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- 1 -

4

14

(( )) ( )

( ) -:

( 5) **

-1

( -2 -1) - :

( ) -2 ( )

-3

-4

2vm = EK -5

v m -:

-: *

m ( 1

2O 2H ( 2

moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

- 2 -

** [ 4 3] -: -

[ 4] -( : ) - ( )

[ 1] - : -

() [ 1] -: -

[ 3] -(: ) - ( )

-:

** - : -

-: ( ) *

*

( )

*

24


- 3 -

( - - - ) -: **

-: - = -: - / gk1 -: - -: *

8.9 N gk1 -

( N 007= 8.9 17 gk17 ) -:

-

( )

-: ( ) -

2mc/ gk 30.1 ro 2mc / N 1.01 *

( )

-: *

-: *

1 rrot 1 = gH mm 1 1

mta 1 = gH mm 067 1

( aP ) -

m1/N1 = aP12 .m12 N1 -:aP -

mta 1= gHmm 067= rrot 067= 01 x 52310.15 aP =aPk 523.101

- : PTS *

N 2mc


- 4 -

( K 372) C0 mta 1

gHmm aPk mta 5.2 **

aPk mta rrot 0251 **

34

- : **

p/1 x k = V ro k = VP

k -

) k = 2V2P ; k= 1V1P ( -


- 5 -

P (1V1 = P2V2 ) * .mta0.2 lm002 -

lm01

-: **

k = T / V ro Tk = V 2T / 2V = 1T / 1V

-: * 372/1 -

-: - K C 51.372-

C + 372 = K -

-: -

( 1 -

( 2

V1 T /1 V =2 T /2 -: *

lm47 . lm94 c0.7 -

-: **


- 6 -

k = T / P ro Tk = P

2T / 2P = 1T / 1P P1 T /1 P =2 T /2 -: *

mta 00.3Co25Co52

-: ** 2T / 2V2P = 1T / 1V1P ro k = T / VP

-: * -

P1V1 T /1 P =2V2 T /2 -: *

mta 479.0Co22Lm 5.72 -

mta 399.0Co51

-: **

.. + 3P + 2P + 1P = TP

-: * ( ) ( )

-

+ = -: *

-


- 7 -

O2HP + sagP = mtaP mtaP -

( )

Lm027 - : * rrot 557Co52

gHmm 8.32 Co52PTS

5

15

-: **

-: *

O2H2 2O + 2H2 lCH2 2lC + 2H

L2 L1 L2 L2 L1 L1

- : *

- nk = V n

O2H2 2O + 2H2 lCH2 2lC + 2H

lom2 lom1 lom2 lom2 lom1 lom1


- 8 -

- : ** ) 3201 x 220.6 (

-: * L 0141.22 PTS

-: *

* SAG g

lom1 / L 4.22 ( ) - )SAG lom1 / SAG g( )L 4.22 / lom1( -

PTS lom 5 *

PTS 3mc 0.055 *

PTS Lm 401 x 66.2 *


- 9 -

25

( ) :

-: TRn = VP * n , T , V , P R

-: ** V p / 1

V T

V n

-: V p / 1 n x Tx - :

TRn = VP P / nTR = V

: -: *

-: R **

-: R K x lom/ mta x L 280.0 = K 372 x lom 1/L 4.22 x mta 1= Tn / VP = R

* TRn = VP -

TR / vp = n ] - [ )SAG lom1 / SAG g(


- 01 -

C 02 L 45.71 lom 9.2 * mta

lom 909.0 *

mta 109.0 C 521

0.01 ) lom / g 09.07 ( lC2 * mta 05.3 C 72 L

-: ** - : M / m = n -: M m n -

M / TRm = VP VP / TRm = M

-: V / m = D V m D - -: P / TRD = VP / TRm = M

TR / PM = D - *

-

R


- 11 -

lm 521 g724.0 * mta 089.0 C 02

C 0.36 mta 829.0 3HN *

35

n

T , P

-: *

)g( 2OC2 )g( 2O + )g( OC2

lom2 lom1 lom2

- :

OC 2O OC

2OC 2OC 2O ( ) -: *

-: - **


- 21 -

( ) T , P

)g(O2H )g(2O+)g(2H * L 21

- : - - ** -: *

(g /lom1 ) ( ) TR/VP=n() -1

)P/TRn=V ( ( ) (lom1 / g ) -2

PTS L 53.6 *

)g( 2OS8 )g( 2O8 + )s( 8S

( 70.23= 61= -: )

mta 36.1 C 83 *

lCaN g 4.01

( 99.22= 54.53= - : )


- 31 -

832 29

532 29

45

-: * -: *

-: ** T , P

( 2vm = EK) - ( ) -

- : B , A -

-: M 2BvBm = 2AvAm

- : AM / BM = 2Bv/2Av

AM / BM = Bv / Av

BM A

AM B -: **

- : -1 B BM A

A AM B

-2

U U -3

)lom/g 00.83( 2F * )lom/g 08.951( 2rB


- 41 -

1

0001

6

16

-( : ) - - : * *

-:

-1

-: -2

- : -

-(: ) -3 -

-4

-:

-5

( ) -: * -

% (01 ) -

- -

-: * -( : ) - -

%4 mta 0001 -:

-: *


- 51 -

-( : ) - - -( : ) - -

-: *

-( : ) - - : -

-

- : *

-: * -: -

-: -

- -:

-

-: * -(: ) -: - -

26


- 61 -

-( : ) - -

-: *

-: -1

-:

-: -2

-: * * -( : ) -: * ( ) - -

-: * -: - ....... -: -

-:

-: -

( ) - : - - -: * -

- -: *

( - ) -: - -: **

-: -


- 71 -

- : -

-: - -: *

( ) -3 ( ) -2 ( ) -1

( ) -6( ) -5 ( ) -4

( ) -7

-: * -: ( ) -

7161 ) -: -1

- : ( 21

-: -: -2 x)CiS( - x)2OiS ( - xC

-: -

-: -3 -

-

( ) -: -4 ( 2H , 4HC , 6H6C ) - ( O2H , 3HN ) -

- -: ** ( )

( ) -

36

-: **


- 81 -

-: *

2OC ( )

- :

( )

( ) : -:

-: * ( : )

-: *

( ) ( )


- 91 -

)l(O2H+ )g(O2H -:

)g(O2H : -1

)l(O2H : -2

( ) -: * )l(O2H+ )g(O2H -:

( ) : )g(O2H : -3

( ) : )g(O2H : -4

( ) : )g(O2H ( ) -5

( ) : )g(O2H ( ) -6

( ) : )l(O2H ( ) -7

( ) : )l(O2H ( ) -8

-: **

-: -

- : -

-: *

( ) -: *

( )

( )


- 02 -

( : ) - : - :

( )

- : **

-: * -

-: *

-: *

( ) -

-: *

.....

-: * -

-

-


- 12 -

( ) - : - -

-

-: ** -: * - : *

( aPk 3.101 rrot 067) mta 1 .... -

-: *

= : -

C0 -

)s(O2H+ )l(O2H -: * -

-

-


- 22 -

-: ( ) * -: ( ) *

-(: ) *

-: *

2OC


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