,

:

:

: , 202/07

: . . , . . .

, 2014.

,

:

: , . 202/07

:

, . .

. , , , 315 ( 1.1.1971..) 337 ( 1979. .), .

, , , , .

.

, 01.09.2014. .

, . 202/07

.. , ...

,

.. , ...

1. ...................................................................................................................... 4

2. ......................... 62.1 .................................................................................................. 7

2.1.1 ......................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 ( ) .................................................... 9 2.1.3 ......................................... 12 2.1.4 - ................................................................................................ 12

2.2 ........................................................................... 14 DSM .................................................................................................................... 14 DSM ......................................................................................................................... 15

2.3 ......................................................................................... 16

3. .............................................................................................. 18

3.1 ........................................................ 18 3.1.1 Hamburg - Berlin: Wittenberge (

) ..................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.2 Hannover Berlin: Schnhausen (

) ................................................................................................. 20 3.1.3 Hamburg - Berlin: Vietznitz Friesack (

) .......................................................................... 21 3.1.4 Hollenegg- ( ) .............. 22

3.2 ........................................................................ 23

3.3 ............................ 24 3.3.1 LACTC : Los Angeles, California ( ) ......... 25 3.3.2 New Rancocas Creek: New Jersey ( -) ........ 26 3.3.3 Santa Fe ( / ) .............................................. 28 3.3.4 CSX , Georgia ( ) ................................................................ 29

3.4 ................................................................................. 30 3.4.1 : Sungei Besi, Kuala Lumpur (1992) ( ,

) .................................................................................. 30 3.4.2 Petronas Kedah Gurun- (1997) (

) ............................................................... 31 3.4.3 Kertih - Kuantan (2000 2001) (

) ................................................................................................. 32 3.4.4 Ipoh Rawang (2001 2003) (

) ..................................................................................................................... 34 3.4.5 Ipoh Rawang (

) .......................................................................................................................... 37

3.5 ................................................................................ 38

4. ........................................................................................................ 42

I ....................................... 43 (SPT Standard Penetration Test) ........................ 43

2

(CPT Cone Penetration Test) ...................................... 44

II .. 46

III ................................................................................................. 47

.......................................................................................................... 49

.............................................................................. 51 ............................................................................................................ 51

.......................................................................................................... 52

3

1.

. 150 , , . , , .

, . .

, , . 1 , .

. UIC1 10 30 ( [1], [2], [3]). [4] 45 , 18 . 46 . , 70 ( 2026. ). , , , (. , , ).

, . - (180 km) . 28 ( 1995. 2002. .). , , . , 9 12 . 260 km 9,7 ( 1992. 1997. .).

, . . "" , , , , . , 2,4 10 . , 200 - 230 km/h, 250 km/h. , , , , 7,1 26,8 [1]. .

,

1 Union internationale des chemins de fer 4

, .

, .

, , , , .

1: [5]

5

2.

. , .

, . (, .), , . III , .

, , .

. . .

, , , . .

2 . ( , DSM Deep Soil Mixing) (. 1:2).

2: [6]

, , .

6

.

, , . .

, . , , .

2.1

. / . , , . .

, , , , . () , .

. . . , , , (Vibro Compaction - ) (Vibro replacement or stone columns - ). , ( ) (Grouted Stone Columns ) (Vibro Concrete Columns - -).

4 [7]:

1. , ;

2. ;

3. , ;

4. .

7

3: [9]

(. Keller Holding Plc., , Vibrocat). , 30 50 cm, 2 5 m 15 40 kN. 150 700 kN [7]. .

2.1.1

, , , . . . . 25 m, . , . 3. , .

4 . 5 .

8

35 60 m [7]. 15% , , , . , . , .

, ( 10 15%). , .

2.1.2 ( )

/ , , . (>15%) , . . , . . , 700 1100 mm.

5: [9]

4: [9]

9

: (Wet Top Feed Method) (Dry Bottom Feed Method). 1972. . . ( 8). , , . . , ( 9). 30 80 mm, 10 40 mm [7].

, (CPT DPT2). , , .

6 . 6 , , .

, , . Me, , , .

, . , :

; ;

2 CPT- Cone Penetration Test, DPT (DCPT) Dynamic Cone Penetration Test

6: [9]

10

; ; (

); .

7:

[9]

9: [11]

8: [11]

10: [11]

11

2.1.3

. , , . , / . . , . - 11.

, , , . 400 kN 600 kN .

11: - [8]

2.1.4 -

, , . 12. , . , .

( - ) (< 25 mm). , , , / , .

12

13: - [8]

, , . , , 1000 kN. , , , , 5. , 13.

12: - [9]

- . , , . .

13

2.2

(DSM Deep Soil Mixing) . , . ( , ). . (Wet Deep Soil Mixing - DSM ) (Dry Deep Soil Mixing - DSM ). . .

DSM

, . , . , DSM . , 40 240 cm . , . 14 DSM . , (1). (2) (3).

. . . DSM .

14: DSM [17]

14

DSM

(DSM) - . ( , , ). . . , . .

DSM , DSM . , 60 80 cm, 25 m. DSM-a 15. (1), , (2). DSM (3) , , , . (4) [7].

- , , . , , , , .

100 150 kg/m3 - . , . , . , - , .

15: DSM [17]

15

. , . , DSM ,

2.3

(Compaction Grouting), . , . , .

. , , :

(

) ,

.

, , . . 16 .

- (1).

16: [18]

16

, (2). . , , , .

17

17: () 3 ICE () ICE

250 km/h [8]

3.

. , , .

3.1

1990. , . , , . , 17. 18 ICE3, 250 km/h, .

3 ICE The Intercity-Express

18: [8]

18

3.1.1 Hamburg - Berlin: Wittenberge ( )

6 km Hamburg Berlin Wittenberge-a . .

, . 4 2 m 1,25 m ( 19). 3 7 m. 0,6 0,8 m. 19.

, 2 3 m. . je ( 120 km/h), 3 mm, .

19:

[10]

19

3.1.2 Hannover Berlin: Schnhausen ( )

Hannover - Berlin Hmerten-a Stendal-a . , Schnhausen . 1,85 m x 2,15 m 20.

21 . 3 m, , , - 7 m ,

20: Schnhausen [10]

21: CPT Schnhausen [10]

20

, . , 82000 6 12 m .

3.1.3 Hamburg - Berlin: Vietznitz Friesack ( )

Vietznitz - Friesack Hamburg - Berlin, Havellander Luch, . 2 m, 2 m, . , , . 22.

0,6 m ( 22) 1,41 m. , . , .

.

22: Hamburg Berlin [8] [10]

21

. .

3.1.4 Hollenegg- ( )

Graz Wies Eibiswald . XIX . . , . .

. . . , , , ( 23). 23. . .

23: [8]

22

3.2

80 ( - ). . , . 24, 2000 2002 .

24: ( 2000 - 2002

DSM ) [8]

12 . 35 % . .

Lekarekulle Frilless (DSM - )

(Vaskustsbanan) . 1,5 km Frilless - () . 0-3 m . DSM - .

, . 1 m 1 3 m. --

23

, . 12 m. . 20 45%, 30 65%. 20 kPa. 10 90 kPa.

- , 3260 DSM , 600 mm, 1,5 m, 33950 DSM . . 25.

25: DSM - [8]

3.3

. , . , , . , , , . , , .

, , . 1 , .

24

LACTC Flyover, Los Angeles SFM Rail yard, San Francico

Alameda Corridor, Los Angeles

/

Santa Fe Railroad, St. Joseph, Missouri

Union Pacific Railroad, Kansas CSX Railroad, Georgia Union Pacific Embankment Tunnel, Longview, Texas

Jet Grouting

Tilford Tunnel, Atlanta, Georgia Charles Street Bridge, Rhode Island Union Pacific Storm Drain Tunnel, Ft. Worth, Texas

West River Bridge, New Have, Connecticut Claremont Detention Basin, Alberquerque, New Mexico

-

Canton Viaduct, Caton, Massachusetts Straight Creek Bridge, Tazewell, Tennessee

Embankment slide, Green Bottom, West Virginia

1: [8]

3.3.1 LACTC4 : Los Angeles, California ( )

San Bernardino, (LACTC) , - .

4 Los Angeles County Transportation Commision 25

. N-5 6 4.56 m. , , , . , . , .

2,74 m 4,6 m. , . 26. , . 80% .

3.3.2 New Rancocas Creek: New Jersey ( -)

Camden Trenton, New Jersey Delaware. Rancocas . , T-WALL.

5 I, SPT 6 , ,

.

26: [8]

26

2,5 m 7,6 m 12 m. 61 cm. , oja .

, - . 2,13 2,74 m, 3 625 . 76,2 cm. , 91 cm, , . , , -WALL, 27. , 150% , 12 mm, , 890 kN.

27: T-WALL [8]

27

3.3.3 Santa Fe ( / )

Santa Fe . St. Joseph, Missouri. 5,5 6,1 m . , , , , . CPT . , 6,1 m . / 28. . 29. 30.

28: / [8]

29: CPT- [8]

30: () ()

[8]

28

3.3.4 CSX7 , Georgia ( )

457 m Georgia, (). 80 , , , . ( 96 km/h 16 km/h) . , , , . , . .

, ( 31 ). 260 m . , 31. 1,5 m . / . , , . 6,1 m 3,05 m . ( ), , 1 m , 2,3 m3 30 cm .

, , . , .

7 Pruga je u vlasnitvu kompanije CSX Transportation

31: [8]

29

3.4

XX . , . 32 . .

32: [8]

3.4.1 : Sungei Besi, Kuala Lumpur (1992) ( , )

Sungei Besi, Salak South-a Serdang- Kuala Lumpur- . . 12 m. . , , . 33 . 12 m 3900 , 0,85 m. 2,1 m.

30

33: [8]

3.4.2 Petronas Kedah Gurun- (1997) ( )

Petronas Kedah Gurun- . 2 8 m. ( 34). (SPT N=0 2) 9 m .

34: , [11]

( ) . 18000 1,0 m. 35 .

31

35:

Gurun-, Petronas Kedah [8]

3.4.3 Kertih - Kuantan (2000 2001) ( )

Kertih - Kuantan Petronas-a8.

( ) . / 3 14 . 253 CPT ( 1 CPT 1000 m2 ) 10 km .

, . CPT . 36 . , 3 m ( ) .

36 CPT . 3 m 10 MPa. 3500 m .

8 Petronas - Petroliam Nasional Berhad 32

(SPT N=0, CPT Qc=200 300 kPa) 8 14 m, ( ). . 0,5 m . , ( 37). 1 m . , .

37: [11]

8 18 3800 m . 12 ,

36: () , () CPT [8]

33

.

. 50 , ( 38).

38: 50 [8]

3.4.4 Ipoh Rawang (2001 2003) ( )

- Kunming- . , 5500 km, . , , , , , , . Ipoh Rawang 150 km.

. , .

Ipoh Rawang . 200 CPT . , 6 m , , 24 m. 39 CPT , 1.5 m (Qc 150 250 kP). .

34

39: CPT- [8]

, , , . .

. 1,0 m ( 8 18 m). 2 11 m.

3 4 m . . . 40 . , .

, ( 41). 42 .

23 6,76 km. ( 2 m ) .

35

40: , [11]

41: , [11]

42: [11]

36

( ). 12 m . 43 . , 48000 m2 .

43: . [11]

3.4.5 Ipoh Rawang ( )

Ipoh Rawang, 800 m . Serendah-. 1,5 3 m, 20 25 m.

5 m 200 kPa, 10 15 kPa. 1,5 m 3 MPa. 11 m . 1 m .

DSM 0,6 m 250 kPa 150 kPa . ( ) 1 1,3 m 1,4 1,5 m

37

. 7 14 m. 44.

, . 150 % 10 mm. , , 15 mm 20 mm DSM .

44: DSM [8]

3.5

. ( 1435 mm, ) 574,8 km/h. . , () . .

LGV - Ligne Grande Vitesse (LGV) Est Europeene

300 km - ( 36) Ligne Grande Vitesse (LGV) Est Europeene . East LGV. , (TEN Trans European Transport Network), , , aj ( 45).

38

45 East LGV ( ) ( ). , , 4 2 20 .

45: East LGV [12]

150 000 m3 . 20 km. , 3,7 m3, 6 20 , 25 ( 46).

46: [12]

39

[12] :

;

, ;

( 20 km);

Metz - Nancy , 300 000 m3 .

. .

[12] :

: ;

: ; ,

: o Appendix II of the 19/12/02 dumping ground

guding rule N 99/3/EC o 1994.

, o .

Proctor- (32%); 1,14 t/m3; = 33; = 10-6 10-7 m/s.

, : , 3.

47: [12]

40

2 1 m . , .

[12] . , ( 48). . 14 20 km. 19 m3. 2000 m3.

48: [12]

. , 49.

49: [12]

, 49. 35 cm .

. ( 46), .

41

4.

, . . , .

(, , , ), . . .

, . , , .

( I), ( II), ( III)

, . , . .

42

I

, , . "in situ" : (SPT) (CPT). , , [13] [14].

(SPT Standard Penetration Test)

1927. in-situ . , 63,5 kg 760 mm . N, 152 mm (6 in.). , , N- ( ) . .

50: SPT [14]

, , . 3 ( ) 15 cm. , , , ,

43

, , .

N . 0,623 kN 0,76 m, 0,475 kNm. , , 55% 60%, 30% 95%, . Skempton (1986) , N, 60% . N60 , , 100 kPa, (Nl)60 :

= 100 kPa :

= 21 + 0 100 = 32 + 0 100 ,

, , :

2: N , [13]

N

N

0 - 2 0 - 4

2 - 4 4 - 10

4 - 8 10 - 30

8 - 15 30 - 50

15 - 30 > 50

(CPT Cone Penetration Test)

60 10 15 cm2. qc, 2 cm/s. 1935. , . , , , ( fs). , , .

44

, 20 cm.

51, . , . qc 1 qc 2 , . fs . 51, , .

2 cm/s , ( 51 , ). CPT , CPTU.

51: () CPT () - [13]

45

II

Vibro Compaction

XX

0,002 mm (< 15%)

,

: 50 m, , : ,

Vibro Replacement or stone columns ;

XX

0,002 mm (< 15%),

,

: 20 m, , , Vibro Compaction: ,

Grouted Stone Columns

XX veka

: , : , ,

Vibro Concrete Columns -

XX

,

: , :

Wet Deep Soil Mixing

XX

, ,

,

: , :

Dry Deep Soil Mixing

XX

(, , )

( - ) ( )

,

: , , :

Compaction Grouting

XX ,

"" , ;

,

: , , , , :

46

III

, . - (CO2), .

1997. , . , , , . , , .

. . , .

, .

52 ( ) . (VSC Vibro Stone Columns) . (VMC Vibro Mortar Columns) - (VCC Vibro Concrete Columns). ( , ) . 60%-70% . CFA (Continuous Flight Auger), (DSM Deep Soil Mixing) (BP Bored Piles) .

47

52:

VSC - ; 10

VSC - ; 12

VMC - ; 45

VCC - ; 58

VMC - ; 73

CFA 45 cm; 82

VCC - ; 96

CFA 64 cm; 141

DSM - ; 143

DSM - ; 247

BP 60 cm; 690

BP 90 cm; 800

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

CO2 - kg/m'

48

[1] Schwarzer, C., & Treber , M. (2013). Emissionsminderung durch Hochgeschwindigkeitszge. Germanwatch e.V., Berlin. http://germanwatch.org/en/download/8108.pdf

[2] Peterman, D. R., Frittelli, J., & Mallet, W. J. (2009). High Speed Rail (HSR) in the United States. http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40973.pdf

[3] UIC. (2010). High speed rail - Fast track to sustainable mobility. UIC. http://www.uic.org/download.php/publication/521E.pdf

[4] Rus, G. d. (2012). Joint transport research centre, Discussion Paper No. 2008-16:The Economic Effects of High Speed Rail Investment.

http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/discussionpapers/dp200816.pdf

[5] Milmo, D. (n.d.). The Guardian. : 30. 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/aug/05/rail-transport-transport

[6] Holm, G. (2002). Mitigation of Track and Ground Vibrations Induced by High Speed Trains at Ledsgard, Sweden". Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre. Linkping: Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre.

[7] Kirsch, K., & Bell, A. (2013). Ground Improvement (3rd edition). CRC Press.

[8] Raju, V. R. (2003). Ground Improvement Techniques for Railway Embankments. Railtech Conference. Malasya: Keller Grundbau GmbH.

[9] Keller Holding GmbH. (2009). Deep Vibro Techniques. Offenbach, Germany: Keller Group GmbH. http://www.kellerholding.com/download/pdf/en/Keller_10-02E.pdf

[10] Sondermann, W. (1996). Rttelstopfverdichtung zur Baugrundverbesserung fr die feste Fahrbahn im Schnellbahnbau. Darmstdter Geotechnik Kolloq. TU Darmstadt, 35.

[11] Raju, V. R., Krishna, R. H., & Wegner, R. (2004). Vibro Replacement: Ground Improvement using Vibro Replacement in Asia 1994 to 2004 - A 10 Year Review. 5th International Conference on GROUND IMPROVMENT TECHIQUES. Kuala Lumpur, Malasya.

[12] Prel, G. (2002-2003). PowerPoint Presentation: Embankment for Railway Construction of the LGV Line. CEIDRE - Centre d'Expertise et d'Inspection dans les Domaines de la Ralisation et de l'Exploitation.

[13] Budhu, M. (2010). Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 3rd edition. Wiley.

[14] Maksimovi, M. M. (2008). Mehanika tla, 4. izdanje. Beograd: AGM Knjiga.

[15] Popovi, Z. (2004). Osnove projektovanja eleznikih pruga. Beograd: Graevinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu.

[17] Keller Holding GmbH. (2007). Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) - Improvement of Weak Soils by the DSM Method. Offenbach, Germany: Keller Holding GmbH. http://www.kellerholding.com/download/pdf/en/Keller_32-01E.pdf

[18] Keller Holding GmbH. (2013). Compaction Grouting. Offenbach, Germany: Keller Holding GmbH. http://www.kellerholding.com/download/pdf/en/Keller_66-01E.pdf

49

1: [5] ....................................................................... 5 2: [6] ............................................................................................................................................ 6 3: [9] ........................................................ 8 4: [9] ............. 9 5: [9] .................. 9 6: [9] .......................................................................... 10 7: [9] ..................................... 11 8: [11] ...................... 11 9: [11] .................. 11 10: [11] .................................................................................................................................. 11 11: - [8] .... 12 12: - [9]............................................... 13 13: - [8] ........................ 13 14: DSM [17].................................................. 14 15: DSM [17] ...................................................... 15 16: [18] ................................................................ 16 17: () 3 ICE () ICE 250 km/h [8] ........................................................................................... 18 18: [8] ........................................................................................................................................... 18 19: [10]............................................................................................................... 19 20: Schnhausen [10] ........................ 20 21: CPT Schnhausen [10] ............................................................................................................................................................... 20 22: Hamburg Berlin [8] [10] ....................................................................... 21 23: [8] ........................................................... 22 24: ( 2000 - 2002 DSM ) [8] .......................................................... 23 25: DSM - [8] ............................................................................................................................. 24 26: [8] ...................................................................... 26 27: T-WALL [8] .............................................................................................................................................. 27 28: / [8] .................................... 28 29: CPT- [8] ............................................................. 28 30: () () [8] . 28 31: [8] ................................................................................ 29 32: [8] . 30

50

33: [8] ............................................................................................................................... 31 34: , [11] .................................................................................................................................................. 31 35: Gurun-, Petronas Kedah [8] ............................................................................................................................................... 32 36: () , () CPT [8] ............................................................................................................... 33 37: [11] 33 38: 50 [8] ..................... 34 39: CPT- [8] .......................................................................................................................................................... 35 40: , [11] .... 36 41: , [11] ............ 36 42: [11] ..................................................................................................................................... 36 43: . [11] ....................... 37 44: DSM [8] ............................................................................................................................................................... 38 45: East LGV [12] ............................................................................. 39 46: [12] ............................................................................................. 39 47: [12] .......................... 40 48: [12] ............................. 41 49: [12] 41 50: SPT [14] ................................................................ 43 51: () CPT () - [13].................................................................................... 45 52: ............................................................................................................................................ 48

1: [8] ...................................................................................................................... 25 2: N , [13] ............................................................................................................................................................... 44

51

1. 2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 ( )2.1.3 2.1.4 -

2.2 DSM DSM

2.3

3. 3.1 3.1.1 Hamburg - Berlin: Wittenberge ( )3.1.2 Hannover Berlin: Schnhausen ( )3.1.3 Hamburg - Berlin: Vietznitz Friesack ( )3.1.4 Hollenegg- ( )

3.2 3.3 3.3.1 LACTC3F : Los Angeles, California ( )3.3.2 New Rancocas Creek: New Jersey ( -)3.3.3 Santa Fe ( / )3.3.4 CSX6F , Georgia ( )

3.4 3.4.1 : Sungei Besi, Kuala Lumpur (1992) ( , )3.4.2 Petronas Kedah Gurun- (1997) ( )3.4.3 Kertih - Kuantan (2000 2001) ( )3.4.4 Ipoh Rawang (2001 2003) ( )3.4.5 Ipoh Rawang ( )

3.5

4. I (SPT Standard Penetration Test) (CPT Cone Penetration Test)

II III