2011. 3. 28.

()

1

2

3

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- -> -> - -> (university-

industry linkages)

- (National Innovation System) :

- (Triple Helix) : , ,

- Mode 2 : ,

- 2 :

4

1-Teaching has been a main mission of universities since medieval period

-Scientific research institutionalised in academia in the 19th C (Humboltian model)

2-Around 1980s, economic contribution to society has emerged as the third mission of universities

-Entrepreneurial universities are characterised as high interaction with other spheres and high independency of state (Etzkowitz, 2003)

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, - Empirical studies do not support negative relationship between academic research and

patenting activities of the US universities (Thursby & Thrusby, 2000; Hicks & Hamilton, 1999)

- Academic Capitalism (Slaughter & Rhoades, 1997)

- Tragedy of the academic commons (Nelson, 2004)

- Commercialisation of higher education (Bok, 2003)

- Triple Helix & Entrepreneurial Universities (Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000), Mode 2 (Gibbons et al., 1999)

- NIS (Freeman & Soete, 1982)

- Revised Social Contract (Guston & Kensington, 1994)

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Source: revised from Etzkowitz (2003), p.318.

East Asia

Latin America ?

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: OECD (2002) , (, 2009)

8

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p To obtain additional fundingp To fulfil service mission (or third mission) of the universityp To broaden experience of students and facultyp To access new technology developed by firmsp To identify interesting, relevant research problemsp To enhance regional economic developmentp To increase employment opportunities for students

p To access research infrastructure of the Up To access expertisep To aid renewal and expansion of technologyp To gain access to students as potential employeesp To expand external contacts for the industrial labp To increase level of pre-competitive researchp To leverage internal research capabilities 9

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More likely to occur in some universities than in others due to

differences in p disciplines emphasised by the HEI

e.g. technological universities (MIT, RPI, Chalmers etc.)p academic culture of the HEI

i.e. different weight given to the various goals of the institution (cf. B. Clark on entrepreneurial universities)

p development strategy of the HEI e.g. new universities in Finland where research oriented

around regional needs (Oulu, Joensuu)p environment of the HEI

e.g. a thriving industrial sector in the region, a science park (e.g. Research Triangle Park, Cambridge)

10

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(Cosh et al. 2006, 2007)p (/)p (/)p , ()p , , ()

( , 2007)p p p p

11

- (Martin, 2003)- (Jeremy et al., 2008)

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12

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? (Kwon, 2010) ? (Kwon, 2010)

- - () . , SCI - -

- 165 (, , , ) -

13

I : ?I : ?Models Model 1 (NB)Domestic Patent

Model 2 (ZINB)Overseas Patent

Model 3 (ZINB)Tech. Transfer (TT)

Model 4 (Tobit)Revenues from TT

Gender .555***(.111) .614**(.205) .319(.222) 1.67e+07*(8.70e+06)Career -.052***(.012) .154***(.218) .121***(.026) 4.63e+06***(8.87e+05)Career^2 -.002***(.0004) -.005***(.001) -.004***(.001) -1.41e+5***(2.92e+04)Discipline- Engineering- Med. & Pharm.- Agri. and Mari.

.796***(.068)-.903***(.095)-.280*(.113)

.410**(.152)-1.319***(.193)-1.118*(.474)

1.066***(.159)-.542*(.238).594**(.230)

5.12e+07***(6.35e+06)-1.71e+07*(7.46e+06)3.82e+07***(9.97e+06)

Location in C-area .402***(.057) -.188(.151) .270*(.128) 1.88e+07***(4.61e+06)Legal status .313***(.057) .195(.152) .190(.132) 1.54e+07***(4.65e+06)Papers published- domestic journal- SCI journal

.175***(.027)

.440***(.026)-.038(.087)

.200***(.047).205***(.052).060(.050)

6.50e+06**(2.32e+06)1.77e+07***(1.42e+06)

R&D funding- Cent. Govt- Loc. Govt- Industry- Overseas- Self funding

1.05e-09***(1.23e-10)1.43e-09**(4.72e-10)1.47e-09***(4.08e-10)4.42e-09(1.99e-09)

2.85e-09***(8.75e-10)

1.04e-09***(1.86e-10) 5.16e-10(3.77e-10)1.05e-09(8.86e-10)

9.77e-09***(2.58e-09)2.60e-09*(1.06e-09)

1.82e-09***(3.70e-10)2.49e-09***(7.06e-10)2.39e-09***(5.03e-10)8.20e-10(1.32e-09)1.95e-09(1.02e-09)

.029***(.003)

.095***(.015)

.046***(.007).205*(.081).033(.031)

TTO size - - - -Regional BERD - - - -Constant -4.140***(.131) -5.313***(.309) -5.217***(.333) -3.55e+08***(1.54+07)Ln-alpha/Sigma .869(.057)** 1.417(.064)*** 2.220(.075)*** 1.20e+08(3.66e+06)***

Log-likelihood -9504.671 -2237.899 -3528.872 -15174.95Wald/LR 2(d. of f.) 3594.73(14)*** 617.94(15)*** 792.48(15)*** 822.91(15)***

No of observations 35044 35044 35044 35044

Source: Kwon (2009). 14

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? ?

, , (Kwon, 2010)

Source: Elaborated by the author, based on the typology of the research suggested by Stokes (1997).

15

I - I -

16

17

generality (no of departments)

654321Co

unt

40

30

20

10

0

legal status

Public

Private

2529

38

18

54

912

333

location

JejuKyungnam/Busan/Ulsan

Kyungpook/Daegu

Chunnam/Kwangju

Chonbuk

Chungnam/Daejeon

Chungbuk

Kangwon

Kyunggi/Inchon

Seoul

no of

univ

30

20

10

0

legal status

Public

Private

14149

6

18

46

20

27

64543

the founding year

20001980

19601940

19201900

18801860

1840

size:

numb

ers of

stud

ents

40000

30000

20000

10000

0

legal statusPrivatePublic

* a university in science and engineering is defined as a university that has at least one academic in science and engineering with research funding from an internal or external body. According to this definition, 169 out of the 202 universities can be identified as Korean universities in science and engineering.

II II

18

, , , ,

II II

19

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

1000.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

PAPER

PATENTUND_GRD

POST_GRD

*Y axis represents mean values of papers, patents, undergraduates and postgraduates in log scale.Source: the author, data based on KRF survey (2007)

, , , ,

*1: Old big private in Seoul, 2: Big public regional, 3: Big private regional, 4: Medium & small private in Seoul, 5: Medium public regional / industrial, 6: Medium private regional, 7: Specialised in science & engineering, 8: Specialised in teachers' and ministers' training/on-line, 9: Small private regional, 10: Small private industrial

II II

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-2

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* Z-score

, , .

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26

/ ( ) / ( )

7,549 101,022 19,379 9,500 0 0 137,449 / 8,316 326 63,353 0 0 0 71,995

46,099 10,291 0 0 10,611 1,046 68,048

43,075 0 0 0 0 636 43,710

0 0 775 14,525 0 0 15,299

0 7,765 0 0 0 0 7,765

0 1,721 1,834 0 0 0 3,555

105,039 121,126 85,340 24,024 10,611 1,682 347,823

II II

27

( ) ( )

108,857 0 8,735 0 0 0 19,857 137,449

66,545 0 1,519 948 0 0 2,983 71,995

56,992 0 2,138 454 0 0 8,465 68,048

35,685 0 1,444 69 0 0 6,513 43,710

10,156 0 0 0 0 0 5,143 15,299

3,415 0 237 0 0 0 4,113 7,765

3,282 0 45 229 0 0 0 3,556

284,933 0 14,118 1,699 0 0 47,073 347,823

II II

28

/ ( ) / ( )

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31

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32

33

- (ex. )- (early catch-up) - (strategic intent) coherence- Post catch-up ,

III III

34

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- (species) - - ,

III III

35

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36

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- (SCI )

- , - ,

III III

37

38