.........

.........

4.5 . 3.5 3.9 430 225 . .

3474 . . 100 - 173 . 2 1959 2

0 1969 11 1972.

300 145 130 . .

. , , , . . 9 1994. 76 , , 25 1996.

. , , , , , 1000 . , , . , ,

, , .

. :- ( ) ( ) ( ) ( Clusters ) Virgo Cluster ) 1929 .

. . :- = = = = ( ) Doppler.

. Galax Clusters .