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esicrexe eht ezidisbus ot ton noisiced s'erutalsige]L["

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rof ecnaillA .v .la te tnempoleveD lanoitanretnI rof ycnegA

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, 24-23 (Loi du 29

juillet 1881 sur la libert de la presse) , :

"Article 23: Seront punis comme complices d'une

action qualifie crime ou dlit ceux qui, soit par des

discours, cris ou menaces profrs dans des lieux ou

runions publics, soit par des crits, imprims,

dessins, gravures, peintures, emblmes, images ou tout

autre support de l'crit, de la parole ou de l'image

vendus ou distribus, mis en vente ou exposs dans

des lieux ou runions publics, soit par des placards ou

des affiches exposs au regard du public, soit par tout

moyen de communication au public par voie

lectronique, auront directement provoqu l'auteur ou

les auteurs commettre ladite action, si la provocation

a t suivie d'effet. Cette disposition sera galement applicable lorsque la

provocation n'aura t suivie que d'une tentative de

crime prvue par l'article 2 du code pnal.

Article 24: Ceux qui, par l'un des moyens noncs l'article 23, auront provoqu la discrimination, la

haine ou la violence l'gard d'une personne ou d'un

groupe de personnes raison de leur origine ou de leur

appartenance ou de leur non-appartenance une

ethnie, une nation, une race ou une religion

dtermine, seront punis d'un an d'emprisonnement et

de 45 000 euros d'amende ou de l'une de ces deux

peines seulement".

:

[Article 23: Will be punished as accomplices to an

action qualified as a crime or a misdemeanor, those

who, either by speech, calls or threats spoken in public

places or public assemblies, or by writing, printed,

drawings, engravings paintings, emblems, images or

all other written support (format), spoken format, or

visual image sold or distributed offered for sale or

exposed in (public) places or public assemblies, either through billboards or via posters exposed for public

access (viewing), or by any method of communication

to the public by electronic means, which would have

95

)elgnis( )rotagitsni( rotarteprep eht dekovorp yltcerid

noitacovorp eht fi ,)larulp()srotagitsni( srotarteprep ro

.)noitcaer a yb dewollof ro( tceffe eht yb dewollof saw

snoitautis ni elbacilppa yllauqe eb lliw esualc sihT

tsuj dewollof neeb evah dluow noitacovorp eht erehw

eht fo2 noitces yb dedivorp sa emirc detpmetta na yb

.edoc lanep

sdohtem eht fo eno yb ,ohw esohT :42 elcitrA ,noitanimircsid ot ekovorp did ,32 elcitra ni deniltuo

a sdrawot ro nosrep a sdrawot ecneloiv ot ro dertah ot

rieht fo ro nigiro rieht fo nosaer yb elpoep fo puorg

a ot pihsrebmem-non rieht fo ro )fo trap( pihsrebmem .noigiler a ro ecar a ,noitan a ,puorg cinhte denimreted

fo dna ecnetnes nosirp raey eno a yb dehsinup eb lliW

secnetnes eseht fo rehtie ot ro ,enif orue 000 54 a

.]enola

, truoC lanimirC elliL-

- , ,

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NAMUH EHT OT EDIUG SENOTSKCALB NOSDNUMDE ANNA HTIW AKSAHCORP

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EHT DNA NOITARGETNI UE EHT FO SCIMANYD EHT ,AICNALIB ALOAP; )2102(

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", ' 30/613 " '

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74

. ,

.

, ,

. Theresa J. Lee :Democratizing the Economic

Sphere: A Case for the Political Boycott, 115 W. Va. L. Rev. 531 (2012)

( :Lee, Political Boycott:)

"'Free trade in ideas' means free trade in the

opportunity to persuade to action, not merely to

describe facts. The boycott is precisely a means to

persuade others to action, including those being

targeted and those inspired to join. This "free

trade" in persuasion is why the boycott finds a

natural home under the marketplace of ideas

theory In addition, even when a boycott does not

necessarily achieve its ultimate end, it remains a

vehicle for forcing the dissemination of an idea.

Boycotts make the perhaps otherwise latent

dissent visible to a greater number of participants

in the marketplace of ideas, highlighting not only

their position but also the very existence of the

debate" [Ibid, p. 549].

,

" . , :

, [ "

, , '433 . :Lee, Political Boycott, p. 553-556 .]

.

, , ,

[:Lee, Political Boycott, p. 556-558 .

:Notes, Political Boycott Activity and the First Amendment, 91

Harv. L. Rev. 659 (1977-1978);.]

7. " ,

( " 30

57

" " ).

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:ttocyoB lacitiloP ,eeL

fo seulav eht yfsitas ot liaf sttocyob taht smialC"

ecreoc yeht esuaceb saedi fo ecalptekram eht

tekram eht gnivirped suht ,gnikaeps ton otni srehto

eht evig smialc hcuS .liaf tsum ,saedi esoht fo

eno ylno era sttocyoB .tiderc hcum oot ttocyob

fo mrof yltsoc a era yeht ;ynam gnoma eciov

yeht ,tekram eht nihtiw dna rekaeps eht rof hceeps

truoC eht sA .hceeps rehtruf htiw detabmoc eb nac

si eciov eno esuaceb tsuj ,raelc edam netfo sah

gnieb era seciov rehto taht naem ton seod reduol

tuo gninword fo regnad eht fi neve dna ,decnelis

ot neeb reven sah ti tabmoc ot yaw eht ,sesira

.]945 .p ,dibI[ "eciov reduol eht repmet

76

:

"While a successful boycott may appear to drown

out another position, the remedy is not to silence

the boycott but instead for those on the other side

to endeavor to make themselves 'louder'" [Ibid, p.

550].

8. NAACP v.

Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886, (1982) ( : Claiborne)

. 1996 - Claiborne

.

.

. .

,-92 -1.25

.

. . ,

,

. ,

,

, . Stevens :

"Petitioners admittedly sought to persuade others to join the boycott through social pressure and the

'threat' of social ostracism. Speech does not lose

its protected character, however, simply because it

may embarrass others or coerce them into action"

[Ibid, p. 909-910].

:

"The claim that the expressions were intended to

exercise a coercive impact on respondent does not

remove them from the reach of the First

Amendment. Petitioners plainly intended to

influence respondent's conduct by their activities;

this is not fundamentally different from the

function of a newspaper Petitioners were

77

eht gnikam ni ylsuorogiv dna ylnepo degagne

.secitcarp etatse laer s'tnednopser fo erawa cilbup

eht sa ,meht ot evisneffo erew secitcarp esohT

tbuod on era srenoititep fo secitcarp dna sweiv

era snaem eht sa gnol os tuB .srehto ot evisneffo

teem ton deen noitacinummoc eht ,lufecaep

.]119 .p ,dibI[ "ytilibatpecca fo sdradnats

tnemdnemA tsriF fo epocS ehT ,nehoC nellE arabraB :

tnemdnemA tsriF ni sdnE dna snaeM :sttocyoB lacitiloP rof noitcetorP

.)4891( 3721 .VER .L .SIW 4891 , oC erawdraH enrobialC .v PCAAN :sisylanA

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desab tnetnoc eb dluow tcA ]nA[" , [

egassem eht fo tnetnoc eht enimaxe' ot 'seitirohtua tnemecrofne' deriuqer ti fi

( "derrucco sah noitaloiv a 'rehtehw enimreted ot deyevnoc si taht

]. )4102(( 1352 ,8152 .tC .S 431 ,yelkaoC .v nelluCcM- streboR

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tniopweiV( ) snoitcirtseR desaB-tnetnoC(

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ssaC: [ ) gniwekS( , .

,52 .F .lageL .ihC .U 3991 ,tnemdnemA tsriF eht fo shturT-flaH ,nietsnuS .R

). nietsnuS :( )3991( 72-62

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.v .V.A.R :ytilartueN tnemdnemA tsriF fo secaF gnignahC ehT ,nagaK anelE

,noisulcnirednU desaB-tnetnoC fo melborP eht dna ,navilluS .v tsuR ,luaP .tS

:nietsnuS ]. )2991( 92 .veR .tC .puS 2991

snab tnemdnemA tsriF eht taht noiton ehT"

si noitarebiled cilbup no stceffe gniweks

ton yam tnemnrevog taht aedi eht htiw detcennoc

edis eno gnisare yb ssecorp evitarebiled eht trotsid

trotsid ton yam tnemnrevog ,lla evobA .etabed a fo

morf flesti gnitalusni yb ssecorp evitarebiled eht

68

citarcomed eht fo modeerf yrev ehT .msicitirc

-fles fo mrof taht gniddibrof no sdneped ssecorp

.]72 .p ,dibI[ "noitalusni

,

)2991( 773 .S.U 505 ,luaP .tS .v .V.A.R , , .

, ,

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sisab eht no srehto ni tnemtneser ro mrala ,regna sesuora( ,

). redneg ro noigiler ,deerc ,roloc ,ecar fo

.

gnithgif" ,

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, .

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'sdrow gnithgif' ot ylno seilppa ecnanidro eh]T["

fo sisab eht no' ,ecneloiv ekovorp ro ,tlusni taht

syalpsiD '.redneg ro noigiler ,deerc ,roloc ,ecar

woh rettam on ,evitcevni evisuba gniniatnoc

era yeht sselnu elbissimrep era ,ereves ro suoiciv

derovafsid deificeps eht fo eno ot desserdda

ni 'sdrow gnithgif' esu ot hsiw ohw esohT .scipot

,ytilitsoh sserpxe ot -- saedi rehto htiw noitcennoc

,noitailiffa lacitilop fo sisab eht no ,elpmaxe rof

ton era -- ytilauxesomoh ro ,pihsrebmem noinu

.tS timrep ton seod tnemdnemA tsriF ehT .derevoc

esoht no snoitibihorp laiceps esopmi ot luaP

derovafsid no sweiv sserpxe ohw srekaeps

.]193.p ,dibI[ "stcejbus

, ,

"sdrow gnithgif"

.

87

" " " " "

." Scalia:

"In its practical operation, moreover, the ordinance goes even beyond mere content dis-

crimination, to actual viewpoint discrimination.

Displays containing some words -- odious racial

epithets, for example -- would be prohibited to

proponents of all views. But 'fighting words' that

do not themselves invoke race, color, creed,

religion, or gender -- aspersions upon a person's

mother, for example -- would seemingly be usable

ad libitum in the placards of those arguing in

favor of racial, color, etc., tolerance and equality,

but could not be used by those speakers'

opponents. One could hold up a sign saying, for

example, that all 'anti-Catholic bigots' are

misbegotten; but not that all 'papists' are, for that

would insult and provoke violence 'on the basis of

religion.' St. Paul has no such authority to license

one side of a debate to fight freestyle, while

requiring the other to follow Marquis of Queens-

berry rules" [Ibid, p. 391-392].

. .

, .

.

,

" ."

, , . Kennedy

( ) Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703

(2000) ,:

"Laws punishing speech which protests the

lawfulness or morality of the government's own

policy are the essence of the tyrannical power the

First Amendment guards against" [Ibid, p. 787].

88

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1232 .tC .S 331 ,. cnI ,lanoitanretnI yteicoS nepO rof ecnaillA .v .tnempoleveD

.)3102(

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morf degreme sah taht noitcnitsid tnaveler eh]T["

eht enifed taht snoitidnoc neewteb si sesac ruo

esoht--margorp gnidneps tnemnrevog eht fo stimil

ot stnaw ssergnoC seitivitca eht yficeps taht

egarevel ot kees taht snoitidnoc dna--ezidisbus

fo sruotnoc eht edistuo hceeps etaluger ot gnidnuf

.]8232 .p ,dibI[ "flesti margorp eht

19

,

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:streboR .

sa--tpoda stneipicer gnidnuf taht gnidnamed yB"

fo eussi na no weiv s'tnemnrevoG eht--nwo rieht

erutan yrev sti yb noitidnoc eht ,nrecnoc cilbup

eht fo epocs eht edistuo tcudnoc detcetorp' stceffa

tonnac tneipicer A 'margorp dednuf yllaredef yciloP eht yb detatcid feileb eht wova

tcA pihsredaeL gnidneps nehw tnemeriuqeR

yrartnoc a tressa dna dnuora nrut neht dna ,sdnuf

ni gnitapicitrap nehw ,ytilartuen mialc ro ,feileb

gniriuqer yB .emid dna emit nwo sti no seitivitca

yciloP eht ,feileb cificeps a sseforp ot stneipicer

fo stimil eht gninifed dnoyeb seog tnemeriuqeR

eht gninifed ot margorp dednuf yllaredef eht

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