1

.. .. ..

2003

, - . . . . , - . - -, - . .

2

I. 1.

I. 2. 3.

II. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. - 10. -

III. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

IV. 16. 17. 18.

V. 19. - 20. 21. 22. -

VI 23. 24 25. 26. 27.

VII. () 28. 29. -

II. (SM) 1.

I. SM 2. SM 3. SM 4. SM 5. SM

II. SM 6. WDM

3

7. DWDM 8. WDM

III. 9. Rec. G.652 ITU-T 10.

III. (NZDS) 1.

I. 2. 3. (SBS) 4. (SRS) 5. (SPM). 6. (MI) 7. () 8. (FWM)

II. NZDS 7. 8. 9. 10.

IV. (MM) 1.

I. 2. 3. 4. 5.

II. 6. 7. , Corning 8. (OVD ) 9. (VAD ) 10. (MCVD ) 11. (PCVD ) 12. (APVD ) 13.

. 1.

I. Alcatel 2. 3. 4. TeraLight Metro 5. TeraLight Ultra 6. Ribbon 7. GLight 50/125 8. 50/125 7. GLight 62.5/125 8. 62.5/125

4

II. Corning 9. SMF-28 10. SMF-28e 11. MetroCor 12. LEAF 13. 50/125 14. 62.5/125

III. OFS 15. Matched Cladding

16. AllWave

17 TrueWaveRS 18. 50/125 19. 62.5/125 15.

IV. YOFS 15. Matched Cladding 17 LAPOSH 18. 50/125 19. 62.5/125 15.

, . - , . - - " ". : - - . - . 90 % - . . WDM - (NZDS - Non Zero Dispersion Shifted). . , - . - , -. , , , , . - - "", , - .

I

1.

- , (, ). ( ) . , 0 1. . . - , . . , - , .

5

, -, . - , .

, , , , 2.5 / (STM-16) . (~ 100 ) . , , (SM Single Mode). - 1550 0.18...0.19 /.

, . 1000 , 10 000 . 10 / (STM-64), - 40 / (STM-256). , - .

- ( ), - - ( ). - (DS Dispersion Shifted) - .

- 10 / (STM-64) . - . - . - ( ). - , , , , SM .

- , . , , .

: 10.92 / (1 = 1012). , , 273, 40 /. (DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) 100 / . DWDM , , , . , , .

. , , . - (DS) (1550 ) DWDM . DWDM (NZDS Non Zero Dis-persion Shifted). , - DWDM , () .

I- ( I) -: ( II), ( IV) (VII). , ( III), (- V) ( VI).

6

I. .

2.

, - . . - , . , -. , .. , , . .

: . -

, , 125 1 . 50 62.5 . - 7..9 (. 1.1). , - 8..10 . - - ITU-T Rec. G. 652 10 %.

250

125

79

250

125

50/62.5

.1.1. .

, , , , , - , . - .

: , . - , , . : (SM), - (DS) (NZDS). - DS , NZDS .

3. c

( ). - , , (ITU-T Rec.G. 652). : NDSF No Dispersion Shifted Fiber ( ), SF Standard Fiber ( -), SSMF - Standard Single Mode Fiber ( ). - : SM Single Mode ().

, , SM - 90 %, . ( 1983 .) (~ 60 $/) . ( ) . SM (DS - Dispersion Shifted) - (NZDS Non Zero Dispersion Shifted).

SM () -

, ( = 1310 )

. = 1310 , . , SM -

7

, ( 0.02 ).

= 1310 0.31...32 /. ( = 1550 ) -

: 0.180.19 /, : 1720 /. SM -, Corning Lucent (), Sumitomo, Hitachi, Fujikura Furukawa (), Pirelli (-), Alcatel (). SM (): AllWave (Lucent), SMF-28e (Corning) SMR (Pirelli).

(DS Dispersion Shifted). 1985 .

, = 1550 - . 1550 , - (EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers). DS , - . DS , - (DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) .

(NZDS Non Zero Dispersion Shifted) - 1993 . -, DWDM (. 1.2). - ( 300 ). - . .

. 1.2. (DWDM). 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - , 5 .

( ) DWDM - , - . , - , , . DWDM , .

, - ( -). . .

, DWDM , . NZDS , - NZDS () , .

- ITU-T Rec. G. 652G. 655:

G.652: c (SM ) 1310 .

G.653: (DS ) 1550 1310 .

G.654: c (SM ) 1310 1550 .

1

2

3 N

1

2

3

N

1 2 3 4 5 3 1 .N 1 .N

8

G.655: (NZDS ), -

(0.16 /) 15301565 . .

, -- :

(DC Dispersion Compensating), .

, , -, EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier.

, (PM Polarization Maintaining), - .

II.

4.

. 1.3.. , : , - ( ). - ,

. = 1290 1383 . SM : AllWave (Lucent Technologies), SMF-28e (Corning), SMR

(Pirelli) = 1383 .

. 1.3. .

(~ 1/4), -

, , . = 1550 . SM 0.18... 0.19 /.

, , . - , - . 1800 1/ GeO2 0.16 / - 1550 0.29 / 1310 .

-. - , - . , , - , , -.

SM -

() = 1383 3 . LWPF (low water peak fiber) : AllWave Lucent Technologies ( OFS),

800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 17000

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

f x( )

x

:

780 860 () 12601360 () 15301565 (L) 15651625

(S) 14601530

/

,

3

C

()

1 2 4

L 5

S

1290 1383

9

SMF-28e (Corning), SMR (Pirelli). 0.31 /,

= 1310 (0.35 /). FOC 2002, Sumitomo -

: 0.151

/ = 1568 . 0.154 / 1986 . - . , - . : 0.128 /, - 0.014 /, 0.004/ 0.004 /. 15201606 0.160 /. - 30 % , -.

5.

. 1.3, , . - , . - : 850 (1-), 1310 (2-), 1550 (3-). 1260 1675 . , .

70- - . 850 (GaAs). , - -, .

() 80- , - 1310 . SM . - .

() 90- . - EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( ) . SM , DS , . - ( ).

c (DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) . DWDM NZDS , -. : () (onventional band), (L) (Long band), - (S) (short band).

(L) DWDM 1620 . 3 4 NZDS - .

(S) AllWave. 1390 0.31 /, 1310 (0.35 /). - 1280 1650 . , EXFO (), - (ITU) 1260.1675 (- 1.1). (G. 671) DWDM (G. 692).

10

1.1.

12601360 (Original) E 13601460 (Extended) S 14601530 (Short wavelength) C 15301565 (Conventional) L 15651625 (Long wavelength) U 16251675 (Ultra-long wavelength)

6.

() SM , = 1300 , . 1.4. , -. (1020 ), ( ). SM 2040 .

. -, . , d, (. 1.5). - d. ( w) , , , .

. 1.5. , - . ) d

) - d.

-, . - , - ( ). , , (. 1.6). , , .

w

d

a)

w

d

)

0 20 40 60 80 1000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

f x( )

x ,

, .,

.

. 1.4. - () SM ,

= 1300 .

11

. 1.6. , . ,

, - . . .

7.

. - -

~ 1/4, , = 1550 = 1310 . , , .

SM , 23 , . 1.7. , . , - . . , , -

(), - (a) (n1 - n2). , V:

V = k a NA = (2/) (n21 - n2

2)1/2

, (1.1)

k = (2/) ( ), , NA = (n21 - n2

2)1/2

-.

V , - (. 1.8). , V < 1 , , V .

V = (2/) (n21 - n22)

1/2

0 1 2 3 4 50

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

F z( )

z

. 1.8. , -

0 30 60 90 120 1502

1.75

1.5

1.25

1

0.75

0.5

f x( )

x

1307

1544

1642

,

. 1.7. - SM , 23 , .

12

,

V 0. ,

(.. ). , V 0 , . V > 1 , , - V, V = 2.4 0.1. - V . V -, V > 2.4 .

8.

, , - . , V = 2.4. - , , -, ITU - T, G. 650.

, , . 2 28 - . ( ) - .

, , ( ), - . , V > 2.4, - , V = 2.4.

. - . . SM V = 2.4. (

) (V = (2/) a NA) 2

8.3 , NA 0.12, : V /. V = 2.4

= 1310 . , , . - Hitachi . 1.9.

. 1.9. Hitachi (-).

, , .. -. , , ( - ), , - . (, ). - .

,

1140 1180 1220 1260 1300 13400

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

f x( )

x

: 1258

. .: 23

1140 1180 1220 1260 1300 13400

3

6

9

12

15

18

f x( )

x ,

: 1302

. .: 9

13

9. -

- : I(r) = I0 exp(- 8 r

2 / w

2), w - . , - ( , ). - - , - .

, , - . , , : - ( ) .

w V (. 1.10).

, . 1.10, V < 2.5 - :

w = 0.83 /NA, (1.2)

w = 7 ( NA = 0.118). (1.3)

, . ,

SM NA 0.12, : w = 9.2

( = 1.31 ) w = 10.8 ( = 1.55 ), ( ) , SM . - . 1.11.

ITU-T G. 652 SM 10 %. ,

. 1.22, w/w < 0.1 :

() = 4.34 (w/w)2. (1.4)

w/w < 10 % , () < 0.05 .

1.5 2 2.5 30.5

1

1.5

2

f x( )

f1 x( )

xV = (2/) (n21 - n

22)

1/2

w/2

a

. 1.10. - V. : w/2a = 0.65 + 1.619 V

- 3/2 + 2.879 V

- 6

( 1 % 1.2 < V < 2.4) :

w/2a = 2.6/V = 0.83 /(2a NA)

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

f y( )

f1 y( )

yw/w

,

. 1.11. - - . :

d () = - 10 log(4/[(w + w)/w + w//[(w + w)]2

:

d () = 4/34 (w/w)2

14

, - , , , , , . , -

SM = 1550 10.4 , (1.4) :

w () = 0.04 w2, (1.5)

w , .

10. -

-, - d :

d () = 4.34 (d/w)2. (1.6)

- - . , -

Corning Hitachi, 0.5 . , - - 1 . 0.05 . - , , . - . , . - - 4 .

III.

11.

. - ( ) , .

, - (), ( ). , , , - -, .

, L,

N q L,

.

() = q L + (N +1) + 2 , (1.7)

q (/), N = L/L , N + 1 , L (. 1.12).

. 1. 12. .

( )

15

- ( ). ( ). , , .

L = 80 (- ). , L = 5 , -

= 0.05 ( ). -

, q = 0.2 / = 1550 q = 0.33 / = 1310 ( ).

( = 0.3 ). 1.2. . , , - . , , - , . , - . , , - , .

1.2. () .

-

-

,

1550 0.280 = 16 0.0517 = 0.85 0.32 = 0.6 17.45

1310 0.3380 = 26.4 0.0517 = 0.85 0.32 = 0.6 27.85

12.

SM , , -. , 0.02 . (~ 0.01 ) , . .. , SM . SM - : -, ( - 0.5) . , - . . 1.13 , .

. 1.13. .

, , . . ( . 1.13) . , -

16

, -.

(w() = 4.34 (w/w)2 (1.4))

. G.652 -

10 %. w/w = 0.1, w() = 0.043 . 0.05 ( ), 10 %. , .

. - .

= 1310 0.5 . -, 1 . 0.04 . Corning Hitachi

0.4 , , 0.025 .

0.5 ITU-T G. 652, 10 %. , 10 %, , , - 0.04 .

, , - - . . , , Hitachi - 1 % (. 1.14), - 0.004 .

- < 0.05 : , , , ..

13.

1025 PC (PC Physical Contact) 512 APC- (APC Angled Physical Contact). - ( 812 ). (. 1.15).

. 1.15. .

FC/PC

SC/PC

R = 1025

FC/PC

SC/PC

FC/PC SC/PC

R = 512

FC/PC SC/PC

8

8.7 8.8 8.9 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.70

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

f x( )

x ,

: 9.2 . .: 0.12

. 1. 14. - SM Hitachi

1310 .

17

, . , -, . - . PC ETSI 35 . , , 40 .

- , 55 . - - -. , . - - .

, 55 , . 8 (. 1.15). 60 -, . 70 80 .

, . , , -. , - , - - () , (. 1.16).

. 1.16. .

, , ETSI, 0.5 . -

d (1.6): d () = 4.34 (d/w)2. ,

w 10 , , - 3.4 .

( , - ). , - , ( -). , (. 1.17).

. 1.17. : () - () () - .

( , D = 2.5 )

,

D = 125 + 2

,

D = 125 1

,

D = 89

)

)

18

- . , . , ( ). - 1.5 , ( ) 2 (. 1.18).

. 1.18. () ( ).

() . , ( ). ( - IEC) (. 1.19).

. 1.19. : () - () - .

, . 1.19, - . , . , .

. , , - , . ( 90). ( ) (. 1.19). - ( ) (. 1.20).

)

)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.20

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

f x( )

x ,

: 0.30

19

. 1.20. ( ).

, ( 1.3), , , - . - IEC , - .

1.3. , .

, .

94 %

97 %

0.20

< 0.30

< 0.40

95 %

99 %

0.14

< 0.30

< 0.40

, .

60 %

85 %

0.30

< 0.30

< 0.50

1.2

94 %

98 %

0.15

< 0.30

< 0.40

0.71

( - ) 0.5 . , - .

14.

Pz, z , P, - . (z), S - Sz z :

Pz/P = 2(z) (Sz/S). (1.8)

- , - z : (- ) . , -

(z) = - 10 log(T(z)), (1.9)

. (1.8) (1.9)

5 log(P/Pz) = (z) + 5 log(So/Sz). (1.10)

: 0.15

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.20

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

f x( )

x ,

20

, ( ) z = const z = 0. , - , - . - , - , - , . , (Sz = S), log(Sz/S) = 0, - ( ).

(Sz S), log(Sz/S) 0, , , .

- , . - , NA ( 1.2). , - , , -

( 4) . (1.10), -

(Sz/S = (wo/ wz)2), , w = wz wo

21

. 1.21. , , -.

- , . , . - .

15.

, . 1.22. , , , , - .

. 1.22. .

, , , . - . , - , . ( - -) , . ( )

() = . (1.14)

.

.

.

1

2

1.

2. -

22

:

(, AQ

2150) 0.02 , (0.01 ). , , - 5 % - - (50100 ).

0 30 . , - , . - , .

, , , . . , .

, . 1.18 1.20, . - 0.3 , 0.15 (. 1.3). , . , , 0.4 0.2 . , - . , . , ( - ) . - (.. ), , - . , , , , - - , .

IV.

16.

, . - (D) (PMD).

, , 10 / . . - , , (. 1.23).

23

. 1.23.

() D() -

. 1.24. (D() = (1/L) /)

() /L , L .

. 1.24. () D() SM

.

( ) - (. 1.25). -

: 1t1 = 2t2 ( ). - : q = 10 log(1/2).

q = 10 log(1/2) = 10 log(t2/t1). q = 2 , - 1.6 .

. 1.25. -

: q = 10 log(1/2) = 10 log(t2/t1).

17.

0 (. 1.24) , -

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

25

15

5

5

15

25

D

,

D() = (1/L) /.

,

/

1200 1300 1400 1500 160010

5

0

B

,

,

/

()/L

1 2 3

1, 2, 3

t

(

)

t1 1

2 t2

-

24

()/L = (S/2) ( - 0)2. (1.15)

D()

D() = (1/L) () / = S ( - 0). (1.16)

(S) . > 0

, < 0 .

: D() = (1/L) /. (1 =

10-12), L , (1 = 10-9 ).

, [/]. ,

S = D() / ( - 0) [/2].

: D() , - ( ).

D() . - . , .

18.

: D = D + D. . , - , . - - , . , -, - (. 1.26).

r

n

. 1.26. - , - -

.

. -, - , (- ). . -, , , - , , ( - ). - .

. SM - (~ 8.3 ) (~ 0.34 %). DS NZDS SM .

, -, . , - , . - . ( - ) (. 1.27).

. 1.27. - DS NZDS ) ) ( W).

0.75 %

6

n1

n2

a)

8

0.90 %

n1

n2

25

D(), D() D() DS . 1.28.

0 = 1550 S0 = 0.080 /2

( = 0) : D() = 0 S0 ln(/0) (G. 653).

. 1.28, DS ( ). NZDS , EDFA. NZDS - 1500 , NZDS - 1600 .

V.

19. -

, -. , . , , , , . , , , (. 1.29).

. 1.29. - , .

, , , ( ) , - (). (. 1.29) - , ( ).

, , ( ) . , . , - , . - , -, . . . - .

, . 1.29, , , . , -

. 1.28.

D() D()

D() - (DS).

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

35

25

15

5

5

15

25

35

D2

,

,

/

D()

D()

DM()

DS

EDFA

f x( )

F1 x( )

F2 x( )

x

F3 x( )

F1 x( )

F2 x( )

x

f x( )

F1 x( )

F2 x( )

x

26

( ) . , . , , .

20.

. . 1.30 -. , - - , .

, - (.1.29). , , . . , .. , (. 1.30).

. 1.30. . . -

, (. 1.29). ( ) (). , , . , , . , , -, .

21.

DFB (Distributed Feedback Laser) -, - (. 1.31) . ( ) , p/n . , , .. .

F3 x( )

F1 x( )

F2 x( )

x

t

( )

f x( )

F1 x( )

F2 x( )

x

t0

( )

f0

-

f0 f

27

. 1.31. DFB () - (). , , - , .

, 1 . , , 2.5 / (STM-16) SM (. 1.32).

. 1.32. (2.5 / (STM-16)) DFB

( = 1550 ) SM .

. 1.32, ( ) , (DC ). - (39 ), - , , - DFB . , - , , , .

, - , (MetroCore Corning WideLight Pirelli .). - , + .

( 2.5 / (STM-16)) SM ( ) MetroCore (- ) 1.33.

: q = = 10 log(t2/t1), t2/t1 - . , SM

q = 2 (t2/t1 = 1.6) 150 . MetroCore 400 .

F ( )

F ( )

F ( )

500 / 500 /

500 /

50

SM DC

EDFA

F3 x( )

F1 x( )

F2 x( )

x

t

t

f x( )

F1 x( )

F2 x( )

x

f

I ~

P

DFB

P

DFB

I = U ~

f

)

)

28

22. .

(SPM - Self-Phase Modulation) - . , .

, - , . - SPM - , . , , . , .

, SPM -. , SPM -, (. 1.34).

. 1.34. (SPM ) . - , ( ). - .

SPM -, . , , (. . 1.30). . , SPM , . , , - . . ( ) ( ), .

SPM

t0

f x( )

F1 x( )

F2 x( )

x

f0

f0

t0

F3 x( )

F1 x( )

F2 x( )

x

0 100 200 300 400 5001.5

1

0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

f x( )

x ,

,

SM

MetroCore

.1.33.

DFB ( = 1557 ) 2.5 /. MetroCore 418 4 - - 3 .

29

, - SPM . - , . . ( ) ( - ), .. , , . , , , , . . DWDM .

VI.

23.

, - , , , (. 1.35).

. 1.35. 101 -. 1 0 , , - . 0 , , , 1 .

, t = T/4 = 1/(4B), = 1/ , . 95 % ( ) . , B

= 2.5 / (STM-16) T = 1/B = 400 , t = T/4 =

100 . t0 , , , , , 100 .

24.

t0 :

t = (t20 + t2D)

1/2, (1.17)

tD - . D

L .

tD = D (/) L () (). (1.18)

- , - , - . - (DFB Distributed Feedback Laser ) - 10100 ,

STM16 (f = 1/t0 = 10 ). DFB -

, , -

t0.

1 1 0

1 1 0

t0 t

30

t0 t = (t20 +

t2D)1/2

t0 t0. -

t0 t tD -

t0. ( tD ~ 1/t0). , -

t0, t , , , .

25.

-, . , , , , , - (.. ). , ( /)

D L = 105 / B

2. (1.19)

, - , . -, - , , -

tD - . -, , , . .

-

( ) SM (D = 16 / = 1550 ) 2.2.

1.4. SM .

, /.

- -,

2.5 / (STM-16) 16 000 1000

10 / (STM-64) 1000 60

40 / (STM-256) 60 4

D L 2.5 / - 16 000 / 1000 . , 2.5 / - . 10 / D L 1000 / 60 - . .

26.

: , , , , - . , , - . DC (DCF - Dispersion Compensating Fiber). DC - : - ( 1.5). - 10 / (STM-64).

31

1.5. DC . Corning Lucent Technologies

DC

M-2

0

DC

M-4

0

DC

M-6

0

DC

M-8

0

DK

-40

DK

-60

DK

-80

, 20 40 60 80 40 60 80

, / - 329 - 658 - 988 -1317 - 680 -1020 - 1360

, /2

/ / / / < -1.2 < -1.9 < - 2.5

, 3.2 5.0 6.8 8.6 5.2 7.0 8.9

, / 103 132 145 153 131 146 153

PMD, 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.5 0.6 0.75 0.9

DC - SM (. 1.36), - DC SM . ( EDFA). - , . .. . , DC SM . SM DC . DC :

0.5 / (. 1.36), 2.5 SM -.

. - DC - (. ) (- ) (~ 15...20 ). : SM 5 .

DC SM , - . D 19 2, SM 85 2. , , .

. 1.36. DC

-. - , , , , , /. - - DC .

. , , , , -. .

DC , (. 1.37).

15001520 15401560 15801600110

105

100

95

90

85

80

f x( )

x

15001520 15401560 158016000.4

0.5

0.6

f x( )

x , ,

,

/

,

/

32

. -, , , . , ( ) . , .

. 1.37. () DC -

- 100 / () 1800 / - 24 .

, , ( ) - . , - , SM .

DC ( D = - 100 /, S = - 0.15 /2 = 1550 ) (. 1.38)

. 1.38. DC SM , (D < 0), - (S < 0).

DC SM , DC - . NZDS , . 1.39, .

1540 1560 1580 1600 1620

10080604020

2040

f x( )

x

,

,

/

DC

SM D() = D(c) + S(c) ( - c)

DDC() = DDC(c) + SDC (c) ( - c)

EDFA

,

60 40 20 0 20 40 600.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

f x( )

x

n

(%

)

,

n

(%

)

20 10 0 10 200.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

f x( )

x

DC

SM

a) )

33

. 1.39. STM-64 (10 /) 240 . NZDS , c SM , DC ~ 20 .

- (CR- compensation ratio) SM DK-80. CR - . , -

, SM D() DC

DDC() (. 1.38).

: c, -, . - SM DK-80 1.6.

1.6. SM DK-80 = 1550 . SM DK-80

, / 17 /

, /2 0.058 /

, 80 /

, / 1360 - 1360 40

, /2 4.64 < - 2.5

, - , , . , :

D(c) L = DDC(c) LDC. (1.20)

(1.21)

S(c) ( - c) L + SDC (c) ( - c) LDC, (1.21)

(1.22)

CR() = [D(c) L + S(c) ( - c) L + SDC (c) ( - c) LDC] / D(c) L. (1.22)

(1.22) 2.4,

CR() =1 + 16 ( - 1550)/1000. (1.23)

CR() . 1.40.

EDFA

NZDS

EDFA

SM DCM

DCM DCM DCM DCM

EDFA EDFA EDFA

34

. 1.40. SM 80 DK-80

. 1.40, 25 %, 1360 / 340 /. - DK-80. , 10 / (STM-64) - 1000 / ( 2.2), ,

380 = 240 . 40 / (STM-256) , (60 /) 340 /).

27.

, DWDM , (PC - photonic cristal). . PC (- , ) , (. 1.41). - , , - .

PC

. 1.42. 2000 /, SM 100 .

(R) . 1.43. - , PC -

CR

%

1535 1542.5 1550 1557.5 156550

75

100

125

150

f x( )

f1 x( )

x ,

. 1.41. PC . - -, .

,

,

/

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.42500

1500

500

500

f x( )

x

. 1.42. - PC 1550 -.

35

( ()), 15001600 CR 50 %. PC .

0.98 CR 100 0.2 % (- ()). 1550 2.3

/2, 680 /, SM 35 .

. 1.43. PC () -

= 1550 (2000 /) () (-680 /), .

PC SM (~ 1.5 ). , , .

VII. ()

28.

, , . . , - . (), , - .

, . , - . , - , LP01 (LP linear polarized). , , , - (. 1.44).

. 1.44. (I(r) ~ exp[- 2 r2/(w/2)2]) E . w , 2

, - , .. , -. - - , - (. 1.45). -, .

1500 1525 1550 1575 160080

90

100

110

120

f x( )

x ,

CR

%

(a)

()

w

w

r

I(r)

2a

E E

36

. 1.45. .

, - . . , - , . :

v = /n v = /n. (1.24)

(n = n n) L:

= (2/) (L/ v L/ v) = (2/) n L. (1.25)

, - L (. 1.46).

, 2 :

L = /n (1.26)

= 1550 5 , -

n = 3 10-7.

. 1.46. - , , , ..

- , (DGD differential group delay) , , (. 1.47):

() = (/) L(), (1.27)

- . , (1.24) :

(1/v 1/v) = n/. (1.30)

(1.30) n = 3 10-7 = 3 105 /, = 1 /.

L

37

. 1.47. .

( ) , - - DGD. , , . , - . -. , .

29. -

- , , . -, , . , , - .

, . - , - . , , - - .

, . 1.48. (1) . (2). (3). - (4). - (5). , -, . . , - .

. 1.48. - .

-, DGD ( ).

DGD () , (1.27), .

() = PMD(/1/2) L1/2(1/2). (1.31)

1 2

3

4 5

38

DGD L - . , - . - PMD ( -

) Lc

PMD(/1/2) = (/) Lc1/2

(1/2). (1.32)

Lc 0.3 ,

PMD. = 1 / Lc = 0.3 (1.32) : PMD = 0.55 /1/2. , - .

PMD, (1.32) , , .. , Lc. 10..30 , . Lc. - .

, Lc 110 . = 1 / Lc = 0.01 (1.32), : PMD = 0.1 /1/2. PMD .

PMD, DGD ().

DGD () . - (. 1.49).

. 1.49. () DGD .

(1.49), DGD () -

. , 2 1.7 %,

3 4.210-5. .. DGD 3 22 . - . -

t t0

DGD :

t = (t20 + 2)

1/2. (1.33)

, DGD , .

t0 (1.33) , ,

t0. t0 1/(4B), , tPMD - 12 , .. 1/B. PMD 1.7.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

f x( )

x

: /

39

1.7. PMD.

DGD

PMD = 1 /1/2

PMD = 0.1 /1/2

2.5 / STM-16

400 40 1600 160 000

10 / STM-64

100 10 100 10 000

40 / STM-256

25 2.5 6 625

, , . , -, , . , .

II.

1.

- . 90 % (Rec.G. 652). : SF Standard Fiber, SSMF - Standard Single Mode Fiber, NDSF No Dispersion Shifted Fiber. : SM Single Mode. , - . - , , 2.5 /, SM - , . , (25 ) , - SM - . SM I- .

SM G.652 = 1310 , (WDM). - (Dense WDM), - (20...25 ) (Coarse WDM). II- - SM , DWDM, CDWM. SM G.652 ITU-T. , . , III- Rec.G.652 ITU-T.

2. SM

. 2.1. ;

SM 0.180.19 / = 1550

0.310.32 / = 1310 .

40

2.1. SMF - 28 (Corning).

1.

= 1310

= 1550

= 1383 3 :

12851330 15251575

0.34 / 0.20 /

2.1 /

0.05 /

2.

100

75

= 1310

= 1550

1 32

= 1550

0.05

0.05

0.5

3.

11501350 < 1260

2.1

. < 1600 -

~ 1/4. = 1550 = 1310 .

2.1 , - . , . ,

100 75 , 0.05 ( = 1550 ), (32 ) (0.5 ).

. (75 ) - , - , (100) - . ( -) , (32 ).

.

= 1550 = 1310 , , - , . , , . , 0.05 , 1550 .

2.1 - . (< 1260 ) G.652 ( ). .

. , 1260 . , .

2.1, ( =

1383 3 ) = 1310 = 1550 . 1310 1550 . - SM -

= 1383 3 .

41

(LWPF low water peak fiber) -: AllWave (Lucent Technologies, OFS ), SMF-28e (Corning), SMR (Pirelli). - 0.31 /, , -

= 1310 (0.35 /) (. 2.1). , (S) (1480...1520 ), () (13601460 ). (Extended) .

SM = 1383 3 - :

1280 1625 , 50 % , SM .

1400 , SM 10 / (STM-64).

CWDM ( (2025 ) ) 33 % ( 16 ).

, LWPF - - - DWDM CWDM . . , . , . -

SMF - 28 2.2.

2.2. SMF - 28.

: = 1310

= 1550

9.2 0.4

10.4 0.8

0.5

125 1.0

1.0 %

4.0

I, w SM

(1.3): w = 7 . -

= 1310 = 1550 : w = 9.1 w = 10.85. , - 2.2, , . , - .

SMF - 28 Rec. G.652, - 10-% . , 2.2 -

(1.4) (() = 4.34 (w/w)2), , 0.025. , , - 0.05 . , , , (. . 1.14),

,

/

,

4-

. 2.1.

SM SM

(OH).

5-

3-

1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 17000.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

F ( )

42

1..2 % - . , 2.2 , . , Rec. G.652). , , . 2.2 . . , - . - 4 .

3. SM

-. SM . - : (. 2.2). SM (GeO2), , (F).

. 2.2. SM ) ( ) )

SM ,

. 0 . S0 :

D() = S0 ( - 04/3)/4. (2.1)

(2.1) Rec. G.652 12601360 . 1550 . -

(2.1) D() S0 = 0.092 /2 0 = 1310 , .2.3.

8.3 0.34 %

n1

n2

a)

8.3 0.30 %

0.9 %

n2

n1 )

46

.2.3.

D() D()

D() (SM).

1200 1300 1400 1500 160025

15

5

5

15

25

D

SM

D()

DM()

D()

,

/

,

43

SM

(. 2.4). ( 0) - . , , - .

. 2.4. 1550 SM - Hitachi

(S() = dD()/d), . 2.3, -

. (2.1),

S() = S0 (1 + 3 04/4)/4. (2.2)

S() S0 = 0.092 /2 0 = 1310 .2.5.

SMF - 28 2.3. , Rec. G.652 (13001324 ).

2.3. SMF - 28.

1301 < < 1321

0.092 /2

D 0.1..0.2 /1/2

(PMD) SM , , (10.5 /1/2), B = 2.5 / (STM-16) - (L ~ 100 ) . , PMD 1 /1/2, 100

tPMD = PMD L1/2

= 10 , t = 1/(4) = 100 STM-16.

= 10 / (STM-64), -

L ~ 1000 . tPMD PMD, 1 /1/2, 30 ,

t = 1/(4) = 25 STM-64. SM PMD - 5 0.20.1 /1/2.

1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 16000.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

f x( )

x ,

,

/

2

. 2.5. - SM (

0 = 1310 . S0 = 0.092

/2)

13 14 15 16 17 18 190

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

f x( )

x -

1550 (/)

: 16.5 (/)

. . : 0.36 (/)

44

4. SM

DWDM (100300) / . . , , - .

Hitachi SM (LESMF large effective area single mode fiber) DC (DSCF dispersion and its slope compensation fiber) (. 2.4).

2.4. LESMF DSCF .

LESMF DSCF

= 1550 / 0.183 0.266

1370 1266

20 / 4.0 /

= 1550 / 20.0 -41.1

/2 0.064 -0.13

RDS (/) 1/ 0.0032 0.0032

12 6.2

2 112 30

PMD /1/2 0.022 0.043

LESMF DSCF . 2.6. 40 SM - . 20 - DC .

. 2.6. DWDM . LESMF.

, - (~ 0.9 ). 0.26 , (. 2.7). - NZDS 83 .

1

2

3

n

MU

X

1

2

3

n

DE

MU

X

LESMF DSCF

EDFA EDFA

45

. 2.7. LSMF (112 2) DSCF c (30 2) .

5. SM -

( ). - , . -, , , - . , - .

- . - , SM . 2.4 2 3 , .

2.5. SM .

Co

rnin

g

Lu

cen

t

(OF

S)*

Su

mit

om

o

Hit

ach

i

Fu

jik

ura

Fu

ruk

awa

(OF

S)

Pir

elli

Alc

atel

/,

= 1310

= 1550

0.34

0.20

0.35

0.22

0.35

0.22

0.35

0.21

0.34

0.23

0.35

0.22

0.34

0.20

0.34

0.21

**, 50 75 75 75 75 60 60

, 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

, 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.6

, 4 2 4 4 4 4

, 5 10 10 5 7.5 10 10 10

% 1 1 1.2 1 1 1 1 1

* Lucent Technologies () 2001 . - - Furukawa Electric () CommScope (). OFS Optical Fiber Solution - .

** 100 = 1550 0.05 .

-

. , , Hitachi SM =

1310 : max. 0.350.40 /, = 1550 : max. 0.210.25 /. , , . 1.13, :

0.33 / = 1310 0.2 / = 1550 . , , , -

( 0.18..0.19 / = 1550 0.31.. 0.32 / = 1310 ).

LESMF NZDS DSCF

46

. 2.8. 1310 1550 SM - Hitachi.

, - . , SM . SM , - NZDC .

. 2.9. ( ), ( ).

II. SM -

6. WDM

-, - , Internet . , -, - .

: , -. . , . -.

. - . - . - - . , - , 2.6.

= 1310 , (/).

0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.360

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

f x( )

x

: 0.333 /

: 0.005 /

= 1550 , (/).

0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.220

500100015002000250030003500400045005000

f x( )

x

: 0.195 /

: 0.004 /

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20060

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

f x( )

x

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20060

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

f x( )

x

47

2.6 , - :

. ,

, -.

(10 /, 40 /, > 100 /).

, - , .

(, - ..).

, -, . -.

(WDM - wavelength division multiplexing).

- .

- (. 2.10). - 90- , - / . 1995 . 2.5(5.0) / - . 1998 . - 10(20) / , WDM. WDM - 100 /

. , , .. . - 1310 1550 ( 2.7).

2.7. WDM .

WDM, STM 4 (625 ). .

WDM, STM-16 (2.5 /) / 1555 , 400

Dense WDM, STM-64 (10 /) 8/96 1550 50/100

DWDM, STM-256 (40 /) 100/200 1550 , 25/50

WDM:

1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.1

1

10

100

1 103

f x( )

x

/

/

1.3

1.5

5

WD

M

DW

DM

. 2.10. -

.

48

1. c WDM , - N, , B .

= N B. (2.3)

2. , WDM, , , -, . , Internet, SONET ATM. -, - , (. 2.11).

3. , , - (. 2.12). - , - .

. 2.12. WDM , .

- (1000 10 000 ). - 50150 , , . - , - , .

WDM . , (EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) 15251565 . - 400 . . WDM : (dense-WDM (DWDM)) - 80 (coarse-WDM (CWDM)) , , (wide WDM (WWDM)) 40. - . DWDM 200 ( 1000), WDM 40.

7. DWDM

DWDM , - .

Mu

x

1

2

N D

emu

x 1

2

N

1 2 N

1 4

2 3

. 2.11. WDM .

1

2 3

4

49

(ITU International Telecommunication Union) ITU Rec. G. 692, - 100 . (15301560 ), - G. 692, 40 ( 100 - 0.8 ).

- 50 25 , , - 80 160. WDM 100 DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing). DWDM (N) (B) . - 50 . , - STM-64, .. 10 /. , 1- fc = 10 STM-64 ( - ). - f f + f f f (. 2.13).

. 2.13. DWDM . 10 (STM-64), 50 = 0.05 .

. 2.13, STM-64 (10 ) (50 ) , .. . STM-256 (40 ) 100 . DWDM , , . STM-256 (40 ) - 50 .

DWDM , , , . , (SPM Self Phase Modulation), - , : - (FWM Four Wave Mixing) (XPM Cross Phase Modulation).

SPM , - 10 (10 ). FWM XPM, - . , - . DWDM , - .

, - ( -). (. 2.14).

f x( )

x

,

.

.

f, 192,1 192,15 192,2

10

50 1- 2-

50

. 2.14. ( f1 f2).

, DWDM, G. 692 + 17 (50 ). + 23 . - : - .

, DWDM . , DWDM ( - DS ), . , DWDM , .

. SM (1618 /) , - , - FWM, - XPM . , DWDM SM - , .

DWDM , , , ( ). - - - ( (DFB Distributed Feedback Laser) ). Lm - B:

Lm 105/(B

2 D). (2.4)

D [/], B [/]. D = 18 / 2.5 / (STM-16), : Lm ~ 1000 . .. SM - . 10 / (STM-64) : Lm ~ 60 , (~ 100 ) , ( ).

, ( 2.5 /) - SM , -, , - FWM XPM . DWDM - - .

DWDM, . - DWDM 2.5 / (STM-16). ~ 30 . 0.8 (100 ) N = 40, 0.4 (50 ), , : N = 80. N = 40

100 / (402.5 /), N = 80 - 200 / (802.5 /).

2 f1 f2 f1 f2 2 f2 f1

: N

2 (N 1)/2, N -

N N2 (N 1)/2

2 2

2 24

4 224

51

DWDM - N, B . N DWDM -, (15251565 ), - , L (1570...1620 ). - B STM-64 (10 /) - SM . -, .

SM , . DC (DCF Dispersion Compen-sating Fiber) . , - . DCF , . DWDM 32 10 / (STM-64) , , = N B = 320 /. DWDM .- ( - ). 2001 ., 1,2 / ( STM-4 (620 /)). 2001 . - DWDM .- 20 /. - DWDM TDM (.. - ) . DWDM . (L ), (S ), - .

DWDM . - (DWDM) , - . - DWDM .

, DWDM (50/100 ) . , , , , . DWDM , , - , - . , , , .

8. CWDM

(- ) CWDM (Coarse WDM). DWDM CWDM - , . CWDM (20 ) , - WDM . : DWDM - (. 2.15).

52

. 2.15. CWDM 20 DWDM - 100 .

CWDM . WDM - . , , . , , DWDM , .

, . - 13 ( 1 ) 30 20 (. 2.15).

WDM . DFB

2 , 0.09 . WDM , , 13 .

DWDM , . , , 20 .

CWDM . CWDM - . . - SM , - 1385 (. 2.16). 20 1280 1620 16 . SM - - E, 12 .

. 2.16. SM () () SM (ZWPF), CWDM .

. CWDM . . ( ) , , 70 . 2.5 /, DFB .

20

CWDM, - 30

1.6 200

DWDM

0.8 100

DWDM

0.4 50 DWDM

CWDM 13

1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

f x( )

x

O E S C L U

,

SM

SM (ZWPF)

,

/

53

DWDM CWDM - DWDM . : CWDM , (1470, 1490, 1590 1610 ), 16 DWDM .

- , . - 10 Gigabit Ethernet. 3.125 /. 12.5 /. , , - 10 / ( ). CWDM - . CWDM - 40 / 10 /.

III

9. Rec. G.652 ITU-T

:

1310 . 1310 , 1550 ( -).

: , . -

1310 - 1550 , 1550 . Rec. G.654.

1. 1.1. . 9...10 . -

10 % . : 1. 10 , 9 . - .

2. -, 10 % .

: -

, , 1..2 %.

1.2. 125 . -

2 . :

SM 1 .

1.3. ()

1 .

1.4. 1.4.1. ( ), , ,

.

54

. .

:

. , , .

1.4.2. 2 %.

1.5. :

) , RTM - ( ).

) ( ) RTM ( ).

: RTM (reference test method Rec. G.650) - ,

- . , .

, -

. , ,

< . , - . :

1) , : 1100 < < 1280

2) , 1260-1270 :

1. .

2. , , - . -

, RTM (G.650) 1240 .

3. , , . -

, , -

. , , - ,

,

RTM , . :

1. ( 2)), 1240 .

2. ( 1)),

.

3. , . , . -

, .

4. , , -

. : , , -

, . -

, V = (2/) a NA =2.4. > - V < 2.4: .

55

NA .

. , . , V. , V 2.4 , . ( V ~ 2.4) - , , .

1.6. 1550 , ,

1310 , 1550 , , 1550 , 100 37.5 , 1.0 .

: 1. 100 -

. 37.5 , - .

2. , , 100 ( 40), , , . 3. , , 37.5 (, 30 ), , 100 - 1.0 , , , . 4. . - - . 5. 100 - . 1 , 100 37.5 . :

, 1550 . - , 1550 (Rec. G.654).

1.7.

1.7.1. , . : . , .

1.7.2. ( ) .

1.7.3.

p 0.35 (1 = 109 ), 0.5 %. -

t 1 . , :

= (t/t)1/q

. (2.6)

q . q ( nd), Rec. G. 650 q = 20.

56

- . , 0.7 1.4 ( 1 % 2 %), . :

L/L

(L/L) E = , (2.7)

= 70 - . L/L = 10-2 (1 %) = 0.7 . - 0.7 .

F(L,,t) = 1 - exp[-(L/Lo) ( /p)m (t /t)

n], (2.8)

L - , L - . : m = 3 1, n = 0.2 0.05. , q = m/n = 15. , - m, n q , (IEC 60793-1-3, 2).

1.8 -

. , , Rec. G.651.

1.9

2. - , . .

2.1 1 1310 0.5 1500 . :

. 1310 0.3...0.4 /, 1550 0.15...0.25 /.

2.2. :

- omin = 1300 omax = 1324 - -

Somax = 0.093 /2

1260...1360

D1() = (Somax/4) ( - 4omin/

3), (2.9)

D1() = (Somax/4) ( - 4omax/

3). (2.10)

57

: 1.

.

,

, /

1288-1339 3.5

1271-1360 5.3

1550 ~ 20

2. 1550 . 3.

omax omin , , Somax. 4. .

3.

. , . , .

A = n Ln + s x + c y (n = 1.m). (2.11)

3.1 - :

n n- Ln n- m

s

c , ( , , , ..). . , .

3.2 ( /) -

(. 2.2) : Dn Ln, n = 1m.

10. ,

. - , . . , , , - . SONET (Synchronous Opti-cal Network) SDH (Synchronous Dig-ital Hierarchy) . - , . SONET SDH - .

58

. . ( -) .

2.8. , - .

1. ANSI

2. Bellcore Bell Tele phone (). Telcordia Technologie.

3. CECC

4. ENELEC

5. CEPT

6. DIN

7. EIA

8. ETSI

9. FTZ ()

10. IEC ()

11. IEEE

12. ISO ()

13. ITU-T : (-)

14. NIST ()

15. TIA 16. WTO

, . : - ITU (International Telecommunication Union) IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). IEC - , ITU . .

2.9. , .

ITU IEC

ETSI CENELEC

, - TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) Telcordia Technologies ( Bellcore). - ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard Institute).

ITU . ITU , , - . ITU ITU-R, - ITU-T ITU-D. - ITU-T. 14 - SG (Study Group), - ITU.

ITU-T , . - , SG 15 ( , ), DWDM.

SG 15 - 345 26 78 - . WP (Working Party): (Network Access), (Network Signal Processing),

59

(Multiplexing) (Switching and Transmission). - WP 4/15 , - , .

WP 4/15 , , , . WP 4/15 .

WP 4/15 WDM. WP 4/15 50 , 100 , ( 128 ) . - 16201660 .

TDM 10 /, WDM. TDM 40 /.

2.10 ITU-T IEC .

ITU-T Rec. G. 650 - (03.93).

ITU-T Rec. G. 651 - 50/125 (03.93).

ITU-T Rec. G. 652

IEC B 1.1 (03.93).

ITU-T Rec. G. 653

IEC B 2

- (03.93).

ITU-T Rec. G. 654

IEC B 1.2

, - 1550 (03.93).

IEC B 3 - .

ITU-T Rec. G. 655

IEC B 4

- (10.96).

IEC -. IEC , - IEC ( 50 ). IEC ITU , ISO (International Organ-ization for Standardization), WTO (World Trade Organization), CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization). TIA - IEC. IEC 200 700 . 10 000 . - TC 86 ( ). , , - , . -, TC 86 IEC ITU -. TC 86 IEC ITU - PMD, WDM, , . , ITU PMD, TC 86 IEC PMD. , TC 86 IEC - IEC 61282-3 PMD - . PMD (IEC 61941). PMD . PMD PMD .

60

III. (NZDS)

1.

NZDS (Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted) DWDM , - . - , - 10 / (STM-64). , NZDS DWDM , TDM (Time Domain Multiplication) , , - .

. 3.1. , .

NZDS - DWDM. NZDS , . NZDS - , ( , SM ). NZDS 50 % , . . NZDS , .

NZDS Rec. G.655 ITU-T. NZDS - DS (G.653) , - (. 3.2). NZDS - , DWDM . NZDS Rec. G.655, - ITU-T.

1 10 10010

100

1 103

f x( )

x , /

400

800 1.6 3.2 6.4 12.8

TDM

2.5 40

61

. 3.2. SM, DS NZDS .

NZDS . - (. 3.3) .

. 3.3. NZDS

NZDS - Hitachi . 3.4.

. 3.4. Hitachi .

NZDS . - 80- . - - . - NZDS , . . , NZDS , . -, (1525

0.36 /

0.21 /

1310 1550

(+)

(-)

NZDS (+) DS

NZDS (-)

WDM

(): 1525..1565 (L): 1565..1620

SM

(W).

8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 110.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.11

f x( )

x ,

,

/

2

62

1565 ), : 15701610 , 1290..1310 , 1420..1500 1650..1700 . , , NZDS . NZDS . NZDS (+D NZDS) . , PMD DWDM , - ( ). , +D NZDS - , - L (15701620 ).

(-D NZDS) - . , -D NZDS SM , C (~ 17 / ) . -D NZDS L, .

-D NZDS - . (MAN metropolitan area network). , + . , NZDS -, DWDM 10 / (STM-64). , - . () - (FWM) , , . NZDS ( ) - FWM . , - , 10 / (STM-64) - 300..400 . - , - FWM . - NZDS . DWDM c 1.6

/ (16010 /). FOC 2001 DWDM -

10.92 / (27340 /). DWDM 100 / . , - . - , ( ). (SPM), (), (FWM) (MI). . ( , , 1000 ) (+ D NZDS). , + D NZDS - - SPM - D NZDS . - D NZDS . - D NZDS - (MAN) .

I.

2.

- , . - .

63

, , . Rec. ITU-T G.662 -

17 ( = 1550 ), 19 . - (Siemens, ) DWDM , 30 .

, .. . : . - , (. 3.5).

( ) - . - , - / () L:

M = L/. (3.1)

L (. 3.5a) - -

/ ( ).

L = /. (3.2)

:

M = / . (3.3)

, . -, . -, - (. 3.6).

. 3.6. () ().

, - , . :

L = [1 exp(- L)]/. (3.4)

L , - . 0.22 / 20 , , .

. 3.5.

/

L w w

) )

64

SM w 7 ( I), , ,

= w2 /4 = 12.5 2. (3.1), L = L, :

M 0.1 L /( 2). (3.5)

(3.5) (3.3) :

M/ M 0.1 L/, (3.6)

L = 20 = 1.55 109.

DWDM . - . (-) (SRS stimulated Raman scattering) - (SBS - stimulated Brillouin scattering). : - () - (). SBS SRS , -, , , ( -) ( ), (3.7).

. 3.7. SS SRS. ) (SBS) (30..60 ) 11 . ) (SRS) (~ 7 55 ) 13 .

SBS SRS , -:

SS ( ). SRS - , .

SRS SS.

SS SRS.

( ): (SPM - Self-Phase Modulation), (FWM Four Wave Mixing), - ( Cross Phase Modulation), (MI Modulation Instability). , , , - , , - , DWDM (.3.8).

SS

SRS

a)

)

65

. 3.8. -.

3. (SBS)

, - - , ( ). - , .

(. 3.9). , - , . , . SM (G.652) 11 (+ 0.088 ) - fB = 30 . DS (G.653) 10.7 (+ 0.085 ) fB = 60 . , - DWDM . - , . 3.8, .

. 3.9. - .

PB ( )

PB L (21 A/gB) (1 + f /fB) = 0.03 (1 + f /fB) , (3.7)

f . 0.03 gB = 5 10-11

/- SBS ( ) A = 70 2 (SM ).

(f < 1 ) L = 20 - PB = 1.5 ( . 3.7). DWDM 110 , , , 100200 .

f x( )

x

0.53

fo = 194

fo f

va = 5.8 /

f ~ 11

1 10 100 1 1030.01

0.1

1

10

100

1 103

f x( )

x

SRS

XPM

FWM

SS

DWDM

,

66

, - . -, . -, ,

L = L = /2 n, (3.8)

- , n 1.5 .

= 1 L = L = 0.1 , - (L = 20 ) . , 200 , .. 300 . SBS 24 ( 5 ), , . - - 50 1 . (3.7) f = 1, , - 30 ( 50 ). ( I) . 2.5 / (STM-16) SBS - 100200 . , - SBS ( . 3.7 1.5 ), .

4. (SRS)

, , - . DWDM , (50100 , ), - (~40 ). PR ( )

PR L (16 A/gR) 17 . (3.9)

0.03 gB = 5 10-11

/ A = 70 2 (SM ).

L = 20 ( = 1550 ) PR 1 , - (~ 23 ). , DWDM - , .

, SRS, SBS, . SRS , - - ~13 (100 ). . 3.10.

67

. 3.10. .

. , , DWDM. , ( 20 ) - - , (.3.11), /. .

.3.11. .

, . - . DWDM - (3.12), . - ( 0.51 ), SRS - ( ).

. 3.12. 20 100 NZDS 100 1.5 .

5. (SPM)

(SPM - Self-Phase Modulation) - - ( ):

n = n0 + n2 (P/A), (3.10)

,

,

WDM

1450 1500 1550 16000

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

f x( )

x ,

gR/A

, (

)-1 :

DS

NZDS (TrueWave)

SM

1530 1540 1550 1560 15700.4

0.2

0

0.2

0.4

f x( )

x ,

,

.

68

n0 (~ 1.46 ), n2. - n2 2.23.4 10

-20

2/. , , ,

= t - Ln/c = (t - Lno/c) - SPM, (3.11)

SPM = (2/) n2 (P/ A) L = P L. (3.12)

= (2/) (n2/ A) A, (. 3.13).

. 3.13. - .

SPM , - - , . -, , (. 3.14).

. 3.14. SPM -.

- SPM - - , - ( ). , , . (. 1.34, I):

= - dSPM/dt = - (dP/dt) L. (3.13)

, SPM , . - . SPM , - (. 1.34). , (. . 1.30).

50 60 70 80 90 1001

1.3

1.6

1.9

2.2

2.5

f x( )

x

,

-

1

-1

, 2

.

SM : NZDS :

TrueWave RS (Lucent)

TeraLight (Alcatel)

LEAF (Corning)

FreeLight (Pirelli)

( = 1550 ). 85 2

55 2 66 2 72 2

72 2

t

t

0

0

69

. 3.15. NZDS ( TrueWave) . SPM .

. 3.15. NZDS - (TrueWave) . 145 , - 10 / 10-9.

, . , ( DFB ) , . . , SPM - ( ). - . - , . . - ( ) ( ), .

, - SPM , . , . , . 3.14 15 . . ( ) ( ), .. , -, . , , - , -, . . DWDM .

6. (MI)

(MI Modulation Instability) . - (. 3.16), (. 3.16).

. - , - . , . , , - . -

0 5 10 15 202

0

2

4

6

8

f x( )

x

- 2.3 /

+ 2.3 /

()

(

)

70

, - 1000 .

. 3.16. () () 2.5 / ( 9 ) 600

(+ 3 /).

7. ()

- - (SPM ), - XPM (Cross Phase Modulation) - , , - DWDM . i- -

, SPM (3.11) L:

i = L [Pi + 2 m i Pm]. (3.14)

DWDM , , (3.14), XPM , - SPM , 2 N , N DWDM , . , , (~ 1/N), . 3.8.

(. 3.17). , - . .

. 3.17. , - (XPM ).

8. (FWM)

(FWM Four Wave Mixing) , DWDM . , , , (w1 w2). (2w1 - w2 2w2 - w1) (. 3.18).

f x( )

x

)

100 0 10010

0

10

20

30

f x( )

x

)

, (

).

,

t

P

1

2

2

71

(wi , wj wk), wi wj wk DWDM . - ( ).

. 3.18. FWM .

, - FWM , , . NZDS -, DS (. 3.19).

. 3.19. DWDM ~ 3 . ) . ) .

FWM , . - FWM - . 3.20.

. 3.20. - DWDM SM NZDS .

II. NZDS

9.

(+ D NZDS - Non Zero Dispersion Shifted) ( , , 1000 ), SPM , - . + D NZDS - SM DS . SM 1310 , DS

F ( )

F ( )

) 25 DS

2

) 50 NZDS 10

/

10

/

2 f1 f2 f1 f2 2 f2 f1

: N

2 (N 1)/2, N -

N N2 (N 1)/2

2 2

2 24

4 224

0 50 100 150 200

40

20

0

f x( )

x , f ()

, F

WM

(

)

D = 17 /

D = 1 /

72

= 1550 ( EDFA). + D NZDS ( DS ), , EDFA (15301565 ) (. 3.21).

. 3.21. D() D()

D() + D NZDS , .. , 3- () .

, - . , - FWM XPM , (. 3.22). NZDS Rec. G. 655 0.1.6 / . - -, NZDS . .

. 3.22. DWDM . : 0.8 (100 ), 0.4 (50 ), 0.2 (25 ).

NZDS FWM XPM DWDM , - 10 / (STM-64) 250 ( SM ~60 (. 3.23)).

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.570

60

50

40

30

20

f x( )

x

F

WM

,

D = 17 /

= 1 /

L = 100

D = 1

D = 0

1300 1400 1500 1600 170025

15

5

5

15

25

D1

,

/

,

+ D NZDS

DM()

D()

D()

(C)

73

. 3.23. SM NZDS .

NZDS 90- (TrueWave Lucent). ( ) TrueWave 4...6 / ( SM 16...20 / ) (3.24).

. 3.24. .

, 80- 90- DS . , , , DWDM . . -, DWDM DS ( EDFA (1530...1570 )), , , - FWM .

L (1570...1610 ), DS 2...4 / , FWM XPM ( , NZDS ).

DWDM NZDS :

( 3 (), 4 (L) 5- (S) ) .

- .

10 / - .

DWDM (~ 8 / ) .

NZDS . (. 3.25): (LEAF (Corning)), (TrueWave RS (Lucent)) - (TeraLight, Alcatel).

1 10 100 1 1031

10

100

1 103

1 104

f x( )

x , /

,

2.5 40

1000

4000

250

15

60

3.5 SM

D = 17 /

NZDS

D = 4 /

1520 1540 1560 1580 16004

0

4

8

12

16

20

f x( )

x ,

,

/

SM

TeraLight

PureGuide

E-LEAF

TrueWave RS

TrueWave Classic

DS

74

. 3.25. + D NZDS (G. 655).

. - , , , . NZDS 3.1.

3.1 + D NZDS .

= 1550 LEAF Corning TeraLight Alcatel TrueWave RS Lucent

0.25 / 0.25 / 0.22 /

72 2. 66 2. 55 2.

4.2 / 8 / 3.8 /

0.085 /2 0.058 /2 0.045 /2

1500 1440 1450

PMD < 0.1 /1/2 < 0.08/1/2 < 0.1 /1/2

LEAF TrueWave RS , - (. 3.1). LEAF (72 2) .

LEAF - (0.085 /2), S ( ), .

Corning LEAF 1999 . (. 3.26) , -, + ( 30-40 %). LEAF 45 . .

(0.045 /2) TrueWave RS, : C, L S.

TeraLight (0.058 /2) , LEAF, - ,

TeraLight 8 /. , , DWDM, - .

1475 1500 1525 1550 1575 1600 16250

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

f x( )

x

S

L

,

,

/

NZDS

75

. 3.26. - .

NZDS ( 3.1) 10 % , SM . NZDS ( 3.2) SM . TrueWave RS ( 3.2) 0.04 , SM (0.02 ).

3.2. NZDS .

-

TrueWave RS TrueWave RS 0.037 Sumitomo Type 36SE

FreeLight FreeLight 0.046 0.018

FreeLight NZDS

0.053 0.011

NZDS SM

TrueWave RS Lucent VAD-MC

TrueWave RS Corning SMF28

TrueWave RS Corning SMF28

0.084 0.014 Ericsson FSU 975

0.10 0.027 Ericsson FSU 975

0.16 0.025 Fujikura FSM30S

FreeLight Pirelli SMF 0.097 0.011

10.

ND (Negative Dispersion, - D NZDS G. 655) C (. 3.27). -

( ) 3-7 /, , - (FWM).

. 3.27 D() D()

D() NZDS , (- D NZDS) 3- () -.

(~1000 ), -. , -

50 70 90 110 130 15040

50

60

70

80

90

f x( )

x

-

,

, 2

1300 1400 1500 1600 170025

15

5

5

15

25

D1

,

/

,

- D NZDS

DM()

D()

D()

C

76

SM (. 3.28), , DC .

. - (~ 80 ) - , -. , -, - (~50 ).

. 3.28. - (LMF - large-mode field), (RSF - reduce slope fiber) (SM).

, , , 300 . - 2.5 / (STM-16) SM DFB . 10 / (STM-64) SM . , - , - , , . - - , + .

, ND DFB DFB . DFB - 10 ( ). , , , - (chirping) . - . -. ( 2.5 /) SM ( ) MetroCore ( ) 3.29.

: q = = 10 log(t2/t1), t2/t1 - . , SM q = 2

(t2/t1 = 1.6) 150 . MetroCore, 400 , .

LMF RSF

EDFA

LMF RSF

EDFA

LMF RSF

EDFA EDFA

SM

EDFA

LMF RSF

EDFA

0 50 100 150 200 250 3001000

800

600

400

200

0

200

f x( )

x,

,

/

1555

1545

1550

77

. 3.29. DFB ( = 1557 ) 2.5 / . MetroCore 418 4 3 .

(. 3.30.). TrueWave XL (Lucent Technologies) SMF-LS (Corning). MetroCore (Corning) WideLight (Pirelli).

.3.30. - ( ) L ( )

11.

- . - . (. 3.31). , - . - .

. 3.31. . - , .

0 100 200 300 400 5001.5

1

0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

f x( )

x ,

,

SM

MetroCore

1540 1560 1580 1600 1620109876543210

f x( )

x

MetroCor

TrueWave XL

SMF-LS

,

/

,

WideLight

C L

0 2 4 6 8 100.006

0.004

0.002

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

f x( )

x

n

, 1.52 1.57 1.626

0

6

f x( )

x

D,

/

,

78

- TrueWave RS ( NZDS ) . 3.32. , - . NZDS - 3.3.

. 3.32. NZDS ( , ) TrueWave RS ().

3.3. NZDS .

= 1530

= 1550

= 1565

3.94 /

4.18 /

4.34 /

= 1550 0.015 /2

7.7

< 1100

1

32 < 0.5

12.

3.4. (SM). , . ( , - ).

SM -, Corning Lucent (OFS) (), Sumitomo, Hitachi, Fujikura Furukawa (), Pirelli (), Alcatel () . . SM (). SM DWDM (S) .

,

/

,

TrueWave RS

1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.6 1.620

2

4

6

8

f x( )

x

79

3.4. .

(SM)

: SMF-28 SMF-28 Duraclad (Corning), VAD-MC (Lucent), SM (Sumitomo, Hitachi,

Fujikura, Furukawa, Pirelli, Alcatel).

, , ,

SM ():

AllWave (Lucent), SMF-28e (Corning), SMR (Pirelli).

, ,

(-) (+ D NZDS)

+ D NZDS :

LEAF (Corning), FreeLight (Pirelli),

TeraLight (Alcatel)

+ D NZDS :

TrueWaveRS (Lucent), TeraLight (Alcatel)

(-) (-D NZDS)

- D NZDS c ():

TrueWaveXL (Lucent) SMF-LS (Corning).

- D NZDS c DFB

: MetroCor (Corning), WideLight (Pirelli).

(DC)

: DCM (Corning), DK (Lucent), P-DCFM (Sumitomo),

15DC 15DSC (Fujikura)

3.4. NZDS . - DWDM, () . (+ D NZDS). , , .

NZDS - ( SM ) . , -

( ~ 4 /) () , -: 4- (L) 5- (S).

(72 2) LEAF (Corning) FreeLight (Pirelli). (0.045 /2 ) - TrueWaveRS (Lucent). TeraLight (Alcatel) - , TrueWaveRS, , LEAF FreeLight, - (S) .

, - , NZDS (TrueWaveXL (Lucent) SMF-LS (Corning)). , - . -.

Corning - , , , 300 . (Metropolitan NetWork), , , 300 , - MetroCore (Corning) WideLight (Pirelli). - , - + . , 3.4. -. DC SM, - (DWDM). - ,

80

. DC . DCM , , . , . Alcatel, - , - 3.5, .

3.5. Alcatel.

40 TeraLight

Metro

TeraLight Ultra 10 40

10 10 E-SMF SMF

TeraLight Ultra

( TeraLight Metro)

2.5 10

2.5 2.5

0-20 0-70 70-200 200-500 500-1200 >1200

(/)

(Acces)

(Metro)

c (Long haul)

(Ultra long haul)

:

(SMF E-SMF), - , , . .

(G.652) 2- ( ). TeraLight Metro.

E-SMF ( (Water Peak Area)) ( ) 70 .

50/125 62.5/125 - . MM Glight 300 - 10 /.

SMF, E-SMF TeraLight , L S, SMF E-SMF - 70 .

TeraLight Ultra , 10.2 / 300 .

:

Metro , 10 / 100 -. TeraLight Metro 1310 ( - ).

Long haul (> 200 ) (10 40 /), . TeraLight Ultra , - . - .

IV.

1.

- . -

81

. Gigabit Ethernet - . , , Gigabit Ethernet. , Corning Lucent (), Alcatel () .

, . - . , , , . .

. , - 20 /, - -. . - - .

I.

2.

, , - (). - , . - , (. 4.1). , - .

. 4.1. . -, . .

, , . , , , - (. 4.2). , . , , .

. 4.2. . , , .

. , -, . , , , , , , ,

2-

r 1-

82

. , , . - (. 4.3).

. 4.3. .

3.

, ( ), . .

(, ) - . 4.4. , () , , , , . , , , , . , , .

. 4.4. -

. NA = sin .

4. .

, . . -, - , ( , , -).

- (~ 200 ) - Gigabit Ethernet. -

0

- 13

- 13

t

(

)

1 2 3

83

. - VCSEL (Vertial Cavity Surface Emitting Laser), 850 . -. , - - , , , . - (. 4.5). - GeO2 - .

. 4.5. . - - GeO2 .

, - , . , , .

, 10..20 . MCP (mode conduction patch-cord) . ( - ), InfiniCor CL Corning, MCP.

- , , . - - 1.5 (. 4.6).

. 4.6. Fast Ethernet - .

5.

Gigabit Ethernet , , 1 /. , , - (.4.7).

1 2 3 4 5 60.01

0.1

1

10

100

f ( )

T

/L,

/

=

= 4

= 2

n(r) n(r) = n1 [1 - (r/a)] : r < a

n(r) = n1 [1 - ] = n2 : r a,

r

n(r)

2a

n2

n1

NA = (n

21 - n

22)

1/2

200 800 1400 20001000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

L( )

L

MM

SM

,

84

. 4.7. , n(r) , n1 n2 (r = 0) -

, , = (n1 n2) / n1

, ( ~ 2) - , . - ( 4.1).

, , - . 1300 ( ). - (. 4.8), , , 1 2 .

. 4.8. . , .

- Gigabit Ethernet 1 1-2 . ( ). Corning 4.1. - , GLight Alcatel, . 4.9.

4.1. Corning

NA

850/1300

, /

-

,

. - ()

Gigabit Ethernet

62/5/125 CPC6 62.5 0.275 3/0.7 200/400

50/125 CPC6 50 0.20 2.5/0.8 400/1000

InfiniCor-300 62.5 0.275 3/0.7 300

InfiniCor-600 50 0.20 2.5/0.8 600

InfiniCor CL-1000 62.5 0.275 3/0.7 1000

InfiniCor CL-2000 50 0.20 2.5/0.8 2000

, 50/125 , - , 62.5/125, , , 50/125 . ,

F

,

, 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

F ( )

85

. , 50/125 , , TIA/EIA-568-A .

. 4.9. ( ) 1 GLight 62.5 (Alcatel).

. . 850 1300 , .

4.2. , - (): ISO/IEC 11801 TIA/EIA 568. , Fast Ethernet, FDDI ATM, . - , 2000 . , Gigabit Ether-net, - 500 .

4.2. .

,

, /

,

= 850 = 1300 = 850 = 1300

62.5 3.5 1.5 200 500

50 3.5 1.5 500 500

Gigabit Ethernet, - (ISO) : 1, 2 3. . ( ) ISO/IEC 11801, 1, 2 3 850 1300 3.5 1.5 /. 4.3.

4.3. .

,

-

,

-

VCSEL,

= 850 = 1300 = 850

1 50 62.5 200 500 /

2 50 500 500 /

3 50 1500 500 2000

- .

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

f x( )

x

GLight 62.5

1300 850

1998199920002001 2002200320042005 20060

1

2

3

4

5

6

f x( )

x

1998199920002001 2002200320042005 20060

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

f x( )

x

86

. 4.10. .

II.

6.

- : ( ) - ( (CVD - Chemical Vapor Deposition)). -, - (1000100 /). . (CVD ), -

(~ 0.2 / = 1550 ). : -

. - , . , . , - , .

, ( 250 ), - ( 50 ). 125 , 2.2 /3. , 250 3125 3 6875 .

( -). , 7 . 1 6.3 (. 4.11). : ( VAD Vapor Axial Deposition) 80 ( 2 , 15 ), , , 100 , . 1.2 / , , 250 - 3.5 .

. 4.11. . ) 7 , 250 3.5 . ) ( VAD) 80 . 3 000 .

, , , -

)

6.3

100

)

200

15

87

t = / v = (D2

/4) L /v, (4.1)

= (D2/4) L - (D , L , = 2.2 /3 ), v .

CVD 0.5 / 6 /. - 7 , ( ~ 6 /) (~ 20 ). , . . CVD , () - .

- CVD :

(IVD Inside Vapor Deposition), MCVD - Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition .

(OVD Outside Vapor Deposition).

(VAD Vapor Axial Deposition). , VD ,

. , .

7. CVD , Corning

CVD - Corning. 1960- - ( 20 /). , 20 / - . .

CVD , Corning, - . , - SiO2 - GeO2, . (Sil4) (Gel4) O2 (.4.12).

. 4.12. , - Corning .

, , . - . - (. 4.13).

SiCl4 + GeCl4 + O2

2000

88

. 4.13. .

, , , : - .

CVD , (58 ). -, ( ) . , - ( -) . - - . .

, (, , -, ), (0.6-1.6 ). - , , . . SM . , . SM - - ( , ). , Corning ( 1973 .), , , , . ( ), . 10 . - 510 . , - 5 , . , , .

(IVD) :

(~ 1 ) (0.1..0.5 /) .

.

, ,

( = 1.37 ).

8. (OVD ).

1977 . Corning - (OVD), (IVD). - , - 510 15 (. 4.14). , . . . , OVD - , , , , OVD .

89

. 4.14 (OVD).

- ( , ). (, ), ( 1500) (. 4.15). , , .

. 4.15. OVD

, -, ( = 1.37 ). .

OVD - ( PVD Plasma Outside Deposition) - . , . , - , , , . , , - .

(~ 2000

), () -

. . , . . - , , - , .

- - . , - .

() - ( ( 2)) . (, PMD ) -. OVD , IVD Corning:

-

90

(34 /) - - .

, , OVD .

() - .

9. (VAD )

(Sumitomo, Hitachi, Fujikura, Furukawa) () (VAD) . , - , . - , - (. 4.16).

. 4.16. VAD.

- - - , OVD. ( 46 /). , . , - , (. 4.17). 1600 , .

. 4.17. VAD .

VAD , . - 25 % , , VAD. -

SiCl4,

O2, H2

SiCl4, GeCl4

O2, H2

SiO2, GeO2

SiO

2,

GeO

2

SiO2

SiO2

91

, .

10. (MCVD )

Bell Laboratory ( 1972 .) ,