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AbstractThe main research question in this thesis is whether the right to sustainability is a human right and whether international and European environmental law related to human rights law. According to the data collected and examined today, after a course of half a century, the international community has understood the importance of sustainability and has secured a large extent. The care-care for the lives of future generations and the quality associated with the ability of these people to "get" in place, to feel their desires and act in accordance with their collective will. This potential switch roles and perspectives is the "heart" of solidarity and reciprocity. The purpose of this study is that the interrelationship of sustainability and justice and human dignity through the human right to a sustainable natural environment be understood.

9i. 9ii. 11iii. - 11iv. - 12v. 131. 143.1 143.2 193.3 211.3.1 251.3.2 261.3.3 291.4 301.5 321.6 332. 34342.1 352.1.1 372.1.2 392.1.3 402.2 432.2.1 442.2.2 442.2.3 442.3 492.3.1 512.3.2 572.4 582.4.1 1972 602.4.2 622.4.3 632.4.4 652.4.5 662.4.6 +20682.5 713. 76763.1 763.2 783.3 813.4 893.5 923.5 993.6 1014. 1031034.1. 1054.2 1084.2.1 1104.2.1 1134.3 1174.4 1224.5 1264.6 1264.7 1284.8 1294.8.1 1304.8.2 1304.8.3 1314.3 1314.9 1365.138 144 151155155

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1

( ) , , . , , , ( , 2002). , . , ( , 2006). , , ( , 2006).

3.3 , , . . 1992, genda 21, , , , , , (United Nations , 1992) . 1997 , ( , 2010). . UNECE (Education for Sustainable Development) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . ( , 2010) , , . , , , , , (, , ) . ( , 1997) / , , . , , . / , , . , , . , , , . (, 1997)

( , , , , ) (, 2009). , 21 . [...] , - , , (United Nations , 1992). , , . (Rizzi, 2002)[footnoteRef:14]. [14: - ( ), , . , , . , , .]

, , .. (Collier & Smith, 2007). -, , - , .., , (UNESCO, 2005). , (UNECE, 2003), , , . . , , , - . 2000 , , , , . , , (UNESCO, 2006). , , . , , , (UNESCO, 2006). 36 3 genda 21 , ... (United Nations, 1992). , , , .

1.3.1 (formal learning) , , , (Jeffs & Smith, 1990). , . , , . , , , (, 2009). . , . (, 2009). , UNESCO . , 56 ... .... ... : , , (McLaren, 2011).

1.3.2 , , , . - , , , , , , , , , . : 2005-2015, , - , , ( & , 2008)., , , , (Smith, 1986), (Cooper, 2005), (-. 1892/1990/ 175 ../19-3-93, 2/1242/8/3/93), (/, 2007).

2

, , - , , (Fereira, 2003). , , , 2000, , ( & 2008). UNESCO, 2005-2014, , , ( & 2008). - - : .... : , . 20.000 , , . , / , . : .... , . . (, 2005) 2005-2014 :2006 2007 & 2008 2009 , & 2010 - & 2011 2012 & 2013 & 2014 .

1.3.3 (informal learning) Jeffs and Smith (1990) , , , , , (, , , , , ..). , , , , . , , (, 2004) ( : , , ). , , . 2000 , . EQUAL 2000-2006 . , (http://www.technomatheia.gr/), (http://www.ergonkek.gr/), INTEGRATION KEK (http://www.integration.gr/), (http://www.isotita.gr/) , . (, 2005)

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11 () , ( , 2007) [footnoteRef:17] . [17: . 11 ( C 326/53 26.10.2012).]

1.5 . . , , .

1.6 2000 , , WEHAB, , , , , 8 (Millennium Development Goals - MDGs). T MDGs : ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) HIV, , ) ) . (United Nations, 2000). MDGs 2015 . 7 8 , 7 8 (ODA) (public-private partnerships PPPs).2.

. . . , (, 2013). 1 ... (, 1998). . , . , , (, 2011). , . , , , , , . , , ( & , 1986). ( ) 19 ( ), 20 ( , ). 21 - ( ), , , , , , .. (, 2011).

2.1 , . , , . Magna Carta Libertalum 1215, . (Brownlie, 1981). 1640-1649 1688 . . . , . 1679 Habe as Corpus Act, . 16 1689 Bill of Rights ( ) . 1776, ( ) . 4 , 1 : . , , : , , , , . 1789. 4 1789 . : . , , . . , . . (Boyle, 2008). , , . ... 10 1948 : Magna Carta . , . , , , , 26 . 2. , , , . , , . (Brownlie, 1981). 20 , . , , (Brownlie, 1981).

2.1.1 , , . , San Fransisco 1945, 52 , 26 1945 24 (UNHCR, 1945). , 111 , , . 1 , (UNHCR, 1945): , , , , . , . , , , , .41 1 . 3, , , , , , -, , . , (UNHCR, 1945)., , , , . 13 . , , , , , , . , (apartheid) . 55 56 , , , .. , , , , , , (UNHCR, 1945).

2.1.2 (A/RES/217, 10 1948) , . , , , , , , , . 80 . , , , . . .' , 80 , , [footnoteRef:18] , . [18: 16.12.1966 .2462/1997, . 16.12.1996 , (), .1532/1985. . , .. (.6), (.9), (.100, (.13-14). (), (), UNESCO, .]

3 2.1.3 1999. , 7.12.2000, , 2004. , ( 2001), , . . (CONV 354\02), , (Ghandhi, 2010). ( II ) . I-9.1 , II . , . , , . , , , , . , , , , . : , , . (. CONV 828\1\03 REV 1 ). , , (Ghandhi, 2010, , 2005). I-9.2 , : . , . , ( -7 ) ( 28 ), ( I-2 ) ( I-7 ), [footnoteRef:19] (Boyle, 2008). [19: 54 7: I: ( , , , , ). II: ( , , , , , , , , , , , , , ). III: ( , , , , , , , ). IV: ( , , , , , , , , , , , ). V: ( , , , , , , ). VI: ( , , , ). VII: .]

2.2 , , (Atapattu, 2001). , , . ( , 1945). o , , (Brownlie,1981). , , . , , ( , ), ( , 1992). . ( & , 1986). 2.2.1 H , (1789), 1 .T . ( , 1999) ( ) 19 ( ).

2.2.2 19 , (1917) 2 . , . 20 ( , ) (, 2006).

2.2.3 , . . , , . , , (, 2002). , , (Mees, 1992). , , , . , , , . (, 2006) . , . , . , , , , , . , , , . , .. , , , . , (, 2005). , , . , . , . , (Boyle, 2008). :) , , . , . , , , . . , . , . , , 24 . , (Boyle, 2008). . . , . , . , . 28 1982, (Devall & Sessions 2001). []

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, (Hitchens, 2009).

2.3 1960. 1972, (, 2010)[footnoteRef:23]. [23: . http://www.nomosphysis.org.gr/articles.php?artid=4185&lang=1&catpid=1 ]

1972 , . , , , (, 2010)., , , . 1982 . 1992, ( ), . . . 2002, ( , 2010)., , 2005/60 . , , . , (, 2010).

2.3.1 , . . , . , , , , . . , , . , . , . , . , , , , (Boyle , 2008, Devall & Sessions 2001). - . , . . . . (Boyle , 2008) , , . , , , , . . . . . , , , . . , ( , ) (, 2000) : , ., . , . 1948 3, : . 1966, .2462/1997, 6. .1: . . . , 2 .1 : . , , 1 : . , 2 1: . (, 2004) , 12(2)() , , (- , 1986). , , . , . () , (eauchamp & Childress , 1983). (1946) , . , , . , , , , , , , . , - . : (WHO/EUROPA , 1994) . 1948, , 25 :1. , , , , , . , , , .2. . , , . . . (1966) . ( & , 1986). 1997, . , . , , , . ( & , 2006)[footnoteRef:24] , , . ( & , 2006). [24: . http://www.hjn.gr/actions/get_pdf.php?id=148 ]

. . , , (Beauchamp & Walters , 2003). , . . , 11 . 1 12 , . , , . 15, , , . . ( & , 2006). ., 80/778 98/83. , . , C-340/96 , , 80/778 (Krmer, 2002). , , . 25 . 11 , , . , , . , , . 12, : ( ), ( ) , , ( ) ( , 2002). . I.L.O.[footnoteRef:25] . [25: International Labour Organization ( ).]

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: . , . , , (, 2008). , , , , , . , , , , . , , (Pilai , 2011). . , . , , . , , . (Pilai, 2011).

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, 1982 " . 1992, ( ), " . ." . 2002, (Bauman, 2004)., , 2005/60 . v , , . , (Human Rights Resolution 2005/60, 2005). , , . , , , . . , (Bauman, 2004).

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, , . , (1972) , (1973) , (1975) , (1976) , (1976) (Bauman, 2004). 1975 2001 , . , Brundtland (1987), , , (Sustainable Development). : , . , . (, 2003, , 2008)

2.4.2 . , . 1981 . 24 . . 1981 1986 . , . , ( ) ( ). , , . (, 2009) . , . , , . (, 2009)

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. 1960. , , , ( , 1992), , , , . , () , . . , , . , . (Brownlie, 1981) ) 1983 1987, Our Common Furure.[footnoteRef:30] : [30: Our Common Future '80 .]

, . (, 2008). . . .

. , , . . (, 2011). 2.4.4 1992, , . , , . ( & , 2010), , , , . . , . 1 : ( & , 2010). , . , , , . 10 . , , . , ( & , 2010).. 1992 Agenda 21, , . , ( & , 2010).., 1997, . (Ghandhi , 2010) Maastricht 1992, Amsterdam 1997 Johannesburg 2002, , ( & & , 1993)

2.4.5 47 , 28 . (). . , . , , , 8 , , . , , . Powell Rayner . , Heathrow, . , . 8 [footnoteRef:31] (, 1997). [31: Powell et Rayner , 21/2/1990, . 9310/81, . 40-41.]

. , Lpez Ostra , 8 . , . . 8 . .[footnoteRef:32] ( & , 1999). [32: Lpez Ostra , 9/12/1994, . 16798/90.]

2.4.6 +20 2012[footnoteRef:33] (20-22 ), 1992, 10.047 " " (major groups), 191 . 500 3.000 . , . ( & , 2012) [33: , . ]

To +20 (United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) President Dilma Rousseff). o . (Sustainable Development Goals) (UNCSD, 2012), 2000, 2015, , 1992. :

SDG1 Sustainable Consumption and Production ( )

SDG2 Sustainable livelihoods, youth & education ( , )

SDG3 Climate sustainability ( )

SDG4 Clean energy ( )

SDG5 Biodiversity ()

SDG6 Water ()

SDG7 Healthy seas and oceans ( )

SDG8 Healthy forests ( )

SDG9 Sustainable agriculture ( )

SDG10 Green cities ( )

SDG11 Subsidies and investment ( )

SDG12 New Indicators of progress ( )

SDG13 Access to information ( )

SDG14 Public participation ( )

SDG15 Access to redress and remedy ( )

SDG16 Environmental justice for the poor and marginalized ( )

SDG17 Basic health ( )

1992 2000, . The future we want, . , .., . (, 1989) : 1992 , "" "" ( ). , (, ) , , . . , . , ( ), .

, , , , , . WWF, "", "" "", "" " ". "" " ". , . (wwf.gr, 2012) , . Associated Press (Brooks, 2012), . Sha Zukang . . Greenpeace International Kumi Naidoo , . . , , , , (Walsh, 2012, Watts and Ford, 2012)

2.5 , [footnoteRef:34]. : [footnoteRef:35] ( , 2005). [34: . , (Singh, 2005). . , , . , , , , , -. , , , (Singh, 2005). ] [35: . 300 , . 4 , . , , , , , . (, 2002).]

1972 ( 1), : , , . (, 2001). , . 24, : (, 1998). , , 2005/60 .[footnoteRef:36] , , ." , (, 1997). [36: (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, European Convention of Human Rights) 1970 , , , .. (1972) 1 . ( , 1997)]

, . . , , / ( ) , ( ). , , , , (Djeant-Pons, 2002). , , : . , , , " ." , , [footnoteRef:37],[footnoteRef:38] (Dupuy, 1992). [37: , , , . http://www.greeklaws.com/pubs/uploads/1959.pdf . , ( & , 2010)] [38: . , . , , , , . , , . , . () 11 . 94% , 42% 42% - (Thyagarajan, 2010). , - , , , . . , , (Pandey & Kulshrestha, 2012).]

P. M. Dupuy (Dupuy , 1992) M. A. Hermitte . , . , , . (, 1997) , , , 12 . , 7 . , . , . , 10/12/2008 (. 2 )., , 18/10/1961 , ( 11). , . , 11 ( , 2013). 11 6/12/2006 () . , , , , 11 . . , : . , , . , . [] 11 , . 11 2 ( ) . (, 2010).

3.

, ( , , , ), , , . (. . . 2009). , , . , .

3.1 , . , - , . . . , . , . , , , . , . . . , . , . , . 1960 1970 . ( , , , , ), ( , , ) ( , ). , 1980. , . , . (Yang, 2006).

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1970. Rachel (1963) , 1970, . , (Kharwar, 2010). , . . . . 40 . . , , , , . (, 2008) . , , , , . (, 2002). . , . . , . (Yang, 2006). , . . , , , . . . . (Singh, 2007). , . , ( ) . , .

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, . , . , , , , . ( ) . . (, 2008) , . : , , , , , . : , . -, Homo Sapiens Sapiens : . o , . , , , , . , , o , . (Passmore, 1974) , . , , . , , [footnoteRef:42]. , , , , . [42: , (, , ..) , , ( & 1999).]

. ( & , 1999) . , . . - (Foley,1992) . , . , . , () () , , (). , , , , ( ). . , , (-, 1995). . , : , , (-, 1995, , 2010). . , . , , . , , , , , , , , . , Arne Naess, . "" . "" , . "" (, 2002). . . , , . , , , . (, 2003) Arne Naess , . , . . , , , , , . , , . . . , . ( ) (Atapattu, 2001). , Arne Naess George Sessions : - , - . , . , . , , - . , . , . . , , . , , . , , (, 2005). , . . , , (Atapattu, 2001).

, . , . . , , . , , . , Arne Naess, , , . , . , , , (Atapattu, 2001).

, . , . , , . . . . (Drengson, 1997). . , , , . . . , , . . . (Devall & Sessions, 2001) , , . , . , . , . . , . . , . . (, 2001)

3.4 . . , , , .. , . (- & , 2009). . (Benson , 2000) : , , , . , . , , ( ) . , ; , ;. : ( ) ( ) ; , . , , . , . , . , -, ( ) ( ) , . , , . (, 2010) , . , , . , . B. G. Norton (, 2002): , , (informed) , . , ( ) , (flourish) . (sentience) , . , . Paul Taylor, , (good of its own). , , , (Taylor, 2001). Taylor (teleological center of life) prima facie .[footnoteRef:43] , . Aldo Leopold[footnoteRef:44], J. Baird Callicott, Holmes Rolston III, Andrew Brennan, Eric Katz .. , , Spinoza, Ralf W. Emerson John Muir .. (, 2004) [43: , M. Midgley, Richard Val Routley, Kenneth Goodpaster, Albert Schweitzer .. . . , ( ). . . , , ((, 2004)] [44: Leopold , . . , .]

3.5 .[footnoteRef:45] . , , , , . . , . , (, 2008). () , . . . , , , (Devall & Sessions, 2001). , , Arne Naess, , (Naess, 1992). [45: Arne Dekke Eide Naess (1912-2009), 1973 , .]

, . ( ) , . ( ) , (Naess, 1992). , . (Drengson,1997) Arne Naess .[footnoteRef:46] , Naess , , (Naess 2000): [46: Naess 3 1972 3 (3rd World Future Research Conference) .]

(shallow) . . . : , (relational, total-field image). , . , . , , . ( ) , , . , --- , , (Drengson,1997)., , , (biospherical egalitarianism). , ( ) . , , , . , . , . , , (Drengson,1997)., . , . . , , . , (Drengson,1997)., - . ( ). , . , . , - . , , . . (Drengson,1997)., . . ( ). ( ), , , . , . , , , , ., (complexity, not complication). , Gestalt ( ) . - , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , . , - , , , ( , ). - , - , (, 2005). : , ( ), ( ), , ( - - , ). , , , , (, 2005). , . , , . , (division, not fragmentation of labour). , , , , , . # , , , , (, 2010)., . . , . , , .. , . , ( , , , , , , ..) , . Naess 1972. , , , ( , ) . , , , Naess, (, 2010). . (. ). , . Naess . , (ecosophy) . , , , . .. , Naess, () . Naess ( ), - ( , ), (, , ) (, , ). (, 2010).

3.5 , , (Routley R. & Routley V. 1979). , , , . CO2 , . . , . , . () . , . , , . , . . , . . . , . (Naess A., The Shallow and the Deep, Long Range Ecology Movement 1973) Arne Naess. , ( ) . , , (biospherical egalitarianism). (Passmore , 1974) , , , . , ( ) . , ( ), ( ), Rousseau: , , , . . , . , , , ( , 2008).

3.6 (Krysiak & Krysiak, 2006), (, 2009) [footnoteRef:47]. [47: , , , . , (, 2009).]

, , , , , 21 . , . . , . , . , . , , , , (- & , 2009). (Attfield, 1983) , .. . , , . , , , , , . / , : , , , .. (- & , 2009). [footnoteRef:48] , , , , (- & , 2009). [48: : , (- & , 2009). ]

4.

, . . , , , . , . , , , , , , , . , , , , (Lercher A. 2007). [footnoteRef:49], . , (, 2010). [49: 1948 3, . 1966, .2462/1997, 6. .1: . . . , 2 .1 : , , 1 : . , 2 1: (Boyle , 2008). , . , 4 1776. , ( 2 .2 . 1). 15 24 19 .4.]

1991, Fatma Zohra Ksentini[footnoteRef:50], , . , . . , , , , (, 1995). [50: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/demo/HRandEnvironment_Ksentini.pdf. 29/12/12]

(, 2003), (UNESCO, 1990), .

4.1 . , [footnoteRef:51]. [51: . 6 , 12 2002.]

- - , , - - , . , . . . . : , , , , . , , . - . , , , , , , . , , , . , . , , , , . , , , , . , . . (Tomuschat Ch. 2008) . [footnoteRef:52]. , . / . [52: 18 2012 , (2011/2185(INI))]

, [footnoteRef:53]. [53: . 21 , 25 13(1) , .]

, . : . . , , . , , ( ), ( ), , ( ) ( ) ( ).

4.2 , . [footnoteRef:54] [footnoteRef:55]. [54: Towards a Sustainable Future, Annual Environmental Lecture, The American Museum of Natura lHistory New York 14 May 2002.] [55: Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment 14: The right to the highest Attainable standard of health, E/C.12/2000/4, 12 August 2000.]

, , , . , . , . . HIV/AIDS, , . , , . , , . , [footnoteRef:56] [footnoteRef:57], , . , , . [56: , (CESCR) , . , , . , .] [57: 14: , E / .12 / 2000/4, 12 2000, . 8. 12 , , . : () ;() ;() , , , ; () . , 25 (1), , , , , . ]

, : - , , , , , , [footnoteRef:58]. [58: .., . 4]

, . , , , , , , .[footnoteRef:59] [59: .., . 3.]

2002 [footnoteRef:60]. , . , HIV /AIDS. [60: E/CN.4/RES/2002/31.]

4.2.1 . , . [footnoteRef:61], , , , 2015, . . , , , , [footnoteRef:62]. [61: () , 2015 192 ... 23 . , , AIDS .] [62: . 12, . 5.]

[footnoteRef:63]. , . . : [63: .]

() , () [footnoteRef:64]. [64: CESCR, .. 12: (E/C.12/1999/5).]

, , , , . . , . , . , . , . [footnoteRef:65] . [65: 2000/10 ( / CN.4 / 2001/53). 2001/25 (E/CN.4/2002/58).]

, , . , , . , , . - - . ( ). , , , , , . , , , . , , - - . ( , , ) .

4.2.1 . , , , , . , , , , , . , . . , . . . [footnoteRef:66]. . . , - [footnoteRef:67]. [66: E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/10, Para. 37.] [67: No Water no Future: A Water Focus for Johannesburg, HRH the Prince of Orange, 14 February 2002.]

: . , , [footnoteRef:68]. [68: A Framework for Action on Water and Sanitation, WEHAB Working Group, August 2002.]

1,1 ( [footnoteRef:69]), 2.3 [footnoteRef:70]. 4 [footnoteRef:71]. , 3 2025. , [footnoteRef:72]. , , . [69: WHO, the Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000, Geneva, 2000, at p. 1.] [70: UN Commission on Sustainable Development, Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World, Report of the Secretary General, New York, 1997, at p. 39.] [71: E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/10, Para. 4.] [72: , , , . ]

, , , . . , , [footnoteRef:73]. [73: , , . ElHadji Guiss ' 2002/105 2001 / 2 - , E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/10, . 19. ]

, , , [footnoteRef:74]. , , (, , [footnoteRef:75]). , , , [footnoteRef:76]. [74: 11.1 , : , , , . ....] [75: . . 15 ( 11 and 12 , ), E/C.12/2002/11, 29 2002.] [76: E/C.12/2002/11, . 7.]

, , [footnoteRef:77]. [77: ...]

[footnoteRef:78]. , , , , , , . . , 12.2 () , . . , , , , [footnoteRef:79]. (Art. 11.1)[footnoteRef:80]. [78: 12.1 , : . . . 14 , ( 11, 12(a), 12(b), 12(d), 15, 34, 36, 40, 43 and 51). ] [79: .. . 15 ( 11 12 , ), E/C.12/2002/11, 29 July 2002 Para. 46.] [80: .. . 4 (Para. 8(b)) , . Jean Ziegler, 2001/25,E/CN.4/2002/58.]

4.3 , [footnoteRef:81] , , . [81: 82 (16/11) : Costa Rica, Maldives and Switzerland (main cosponsors) and Austria, Germany, Honduras, Monaco, Morocco, New Zealand, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Slovenia and Uruguay. : Albania, Angola, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chad, the Congo, Cte dIvoire, Croatia, Cyprus, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, France, Georgia, Ghana, Guinea, Haiti, Hungary, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, the Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Montenegro, the Niger, Nigeria, Palau, Palestine,t he Republic of Moldova, Romania, Samoa, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Spain, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Timor-Leste, Tunisia ,Turkey, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Chile.]

28 2008, " "(res. 7/23). (OHCHR) . 25 2009, , , , , , , - . ". 2011, 16/11 , [footnoteRef:82]. , , . , , , . , , . 22 2012, (19 / L.8 Rev.1) " [footnoteRef:83] . , , , [footnoteRef:84], + 20 2012, . , , , , . [82: . Analytical study on the relationship between human rights and the environment, A/ HRC/19/34, 16 Dec. 2011.] [83: 72 : Albania, Angola, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cap Vert, Chad, Chile, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Finland, France, FYR of Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein,\ Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Norway, Palestine, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Qatar, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Tunisia, Uganda, Uruguay.] [84: IE : () , , , , () , , , , , , , () , / , , 7, () + 20 , / , , () , , , () , , NHRIs, , () 22 ( 2013) .]

2011 . [footnoteRef:85] ", , , . ' , . (IPCC), , , , , , . 15 , , , . 15 2009 , UNFCCC (COP15) [footnoteRef:86]. [85: . ", A/HRC/10/61, 15 . 2009.] [86: . Summary of Discussions, Human Rights Council Panel Discussion on the Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights, Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 15 June 2009.]

, . . , , . 2010, , . 2010 , . , , , , UNFCCC, , . 2011, " ," ( 18/22)[footnoteRef:87]. [87: 43 (18/22) : Bangladesh and the Philippines (main cosponsors) and Algeria, Benin, Djibouti, Indonesia, Namibia, Nepal, Pakistan, Palestine, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam and Zimbabwe. Subsequently, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chad, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, Qatar, Romania, Senegal, Singapore, Spain and the Sudan.]

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, , , 17 1988 : . 2 , . 1997, Aarhus, . UNECE Aarhus " , ."

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, , . . , , [footnoteRef:95]. , 19 1980 [footnoteRef:96]. [95: .Ala. Const. art. VIII; Cal. Const. art. X, 2; Fla. Const. art. II, 7; Haw. Const. art. XI; Ill. Const. art. XI; La. Const. art. IX; Mass. Const. 179; Mich. Const. art. IV, 52; Mont. Const. art. IX, 1; N.M. Const. art. XX, 21; N.Y. Const. art. XIV; N.C. Const. art. XIV, 5; Ohio Const. art. II, 36; Pa. Const. art. I, 27; R.I. Const. art. 1, 17; Tex. Const. art. XVI, 59; Utah Const. art. XVIII; Va. Const. art. XI, 1. .: A. E. Dick Howard, State Constitutions and the Environment, 58 Va. L. Rev. 193, 229 (1972); Roland M. Frye, Jr., Environmental Provisions in State Constitutions, 5 Envtl. L. Rep. 50028-29 (1975); Stewart G. Pollock, State Constitutions, Land Use, and Public Resources: The Gift Outright, 1984 Ann. Surv. Am. L. 13, 28-29; Robert A. McLaren, Comment, Environmental Protection Based on State Constitutional Law: A Call for Reinterpretation, 12 U. Haw. L. Rev. 123, 126-27 (1990).] [96: Chile Constitution, art. 19 parts. 1 and 8.]

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, - , - , - .[footnoteRef:98] [98: Id. paras. 58.]

, - , [footnoteRef:99]. [99: Id, paras. 59. , . . , , . , 2 (4) (): : (i) , , , , (ii) , , , , (iii) , , , (iv) , , , , , (v) , , (vi) , , , (vii) , (viii) , , .]

4.5 , : , , , . , .. , , . , , . , . , .

4.6 , , . . + 20, [footnoteRef:100]. , . . [100: http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=12&nr=228&menu=63 ]

, . , . , , , , , . , , , . . , . , , . . . . , . , , . 4.7 24 1975 . , , (, 2008). 2001. [footnoteRef:101], , , , . . 1650/1986, , , , , , (, 2008). [101: . 360/76 1 5, 1180/91, 293/81 1, 1327/83 1.]

, , 360/76 1 7, 1515/85 2 3 1650/86 . ( , 2008)

4.8 24 . , , 2001, . , ( - , 1997). 24 , . , ( - , 1997).

4.8.1 24 . 1, , , , . . . , 24 . , , ( - , 1997).

4.8.2 erga omnes . . . , . . , ( - , 1997).

4.8.3 , . . (, 2002) [footnoteRef:102]. [102: 1743/85, 1986,. 926.]

2001 . . , . , . . . , , , . ( - , 1997)

4.3 , , . , . , , , , . , , (, 2010). , , .[footnoteRef:103] . . : ; , , . , . [103: . . , , 1993, . 20-21.]

[footnoteRef:104] , , . , , . , , , , - (Tietenberg, 1992). [104: . . . , , 1995, . 73-75.]

, . , . . , . (, 2001) , , . , . , , , . , , , (, 2001). . , . . a priori , ( ). , , . ( , 2003)., , . 1975, , , . . 2001, , . , , . 2001, , , , , . , , ( , 2003)., , . . , , , , . a priori . , in concerto. , , , . , 24 , 106 . , , , , (, 2001)., , , , . , . , , , (, 2001).

4.9 , . . + 20, , . , , . , , , . , . , , . . , , . , . , : , .

,

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