "mwftm;toGiful;ajymif;rIESifh
xdef;odrf;rIoabmw&m;udk awGY&Sdvmonf/
]]puf,EÅ&m;vIyf&Sm;rI? tyl"mwf? tyl&Sdef"mwf?(tvif;a&mifESifhtvif;a&mifrS
&aomtyl&Sdefponf)vQyfppf"mwf? oHvkduf"mwf? "mwkaA'"mwftm;ponfwkdYonf vIyf
&Sm;ajymif;vJrIudk xif&Sm;jyaeaomt&mrsm;jzpfacsonf/ xkd"mwfrsm;onf tcsKd;us
aygif;pyfvIyf&Sm;um "mwfwrsKd;rS topfwrsKd;odkYul;um toGiftrsKd;rsKd;ajymif;aeMu
jroef;wifh113
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
onf/ xkdYaMumifh obm0\vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrIwckvkH;onfvnf; toGifwckrS wckodkY ul;
ajymif;aeaomjzpfpOfom jzpfayonf}} (tdef*s,fvfpf)
odkYjzpf&m ,if;odkY"mwftm;rsm;toGiful;ajymif;rIudk b,ftbd"r®mwGifrS &SmrawGY
Ekdifay/ odyÜHynmwGifom &SmazGawGY&SdEkdifayonf/ Oyrm - a&aEG;aiGYjzifh armif;ESifonfh
tif*sifpufudk MunfhMupdkY/ ausmufrD;aoG;udk rD;&IdUjcif;jzifh tyl&SdefxGufvmonf/ rD;onf
a&aEG;aiGYudk xkwfvkyfonf/ a&aEG;aiGYonf qvif'grSwqifh ypöwefudk wGef;onf/ ypöwef
onf puf\bD;rsm;udk vnfaponf/ odkYjzifh tylonf puf,EÅ&m;vIyf&Sm;rIudk jzpfay:ap
avonf/
wzef ausmufrD;aoG;rS xkwfvkyfvkdufaom "mwftm;onf b,fuvmoenf;/
odyÜHynmu &SmazGawGY&SdayNyD/ tylonf aea&mifjcnfrS&&Sdonf/ aea&mifjcnfonf opf
yifrsm;\yifpnfxJwGif Mum&SnfpGm udef;0yfaeonf/ opfyifonf ausmufrD;aoG;udkjzpfap
onf/ odkYjzifh ausmufrD;aoG;udk rD;&IdUvkdufaomtcg tyl"mwfjzpfay:vmayonf/ wzef
aexJ&Sd tylonf b,fuvmoenf;/ ae\twGif;&Sd [dkuf'&kd*sif"mwftwGif;&Sd pMum0Vm
tEkjrLrIHrsm;rS ay:vmayonf/
,if;awGY&Sdcsufudk rlvu "mwftm; xdef;odrf;rIoabmw&m;[k ac:ayonf/
,if;\t"dyÜg,frSm "mwftm;[lonf aMuysufoGm;jcif;r&Sd? wnfíaeonf/ "mwftm;onf
toGifwrsKd;rS wrsKd;ul;ajymif;aeonf[k qkdvkdonf/ tdef*s,fvfpfurl ,if;oabmw&m;
udk "mwftm;toGif ul;ajymif;rIoabmw&m;[kac:ayonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm "mwftm;[l
onf &kyf\vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrIykHoP²mefwrsKd;rSwrsKd;odkY ul;ajymif;aeonf[k qkdvkdonf/
(tyl"mwfrS puf,EÅ&m;udk vnfapaom"mwfodkY ul;ajymif;enf;rsKd;/)
odkYjzifh &lyaA'onf toGiful;ajymif;rIrsm;\odyÜHynmw&yf jzpfayonf/ &kyfjzpf
pOfrsm; ykHpHrsm;? ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk woD;wjcm;pD avhvmjcif;rjyKbJ ¤if;wkdY\t
nrnqufoG,frIoabmw&m;t& avhvmaomodyÜHynm&yf jzpfayonf/
þtEky#davmr\oabmudk tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;\aemufqkH;awGY&SdcsufwGifvnf; xyfrH
awGY&jyefonf/ tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;u tpdkiftcJudk "mwftm;tjzpf ul;ajymif;Ekdifonf[k awGY&SdcJh
onf/ ,cifurl tpdkiftcJqkdonfrSm "mwftm;tjzpf ul;ajymif;í r&[k xifrSwfcJhMu
onf/ (tav;csdef? zdESdyfrIudk wkHYjyeftm;ponf)odkY&mwGif tpkdiftcJqkdonfrSmvnf; toGif
wrsKd;rS wrsKd;odkY "mwftm;tjzpf ul;ajymif;Ekdifonfudk tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;u awGY&SdvmcJhonf/ Oyrm
tpdkiftcJudk tyl&Sdeftyl"mwftjzpf ul;ajymif;Ekdifonf/ odkYjzifh tpdkiftcJESifh"mwftm;onf
oD;jcm;wnfaeaomt&mrsm; r[kwfbJ tEky#davmrenf;t& tnrnqufoG,faeaom
t&m0w¬Krsm; jzpfaMumif;udk awGYvm&onf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 114
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
'g0if\wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJrIoabmw&m;onfvnf; tEky#davmr
&kyf0g'\rSefuefrIudk az:jycJhayonf/
rsKd;ET,f&Sdí xm0&bk&m;ocifu oD;jcm;zefwD;onf[k ,cifu ,lqchJMuonf/
odkY&mwGif rsKd;EG,fonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\zefqif;rIr[kwfaMumif;? obm0a&G;cs,frIt&
rsKd;EG,fwkdYonf wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifhajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfaMumif;udk 'g0if'g0if'g0if'g0if'g0ifu
nTefjycJhonf/ Oyrm - a&owå0gjzpfaom ig;\qD;tdrfonf ukef;owå0g\tqkwftjzpf
odkY ajymif;vJvmaMumif;ukd¤if;? wGm;oGm;aomwd&pämefrsm;\taMu;rsm;onf iSufrsm;\
tawmifjzpfvmaMumif;udk ¤if;jyqkdcJhonf/ blrdaA'wGf ajrvTmrsm;ajymif;vJMuykHudk Munfh
vQifvnf; wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifhajymif;vJrI 'g0if'g0if'g0if'g0if'g0if\oabmw&m;rSefuefaMumif;udk awGY
&onf/
uvmyfpnf;(pJvf)oabmw&m;wGifvnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfonf/ ,cifurl t
yifrsm;? wd&pämefrsm;\cE¨mukd,fonf &dk;wGif;csOfqDrsm;aMumifh wkd;wufzGHYNzdK;cJh&onf[k
,lqonf/ odkY&mwGif aemufydkif;ü cEmudk,fonf uvmyfpnf;rsm;\twkd;tavQmhukd vkduf
í zGHNzdK;cJhonf[k awGY&Sdvmonf/ uvmyfpnf;oabmw&m;onf tnrnqufoG,frI? vIyf
&Sm;rIudk jyaomoabmw&m;jzpfonf/ odkYjzifh obm0odyÜHynmonf tEky#davmrrSefuef
aMumif;udk oufaojycJhonf/
t&if;&SifpepftwGif; odyÜHynm\tMuyftwnf;/
t&if;&Sifpepfonf ,aeYtcsdefü taxGaxGtMuyftwnf;BuD;udk &ifqkdifae&
onf/ xkdYaMumifh t&if;&SifodyÜHynmonfvnf; tMuyfwnf;qkdufae&onf/ rnfodkYaom
tMuyftwnf;enf;/
tMuyftwnf;ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/
yXr? odyÜHynmokawoevkyfief; tMuyftwnf;jzpfonf/ t&if;&SifukefvkyfpGrf;
tm;pkrsm;ESifhtwl odyÜHynmonf wkd;wufzGHYNzdK;vmonf/ odkY&mwGif odyÜHynmokawoe
onf wOD;csif;vkyfEkdifaom vkyfief;r[kwf? tzGJYtpnf;vkdonf/ ud&d,mwefqmyvmvkd
onf/ aiGvkdonf/ xkdYaMumifh odyÜHynmokawoersm;udk jyKvkyfMuaomtcgwGif vuf0g;
BuD;tkyfvkyfief;BuD;rsm;u aiGt&if;tESD;pdkufxkwfMuonf/ odkYjzifh odyÜHynmokawoevkyf
ief;onf vuf0g;BuD;tkyfvkyfief;rsm; ppf0g'Drsm;\vufatmufodkY usa&mufvmavonf/
odyÜHynmonf tjrwftpGef;&&Sda&;ESifhppfEkdifa&;twGuf taxmuftuljyKonfht&mjzpf
vmawmhonf/ ,if;ESifhywfoufí urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD Ouú|? odyÜHynm&SifBuD;jzpf
ol ygarmu©*Ref? 'D? ume,fvfygarmu©*Ref? 'D? ume,fvfygarmu©*Ref? 'D? ume,fvfygarmu©*Ref? 'D? ume,fvfygarmu©*Ref? 'D? ume,fvfu atmufygtwkdif; a&;cJhonf/
jroef;wifh115
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
]]...Oyrmtm;jzifh tyifrsm;\cE¨maA'ESifhywfoufaom odyÜHynmonf rsm;
pGmacwfaemufusí usef&pfcJhayonf/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&vQif aiGaMu;rwwfEkdifaomaMumifh
þynm&yfonf aemufusaecJhjcif;jzpfonf/ t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;
a&;odyÜHynm\tajctaeonfvnf; acwfaemufususef&pfcJhonf/ odkYjzpf&jcif;rSm xkd
ynm&yfwGif okawoejyKvkyf&ef tajctaeray;aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ tcsKdUodyÜH
ynm&yfrsm;rSm aiGaMu;pkdufxkwfokH;pGJjcif; rjyKMuojzifh wdrfaumyaysmufrwwfjzpfae
Mu\/ tcsKdUodyÜHokawoevkyfief;rsm;um; aiGtokH;vGefaomaMumifh wdrfaumyaysmuf
vkrwwfjzpfaeMu\/ ,if;tcsufrSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,faumif;ayonf/ Oyrm - blrd"mwk
aA'ynm&yfonf wdrfaumrwwfjzpfaeayNyD/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf a&eHvkyfief;&SifBuD;
rsm;u blrd"mwkaA'ynmokawoevkyfief;rsm;udk wif;MuyfpGm vQKdU0Sufxm;Muaom
aMumifhjzpfayonf/
odkYjzifh t&if;&Sifpepfatmufü odyÜHynmonf pD;yGm;a&;oabmqefvmonf/ ppf
toGifaqmifvmonf/ xkdYaMumifh odyÜHynmonf z&kdz&Jjzpfvmum &kyfysufqif;ysufb0odkY
a&mufvmcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí odyÜHynmudk þtajcrS ausmfvGefatmif bmvkyfMu&rnfenf;}}
odyÜHynmtm; tvGJokH;pm;jyKvkyfaejcif;udk wm;qD;ypf&rnf/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfodkY
csDwufjcif;omvQif odyÜHynmtm; vlYtEG,fBuD;\tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf rSefuefpGm tokH;cs
a&;udk jzpfapEkdifayonf/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfonf ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;tm; pDrHudef;csí
pepfwuswkd;wufapum vlYtusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jzpfapouJhokdY odyÜHynmtm;vnf; xkd
enf;twkdif; jzpfapayvdrfhrnf/
odyÜHynm\'kwd,tMuyftwnf;rSm odyÜHynmawG;ac:rIrsm;\tMuyftwnf;
jzpfonf/ rnfokdYenf;/
odyÜHynm\t"duwm0efrSm urÇmavmuBuD;tm; aphaqmfarmif;ESifaeonfhOy
a'orsm;? tnrnqufoG,frIrsm;udk &SmazG&ef jzpfonf/ odkY&SmazGawGY&Sdjcif;jzifh vlonf
todÓPf<u,f0um ukefvkyfa&;ukd wkd;wufvmap&ef jzpfNyD; pm;0wfaea&;jynfhpkHaumif;
rGefvmap&ef jzpfonf/ odYk&mwGif t&if;&SifpepftwGif;wGif odyÜHynmoabmw&m;rsm;
onf "e&Sift,ltqrsm;ESifhy#dyu©jzpfaeMuonf/ "e&Sift,ltq\tESpfom&jzpfaom
pdwf0g'pdwf0g'pdwf0g'pdwf0g'pdwf0g'ESifhwuúaA'wuúaA'wuúaA'wuúaA'wuúaA'onf odyÜHynm&yfrsm;xJwGif 0ifa&mufxkd;azmufaeMuonf/ ,if;rSm
'kwd,tMuyftwnf; jzpfayonf/
®
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 116
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ok is
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ted
by sh
anyo
ma
ed*kH;
urÇmavmuBuD;tm; rmhufpf0g'u &kyfusus&IjrifykHudk¤if;? tEky#davmrenf;
usus&IjrifykHudk¤if;? tusOf;csKyfí az:jyNyD;ayNyD/ aemufqkH;taejzifh atmufygaumuf
csufrsm;udk qGJxkwfvkdfayonf/
(1) tEky#davmr&kyf0g'\avmutjrifonf a&SUaemufnDnTwfí qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifhjynfh
0aom tjrifjzpfonf/ xkdtjrifonf uREkfyfwkdYacwf\jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef BudK;yrf;
&SmazGrIrS ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ t&if;&Sifacwfonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;\jzpfay:wkd;wuf
rIwGif jyif;xefaom jzpfay:wkd;wufrI acwfumvjzpfonf/ ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;ESifhodyÜH
ynm&yf&SmazGawGY&Sdcsufrsm;\awmfvSefaomcsDwufrIrsm;aMumifh xl;jcm;aom acwfumv
uvnf; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlrItajctaersm;onfvnf; tNrJwap uarmufurjzpf
Mu&onfhacwfumv jzpfonf/ obm0ESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;\jzpfay:wkd;wufrI? ajymif;vJ
rIOya'orsm;onf ,if;uarmufurjzpfrIrsm;udk Munfhjrif&mrS xGufay:vm&jcif; jzpfay
onf/ ,if;rSm tEky#davmr&kyf0g'tjrif jzpfayonf/
(2) tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf ,cifu usifhokH;NrJjzpfaom tbd"r®mpepfrsKd;wckr[kwf/
t&if;&SifvlYtzGJYtpnf;onf y#dyu©rsm;jzifh >yrf;vsuf&Sdonf/ t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:wkd;
wufrI BuD;xGm;vmonfESifhtrQ xkdy#dyu©rsm;\tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk tvkyfvkyfaomjynf
olrsm;u rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfvmonf/ ukefvkyfa&;pGrf;tm;opfrsm;ukd vlYtzGJYtpnf;wckvkH;
\tusKd;twGuf tokH;rjyKbJ aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faomvlenf;pkuav;\tjrwftwGufom
tokH;jyKonf/ jynfolrsm;twGuf ]]xrif;a&acsmif;pD;}}onfhb0odkY a&SU&IcsDwuf&rnfht
pm; jynfolrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;tMuyftwnf;awGYjcif;? tvkyfvufrJhjzpfjcif;? qif;&Jjcif;?
ppfyGJrsm;jzpfjcif;ponfwkdYudkom awGYaeMu&onf/
xkdYaMumifh obm0ESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;\ajymif;vJrI? jzpfay:wkd;wufrIOya'orsm;
ESifhywfoufaom tbd"r®mjyóemonf tvkyfvkyfaom jynfolrsm;twGuf vufawGYjy
óemw&yfjzpfvmonf/ jynfolrsm;\pm;0wfaea&;udk zlvIHaprnfhb0opfw&yfudk &SmazG
a&;jyóemonf jynfolrsm;\tbd"r®mjyóemjzpfvmonf/ tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf
,if;jyóemajz&Sif;a&;okdY OD;wnfayonf/
(3) odkYjzpf&m tEky#davmronf bufvkdufaomtbd"r®m? ygwDtbd"r®m? tvkyform;vl
wef;pm;ygwD\tbd"r®mjzpfvmonf/ xkdtbd"r®m&Sdívnf; tjcm;bmrQrjzpfEkdifay/ xkd
tbd"r®monf tvkyfvkyfaom jynfolrsm;tm; qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;wGif acgif;aqmif
vdrhfrnfjzpfayonf/
(4) tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf trsKd;rsKd;aomacwfNydKif"e&Sif tbd"r®mrsm;udk ajzmifhajzmifh
jroef;wifh117
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ted
by sh
anyo
ma
BuD;qefYusifonf/
(5) tEky#davmronf t&if;pepftMuyftwnf;ESifhppfyGJrsm;rS vGwfajrmuf&efvrf;udk nTef
jyonf/ tvkyfvkyfaomjynfolrsm;tm; EkdifiHa&;tmPmudk odrf;ydkuf&ef enf;vrf;udkjy
onf/
tEky#davmronf vufawGYtbd"r®mjzpfonf/ qkd&S,fvpf0g'wkdufyGJ\vufawGY
ESifhcGJcGmí r&atmif aygif;pnf;nDnTwfaeaom t&mjzpfonf/ ,if;tbd"r®monf uREkfyf
wkdYacwf\ta&;awmfykHBuD;rsm;rS aygufzGm;aomtbd"r®mjzpfavonf/
,if;tbd"r®mr&SdvQif uREkfyfwkdY\ta&;awmfykHonf vlwef;pm;pdwf"mwfudk &&Sd
Ekdifrnfr[kwfay/ nDnTwfa&;udk &&SdEkdifrnfr[kwfay/ wkdufyGJrsm;udk atmifjrifEkdifrnfr[kwf
ay/
®
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 118
e-bo
ok is
crea
ted
by sh
anyo
ma
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tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 120
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csm;wpfvIyf&Sm;rI/ /1840-ck? t*FvefjynfwGif ay:aygufcJhaom EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;
rIwck/ vufrSwfaygif; ESpfoef;ausmfa&;xkd;aom avQmufvTmwapmifudk ygvDrefodkYwif
um awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk wifjyonf/
pwmvif/ /(1879-1953) qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf/ 0efBuD;
csKyf/ ]]vDeif0g'}}paomusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/
Z'g'aemhzf/ /(1896-1984) qkdAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ay:vpfjAL&dk0ifvlBuD;?
ygwD0g'jzefYcsDa&;ESifhvIHYaqmfa&;Xmeacgif;aqmif/ xif&Sm;aomrmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;
a&;&macgif;aqmif/ ]]pmay*DwESifhtbd"r®m}}ponfhusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkcJhonf/
wGefydef;/ /NAdwdoQwkdif;jyKjynfjyKynm&Sif/ "Right of Man" ponfhusrf;rsm;udk
jyKpkol/
xa&mhpuD/ /(1877-1940)&k&Sm;EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifqkdAD,ufygwD uGefjrLepf
acgif;aqmif/ 1927-ckESpfwGif ygwDrS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&onf/ qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;udk
urÇmht0Srf;wGif wNydKifwnf;vkyf&rnf[k ,lqolt,loD;orm;? tvGeftuRH0g'orm;/
a';um;/ /(1596-1650)jyifopfocsFmaA'ynm&SifESif htbd"r®mynm&Sif/
"Prncipia Philosophia" ponfhurf;rsm;udk a&;ol/
'g0if/ /(1809-1882)NAdwdoQobm0odyÜHynm&Sif/ vlonf wd&pämefrSqif;
oufvmonf[laom t,ltqudk pwifxkwfaz:cJhol/ "Origin of Species" paomusrf;
rsm;udkjyKpkol/ awmfolae? rawmfolao oabmw&m;udk csrSwfcJhol/
e,lwef/ /(1642-1727)NAdwdoQocsFmaA'ynm&Sif? eu©wåaA'ynmESifhtbd
"r®mynm&Sif/ ajrBuD;\qGJiifjcif;Oya'oudk pwifawGYol/ "Principia" paomusrf;rsm;
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aAmfvfwJ,m;/ /(1649-1778)jyifopfpma&;q&m? jyZmwfa&;q&mESifhtbd
"r®mynm&Sif/ "Candide" paom0w¬Krsm;? usrf;rsm;udka&;ol/
bmh*fqef/ /ESpfq,f&mpkESpf jyifopftbd"r®mynm&Sif/ "Time and Free will"paomusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 122
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rif',fvf/ /(1822-84)Mopx&D;,m;odyÜHynm&Sif/ rsKd;&kd;pOfqufvkdufrIOya'o
w&yfudk az:xkwfcJhol/
a&mbwftdk0if/ /(1771-1858)NAdwdoQvlrIjyKjyifa&;orm;/ rdrd\puf&kHt
vkyform;avmuwGif pdwful;,Ofqkd&S,fvpfavmuav;wckudk wnfaxmifol/ olYtm;
pdwful;,Ofqkd&S,fvpf0g'\a&SUaqmifyk*¾Kdvf[k ac:Muonf/
vlu&D;wD;,mhpf/ /(98-55 bDpD)vufwifuAsmq&mESifhtbd"r®mynm&Sif/ "DeRerun Natura" ponfhusrf;rsm;udk a&;ol/
vkdifpifudk/ /qkdAD,ufygPaA'ynm&Sif/ udk,ft*FgzGJYpnf;ykHpepfonf ywf0ef;usif
udkvkdufí jzpfonf[laom oabmw&m;udk xkwfaz:cJhol/
vDeif/ /(1870-1924)&k&Sm;vlrsKd;? abmfvf&SDApfygwDudk wnfaxmifol/ qkdAD
,ufEkdifiHudk wnfaxmifol/ vDeif0g'udk wnfaxmifol/ ]]t&if;&Sifpepf\tjrifhqkH;jzpf
aome,fcsJYpepf}}ponfhusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/ rmhufpffESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdY\0g'udk vufquf
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aomrwfpf tufuGdemhpf/ /(1226-1274)tDwvDc&pf,meftbd"r®mynm&Sif/ "Summ-a Contra Centles" ponfhtbd"r®musrf;rsm;udkjyKpkol/
[D*Jvf/ /(1770-1831)*smreftbd"r®mynm&Sif/
[m;bwfpyifqm/ /(1820-1903)NAdwdoQtbd"r®mynm&Sif/ ]]tDaumfaemfrpf
(pf)*sme,f}}t,f'Dwm? "Principles of Ethics" ponfhusrf;rsm;udka&;ol/
tufyDusL;&yfpf/ /(342-1 bDpD)acgrvlrsKd;tbd"r®mynm&Sif/ "On Holi-ness" ponfhusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/
tdef*s,fvfpf/ /(1820-1895)rmhufpfESifhwGJvsuf uGefjrLepfausnmpmwrf;
ESifhtjcm;usrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/
tm&pöawmw,fvf/ /(384-322 bDpD)acgrtbd"r®mynm&Sif/ t&m0w¬Kwkdif;onf
pdwful;awG;ac:rIjzpfonf[laom yavwkd\t,ltqudk qefYusifonf/ t&m0w¬Kwkdif;
ü awG;ac:rIESifht[kwfjzpf? wu,fjzpfaom t&mwkdY aygif;pyfxm;onf[k,lqonf/
Organon tp&Sdaomusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkcJhol/
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