علم المواد التطبيقي والتآكل

אאאאאאאא

١٦١١٦١

א ١٦١

אאאא

،،אא،אW

אא א א א אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאא אאאאאאאWא

אאK

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

אאאאאא،אאא א ،א אא א א אא א א א א א א א

אא،אאאא،אK

א א ?אא אא ?? ?אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א ،א א אא

אאאאאK

؛ א אא אאK

אאאא

א ١٦١

אאאא

אא א א א א א אאאKאאאא

א אאא،אאאאאK אאאאאאאא،

אאאאKאאאאKאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאK אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאK

אא

אאאאאאאא

א

١

א ١٦١ אא אאאא א

- ١ -

F١ J١EאW אאאא

،אאאא،אא،אא،אאK

אאאאאאאאKאא،אאא

אאאKאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאK F١ J٢EאאW

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאW

١K ،א ٢K אאאא، ٣K ،אא ٤K ،אאאאאאא ٥K אאאא، ٦K ،אאאאא


- ٢ -

٧K אאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

٨K אK אאאאאאא،

אאאאFא١٩٧٥E١٨Kאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אאאאאאאא

،אאא،אאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאK

אאאאאאאא

W

١K ،א ٢K ،אאא ٣K אאאאK


- ٣ -

F١ J٣EאאאW אאאאאא

K،אאW

Zn + 2 HCl → Zn Cl2 + H2

אאאאאא

אKאאאW

Zn + 2 H+ + 2Cl- → Zn2+ + 2Cl- + H2

אא،אא

אאאאW

Zn + 2 H+ → Zn2+ + H2

F١ J١EאאאאאK


- ٤ -

אאא،

W

١ J א(Anodic reaction)אאW

Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-

٢ J אא( Cathodic reaction)אאW

2 H+ + 2e- → H2

אאאאH٢א

אאאאא،H١K

א(M)א،אאW

M → M n+ + ne-

nא،אא( Transfered electrons )אאKאאFAnodic reactionEא،

אאא،אאKאאאאאאאאא∆GאF

אאEא∆Gאאאא،אאK


- ٥ -

אאא(M)אאאאאאאW

Fe → Fe 2+ + 2e-

Al → Al 3+ + 3e-

אאאאאא،אא،،Kאאא

،FFECathodic reactionE،אאאאW

O2 + 2H2 O + 4 e- → 4OH-

אאא،אאKאאאאאאאא

Kא

אא،אאFאEאאאא،אFאEאא

א،אאאFאE،אאאאKFEא،

،אאאK


- ٦ -

אאFאE،אW

١ JאאאאאאאW

2H+ + 2 e- → 2H → H2

٢ J אאאאW M3+ + e- → M2+

Fe3+ + e- → Fe 2+

Sn4+ +2e- → Sn2+

٣ JאאאאאאאאאאW

O2 + 2H2 O + 4 e- → 4 OH-

O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- → 2H2 O

٤ Jאאאאא،אאאאאאאOH-H+ W

2H2 O + 2 e- → H2 + 2 OH-


- ٧ -

F١ J٤EאאW אאF١ J٢Eאא

אKאאאא(Aqueous corrosion )אאW

١ J א(Anode)Wאאאא

אאאאאאK ٢ J א(Cathode)Wאאאאאא

אK ٣ J אFאE(Electrolyte)Wאאאא

אאאK ٤ J Wאאאאא

K

F١ J٢EאאאK


- ٨ -

F١ J٥EאאW

אW אאאא(Salt

drop experiment ) אF١ J٣E٣٪אאא

FאאאאEאFאאאאאאKE

אW

אא،אאאאאאאאאאא

אאאא،אאFאEFאאEאFאFEאאאEאK

אאאאאKאאFאEאFאאאE

אאאאאKא،אאאFאאEא

אKאאאאאאאאאK


- ٩ -

F١ J٣EאאW JאאאאאFEאFKE

Jא،אאאאK JאאאאK

F١ J٦Eא(Passivity)W

אאאאאא،אאאא

אאKאא،אאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאK

אF١ J٤Eאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאא،אאאא،א


- ١٠ -

Bאאאאאא(Critical current)،אDא

EאD-Eאא(Passive current)،אאאאאא

אאאKE،אאא،אאאא،אאא

אאK،אאאאאאאאא،א

אאK

F١ J٤EאאאK


- ١١ -

F١ J٧Eא(Faraday experiment)W א F١ J٥ E א א א

١٨٤٠KאאאאאאW

١K אאאאאאאאK

٢K ؟א،אאאאא ٣K א،אאאK ٤K אאאאאK

אאא؟

אF١ J٥EאאK


- ١٢ -

F١ J٨Eא(Polarization)W

אאאאאאאאאא،אא

א،אאאאא،אא(Anodic reaction)א

אW

Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-

אא( Cathodic reaction)אאW

2 H+ + 2e- → H2

F١ J٩EאאW אW

Wאא(Activation polarization)W אאא

אאאאF١ J٦KE ١K ،אאא ٢K אא،אא ٣K ،אאאא ٤K אאK

אאאאאאאK


- ١٣ -

F١ J٦EאאאאK

Wאא(Concentration polarization)W אאאאאא

אאKאF١ J٧KE

F١ J٧EאאאאאK


- ١٤ -

אאא

אאאK אאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאK

אאאאאKאאאא

א،אאאאK

- ١ -

אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאא

א

אא

א

٢

א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא

- ١٥ -

F٢ J١Eאא( Free energy, ∆G)W אאא،אאאאאא

אאאא(Spontaneous) ،אאא

אא( Free energy, ∆G)אאאKאאW

Mg + H2O + ½ O2 → Mg O2 , ∆G = -142600 cal.

Cu + H2O + ½ O2 → Cu(OH)2, ∆G = -28600 cal. Au + 3/2H2O + 3/4O2 → Au(OH)3, ∆G = +28600 cal.

א∆Gא،אאא∆Gא

אא،∆G∆GאK∆Gאאא

∆G אאK

F٢ J٢Eא( Electrode potential )W

אאאאאאאאאאאK אא

אא

Electrode potential )Eא،،אאאKאאאאK


- ١٦ -

F٢ J٣Eאא( Standard electrode potential, E° )W אאZ١L،

٢٥◦אאE◦אאאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאW ∆ G◦ = - n F E

nZאאאM → M n+ + ne- FZאא( Faraday constant = 96500 coulomb/equivalent ) EZא( Cell potential , V )

אE◦אKאאE◦

אאא(Potential standard hydrogen electrode)אאאאאא

אKאאאא،אאאאE◦אאאאא،אאK

Fאאא،א

אא،אאEK

אא،אא( Electrochemical series)אF٢ J١E،

אאאא،אאאאאאאאאFאE،אא

אאאאFאKE


- ١٧ -

F٢ J١EאאאאאK


- ١٨ -

אE◦،אאאא،אא

אאאאK

F٢ J٤Eא(Ecell )W א

א،אאא،אאאא،אא

אאאW

Cu + Zn+2 = Cu+2 + Zn

אאא،אאאאא،אא( Reduction potential )אא

F٢ J١E،W

Cu = Cu2+ + 2e- , E° = - 0.342 V vs. SHE אאאאK

Zn+2 + 2e- = Zn , E° = - 0.762 V vs. SHE

אא א אא א

אK Cu + Zn+2 = Cu+2 + Zn

אאאW

Ecell = E°(Cu) + E° (Zn)

Ecell = ( - 0.342 V ) + ( - 0.762 V ) = - 1.104 V vs. SHE


- ١٩ -

אא،∆ G◦ ،אא،אאאאאאאאK

אאW

Cu + Zn+2 ← Cu+2 + Zn

Zn + Cu+2 → Cu + Zn+2

אאאאאאאאK

WאאאאאאאW

3Pb + 2Al+3 Z 3Pb+2 + 2 Al

אאW

3Pb Z 3Pb+2 + 2e- , E° = + 0.126 V vs. SHE

אאאאK

2Al+3 + 3e- Z 2 Al , E° = - 1.662 V vs. SHE

Ecell = E°(Pb) + E° (Al)

Ecell = ( + 0.126 V ) + ( - 1.662 V ) = - 1.536 V vs. SHE


- ٢٠ -

،אא∆ G◦ ،אא،אאאאאאא

אKאאW

3Pb + 2Al+3 ← 3Pb+2 + 2 Al

3Pb+2 + 2 Al → 3Pb + 2Al+3

אאאאאאאאK

Wאאאאא

אאW Zn + 2 HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 Zn → Zn2+ + 2e- , E° = + 0.762 V vs. SHE 2H+ + 2e- → H2 , E° = 0.000 V vs. SHE

Ecell = E°(Zn) + E° (H) Ecell = ( + 0.762 V ) + ( 0.000 V ) = + 0.762 V vs. SHE

،אא∆ G◦ ،אא

،אאאאאאאאאאK


- ٢١ -

F٢ J٥Eאאא(Reference electrodes)W

אאאאא،אKאאאאא

אאאא٦٥٤א،אאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאF٢ J١KEאF٢ J٢EאאאאK

F٢ J١Eאא،אאK


- ٢٢ -

F٢ J٢EאאאאאK

F٢ J٦EאאW

אאאאאא،אאאאא

א(Nernst equation )K אאאW

a A + m H+ + ne- = b B + d H2O

(Nernst equation )W

E = E° + 2.3 (RT/nF) log [(אא) / ( אא ) ]

E = E° + 2.3 (RT/nF) log [(A)a (H+)m/ (B)b (H2O)d ] W E = אא E°Zאאאא n Z אאאK C Z אאFLKE T Z אאא(K)K F Z אאK R Z אאאK


- ٢٣ -

אאאאאאאאאאW

אאאאW

אאH+אאK

אאאאאF٢ J٣E

F٢ J٣EאאאK

א אא א

א

אא


- ٢٤ -

F٢ J٧E(Pourbaix diagrams )W

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK א(Pourbaix diagrams)א

אאא(Applied potential)אאא(pH)Kאאא،،א

אאאאאאא(Thermal equilibrium)K

،אאאאא٧אאW

Fe → Fe++ + 2e א٢٥،א

אW

אE = E◦ אא١

L،אאאאE◦–٤٤}٠אZ١LK ،א١C١٠ J٢

،אאאאW -0.5V0.059--0.44

)101log( 22059.0

≈=

×+= −oEE

C logEE 2059.0+= o


- ٢٥ -

אאZ١C١٠ J٦אW

אאאאZ J٤٤}٠

אאאZ١LאZ J٠٥אZ١C١٠ J٢LאאאאZ J٦٢}٠،

אZ١C١٠ J٦LK٠٦٢}٠אאאא

٥٠אאא،אאאא(Immunity)אKא،אא

אא،אא١L،אאאא،F٢ J٤Eא

אאאא(Film passive)א،אא،אא

(Passivity)KאF٢ J٤Eאאאאאא،אאאאאאFא

אאאZ١٠Lאאא،–٢Z١٠ J٢L،١٠ J٦LאKE

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאW

-0.62V0.18--0.44

)611log(2059.044.0EE

==

−−×−−=


- ٢٦ -


- ٢٧ -

F٢ J٤EK

אF٢ J٤Eאא

אאKאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאW


- ٢٨ -

אWא corrosion CAN occur אWאcorrosion CAN NOT occur

אאאאאאאF٢ J٥KE

F٢ J٥EK

- ١٥ -

אא

אאאאאאאא

א

٣


- ٢٩ -

F٣ J١Eא אאאאאK

אאאFאאEאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאאאFאאEא

אאאאKאאאאK

F٣ J٢EאאW

אאא،אאאא א،א א K

אאאאא K אאאאאKאאאאאW


- ٣٠ -

אאאאאאF٣ J١Eא،K


- ٣١ -

F٣ J١EאאK

F٣ J٣EאאW אאא

אאאאאאאK אאא،א

א(Corrosion rates)Kא،،FE◦ ZאFEאא J٦٧}١،Z J٤٤}٠

KEאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאא،Kאא،אאאא،

אK

אאאא(Corrosion current)אאא

،אאאאא אאאאK

אאאאאW


- ٣٢ -

∆m= K I t

W ∆m Z אאt I = אFE t Z אFE K Z אאDאאC٩٦٥٠٠

אאFאאא

אאא(Polarization curves)،אFEא

FEאאאאKאא،אאא

א،F٣א J١ J،E

F٣ J١EאאK

Icorr

Ecorr


- ٣٣ -

א،אאאאאא(Mixed corrosion potential)F٣א J

١ JEאאא–،א–،א

אFאEאאאK

אא،א(Concentration polarization)אאאאאא

F،אא…אE،אאאאאאא(Activation polarization)אאאא

،אאאאא ( Linear polarization resistance )אא(Resistance polarization)אאא

אאאK

אא( Linear polarization resistance )W

،אאאאאאאאKא

אאאא±٢٠אKאאאאF٣ J٥KEאאאW


- ٣٤ -

βa ،βcא،F٣ J٣EאKאF٣ J٢EאאKאאא

W

אאאאאאאאאW

We: is the electrochemical equivalent = molecular wt./no. of electrons involved in the anodic reaction;

d: is the density of the tested material (g/cm3);. Icorr: corrosion current (µA/m2).


- ٣٥ -

F٣ J٢EאאK

F٣ J٢EאאK


- ٣٦ -

F٣ J٣EאאאK

F٣ J٤EאאW

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאK

אאאא(Electrical resistance probes)אF٣ J٤KE


- ٣٧ -

F٣ J٤EאאK

אאאאאאW

R = ρL/A

ρ : resistivity, L: length and A: cross-sectional area of the conductor.

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאF٣ J٣KE

F٣ J٣EאאאאK

א א ١

٣ J٥ א ١٠

אא

אאאאאאאא

א

٤

א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א

- ٣٨ -

אאאאאאאאF٤ J١EK

F٤ J١EאאK


- ٣٩ -

אW

F٤ J١EאאאW

א،אאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאא،אאKאאאאאא

،א،אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא٣٪F٠٠٠}٣٠

אEאאKאאאאאא(Low alloy steels )،אKאאא

(Carbon steel )אאKאא(Corrosion allowance )١٠אאאאא

אאאאאF٢٥EאF٤ J١EאאאאK


- ٤٠ -

F٤ J١EאאאאK

א אL(µpy)

אאא ٨٠ J٣٠٠ א٦٠ א J٢٠٠ א٢٠ א J٦٠ ١٥ א J٣٠

١٠ א J٥٠ ١٠ א J٨٠ א–٩٠ J٥ ١٠ J٥٠

א–٧٠ J٣٠ ٥}٢

١ –– ١

F٤ J٢EאאW אאאאאאאא

א،،אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאא

אFאאאאEאאאאאא


- ٤١ -

אאא،אאאKאאאאאאאא،אFא

אEא،אאאאKאאא

،אאאKאL،אא٣}٠א

KאאאאKאF٤ J٢Eאא،

אאאאKF٤ J٢EאאאאאאK

F٤ J٢Eאא،אאאא


- ٤٢ -

F٤ J٢EאאאאאאK

F٤ J٣Eאא(Pitting corrosion )W אא(Pitting corrosion )،

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

א،אאאאא(Surface defects)،אאאKאאאאא

א،אאאKאאא،אאאאאאאKאאא،א

،אאאא،אאאאאK


- ٤٣ -

F٤ J٣EאאK

אF٤ J٤EM(aerated)א،א

אאאFאאEאאאK،אאאאאא

אMClאאאאKאאFאEאאFKEאא،אאאאKאא

،،אא،אאאאאא(stagnant waters)،אא(stainless steels)אא

אאאKאאFאאאEא،אFאאאEא

FאאKEאF٤ J٣Eאאאאאאא٣١٦אא

א(hastelloy C, F)אK


- ٤٤ -

F٤ J٣EאאאאאאK

א אL

(µmpy ) א٤٠٠ א–٨٠٠ ١٠٠٠–٣٠٠٠

א١٥٠ א–٣٠٠ – ٣٠–١٥٠

١٥٠٠–١٨٠٠ ٥٠–١٨٠٠

א א––

F٤ J٤Eאא(Crevice corrosion )W אאא(Crevice corrosion)אאא

אא،،אאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאא(Mill scale)אאאאאאאאאאא(Differential

aeration zones)Kאאאא،אא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא(Gaskets)אאאאאאאא(Spot welding)،F٤ J٥KE

אאאאאאK


- ٤٥ -

F٤ J٥EאאK

F٤ J٥Eאא(Intergranular corrosion )W אא(Intergranular corrosion)אאא

אא(Grain boundaries)אאKאאאFאאEא

Kאאאאא(Alloying additions)،،אאא(Segregation)אאא

אKאאאאאאKאאF٣٠٤אW١٨–٨E

אא(Chromium depletion)אא(Sensitized)٥١٠–٧٨٧○،אאאא

אF٤ J٦E،אאאאFאE٪אאK

אאאא١٠٩٣○،אאא(Strong carbide formers)א،א

אאאאאKאאאאא٠٢}٠K٪


- ٤٦ -

F٤ J٦EאאK


- ٤٧ -

F٤ J٦Eאא(Stress corrosion)W

אאאאאאאאאאא،אK

אאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאא(Stress corrosion cracking)א،אאאאאאא

(Residual)אKא(Static)(Dynamic)Kאאאא،אאK

א(Corrosion fatigue )אאאא،אאאא،Kאא

א،אא،אאKאKאא،،א

אאאKאאאאא،אאאא،אאאאאאאK

אאאאKאאא(Aluminum brass)אאאאאK

אאאK

F٤ J٧Eאא( Erosion corrosion )W אא(Erosion corrosion)אאאא

אאא(Abrasion)א(Wear)،אאאאאאאא

אאאFאא(Stainless steel)אאKאאאא

،אאאאאאאK


- ٤٨ -

אאאא( Waves)א(Groves)אאאאא(Directional pattern)Kאא

אאאאאא،אאאא(Bends)אא(Elbows)אא(Tees)אא،אא(Impellers)،א(Propellers)،אא(Agitated vessels)אאא

א(Tturbine blades)א(Orifices) Kאאאא،אאF٤ J٤Eא

אאאאאK


- ٤٩ -

F٤ J٤Eאאא

א א א

٣}٠L

א٢}١

L

א١}٨

L א٢٥٤ ٧٢ ٣٤ א א٤٥ א J ٢٧٠

١٧٠ ٢٠ ٢ א אאא٣٣٩ ١ ٤ א

٥ J ٢٨٠ אF١٠٠٪E

٢ J ٢٣٦

אא– ٢ J ١٠٥ ٩٠–١٠–٨}٠

٥ J ١٩٩

٧٠–٣٠–٥}٠

٢ J ١٩٩

٧٠–٣٠–٥}٠

١ ٣٩ ١

١ א ١ ٣١٦ ٣

١ J ٣ א J


- ٥٠ -

אאW FE אאא (Turbulent corrosion)אאאא

( Inlet tubeאאאאאאcorrosion )،אאאK

FE אא(Iimpingement corrosion)אאאאאאאאאאא

אK FE אא(Cavitations corrosion)אא

אאאFאאאE،אאאאKאא

אאאאK FE אא(Fretting corrosion)אא

אאא،אאאאאאאאאK

F٤ J٨Eאא(Bacterial corrosion )W

אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאא٨٠Kאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאWאאא(Anaerobic bacteria corrosion)אאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאK،אאאא

א،אא،אאאKאאא(Aerobic bacteria corrosion )א


- ٥١ -

אא٥٪אאאאK

אאאא

אאאאאאאא

א

א

٥

א ١٦١ אא אאאא אא

- ٥٢ -

אא(Corrosion control)،אא،אאאאאאא

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאא،אאאאאאאאאK

אאא،אאאאאאאאאKא

אא،א،אא،،אאאאK

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאאאא،א،אאא

אאאאאאאאאK

،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאא،אאא،אאאאאKאאא

אאא(Corrosion inhibitors)אאאאK

אאאא،אאאאאא(Immunity)א،א

אא(Passivation)K


- ٥٣ -

F٥ J١EאאW אא(Cathodic protection)אא

אאKאאאאאאK

א،،אאאאאאאאK

אאWאא(Impressed current technique) אאKאF٥ J١E

،אאאioא،א،אאE1Fi1E

א،אא،אאE2Fi2Eא،אK

אE2אKאאאא

א(Hydrogen damage)،،אאK

F٥ J١EאאאאK

אF٥ J٢E،אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،


- ٥٤ -

אאאKא،אאאאאאאאא،אאא،אא،א،אK

F٥ J٢EאאאK

(Sacrificial anode technique)אאWאא

אאא(Auxiliary electrode)א،אאא

Kאאאא،אאאאא،אאאKאאאא،

٢}١F٣}١אKEאF٥ J٢٣EאאאאאאK

،אאאא،אאאאא،אאאא،אא،א

אאK


- ٥٥ -

F٥ J٣EאאאאאK

F٥ J٢EאאW

אא(Anodic protection)אאאאאא،א

אאאאא،אאאאא(Passive oxide films)א،

אKאא،אאאאאK


- ٥٦ -

F٥ J٣EאW א(Corrosion inhibitors)

אאאאאאאא،אא

FאEאאFאאEאKאאאאאאאא

אאאF٥ J١EאאK


- ٥٧ -

F٥ J١Eאא

א א

א א

א א א pHZ٨ א ٥ J١٠א

א אFאonce

through א א pHZ٨

א ١٠אא א ٠ J٢٠אא

אFאאEcirculating

א א ١}٠ J١٪

א ١}٠–١٪ אאH

١H٪١}٠٪

אLא

אHא

אא אאא ١٠אא א ١٠ J٢٠א

א א א א

٥}٠٪ אstorage tanksא א

٠٪K אpicking א ١}٠ J١٪


- ٥٨ -

F٥ J٤EאאW אא(Metal coating) ،א

אא،אאאFEאאאאאאאאא،

،א،אאאאאא(Hot forming)אא(Hot dipping)אא(Electroplating)א(Cementation)א(Cladding)אא(Gun

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א(Galvanizing steel)Kאא(Galvanized steel)،אאאא،א،אאאאאKא

אאאאא(Tin plate of steel)،אאאאא

אאאא(Tin cans)אאאאאאאFא–א–א–

א–אE،א٢٥KאאאK

F٥ J٥EאאW

אאא(Chemical coating)Kאאאא،،،אאא

אא،אאאאאKא(Chemical conversion coatings)

،אאאאFאאאאאE

אאאאאK


- ٥٩ -

אא(Phosphate treatment)،אאאאאאא

אKאFאאAnodizingEאאאאא،א

Kאא،אאאK F٥ J٦EאW

אאא(Paints)אאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאא،אאאא،אא،א(Pigments)אאא(Fillers)א

אאאKאאאKאאאא(Descaling)

אא(Degreasing)אאאאאאאאKאאא،אK

- ٥٥ -

אאאאאא

אאאאאאאא

אאא

٦

א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא

- ٦٠ -

F٦ J١EאאW אאאאאאאאא

אאאאא،אאאKאאא

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אאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

Kאאאאאאאאא،

אאאאאאאאאאKאאW

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אאאK WאאFPerformanceEאאא،

Kאאאאאא Wאא(Structure and Composition )،


אWאאFSynthesis and ProcessingEאאא،אאאאאאK


- ٦١ -

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אאאאאאאא،אאW

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א(Brittleness)W א F Eא א

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א(Tensile strength)W

אא א א א א א א ،א א א א א אא

אאא (Ultimate strength)K

א(Ductility)W אאאאאא،אאא

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- ٦٢ -

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א(Fatigue)W

אאא(Cyclic)אאKאאאא

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א(Toughness)W

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א( Elasticity)W א א א א א א Kא

אאאאאאאאאאאK

א(Modulus of elasticity)W

א א (stress)א אא א אא(strain)אאאאK


- ٦٣ -

F٦ J٣EאאW אאאאאאאאא

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٢ Jאאאאא( Polymers and Plastics )W

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אאאאאKאאאאFאEאאאKאאא

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אאאאאאאא،אאאאK

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK


- ٦٤ -

אאאFאאאEאאא(Thermo Sets)אאאא(Thermo Plastics)א(Elastomers)אאאאאאאKאאא

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٢٠٠٠K


- ٦٥ -

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א אא א ١٩١٩٢٠

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א٢٦٧٦ Jאא٥٩٨١ J

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א١٧٢٠٢٥א٧٧١٠א J ١١١٥א J ٢٢٢٨א J

א٤٢٥٤٦٠אאא١٤١٣١٥

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א٤٢٧٦א J ٢٤٤٠א J ١٠א J J

א٤٤٨٠٨٩אא J١٧ J

א J٥٥ J א J٦٦ J J٥١ J

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אא٤١٤٩٥٩


- ٦٦ -

٣ Jאאא( Ceramics )W אאאאאאאאאא

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אא،אאא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאFאEאFאEאאאא٠Kאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאKאאא

א،Wאא( Traditional Ceramics )אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאFאEאאאאאאאאאאKא

אWאא( Advanced Ceramics )،אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

٣٠٠٠Kאאאאאא( Fe3O4 )FEאאאאKאא

אאאאאאא( YB2 Cu3 O7 )Kאא(Laser Glasses)אאאא


- ٦٧ -

(High Purity Silica) אא(Optical Glasses)אאאK

٤ Jאאא( Composites )W

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

א،(Matrix Material) א،(Stiffness) אKאאא

אאאאאאאאא א K א א

אאאאא، אאאאאאא K א א א אאא

אאא אא אאא א אא א א א א א ،

א Kא א אאאא אא א א K

אאאאאאאאא K א אא

א א K אא אא א אאאאא(Glass Fibers)אאאא

אאאאאאK


- ٦٨ -

F٦ J٤EאאאאאW אאאאאאאאאאאא

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אאא،אא،אאאאאא،אאאאאא

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- ٧٠ -

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אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

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F٦ J٣ J١EאW אאאאאאאא

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- ٧١ -

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אאאאא(Atmosphere)אא،


- ٧٢ -

אאאאאאאא(Galvanized steel)אKאאא א

אאאאאאK

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אאאא،אא


- ٧٣ -

אאאKאאאאא

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- ٧٤ -

אאאאאאאאאKאא

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אאKאא،אאאא(Unified Numbering

System ,UNS) אאאא(American Society of Testing Materials, ASTM)אאא(Society

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אK


- ٧٥ -

F٦ J٢Eאא

א א

א א

UNS No.

S31603

S31600 S30403

S30400

S30100

אא

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UNS No.

S31254

N08904 S30815 S31000 S32100

אא

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UNS No.

S44600

S44400 S43000 S40900

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430 409

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UNS No.

S44004 S43100 S42000 S41000

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UNS No.

S32760

S32550 S32750 S31803 S32304

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Zeron 100™

Ferralliw™

m255™

2507 2205 2304

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S15500 S17700 S17400

אא

15-5PH 17-7PH

or 631

17-4PH or 630


- ٧٦ -

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אאאאא،Kאאאאאאא،אאא

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אאאאאK،אאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאא

א(Ball Bearings)א(440) אאאא،אאKאF٤٢٠EאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאKאF٤١٦Eא،אא

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- ٧٧ -

אאא٤٣٠،אאאאאא،א

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- ٧٨ -

אאאאאאאאא،א CD-4M Cu،אאאאא

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אאאאאK

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18.0 - 20.0 8.0 - 10.5 - 0.08 max 30418.0 - 20.0 8.0 - 10.5 - 0.03 max 304L16.0 - 18.0 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 0.08 max 31616.0 - 18.0 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 0. 316L

אאאWאאא

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- ٧٩ -

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٤ J٤א אאאאאא(Reactive)

،אא،


- ٨٠ -

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- ٨١ -

א،–א–אאאא،אאאאא،אא

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- ٨٢ -

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٥ J٤א

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- ٨٣ -

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- ٨٤ -

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- ٨٥ -

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٨ J٤א

אאאאאאאאא،אK

אא،אאא


- ٨٦ -

?אאFGalvanized SteelEאאFHot DippingEאFSprayingEאK

،אא–אא،אאאא–F١}٤E٪אא،–א

אF١E٪KאאאאאFDie-CastingEא FPressure Die-castingKE

،אא،אאאאאK

٩ J٤א

אאF٣}١١E،א،א

א،Kאאאאא

אאFSulfidesEאאKאאאאאאאאא

،אאא،אאאאF١١ J١EאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אא،אK אאאא،

אאFBearingsE،א،אא–،،א

אאאFSoft SolderingEאאאאFTerneplateKEא

אאאאאאא


- ٨٧ -

אאאFאאEאאא(Safety Plugs)،אאאאא،אאאא

אF٥٠E٪אF٢٥ J٣٠E٪אאאKאאאאאאK

אאא،אאאא،?אא?(Chemical Lead)א

F٠٦}٠E٪אאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאאאK

١٠ J٤א אאא،אא

،אאאא،אאאאאKאא،אא

،אאאא،אאאאאא،אא

(Hot Dipping)،אKאאאא،אאKא

،אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאK،אאאאאא،אK

،אאאאאאאאאאא

א،אאאאKאאאאK


- ٨٨ -

אאאאאאאK،אא

אאאאאאאאאKאא(Foils)א

אאאא،אאאאאאאאKאאא (Mineral

Acids) אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאKא

אא،אאאKאאאKאאא??(Pewter)א

א،אאF٦ J٧E٪F١ J٢E٪K،אאאאאאאא

،אאאF١٧٥EאאKאא

אאKאאאאאאאאK

١١ J٤א

אאאאאKאאאא،

א–א Jא–אאKאאא،א

אK،אאאאאאאאאאא

א،אאאאאאKאאאאאא

אFEא،א


- ٨٩ -

אFאאEאאאK

אאKאאאאאאא،א

אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאF٧٠EאאF٥٠E٪،אF٣٢٠KE

١٢–٤א

אאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאKאא

אאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אF٣٠E٪

אKאאאאאאאKאא

אאא،אאא،אאאאאF١٥}٠E٪K


- ٩٠ -

אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאF١٠ J٤EאאאאאK

١٣ J٤אאא (Refractory Metals) אא،אאאאאא،אא،אאאא

אF١١ J٤KEאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאא،אK

٢ J١٣ J٤אW אאאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאא(MoO3)אאא

F٧٠٠EאאאאאK

٣ J١٣ J٤אW אא،אאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאKא

אאאFאאEKאאא،אאאאא

אאאK ،אאאא

אאאאאK


- ٩١ -

٤ J١٣ J٤אW אאאאא

אF١١ J٤Eאאאאאאא،אא،אאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאאF١٦٥٠E١٤٠K

٥ J١٣ J٤אW

אאאא،אאאאא(Thermal Neutron Cross Section)

אאאאKאאאאKאאא

אאאFאאEא،אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאKאאאא،אאאאאאא،אא

אאאאKאאאFא

אEאKאF١١٢EאF٤٢٥EF٥٦٠EאאK

١٤ J٤אא (Noble Metals)

،אאאאאאאF٢ J٣KEאאאא

אFאאאאKEא


- ٩٢ -

FEאא،אאאKאאאא

א،אאא،אאKאאאאא

KאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאKאF١٢ J٤EאאאאאK

١ J١٤ J٤אW

אא،אא،אאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאKאאא،אאאאאK،א

،אאאF٢٤E،אאאF١L٢٤EאKאאF٥٠E٪F١٢EאKא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאKאאא

אא(Aque Regia)אאאאאאK

٢ J١٤ J٤אW אאאא

אאאאאאאא(Thermocouples)(Pt-PtRh)אאאא(Crucibles)אא

אאאאאאאF١٨٠٠Eאאאאא


- ٩٣ -

אאאKאאאאאKא،אא

אKא،אאאאF70Au 30PtEא(Spinnerets)אאKא

א(Anodes)אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאא

אF١٢ J٤KEאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאK


- ٩٤ -

٣ J١٤ J٤אW אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא(Bus-bar)אאאאKא

אאKאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאא،אאאאא

(Autoclaves)א،אאאאאאאא،אאK

،א،א،אא(Tarnishing)אא،H2S

אאאKאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאK

א ١٦١ אא אאאא

- ٩٥ -

אא 1. Fontana, M.G. and Greene, N.D., Corrosion Engineering, McGraw-

Hill, 1978. 2. Laque, F .L., Marine Corrosion: Causes and Prevention, J. Wiley,

1975. 3. Nace Corrosion Engineers Reference Book, 3ed., NACE

International, 2002. 4. Uhlig, H.H., Uhlig Corrosion Handbook, Electrochemical Society,

John Wiley, 2 ed, 2000. 5. Denny, A.J., Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, 2ed., Prentice-

Hall Inc. 1996. 6. Dillon, C. P., Corrosion Control in the Chemical Industries,

McGraw-Hill, 1986. 7. Verink, E. D. and Syrett, B. C., Testing Made Easy: The Basics,

Corrosion Testing Made Easy, NACE International, 1994. 8. Neil, G. T. etl., Testing Made Easy: DC Electrochemical Test

Methods, Corrosion, NACE International, 1998. ٩K ،אא،אא،א

،א١٩٩٠אK ١٠K אאא،אא،א،

١٤١٦،١٩٩٥K

א ١٦١ א אאאא

א F١ J١EאW ................................................................................................. ١

F١ J٣EאאאW ........................................................................ ٣

F١ J٤EאאW ................................................................................... ٧

F١ J٥EאאW .................................................................. ٨

F١ J٦Eא(Passivity)W ...................................................................................... ٩

F١ J٧Eא(Faraday experiment)W ............................................................. ١١

F١ J٨Eא(Polarization)W ........................................................................... ١٢

F١ J٩EאאW ............................................................................................ ١٢

F٢ J١Eאא( Free energy, ∆G)W ................................................................ ١٥

F٢ J٢Eא( Electrode potential )W .............................................................. ١٥

F٢ J٣Eאא( Standard electrode potential, E° )W ............................. ١٦

F٢ J٤Eא(Ecell )W .............................................................................. ١٨

F٢ J٥Eאאא(Reference electrodes)W ............................................... ٢١

F٢ J٦EאאW ...................................................................... ٢٢

F٣ J١Eא ................................................................................................ ٢٩

F٣ J٢EאאW ........................................................................................ ٢٩

F٣ J٣EאאW ..................................................................................... ٣١

F٣ J٤EאאW ........................................................................................ ٣٦

F٤ J١EאאאW ...................................................................................... ٣٩

F٤ J٢EאאW ............................................................................................ ٤٠

F٤ J٣Eאא(Pitting corrosion )W ............................................................... ٤٢

F٤ J٤Eאא(Crevice corrosion )W ........................................................... ٤٤

F٤ J٥Eאא(Intergranular corrosion )W ................................................ ٤٥

F٤ J٦Eאא(Stress corrosion)W ............................................................... ٤٧

א ١٦١ א אאאא

F٤ J٧Eאא( Erosion corrosion )W .......................................................... ٤٧

F٤ J٨Eאא(Bacterial corrosion )W ......................................................... ٥٠

F٥ J١EאאW .......................................................................................... ٥٣

F٥ J٢EאאW ........................................................................................... ٥٥

F٥ J٣EאW ............................................................................................. ٥٦

F٥ J٤EאאW .............................................................................................. ٥٨

F٥ J٥EאאW ............................................................................................ ٥٨

F٦ J١EאאW .................................................................................................. ٦٠

F٦ J٢EאאאאW ................................................................................. ٦١

F٦ J٣EאאW ................................................................................................. ٦٣

F٦ J٤EאאאאאW .............................................................. ٦٨

٤ J٤٧٩ ............................................................................................... א

٥ J٤٨٢ ............................................................................................... א

٦ J٤٨٣ ................................................................................................ א

٧ J٤٨٤ ............................................................................................ א

٨ J٤٨٥ ................................................................................................. א

٩ J٤٨٦ .............................................................................................. א

١٠ J٤٨٧ ............................................................................................. א

١١ J٤٨٨ ....................................................................................................... א

١٢–٤٨٩ ............................................................................................ א

١٣ J٤אאא (Refractory Metals) ............................................................... ٩٠

١٤ J٤אא (Noble Metals) ...................................................................... ٩١

א٩٥ .................................................................................................................. א

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