العوامل المناخية وعلاقتها بالكائنات الحية

15
اﻟﻔﺻل اﻟﺛﺎﻟث: : ﺗﻣﮭﯾد. اﻟﻣﻧﺎخ ھو ﻣﺟﻣوع اﻟظروف اﻟﺟوﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳود ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ، ﺧﻼل ﻣدة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة وﺗدﻋﻰ ھذه اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت ﻋواﻣل... وﻣن أھم ﻣﻛوﻧﺎﺗﮫ ﻧذﻛر اﻟﺗﺳﺎﻗطﺎت، اﻟﺣرارة، اﻟرطوﺑﺔ، اﻹﺿﺎءة، اﻟرﯾﺎح،. ﻣﻧﺎﺧﯾﺔ ﻓﻣﺎ ھو ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ھذه اﻟﻌواﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔ؟Ι ﻗﯾﺎس وﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﯾﺔ. . ﻗﯾﺎس اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﯾﺔ أﻧظر اﻟوﺛﯾﻘﺔ1 . أ اﻟﺗﺳﺎﻗطﺎت: ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﻣﻣطﺎر ﻣن ﻗﯾﺎس ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻷﻣطﺎرP بmm ، اﻟﻣﺗﺟﻣﻌﺔ ﻛل ﯾوم، وﯾﻌﺑر1mm ﻣن اﻟﻣطر ﻋن ﺗﺳﺎﻗط ﻛﻣﯾﺔ1 ﻟﺗر ﻣن اﻟﻣﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ1m 2 وھﻛذا ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺳﺎﻗطﺎت ﺧﻼل ﺷﮭر أو ﺧﻼل. ﺧﻼل ﯾوم وھﻛذا ﻓﺎﻟﻣﻌدل اﻟﺳﻧوي ﻟﻠﺗﺳﺎﻗطﺎت. ﺳﻧﺔPa . ھو ﻣﺟﻣوع اﻟﺗﺳﺎﻗطﺎت اﻟﺷﮭرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻧﺔ ب اﻟﺣرارة: ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﻣﺣرار ﻣن ﻗﯾﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة ب°C إذ ﻧﺳﺟل اﻟﺣرارة اﻟدﻧﯾﺎ وﻧرﻣز ﻟﮭﺎ ب. m ، واﻟﺣرارة اﻟﻘﺻوى وﻧرﻣز ﻟﮭﺎ بM . : ﯾﻣﻛن ﺣﺳﺎب ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺣرارة اﻟﺷﮭرﯾﺔ ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺣرارة اﻟﻘﺻوىM وﻣﻌدل. ، ھو ﻣﺟﻣوع اﻟﺣرارة اﻟﻘﺻوى ﻟﻸﯾﺎم ﻣﻘﺳوم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋدد أﯾﺎم اﻟﺷﮭر اﻟﺣرارة اﻟدﻧﯾﺎm . ، ھو ﻣﺟﻣوع اﻟﺣرارة اﻟدﻧﯾﺎ ﻟﻸﯾﺎم، ﻣﻘﺳوم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋدد أﯾﺎم اﻟﺷﮭر. ﯾﻣﻛن ﺣﺳﺎب ﻣﻌدل درﺟﺎت اﻟﺣرارة اﻟﺳﻧوﯾﺔ اﻟوﺛﯾﻘﺔ1 . وﺳﺎﺋل ﻗﯾﺎس اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﯾﺔ: ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻣﺣطﺎت اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﺟوﯾﺔ ﻋدة وﺳﺎﺋل وأﺟﮭزة ﻟﻘﯾﺎس ﻣﺧﺗﻠف اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﯾﺔ، وﺗوﺿﻊ ھذه اﻷﺟﮭزة ﻓﻲ ظروف. ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺿﻣﺎن دﻗﺔ اﻟﻘﯾﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﺣرار= Thermomètre ، ﻣرطﺎب- ﻣﺣرار= Thérmo-hygromètre ھﯾﻠﯾوﻏراف= Héliographe ، ﻣﻣطﺎر= Pluviomètre ، ﻣرﯾﺎح= Anémomètre ، ﻣﺿواء= Luxmètre . 1 اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﯾﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔwww.mowahadi.com

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العوامل المناخية وعلاقتها بالكائنات الحية

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