- . .

KK

) (

- . .

W

. " :

."

.

.

Von Granebaum .

.

. .

/ .

) (

The problem of el-Sheaiba and Jeddah ports origin

Prof. Ahmad Saboon

Abstract Red sea is considering of ancient seas, on it lie

El-Sheaiba and Jeddah ports. There are problem of their origin. Hamead El-Jaser was saying that El-Sheaiba was a port for Makkah at pre-Islamic, perhaps that first refer to it was at event of the ship: "that ship of El-Rom ran aground at El-Sheaiba, it was a port at a coast of sea of El-Hejaz, and it was a port of Makkah..".

Probably, that name of El-Sheaiba appeared in fixed group of novels, thus there were exchanged it whit Jeddah. Anather concerning, it was said that El-Sheaiba had-often- interpretation that made a sign of not familiar at the Islamic period. Perhaps, that was exchanged with Jeddah, was reading not prefer that it was at the pre-Islamic in view of the Islamic period.

Generally, that novels tied Jeddah with our mother Hawa were late tries to gave it religious sense, which von Granebaum was allowance.

El-Denory, Elyaaqopy, Ibn Mojawer, Presumed Jeddah at the Pre-Islamic, and its name for tomb of Hawa in it.

Hamad El-Jaser said that historians of Makkah said that the Caliph Ottman Ibn Affan, God satisfy on him, was the first to make Jeddah as a about it.

Finally, El-Sheaiba was the first port of Makkah at Pre-Islamic period and the early of Islamic period, until the period of the Caliph Ottman Ibn Affan, God satisfy on him, which was changed the port to Jeddah at 26 H./647 A. D.

- . .

Erythraia

Thalassa Rubrum Mare)(

)( .

)( .

-

)( . )(.

) (

)( . )( )(

- - ) (

" : . ")( .

)( : " : :

: : :

) (

)( : ."...

)(

)( .

)( :

- . .

" : : : :

. : :

")( .

)( " :

. : ) (

"...) ( .

)(

)( .

Indus

) (

Baluchistan

. .)( .

.

" .

. ) ( . . .

. . . ) ( ) (

. "

)( .

)( .

)(.

- . .

)( .

)(.

)( )( .

." :

")( . " : )

")( . )( .

) :(

: . ) ( :

) (

. )( .

)( .

: / .

.

" : : : :

. :

)( .

.

)( .

..." :

")( .

- . .

)( )( .

)(.

)( .

.

.

.

Von Granebaum)(.

) (

.

)( .

)(.

: " : :

: ")( . " :

. :

- . .

. :

)( .

. :

.

. .

")(.

.

- . )(

) (

.

)(

. /

.

)( .

/ )( .

)(

/ )( .

.

)( .

" :

- . .

] [ ...

:

:

)( . - -

/)(

) (

" ."

.

/)( .

/ )( .

) (

)(

. Wstenfeld, F. Caetani, L. )(

/ )( .

Leiden " "

" " )( .

"

)(.

/

.

) (

)( .

- . .

. ) / (

)(.

)(

.

.

-

.

)( . )( . )(

) () ( )( .

)( .

) (

" : " " :

.

:

")( .

- . .

" : "

)(.

)(

) () ( .

.

)( .

) ( )(

) (

)(.

) B 1-

/ ) Mastabah (

) ( ) (

)( .

)(.

)- (

.

- . .

) ( )( .

Jaubert )( .

)(

)( .

" "

" : "

)(. Sprenger

" ." /

) (

. )( .

)( .

.

.

.

.

. )( .

-

.

- . .

.

.

. Hawting)(

.

.

.

)( .

)(

) (

) ( .

: : .

- . .

)( . .

: " : "

/ ) .( )( :

/ - . )( .

(4) Kenneth, S., Sandford and W. J. Arkell, "Paleolithic Man and the Nile Valley in Lower Egypt", OIP, 46, 1939, P.P. 31ff, 60ff; Butzer, K. W. and Hansen, C. L., Desert and River in Nubia, Madison, 1968, PP. 395ff.

)( : Hawting, G. R., "The Origin of Jedda and The Problem of Al-Shuayba", ARABICA, tome xxx1, 1984, PP. 318-326.

)( :

" :

" ) (

/ . )( " :

) (

) /

/ ."( : " : --"

/ ) ( .

: : - . - :

) ( / ) ( ) (

) ( ) ( . :

. :

:

/ / / / .

. :

" : "

- . .

/ ) ( . (8) Hawting, G. R., Op.cit., P. 318.

)( : ) :( .

)( ) :(

/ . )( ) .( :

: /) .( ) :(

: ) .( .

)( : / Wustenfeld, F., Die Chroniken der Stadt Mekka, Vol. I, Leipzig, 1857, P.107. (13) Zotenberg, H., (tr.), Chronique de Tabari Traduite Sur La

Version Persane d'Abou - Ali- Mo'hammed- Bel'ami, II, Paris, 1867-74, PP.388F.

)(

)( . :

Nldeke, Th., "Arabs (Ancient)", (in) Hasting's Enc. Of Rel and Ethics.

) ( .:

) (

Cresswell, K.A.C., Early Muslim. Architecture, I, Oxford, 1969,

P. 5. (14) Hawting, G. R., op. cit., PP. 318-319.

)( ) :( )(

. )( ) :(

/ . )( : . )( : :

: . :

) :(

) .( . )( ) (

) . : ) :(

.( ) (

- . .

)

( : ) (

) . : :

.( )( :

:/ . )( ) :( )

( ) .( .

(22) Wellhausen, J., Reste Arabischen Heidentums, 3 Berlin, 1927, P. 15.

)( " : " / .

)( ) :( / .

)( " : " .

)( . : :

/ . )( ) :(

) (

.

)( :

/ : : /

. )( :

. : Pesce, A., Jeddah, Portrait of an Arabian City, London, 1974, PP. 126 130.

)( : /. )( ) :(

-. )( " : " . )( /-. )( : / :

: ) ( .

)( : / . (36) Hawting, G. R., op. cit., P. 319.

)( :/-. )( /

: . (39) Von Grunebaum, G. E., "The Sacred Character of Islamic

Cities", (in) Melanges Taha Husain, Cairo, 1962, PP. 25-37.

- . .

(40) Hawting, G. R., op.cit., P.320. )( " : " /

- :

/ .

Gautier, E. F., Maeur's et Coutumes des Musulmans, Paris, 1931, P. 68; Pesce, A.,op. cit., P.61.

Sprenger . :

Sprenger, A., Die Alte Geographie Arabiens, Berne, 1875, P. 39.

)( .

. : : /) - .(

: : ) ( ) .( / . :

) :( . :

: .

)( : /- . )(

) (

. :

: . )( : /-

: / .

(46) Hawting, G. R., op. cit., P. 321. )( ) :(

) :(

. (48) Hawting, G. R., op. cit., P.321.

)( : /

Gibb, H. A. R. (tr.), The Travels of Ibn Battuta, I Cambridge, 1958-1959, PP. 360f.

)( " : " . )( ) :(

/ :

) . .(. .

)( . :

- . .

" : " ) (

/ . )( : .

(54) Hawting, G. R., op. cit., PP. 321 322. :

Rosenthal, F., A History of Muslim Historiography, Leiden, 1952, Index.

)( : . )( :

Wstenfeld, F., Geschichte der Stadt Mekka, a Pad his Chron. Mekke, iv, 122; Caetani, L., Annali dell' Islam, 26 A. H., Par. 51.

(57) Hawting, G. R., op. cit., P. 322. )( ) :(

.

/ - . )( : /.

: /. )( : .

. :

: . (61) Hawting, G. R., op. cit., PP. 322-323.

)( : .

) (

)( ) /" :( ." )( " : ) ( ] [

:

: :

. :

.

." :

: /-. (65) Pesce, A., op. cit., PP. 29-30;

Hawting, G. R., op. cit., P. 323. )( : . )( . :

: ) .( -.

)( : ) :(

/ . )( ) :( )-(

- . .

/ . )( " :

" - .

)( : :

/ : .

(72) Sprenger, A., Die Alte Geographie Arabiens, 26, no. 24 (Lambia);

Von Pauly, A. F. & Wissowa, G., Realenzyclopdie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stwttgart, 1893-4, s.v.Lambia.

Spernger, P. 39 .

(73) Hawting, G. R., op. cit., P.324. )( : /-.

(75) Hawting, G. R., op. cit., P. 327. )( : . )( . )( .

(79) Hawting, G. R., op. cit., P. 324. )( : .

(81) Al-Idrisi, Opus Gegraphicum sive Liber ad eoram delectationem qui terras Peragrare Studeant, edd. A Bombaci, U. Rizzitano, R. Rubinacci, L. Veccia Vaglieri, et al., Naples

) (

Rome, 1970, fasc. Ii, P. 138-139; Hawting, G. R., op. cit., PP. 324 325.

)( : -. (83) Sprenger, A., op. cit., P. 39, no. 40;

Hawting, G. R., op. cit., P. 325 . (84) Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Pilot, Admiralty Hydrographic

Department, London, 1955, P. 290; Hawting, G. R., op. cit., P. 325 .

)( : Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Djadda"; Heyd, W., Histoire du Commerce du Levant, I, Leipzig, 1885, P. 36; Hawting, G. R., op. cit., PP. 325-326. (86) Hawting, G. R., op. cit., P.326.

)( : -. (88) Donner, F. M., "Mecca's Food Supplies and Mouhammd's",

JESHO, vol. xx, part III, 1977, P. 255. )( : .