الفكر العسكرى الرومانى بين الدفاع والهجوم و التوسع.pdf

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ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺠﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ٥٠٩ ـ٢٠٢ ﺇﻥ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺭﻭﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺒﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺴﻴﺩﺓ ﻹ ﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﻻﺘﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒ ﺜﻡ ﺴـﻴﺩﺓ ﻹ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴـﺎ ﻜﻜل، ﻭﺭﻭﻴﺩﺍ ﺭﻭﻴﺩﺍ ﺘﺘﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩ ﺌﺭﺓ ، ﻭﺘﻤ ﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻀﺤﺕ ﺭﻭﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒ ﺤـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﺇﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ. ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﻁﻔﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺴـﺠل ﺍﻻ ﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻯ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺜﻴل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ، ﻭﻭﺼل ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ١ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎﻫﺎ. ﻭﺘﺤـﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔmare internum ﻟﻠﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺒﺤﺭ ﻤﻐﻠـmare clausum ، ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻔﺎﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ" ﺒﺤﺭﻨﺎmare nostrum " ٢ . ﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺩﺍ ﺨـ ل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻭﺫ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﻭ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﻟﻺﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ. ﻓﻬل ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻫﺫ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺨﻁﻁ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺔ ﻭ ﻓﻜﺭ ﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﺨـﺎﻟﺹ ﻟـﻪ ﺃﺴـﺒﺎﺒ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻌ، ﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺏ- ﺃﻯ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل- ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻀﺕ ﺒﻬـﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﺘﻴﻨﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻨﻙ٣ - ﻓﻰ ﻤﺅﻟﻔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ) ﺍﻻ ﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤـﺎﻨﻰ( - ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻴﻥ ﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺭﻴﺔ. ﻌـﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻌل ﺭﺃﻯ ﻓﺭﺍﻨﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴ ﹰ ﻟﻤـﺎ ﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﺎ ﻨﻅﻤـﻪ ﺭﺠﻴل ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻗﺎل: ﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺒﻼ ﺤـﺩﻭﺩimperio sine fine . ﺃﻯ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﺴﻌﻭﺍ ﻭ ﻴﻐﺯﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﻭﻥ. ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺴـﻤﻴﻪ ﻏﻁﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﹰ ﻴﻘ ﻭ ﻜﺄﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺸﻌﺏ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻓﺘﻰ ﻻﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﺍ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ٤ . ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﺕ ﺃﺼـﺩﺍﺀ ﻨﻔـ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺁﺨﺭ٥ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﺒﻨﻰ ﺠﻠﺩﺘ ﻗﺎﺌﻼ: " ﻟﻜﻥ ﻨﺕ ﺃﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﻀﻊ ﻨﺼﺏ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﺒﺴﻠﻁﺎﻨﻙ، ﻓﺘﻠﻙ ﻫﻰ ﺭﺴـﺎﻟﺘﻙ ﺃﻥﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻬﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺘﻘﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺒﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﻔﺭﺽ ﺴ" . ﻭﻜﺄﻥ ﻓﺭﺠﻴل ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺅﻤﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓـﻰ ﺤﺭﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺒﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭ. ﻭ ﻟﻌل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻯ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜـﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺴـﻜﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ، ﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻁﺭﺡ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻ ﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤـل ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺼـ ﻬﺎ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ: - ١ . ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻯ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎ، ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺨﻼﻟ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷ ﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺭ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻮارخ اﻟﻮاردة ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﻮد إﻟﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد إﻻ إذاﻮرﻧﺖ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻋﻜﺲ ذﻟﻚ. 1 ﻟﻢ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂmare mediterraneum إﻻ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟ ﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻟﻤﻴﻼدى ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮسSolinus . راﻳﺲ2005 ،ص21 . 2 ﺟﻤﺎل ﺣﻤﺪان1999 ،ص22 . 3 Tenney Frank, Roman Imperialism, New York; 1929.pp130ff.(hereafter Frank 1929). 4 ﻭﺭﺙ١٩٩٩ ، ﺹ٣٩ . 5 VI, 51-53: tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento (hae tibi erunt artes), pacisque imponere morem, parcere subiectis et debellare superbos.

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