2 10 14 17 The Cerebral Cortex19 27 32 34 40 44 45 48 51 54 57 62 64 66 72 80 85 ()89 94

2+3:

3 :1. : . , , , . . 2. /.3. . 4+5:

. . , . , . " . 7+9:

, 9 (), pH . 10: . () PNS. .

11: : () . . . .

12: . : , , . ( ). . . . . 13+14:

, , . . . , . . . , , '. . 15:

" . . . .

16:

3 : ( )1. A-: .2. E-: / '.3. . A- -10 E- 10,000 . 17: . . - . . . . . , , . . 18: . , . . .

19: . . , " . " . ( ) , .

20:

, , . . fascicles.

21: .

22+23:

!! = . . , , ( ). 24: : . .

25: , . . . , . , .

26: ? , . , , . . 27: . . 28: . 29: . = . . . . 20% 80% . -. " , '. 30: , . . . ( 3 ) -3 . 3 .

31: ? . , . 32:

33: . . 34: : , . . . 35+37: ( 36 )

38: . . : ( ) 39: .

40: . . .

2: ? . , . 3: . . . . , , . 4: 5:

. ( / ). longitudinal fissure. . ' , , , , , . . 6: () , () . ? . . . . . . . 7: . . , . , , . . . = " . . 8: . . , . "CC". . . . 9:

-diencephalon . =. T , . , . .

10: . -3 :1. midbraind2. pons3. medulla oblongata .

11: . M .

12: . " ". . MO . . MO . 13: . 4 , 6 " 8 . . . 3 , . (!!). "" . -6 , . . 14:-8 "" . , . CC. D. . MO . 8 .

15:

? MO. .

16: : , .

2-6:

8 . , . . . , . 1 -2 (I, II). . -3 . (III). , , . ( ). (IV), . pons medulla . -3 -4. . , Aqueduct ( ). ( ) A. 7: -CSF: . ? . , , . ? . . , CSF , CSF. . CSF -3. -3 , - . , . . , , , . " . 8:

. . 9: . ( ). . . ( IV). superior& inferior colliculus () ( ). . 10: . . 11:

C , . .

12+13:

. , , .

meninges. . 2: 3 . dura . . arachnoid . pia

3: . ( ) . -4 . , , . . : TC . . tentorium cerebellari. tent (). . FALX CEREBRI. 4: . ! , , ( ) . . . . . . , . - .

5: . . . . . . . , (TC). . . , . . . . -. ( ). -CSF - . , . CSF, -. . . cistern . CSF. ? , . , , . CSF , . -CSF. CSF , . arachnoid granulations. . 6: . . . . . . -falx cerebri . "" -CSF . The Cerebral Cortex 2: ( ). . ( -). . . , . . 4: . ( ) . sulcus. . gyrus. . fissure. 5:

. . . , lateral fissure ( /). . . . () . central sulcus ( ). , -central sulcus . 6: . . . . 8: () central sulcus.

9:

. 10:

11:

. pre pos.

12: , . . 13: parieto-occipital sulcus. , . 14: clacarine sulcus. . 15:

, .

16:

.

17: . , . cingulate . 18:

.

19: . "". , . , Y. , . . . . 20:

. , ( , ). . . .

21: = . , . , . . . , . , , . . 21:

. . . , . .

23: . . . , , . . . , . , , " , '. broca's motor speech area. . . . 3. . . 2, . . . . . . 24: . . 4 , 3 . superior, mideal, inferior temporal gyrus . , ( ). . . ( , , , ). . . 25: -. -. , . , , - ( ). -: . . , , . . . . 26: : ( ) , . . . . , , , . 27:

, . , . .

28: . " - , . : . . , . . " " . . .

29: ( ).

30:

. " .

3: , . . . , , . 4: . , . . . , _________. . . 5: premotor supplementary motor . , , . . ? , , . . , . . , . -Supp , . . . , , , , , . . . : SMA , . -. . -. " . . , . -99 , , . ( ) SMA : . . . " ( ), . , . 6: - . . " . - - -. 7:

, , , . ., , . . , .

8: , . 3 , ( ). . . . . SMA . . SMA. 9:

. . , .

10: , . ? . 11: . . . . . . -. . . . , , , . -30 . . . , . , . 1949 . 12: . . . -90% . . . . . , , '. , . . 13: , . . . . , .

14: . . ( ), .

15: . . : . . - : (=) .

. 2: -3 . . , . . 3:

.

4: . , . ( ). . short U fibers U. , . . : 5: -, . , . , .

6: ' . -. . , . . , . ' : : . . . . ? , , , -. . 7: , . , ' corona radiate., , internal capsule. . 8:

, , , , IC .

2:

.

3:

4: . . , . . . . . ' . . 5: .Lateral geniculate body (LGB) . ( ) , . . . , X . . -X . -X. , . . LGB. -LGB . ? .

6: -LGB. . , . ' . . 7:

. . . , , . , . . , . 8: . . . ( , )., ( , ). 9: . , , ' . ' . . , , , , ( ), , ' ' ' . . " ' .

10: ( ). . . . . . . . , . . . , . . 11: . , , " . , ' , . ? . . " , , '. " TSH - . -TSH TSH TSH . . Follicle . Luteinzing.... . ACTH , . ' . ACTH . 12: : . pH . . 13: . . , , '. , ' .

14: , . , . . . . 15: . 4 . . . . '. . . 16: . . . . . . . . , , . . 17:- , . . , . , . 18: . . . , . ( ), , ( ) .

19: : , . : , , , . . . . , , . . .

2: . . Hippocampus ( ). 3:

. , , . . , . . , . 5: . . . 6:

. ( ). . . , . -basal ganglia . ganglia ganglion. amygdale , .

7: . , . , . , . , , . 8: , . 9: . . . "" . . , . ( ) ( . . putamen globus pallidus ( ). 10: . . . , . . 8. . .

11: . . . . , . . 12: (' ) . . .

13: . . . 14: .

15:

16: . . . . 17:

. ( ). . , , , . 18: ....

19:

20:

. . . . ( ). 21:

( ).

2: :1. : .2. : . , " . , . 3: . 4: : ( ) . , . . 5: : ' . ' . . , . , ' , , . , ( ). : PNS , , . ( , , ). ' , . . Preganglionic neuron Post. 6: . 7: : (A) ((E . -E . 8: . , . (' ). , , . . . , . 9: , , . .

11:( ) ( !! ). ( ): , . ( T1). ', , . . ( ) . POST . . POST , , . -PRE -POST . . ' . ' ' PRE POST . ADRENAL MEDULA ATCH ADRANEL. . . , . , , , , ( ), . 12+13: . 3 : CELIAC SUPERIOR MESENTERIC INFIRIOR MRSRNTERIC 14: , . . . ( ). . , . . , . , . . . , . . . . 15: . , . , . , . T10 T6 T12 . . . , . . 16: . , ( -). . " . , , . . . .

17+18:

: . ' . . . ' . . . . . ( , ). . " . . , . . 20: . ' . ' . , . . () (). . . 21:" . , . . -celiac. superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric . . . ( ). . 22+23:

, ( ) ( ... ). 24+25:

: . : . " . ' , ' . : . . . . 26: ' , . ' ', , . 27:

' , .' SLUD. 28:

.

2: : . . , . . 3: . . . 4: , , . . . 5: . . . "" " ". . . 6: . . , . . .

7: : . . -X . . . "". 8: : . ' . . . , , .

9: .

10: : , . . . . . , . . , , ', ', ( ) ' . . . . 11: . . . ( + ), . . ( , , , " ) . 12: : , , (/). . . , . ( ) . . , . 13: ( ). . . . 14:

.

1: , . , , . . -8 . ' 8 , , VENTRAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS DORSAL . , . , . , - ( ) " - , . infirior colliculus of midbrain. -medial geniculate body. -medial geniculate body . . , . . , , .

2+3: . . . (optic nerve). , , LGB . , . . optic radiation ( ). . . . , . nasal temporal.-nasal . , . . . , X -optic chiasma. chi X. ( ). , , , . , . : . . , , . . . . . . . , . , , . . ( ) . :1. . optic nerve .

2. , , . , nasal ( ). " . 3. . . . . , " .

4. -4 5 , .

, , , " ".

64

NumberNameSkeletal muscleSmooth muscle, heart, glands (Autonomic)Sensory general( - , , , )Special senses

Beginning or ending in brain

IOlfactorySmell Olfactory bulb

IIOptic Vision Thalamus

IIIOculo-motorMost of the muscles of the eyeball (4/6)Muscles of the lens and iris of the eyeMidbrain

IVTrochlearOne muscle of eyeball (1/6)Dorsal side of midbrain

VTrigeminal Muscles of mastication Face, ant. scalp, teeth, eye, nosePons

VIAbducent One muscle of eyeball (1/6)Pons

VIIFacial Muscles of facial expressionMucous glands of nose, mouth, submandibular and sublingular glands External earTaste ant. 2/3 of tongue Medulla

VIIIVestibulo-cochlearHearing, balanceMedulla

IXGlossopharyngeal Stylopharyngeus muscleParotid glandTaste posterior 1/3 of tongueMedulla

XVagus Muscles of pharynxOrgans in neck, thorax, and abdomenExt. Acoustic meatus and ear drum ( )Medulla

XIAccessory Muscles of soft palate, pharynx, larynx, sternocleidomastoid, trapeziusMedulla

XIIHypoglossal Tongue musclesMedulla

On Old Olympus Topmost Top, A Fin And German Viewed A HopNumberName Skeletal muscleSmooth muscleSensory generalSpecial sensory

I

Olfactory

II

Optic

III

Oculomotor

IV

Trochlear

V

Trigeminal

VI

Abducent

VII

Facial

VIII

Vestibulocochlear

IX

Glossopharyngeal

X

Vagus

XI

Accessory

XII

Hypoglossal

1: 12 -11 . ( ) . IV . 2:

? , . .1. OLFACTORY: , , . .2. OPTIC: . . LGB.3. Oculo-motor: . . . 6 . . . . " . ( ) -IRIS . IRIS LENS ( - ) . . , - -. MIDBRAIN.4. Trochlear: . . . :5. Trigeminal: 3 . : . , , . ", , , '. , ' V . , , . .6. ABDUCENT: . .7. FACIAL: , . , - , . 3 , . " . - .8. Vestibulo-cochlear: . ", , , , . VESTIBULO ( ). . .9. Glossopharyngeal: STYLOPHARYNGUES. . - PAROTID. , . 10. Vagus: " ". , . , , " . , " . . -. " . . , " , .11. Accessory: . , ( , ) STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID ( ). , .12. Hypoglossal: . , .

I a(1 a) 13-20 80-120 .

II(2) 6-12 33-75 .

delta 1-5 3-30 " -3. , . " . . .

C 0.2-1.5 0.5-2 .

alpha 13.20 80-120 . .

gamma 5-8 4-24 .

. " . " . . " , " . . " . : , , , . . ", , . , . . , , . C "'" "'" C. . . () . . . . , . ", " . .

2: . . : internal carotid . , . . . , basilar artery. .( ) posterior cerebral artery . internal carotid. . anterior cerebral middle cerebral. 2 : . posterior communicatiny . . anterior aommunicatiny artery. . . : pontine arteries. 3 , superior carebellar artery. inferior cerebellar areteries , anterior inferior cerebellar artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery. . . posterior inferior cerebellar artery . striate arteries . . . . . 3: . . . . . . 4: . . . 5: . " . . .

2: , , , . " . . () (). . , central canal . 3: () . dorsal root ventral root. " . . dorsal root ganglion .spinal nerve . , dorsal root. . ventral horn. dorsal root ganglion dorsal root ganglion. 4: , . , - . fasicle .

5: , . . . . , . , , . . . , . , . , , , . . , . . , ( ) , , . , . , , , . . , ? , , , . ( ) . 6: . : . " . . ( ) - , , . , , , . , . ? , ? ? , "'". . . , . , , , ' , . . . . . . , , . . , . . . 7: (!!!!) . MN, , . 8: . L1-L2 ?? , . , . 9: . . . l1-l2. . , . . , . . , ( ) . - . . . , . , ( ). , . , . . 8 . -c1 . C7 C8. . 8 . 12 -12 . 5 -5 . . 10: , , L2, -cauda equina = . . 11:

, . . 12: -3 . " . . . , , . . . . 13: : 3 . . . , . , , . . 14: . . . . .CSF - . , - . CSF . 15:

. . , Filum terminale. . - L2 . 16:

. . . , . . CSF L4 L5 , , . . 17:=. , . , , " . 18: , CSF , . .

( 19 )

. 2: . , ? ( ) . . . ' ( ). 3: . . . . , ( ) -- . . 4: . = . . . , ( ) . " . 5: . . , , " . " .

6: . , , , . , , . . 7: , , , " , . . , , . . , . , , '. . . . . . . . . . . 8: . . , . , , " ". .

9: . . . . , , , . () . , . " , . . . . . " . . : , (). , , . , , . . , " , " . 10: . & ( ). . . , . . ( , , ). , . - . . (" 2). , . 11: . , . , . . 3. 3+4+6 . 5 . 7 . 9 . 10 . 11 -12 . , , . . , 5 , . ? , . 2 7 -12. . ( 7 -12) " ( 5 ). 12: 12. . , , . 13: 7 . ( ) . , ( ) . . , . . ( !!) facial . . 14: facial nerve palsy 7 . , . 15:

. . LOWER . , . UPPER ventral & lateral cortico spinal tracs, corticobulbar tract. 16: . 17:

-UPPER . . 1. LMN .1. UMN 1. UMN LMN. UMN LMN. LMN 18: LMN . . , . . . . . " , . 19: UMN? . . 20: , , UMN ( ) , , T4 . 21: ? . , , " UMN . " ? . , , ", , , . , . , , . , " . , . . 22: , " ". . " , . " , . , . , . .

23: . ? , . , . = . = / . 24: . -. ( ) . , . , ( ) . , , , . , . , . , . , , . , . , . ? , . . , , . 25: . . . . . .

26: . . . . " , , - -, . , . 27: . . , - , , . ( ) . - . 28: . . ( ). . 29: . . . 30: , ,

2: , , . , . , ( ) 3: , " ". 4: . ( , ) . . . . 5: . " . 6: 7: -. , . 8: . . . . , . . ( , ) , . 3 . , , , . . . . . , , , . , . . . . "" . , . . . . . , . . " , , , , . , , - , . , . , . 9: . 10: -. -. -. . 12: : . , , , , . ? . 13: gamma - . . , . . ? . , . ... gamma motor neurons . , . , , . . . , - . 14: . , . ? . , , . . . , . . , . 15:, , . . . . , .

16: . intention tremor . , intention , . . , , " . , . 17: . , . . ? . ? , , . " " , / / " , ? , , , ' . . . , -? , . " . , , . , . 18: . . , (ataxic). , , , , dysarthria ( ), . 19: . 20:

.

21:( ) , , . ? -. , . , . , , . , ( ) . . . , , , - , -. - . , , . . " , . , , . . basal ganglia. . .

2: , 3 ( , , , ). ( ) . , . , . . - . . . . , . 3: ? ? ? , . , . + . . : 4: 5:

. . , , . . , , , .

6: . ". , . 7+8: . " . . 9: . 10:

, . .

11: . " " .

12: . . 13:

, , . , . ? . . , . 14: , . , . . - . basal ganglia basal ganglia , . . ( ).

: ( ) in ( ") out ( )

Pre-motor/SMA , -basal ganglia. . cortico-spinal tract .

(precentral gyrus) . ( )lateral cortico-spinal tract & ventral cortico-spinal tract -lateral . , , .

ventral postero-lateral nucleus .____

subthalamic nucleus -basal ganglia ____

midbrain , . cortico-rubral. -rubral-spinal tract . .

substantia nigramidbrain -basal ganglia . basal ganglia.__basal ganglia

superior colliculimidbrain . tectum-spinal tract.

- midbrain + pons + modulla cortico-bulbar

reticular system - midbrain + pons + modulla, , -reticulo-spinal tract .

pons + medulla -, , . . - vestibulo-occular motor. lateral&medial vestibulo-spinal tract

() , , . 2+3: 3 . . , ' . ". . . . 4: ". , ". . . , . ? , . 3 . , . , ( ), . . , , . . , , . . 5: 3 . , . . ? ", " " . ? . 6+7:

8: . , . . 9: . . , . , . , . A B C... A B . , , , , C free terminal endings , . , . . , . 10: . . . . , . " . . . . ? , . tendon organs '. . tendon organs '. " ? , . , , . , . . , ? , , " , . " . . " .

11: . 12: " . 40 " 180 " . " " . , " . . " . 13:. . , " . . . \ , . . . 14: " . " . 2 1 two point discrimination. 15: . -X . , . . . , .

16: " . ", , , . " . . , , , . . 17: . , . ADHD, . ADHD ADHD . . . "" 18+19: : , , ? ( ) . ? , , . . 20-22:

? . . . . . . , . . 23+24: . phantom limb , . , . , . , , , , . 25: , deafferentation afferent . . , . 26+27:

1: . . . " . " . . Dorsal column . , . two point discrimination. . ( ) . :1. Fasciculus gracillis . . , .2. Fasciculus cuneatus . , . , . ? , . , , , . " ? . - . () . , . . , . . . , . . . . . . . " . 3 . :1. 2. . , ( 3 ). . () . . , , . 2: -. . ( ). : . . . , . ( ) . . 3 -2 . , , . " , . ' 2 . (' 2 ) . , , " -" " .

3: - . . () . ? ? " - ". . 3 -2 . () . " . ( )? . 4:

() . , ' . " -" = . , . , . . , :1. ( ) .2. . ' 2. . ( ) . ( ) ( ).( ) 5:

!!!!!!! Dermatomesderma . . " (32) C1 . C1, C2, C3 '.. . ? , , C4 C5. . " , , . , .