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A

The 100

A Ranking of the Most Influential Person in History MICHAEL H. HART


A - A - M.S.O - UU A - A - - A - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- / / - . x () ------------------------------------------------------------------------


A World Famous Books in Outline AA A A A A A A A A AAU AA AA

The Home Library Club Conducted under the point management of The Times of India-the Statesman Associated Newspapers of Ceyan Ltd.

() A A A A A A A A A A U () ( A ) A () A A U A U A A A A A A A U A A A ( ) A OA O A A A A A A A A A U A


A A A A A A U A A

() A () A A ()

A A A A A A U A A A A A A A D.Lit A A A A A A Madame Bernolt A AA Burma, Rangoon Mubyne (Bombay), Bejing (Peking), Melborn (l ), Greenwich (w ), Sa-v-di, Sa-id, (Rome) U (Europe) A (Spa in) I (Isreal) (Paris) (Korea) A A A A A AU A U A A A AA A


A Michael H.Hart Cornell University New York Law School L.L.B Adelphi University M.S. Princeton University Ph.D. A System and Applied Science Corporation in Riverdale Maryland A A A A A A A A A A A () A A U (U ) A A OA A A A A U

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A (Michael H.Hart) - A A A A A A AA AA A A A UA A A AU A A AA A A A A A ( A) A A A A AA AA A A A U A O A A AA A (Mao Tse-tung) A A AU A () A


A A AA (Deng Xiaoping) AA A A A A U U A A A (decade) O AAA A A U (Communist Movement) A A A A U AA A A A (Marx) (Lenin) (Stalin) AA O A AA A A (Communist System) A (Marxism) A AO AA A UA (Eastern Europe) A (Soviet Empire) A (Ethiopia) (Mongolia) A A (Soviet Union) A (Independent Republics) AA (Vietnam) (North Korea) (Cuba) (Laos) (Peoples Republic of China) A AA A


A A AA A AO A AA A ( Thomas Jefferson) A (Adam Smith) A A U O A A O U (-) (Mikhail Gorbachev) A A (Cold War) A A A A A A A A A A A () A A A A A A (William Shakespeare) A (Stratford-on-Avon) A A (Edward de Vere) A A A A A A A A A A A U U A A A A A A A A A A A (Charlton Ogburn) A (Mysterious William Shakespeare) A A A A


A A A A (Earnest Rutherford) (Henry Ford) AA A A A AO A AA (Atomic Theory) A () (Niels Bohr) (radioactivity) A (Becquerel) A A A A A A A A ( A A ) A A U A (Ford) A A A A A A (Niels Bohr) (Pablo Picasso) A (Antoine Henri Becqerel) U A A A A A A O A

A Michael H.Hart.


A AAA A AA A


AA A A UA A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A OA A A OA OA A U O A A A A A A U A AA AA U A U A AA AU A A U A A A AA (Studied Guess) A U U A U A AA A A A


A A A A A A (A) A A A U A A AA O A A A A A A A A U A A AU A U U UA U A U A A U O A AA A A AA A U A AA AA A


A AA AA U AAA U A A () A AA A A AA A A AU A A A AA AA A UA (Relative Theory) A AA A A A U A O U A U U A (Orvile) (Wilbur Wright) U U A U A A A A A A U A A A U (Radio) AA A U


A A AA A A A O A A O AA AA A U O A AA AA AA A A AA A A A A AU A A AA A A A A AA A O A AA A A A A A A A


() ( - ) MUHAMMAD (570 632) (Muhammad) OA AO AA A AA A AA A O A O A A AA A A U A A A AA A A (Arabia) (Mecca) AAA A (Islam) AUAA A A AA AA A (Arab) A A (Jew) (Christian) A A A (Allah) (Archangel Gabriel) A A A A A A A A A AA AAA (Medina) A AAU


(Hegira) A (Prophet) A AA A A AA A A A A A A (Arab tribes) A A A A A (Bedouin) A A A U U A U A A A U A (God) A A A (Arab) A A O A A U A A (Sassanids) A (Neo-Persian Empire) A (Constantinople) (Byzantine) A A A A A U U A (Mesopotamia) (Syria) (Pa lestine) A (Egypt) A (Persia) (Qadis iya) (Nehavend) A A A A (Abu Bakr) UA A (Umaribn al-Khattab) A A A A A A U (Gibraltar) (Spain) (Visgoths) U A (Muslim) A (Tours) A A (Franks) A (Prophet)


A A AA AO AA A AA A A A AA (Prophet) A AA A A A AU A A A A A E A A A AA A A A AA A AAA OA A A AA A AA U U (Jesus) AAA A A A (Judaism) AA (New Testament) A A (St. Paul) A A A A AU (Koran) A A AAUA AA A AU AA A


AA A AA (Christ) AA AA (Bible) A A AO A O U O A A A A () A A A A OA A UA A (U) (Simon Bolivar) A A A A A U (Mongols) A A AO (Genghis Khan) A A A AA A (Iraq) (Morocco) A A AA A A A A A A A A (dialects) A A A A A A A A U A (Iran) A AA A - AA A A


A A A A UA A AA A OA

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() A ( - ) ISAAC NEWTON (1642 1727)

U U

A (Alexander Poe)

A O A A (Woolsthorpe) A (Isaac Newton) A A O A A (Galileo) A A (Cambridge University) A A A A A A (Te lescope) A A A (Francis Bacon) (Rene Descarte) U A (Aristotle) A


A U (Law of Motion) (William Harvey) U (Johannes Kepler) A AA A AA (Copernicus) AA AA A AA A A A [ (Pure Science) A (Applied Science) ] A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A U A A A A A A A U A A U A (Telescope) A (A ) A A (British Royal Society) A A


A() AA (pure Mathe-matics) A A A A Integral Calculus A A A A AA A A A AA A A AA A A U AA A A AA U AAU U ( F = ma ) A (velocity changes) (acceleration) A A A A AAU U A A U A AU (The Law of Universal Gravitation) U A A A U (Calculus) AU U A A A U A AAO (Astronomy) A A A A (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) A A (Principia) A A (gravitation) A (motion) A U A A


AA A A A AA (index) A (Le ibniz) U AA A A AA A (Laplace) A (Principia) A (Lagrange) (Genius) A A (Ernst Mach) () U A A A A A AAA (hodgepodge) A UU AA U U AA A A A AU A A A A A A A (thermodynamics) A AA A (acoustics) A AA (momentum) AA (angular momentum) (binomia l) A A A (The Great Alexandra) (George Washinton) (Jesus Christ) (The Buddha Gottama) A A A A


A A A A (A.D 1500) A (1500 B.C) A (Modern Science) U A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A U O A A A A A (Westminster Abbey) A A

24, February, 2000.

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() () ( - A ) JESUS CHRIST (c.6 B.C c. 30 A.D.) () A A OA A () A A U A A A O A U A (Islam) (Christian) (Jesus) (St. Paul) U A U A A UA


AA (New Testament) A A A ( ) A () AA (Jew) A AA (A A) A AA A AA A A A A A A AA AA A A U A (Religious War) A A AA A A UA AU U A A (Roman) A A AA U UA (Culture Heritage) A A A A (Aristotle) (Euclid) A A


A (Renaissance) AAA A AA AA U A A U A A (Yehoshua) (AA Joshua) AA A AA (The New Testament) U (Matthew) (Luke) (The Old Testament) A (Hebrew Prophet) U A AA A (Charismatic) A A U AA AA O AA AA AA AA AA U (Golden Rule) U AA


A A A A U (1st century B.C) (Rabbi ) (Hillel) U (Judaism) AA A (Western World) (Confucius) A (500 B.C) A (Mahabharata) (Hindu) A U AA - A A A UA AA ( ) U A A A AA A A A O A A A A


AA

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() ( - ) BUDDHA (563 B.C. 483 B.C.) (Gotama Buddha) A A A (Nepal) A A (Gotama) A (Sakya) A A A (Lumbini) (563 B.C) A A A A A A A A UA A A A A A U A A UA A A A A A A A A UA A UA A A A A A A U A A A


AA ( - Central India) () A A A A U A

() A () A () A A ()

() ()

( ) () () () A A

( ) ()

( ) () A ()

( ) A A A A A AE A ( - ) A O A A (Ceylon ) A A AA (South-east Asia) (Malaya) A A (Indonesia)


(Tibet) A A A (Afghanistan) A (Central Asia) ( China) (Korea ) (Japan) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (Northern Asia) A A A A A U ,, ,, ,,, A A A A (Hindu) A A A U A A A A A . (Christ) () UU A A A A A O A O A U (Religious


War) AA U A A O (Kung Fu-tes ) A A A O AA A A A A A AA A A A A

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() ( - ) CONFUCICUS (551 B.C. 479 B.C.) (Kung Fu-tse ) AAA AA U AAU U AAA A A A A A A A A (Shantung) (Lu) A AAA A AA A A AA A A A (A )


A A AA A A A A A A A AA (jen) (li) A A udk A A A AA U A AA A AA A AA A AA A A A A AA A U (Golden Rule) AA A AA A A A A A A (Chou) A AAAA (211 B.C.) (Chin) AA E ( Shih Huang Ti) O A A A A A A (Han) ( - A ) AA


E AA A AA A A E (Civil Service Examination) AA A AA U A AA A AA A AAA AA AA AA (AA A ) A A A O A A A A

() () AAAA

A A AA A A A A A A AA A A A AA A AA AA AA (culture) AA AA O O


AA A AA A A U A A A U

3, March, 2000.

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() () (A - A ) ST.PAUL (c. 4 A.D. c.64 A.D.) (Paul) A A (Saul) ( Turkey ) (Cilicia) (Tarsus) U A A A U A A (Jerusalem) (Rabbi ) (Gamalie l) U (Damascus) A (Vis ion) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A


(Apostle to the Gent iles) A A AA ( A) A AA A A () () (The New Testament)A A A A () A A A A A A U (Paul) A A A A A (Divine) A(Sin) A A A (Salvation) A A A AA

( O -) U AA U (Mosaic Code) A A A (circumcision) AA UA AA A A A AA


A A AA A A A

(O - Corinthians- -) A A AU O AA A A A U E

(O -Timothy- -) A A A A

(O -) A A AA AAA AA (divine) A A A AAA AA O (Augustine) A (Aquinas) (Luther) (Calvin) A A A A O A

3, March, 2000.

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() (A ) TSAI LUN (fl.c. 105 A.D.) (Tsai Lun) A A A A A A A A A U E (Emperor Hoti) ( Official History of the Han Dynasty) A E A A A A A A A A A A A (Samakhand) (Baghdad) A (Arab World) (Guttenberg) A A (parchment) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (Greek) (Rome)


A (Egypt) (papyrus) A A A A A AA () A A A A U AO () () A (block) A U A A A U UA A A A U A A AU A AAA A AAA AA A A AA A A AA ()


A A U AA A U A A (A A A A A A AA A) A A A AA (Compass) (Gunpowder) (Block Printing) A A A A AA A (Marco Polo) A U A A A A A U A AA A U AA U A A A A AA A AA U U A A AA AA


( ) A A AA A A AA

6, March, 2000.

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() ( - ) JOHANN GUTENBERG (1400 1468) (Johann Gutenberg) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (woodcut) (plate) A A (movable type) (Pi Sheng) A A A A U A U A A


A A A A A A A () A () () A () A () A A A A A A U A A A (Mould) A U A A A A AA AA A A (rifle) A A A A A (Mass Production) (device) (Gadget) AU AA (complete manufacturing process) A (Mainz) A A (bible) A AO A AA AA A AAA A (Johann Fust)


A A U U A AAA A U A A U U A AA A U AA A A (Alexander Graham Bell) A A A A A

6, March, 2000.

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() ( - ) CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (1451 1506) A A A A A (America) (exploration) (colonization) (New World) A A U U A UA A A UA A A A U A A (Western Hemishpere) A A A


(Old World) AA A A A (Genoa) A A A A (Atlantic Ocean) A A A (Castile) A (Queen Isbella) A A O A (Canary) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A U A U A U A A A A A U ( ) -- U (Viking) A (Leif Ericson) A A A


U A A U A A AA AA U (Europe) A U A A AA A A A A A AA A U AU AA A AA A A (Indies) A U (Europeans) A A A A AA A A U A A A U A ( A ) A U A A AA A A A A A A O A A A

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() AA ( - ) ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879 1955) A A A A (Albert Einstein) A A A UA (Theory of Relativity) A A A A UA UA A A A U (Law of Gravitation) A A A U U A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A () U (Spaceship X) (Earth) A U U A () U (Spaceship Y) () U U A A A () U U


U A A U U A AAA U A A AA U A U A A A A (A A A) A AA AA A AA A A UA (Theory of Relativity) (Ivory Tower) U (Hiroshima) (Nagasaki) A A UA (Matter) A (Energy) A A (Formula) E = Mc2 A E A M c A c c2(c c ) A A AA AAA A (Atomic Bomb) A (Nuclear Power Plant) E = Mc2 A A (Atomic Power) A U (Roosevelt) A A (Atomic Weapon) A A UA (Manhattan Project) A (Atomic Bomb) A U (Specia l Relativity) A A A A A A A A A A A A UUA


(General Theory) A A (Space) (Curvature) A A A A AA A (Solar Eclipse) A A A UA (general theory of relativity) U A A AA (Careful Experiment) A (Greek) A (Medieval Scholastics) ( A (Empirical Outlook) ) A A A AA A A AUA A A AU A A A A AA A U A A (Approximately Va lid) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (Noble Prize) A A A (explaining the photoelectric effect) A A A A (interference) U A (Obvious) A A U A A A A A (quantum theory) A A


A A A (Issac Newton) U A AA A AA (genius) A A AA A A A A AA AU U A A (Paradox) A A A A A A A A A AA A (Correct) A A A AA A A (Techanology) A (ground-mark) A A A A A U A A A U A AA A AU A A A (Elun) (Switzerland) A A (Zurich) A (Ph.D) A AA A (Photoelectric Effect) (Theory of Brownian motion) A A A A A A AA A A (Darwin) A A AA (Kaiser Wilheim


Institute of Physics) A (Prussian Academy of Science) A A A (Research) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (New Jersey) (Princeton) (Institute for Advanced Study) A A A A U A A (Zionism) A A

Let mortals rejoice that so great an ornament to the human race existed! ( A ) A

23, March, 2000.

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() ( - ) LOUIS PASTEUR (1822 1895) A (Louis Pasteur) A A A A A A A A A A


(Inoculation) A A (Eastern France) (Dole) A A (genius) AA A (tataric acid) A (Mirror-Image Isomers) A A A (Fermentation) AU A (microrgranisms) A A A A A A A (Girolamo Fracastoro) (Friedrich Henle) AA A A A (Antiseptic) A A A (Joseph Lister) A A (pasteurization) A A A A A (anthrax) A A A A


A (bacillus) A A A (mild form) (Anthrax) A A A A A A A O A U (rabies) A (Vaccine) A (typhus) (poliomyelitis) A A U A A A A A A A A A (anaerobiosis) A (free oxygen) A A (s ilkworm) A A A (Chicken cholera) A A A (Edward Jenner) U A A A A A U A A A A A A A A A () A A A


A () A A AA

24, April, 2000.

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() ( - ) GALILEO GALILEI (1564 1642) (Scientific Method) A A A (Pisa) (Galileo Galilei) U A (Padua) A A A A A U (machine) A A A A A A A (Aristotle) A A A A (velocity) A A A (retardation) (U (Leaning Tower of Pisa) A UA ) A A A (square) A A (distance traversed) A A (A acce leration A ) A (Significant) A A (mathematical formula) (mathematical method) A A


U AU (Law of Inertia) A A A A (Frict ion) A (retarding force) A A A (The First Law of Motion) A AA A (Principles) A (Astronomy) A A (Copernicus) A (heliocentric theory) A A (geocentric theory) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (Crator) (Celestial Objects) A A UA (Milky Way) (nebulous) A A A A (planets) (Jupiter) A (astronomica l bodies) A (sunspot) A ( A A ) A (Venus) (Moon) A A A A


A (Earth) A (telescope) A AA A O AA (Church Circles) A A A A (Pope) A A A (Urvan VIII) AA AA (The Dialogue Cocerning the Two Chief World Systems) A (Imprimatur) A A A (Inquis ition) A A A U (Current Church Law) A A AA A (Arcetri) A A A (house arrest) UA E A A (recant) A A A A (A A A A ) A A (A ) A A A A A A U (Law of Inertia) A (telescope) (astronomical observation) A (Copernican hypotheses) A A A A (methodology) A A


A A AAA (qualitative observation) AA AA (Catergorizing the phenomena) AAA AA A (Scientific Research) AA (empirical attitude) A A (experiments) A A A (mediaeval) A A A AU (maystic) A A A A AA A A AA AA A A AAA A A

24, April, 2000.

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() A ( - ) ARISTOTLE (384 B.C. 322 B.C.) A (Aristotle) A A A (formal logic) A A (Philosophy) A A A A


AAA A A AA AA A AAA A AA AA A U A A A U A (empirica l) U A AU AU A AA A A (Macedonia) (Stagira) A (Plato) A (Academy) A A A A (Biology) (Practical Science) U A U (philosophical speculation) A A A A (Alexander the Great) U A A A A A A (Athens) (Lyceum) A A A A A A A U A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A U A


A A( Athenians) A A A O A A (Socrates) A A A A A A A A A A O () A A A A O A A A (encyclopedia) A (astronomy) (zoology) (embryology) (geography) (physiology) A A A A A A A A A A A (speculative philosophy) (ethics) (metaphyics) (psychology) (economics) (theology) (politics) (rhetoric) (aesthetics) A (education) (poetry) A (barbarian customs) A A (Athenian Constitution) A U (Comparative Study) A A A (the theory of logic) A (logic) A A A A A A U A A A A A A A


AA (definition) A (category) A AA UA A A AAA A A (encyclopedia of thought) A A (foslish error) A AAA A A A A A AO (Byzantine) A AO A A AA AA UAA AA O A O A A (Averroes) A A (Synthesis) A A A A OA (Maimonides) A (Synthesis) (Judaism) A A A A (St. Thomas Aquinas) A (Summa Theologica) A A A A A A O A (Idotatry) A A (strait jacket) A A A A A A A A A (reactionary) U A A A ( A ) A A U A


A (A ) A AO O A AA A U ()

2, May, 2000.

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() ( A ) EUCLID(fl.c. 300 B.C.) A O (Euclid) (Napolean) A (Alexander the Great) (Martin Luther) A U A A A A A (Egypt) A (Alexandria) A A A (The Elements) (The Elements) A A A A A A A A (axiom) A A (postulates) U (A (insight) ) A A UA A (Logic) A A A A (missing steps)


(missing proofs) (The Elements) O (Plane and Solid geometry) AA A A (Algebra) A (Number Theory) A A (Text book) A A A A A A O A A A (Greek) A A (Gutenberg) A A A A A A (treatises in Logic) A (deductive structure) A A A A A A A A A A A (experimentation) A (deductive reasoning) U A A A A A A (Orient) U (Europe) A A A A U A A A (Greek rationalism) A U A A A A U


O AA A AA A AUA U A A (The Principia) (The Elements) A O A AU AA A (Bertrand Russell) A (Alfred North White Head) (Spinoza) A U A A A A (theoretical structure of mathematics) (O A (deductive scheme) A ) A O (deductive scheme of geome try) A A A A A A A U A U U O A (non- Euclidean) O A A A (theory of relativity) A O A U (vicinity of black holes) A (Gravitational field) A A A O A A A A


O AA AA A A AA A A A (Logica l Framework) A

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() ( ) MOSESS (fl. 13th c. B.C.) (Hebrew) (propfet) (Mosses) A A A AA (Exodus) (Ranses II) A (The Book of Exodus) AA AU A A A A A U (Muhammad) A AA A (Islem) A A (Egypt) AA (Moslem) A (Christians) (Moslem) (Agnostics) A A A U A A A A A A A A A (pharaoh) (The Old Testament) A A


AAA (Miracles) A A A (Exodus) A (avalanche) A A A A A A (The Old Testament) (Myths) (bulrush) A (Babylon) - A A(Akkad) (Sargon) A A A A A A A (Bible) U (Genesis) (Exodus) (Leviticus) (Numbers ) (Deuteronomy) U A (Torah) U (Mosaic Code) A U (Ten Commandment) A A A O A A A U A U A A A A A A A A A A A A (Monotheism) A (Abraham) A U


A A A A A A A (Moses) AA 6, May, 2000.

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() ( - ) CHARLES DARWIN (1809 1882) (organic evolution) (natural selection) (Charles Darwin) A (England) (Shrewsbury) (A ) A A (Edinburg University) (anatomy) (Cambridge) A A (H.M.S Beagle) (Exploratory voyage) (naturalist) A A A A A A A A A A (South America) A (Galapagos Islands) A (Indian Ocean) A A O A (Primitive tribes) (fossils) A A A A A A A


A AA A A A A AA A A A A A A A (Biologist) U A A A (Geologic history) A AA (Thomas Malthus) U AA (An Essay on the Principle of Population) A A A A (Principle of natural selection) A A A A A A A A A A (hypothesis) U A A U (outline) A A (Alfred Russel Wallace) A ( A A ) UA (Theory of Evolution) A A A A A A A A A A A A A U ( ) A A A A (The Origin of Species) A A A A A A A A A A A A (On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural


Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life) AA (The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex) A A A A (ape) A A A AA AA AA U ( A A Chaga disease ) A A AA (evolution) A (Thomas H.huxley) A A AA (Zean Lamarck) A A (Erasmus Darwin) A A A (Mechnism) A U A A (Darwins Theory) A A A A AA A (Gregor Mendel) AU (Laws of heredity) (epoh-making) A U A A A U AU (laws of genetic inheritance) A A O (biology) A A U (anthropology) (sociology) (Polotical Science) (economics)


A (religious thought) A A A ( agnostic ) A A A A (natural scheme) A (Heraclitus) (There is nothing permanent except change) UA (evolution theory) ( ) ( The Struggle for existence) A (The survival of the fittest) U A E (Wallace) A (biology) (anthropology) A A

9, May, 2000.

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() ( - ) SHIH HUING TI (259 B.C. 210 B.C.) E (Shih Huing Ti) A A AA A A A A


() E A A (Chou) O A A AA A A U AU A (Chin) U A AAA A A A UA A A U AA U A AA A U A AA OA ( ) (Chang) AA A A A A A ( Wang) A E E A A (Chou) A A A (civilian governor) U A A OA E E A AU A U A


A A E (HsienYang) A A A A AA A (standard weights and measures) (A) A A (coinage) (axel) AA A A A A U E AU A A A U (Legalist) A ( AA) A (Draconian decree) A A (Confucius) A AA AA A E A A A A A A A A (The Great Wall of China) E A A A AA A A E AA A AA A A A


A (Erh Shih Huang Ti) A A AA A A (Chin) A (Han) AA E A A A A U UA (Leaglist Philosophy) A A A A A AO U U (Europe) U U A A AA U A U (Sui Wen Ti) A A A A A (Li Tsu) A E A A A ( A E ) A A AA AA A A A O (Augustus Ceasar) U A A U A OA A


A A O

10, May, 2000.

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() O ( - ) AUGUSTUS CAESAR (63 B.C. 14 A.D.) A O (Augustus Caesar) (Pivotal figures) UA A (Roman Republic) (Civil War) A A ( ) A (Octavian) A O A A (Gaius Octavius) A A ( Julius Caesar - ) (Rome) A A A A A A ( ) A A A A A A A A A A A A (A - ) (legions) (Caesar) A U A (Mark Antony) A A A A A A A U A A A (Cleopatra) A A U A (Actium) ( ) A A A


A AA A A A AA A O A A A E A A AA A (Romans) A U (benevolent despot) A A A AA A A AAOA A A (Senate) A A A O (King) AA O (princeps ) A A O A A A (dictator) A (monarchy) A AA O A (statesman) (Conciliatory policies) A A A O A A A U (Roman Armies) (Galatia A ) (Ba lkans) A A A A (empire) - (Rhine-Danube) UA A


A O A (civil service) A AA A A (Permanent navy) (Praetoria Guard) E (emperor) AA A A A O AA AAA A A O (Old Roman Religion) AU O A A U A A A O (Golden Age) A (Virgil) A (Horace) (Livy) O A O (Tiberius) A A (A Caligula Nero ) O A (Pax Romana) A A O A (Roman Culture) A (Roman Empire) A A U (Civilization) A A A (A Rome Babylonians Jews Greeks ) A A A A U (Western Europe) A


O A U O A A (Charisma) A A AA O A O AA O O A U U A A O AA AA A A A A A U A O O (George Washington) U U AAA O A A A A A A UU O

12, May, 2000.

*****

() ( - ) NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473 1543) (Nicolaus Copernicus, Mikdaj Kopernik) (Poland) (Vistula) (Torun) (Cracow) U A A A (Bologna) (Padua) U (Ferrara) U( doctorate of canon law) A A A A (Frauenburg)


A A A A U (Samos) ( ) A (Aristarchus) A (Idea) A (heliocentric hypothesis) A A A A A (On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres) A A A A A A A A (Rome) A U A A A (Pope) A A A A A A (axis) A A A A A A (Solar System) (Sca le A ) (orbit) (circles) (epicycles) A A A (Denmark) (Tycho Brahe) A A (observational data) (Johannes Kepler) (planetary motion) A A (Aristarchus) A A A


A A A A A A A (Earth) (Universe) A U A A AA AA A ( ) A (television set) (automobile) A ( A ) A A (Galileo) (Capler) A A A A A U (Laws of mot ion and gravitation) A A A A A A

*****

() A ( - ) ANTOINE LAURENT LAVOISIER (1743 1794) A (Antoine Laurent Lavoisier) A A U A (chemists) A A A A A () A A (e lements) A (phlogiston) A


AA (Joseph Black) (Joseph Priestley) (Henry Cavandish) - A A A (oxygen) (hydrogen) (nitrogen) A (carbondioxide) A (chemical substance) A A UA (dephlogisticated air) A ( A ) A AA A AA AAA A(chemical theory) A (substance) (Combustion) (burning substance) AA (water) A (elementary substance) A A (air) A A A A A A (chemists) (Elements of Chemistry) A A (text book) A AA (younger generation) A A (elementary substances) A A A (Chemical Elements) A ( Bertholle Fourcroi Guytonde Morveau ) (chemical nomenclature) A A (AA )


A A UU A (Chemical Reaction) (conservation of mass) AA U AAU A AA A A A AA AA AA A (Physiology) AA ( Laplace A) A A (Respiration) AA A (slow combust ion) AA A (Organic material) A A A (energy) (discovery) (Harvey) (Circulation of the blood) AA A A A A A A AA A A A U U A A A A A A AA A U AA A ( ) A


A AA (geniuses) (The Republic has no need of Geniuses) (Lagrange) A A A

14, May, 2000.

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() ( - ) CONSTANTINE THE GREAT (c. 280 337) (Constantine the Great) E (emperor) A A A A A U (Europe) A Na isus (A Nis) A E A (Emperor Diocletian) (Nicomedia) A (Constantius) A A A E A (Maxentius) A (Milvian Bridge) A A A A (Western Half of the Empire) A (Licinius) A A A A (Roman Empire) E (emperor)


A A A A A A A U A (the Edict of Milan) AA AAA AA UA (Church) A A A U (Christian Europe) (state religion) U A A A AA (Privilege) A A A (Church of the Nativity in Bathelehem) (the Church of the Holy Sepulchre) A E A A A A A (Byzantium) (Constantinople) AA A(Istanbul) A A A (AA A) A A A A A (Ottoman Empire) A (U ) A (Arius) A (Athanasius) (the council of Nicaea) A (the first council of the church) A A A


(orthodox church doctrine) A A (the Nicene Creed) A AU (Civil Legislation) A (U A butchers bakers) A A () AA (Colony) (Serfs) AU U AA A U (death-bed) A A A A A A A E A (Emperor Diocletan 283-305) A A AA A A A O A A A (Constantine empire) AA AA U A A (Alexander the Great) (Napolean) (Hit ler) O

14, May, 2000.

*****


() ( - ) JAMES WATT (1736 1819) (James Watt) A A (Industria l Revolution) A A (Steam Engine) A (Hero) A (Alexandria) (Thomas Savery) A AA (Thomas Newcomen) A A A (Watt) A A A AAA A A A A A A A A A (steam cylinder) A (double-acting engine) AA A A A A A AA A A A ( ) AAA A (rotary motion) (gear) A (Centrifugal governor) A A AA


AA A (pressure gauge) (counter) (indicator) A AA (throttle valve) AA A A A (Matthew Boulton) () A A (firm) A A A A A A (other inventions) A (metallurgy) (fly shuttle) ( John Kay 1733) (James Hargreares) AA AA A A A (windmill) (waterwheels) AA AA A A A AA A A A A A A A A AA (factories) A A A U A A A (the Marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans) A A (Locomot ive) (Richard Trevithick) ( ) A A


A A A A (Political Revolution) U A AA A (James Watt) O A

16, July, 2000.

*****

() ( - ) MICHAEL FARADAY (1791 1867) (Age of Electricity) (The Space Age) A ( The Nuclear Age) A A A U A A A A A A A A A O (Charles Augustine de Coulomb) A (Count Alessandro Volta) O (Hans Christian Oersted) A A (Andre Marie Ampere) A A A A A U U A A A A (Newington) A A A A A A A A A (Sir Humphry Davy)


A AA A A A O (Oersted) A (ordinary magnetic compass) A A (wire) A (needle) AA A A (hunch) A A A A (electric motor) A A () A A A A A A (magnetism) A (electricity) A AA A () A A (wire loop) A A U (electromagnetic induction) U U (Faradays Law) A U A AA A A (discovery) A A A (electromagnetism) A A A (electromagnetic induction) (electric currents) A A (electric dynamo) A A A A A A


(chemistry) A (gases) A(liquefying) A (benzene) AA A AA (electrochemistry) A (chemical effects) AA (electrolyte) AA A U- A (anode) (cathode) A (electrode) A(iron) AA A (magnetic lines of force) A (electric lines of force) A (equations) A (polarized light) (magnetic field) A (polarization) A (light) (magnetism) A AA AU (the British Royal Society) A A A

26, July, 2000.

*****

() ( - ) JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1831 1879) A A (James C lerk Maxwell) A A A A A A A A A A A


AA A A (AA) A AA AA A A AA A ( ) A A (Applied Science) A A A (General) (Equation) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (electromagnetic field) A A A (periodic oscillation) (electromagnetic waves) A (Space) A A A , A (light) A A A (basic laws) (optics)A A A A A A A A A (visible light) (electromagnetic radiation) A A A (wavelength) (frequency) A A (theoretical conclusion) A OA (Heinrich Hert z) (predict) (Guglielmo Marconi) A (wireless communication) A A A


(X-ray) (Gumma rays) A (Infrared rays) (Ultraviolet rays) A (Maxwells equation) A AA A (astronomical theory) (A ) A A A AA (Kinetic theory of gases) (molecules of a gas) A A (extremely high speed) A AA (Fraction of the molecules) A (Velocity) (Formula) A (scientific equation) AA A (Maxwells Distribution) (Scot land) A (Edinburgh) AA (precocious) A AA (Ediburgh Royal Society) A A A A A A A (cancer) A

2, August, 2000.

*****

() ( - ) MARTIN LUTHER (1483 1546) (Martin Luther) A A (Protestant Revolution) A (Eis leben)


() U U A O (Augustinian) (Doctor of Theology) (Wittenberg) A A A (faculty) A A (Roman Clergy) A A A (indulgence) ( A A A ) A (Ninety-five Theses) A A A A A A A A (Mainz) A A Pope O A A A (General Church Council) A A A A A (recant) A (Diet of Worms) U (Outlaw) A A A A A A O A A A (Church) (Priests) A


AA A A A A A A A (Salvation) (God se lling indulgences) A A U AUA A AA (raison detre) A AA U - AA ( clergy) A A (nun) A A (protestant) A (Jan Hus) (Bohemia) A (John Wycliffe) A (Peter Waldo) A A A A A A AA AA AA A UA A (Reformation) A A (Protestant Sect) A A (Protestantism) AA AA A AA AAA AA U AA ( ) (Thirty Years War) A


A U AA AU AA A A A AA A (heretics) AAA A A AA A AA AA A AA A AA A U A AA () U A A A A AA A A AA A A A AA A A A A A A (Anti-Semitic) A A A A A A A A (Church) A A A U A (reformation) A A


A (absolut ion) A U AA A A AA U A A A UU (U A (Sunni) A (Shiite) ) A A AO AA A A AA AA A A A AA A (Luther) UA UA

3, August, 2000.

*****

() ( - ) GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732 1799) (Virginia) (Wakefield) (George Washington) U A A A A A A A A A A A


(Martha Dantridge Custis) () A (The First Continental Congress A A ) A AA A AA UA A AA A A U A AA U (A ) U A AA A A A U A A A A AA (Mount Vernon) A A A A A A (American War of Independence) A A (Alexander the Great) (Julius Caesar) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A U (Constitutional Convention) U A U A


A A AA U O A AU E A A AA A A U AA A AA AAA AAA A A AA A A AA AUA A A (Thomas Jefferson) (James Madison) A (Alexander Hamilton) (Benjamin Franklin) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A O A A A O A () A (Culture) (Times) U U A U A A A A O (Augustus Caesar) U U A A


O ( ) A AA A A

9, August, 2000.

*****

() ( - ) KARL MARX (1818 1883) (Scientific Socia lism) A (Karl Marx) (Trier) (Born University) U (Berlin University) (Jena University) (Journalist) A (Cologne) (Rheinische Zeitung) A A A A A (Friedrich Engels) A A A A A A A U A A A A A A UU (Brussels) A (The Poverty of Philosophy) A A A (Communist Manifesto) A A (London) A


A AA A A (AA A AA A (Das Kapital) A A A AA (Socialism) A () A A A A A AA AA A A A A A A A A A A A () A A (disaster) A AA (Lenin) (Stalin) (Mao Zedung) A A U AO A U AA ( A ) (Soviet) A AA AA(Hegelian dialectic) AA (Surplus Value of labour) A A U (policies) ( A)


A AA A AA U A A (proletariat) A (capitalist) A AA AA AA (stupid) A O AA A A A A A A ()() A (comparative) ()A A (Socia lust System) U A () () A (Communist Party) AA A A A A A (the dictatorship of the proletariat) A (Lenin) (Stalin) A A O A A (window dressing) A () A A A A


A (Main Policies) A AA AA A A (economic interpretation of history) (Communism) A U A AA A U A A () (1 Billion) A U A AA U AAA A (anti-Communists) AA A (Communism) A A AA (ideology) A A A () A O A U A A (Russia) AA A AA A A AA AAU A A (Napolean) (Hitler) A A AA AA U

25, August, 2000.

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() A ( - ) ( - ) ORVILLE WRIGHT (1871 1948) WILBUR WRIGHT (1867 1912) (Wright) A A (Wilbur Wright) A (Idiana) (Millvile) A (Orville Wright) AA (Ohio) (Dayton) A A () (Bicycles ) A A (aeronautical research) A (Otto Lilienthal) A (Octave Chanute) (Samuel P.Langley) A A A A AO A A A AA A U (a powered airplane) A (paradoxical) U (gliders) A ( A ) (North Carolina) (Kitty Hawk) (A) (glider)


AA ( A AU ) A A A A A U (aircraft) AA A A A U A U A U A AA A A (wing design) A A A (wind tunnel) (wing surface) A A A A (air pressure) (wing shape) U A AU A AA AA () A (internal combust ion engines) AA A A A A A A U AA A A A AA (Propellers) AA A


U A (Kill Devil Hill) A A AA AA A U () (Flyer-I) (A Kitty Hawk ) A A A A A U (Washington D.C.) A (National Air and Space Musseum) A A () A A (Ohio) (Dayton) U () (Flyer II) A U A U () (Flyer III) A A A U U (Paris) () (Herald Tribune- ) (Flyer or Liars A ) A A A U A A A U A A A U A A A A U (contract) (Federal Budget) (Army Aviation) A A A A (Patent Litigation) A A A A (Typhoid- A ) A


A U AA (financial interests) A A AA U A A A A U U A A U AA AA A (printing press) (steam engine) A A U A A A A A A A U (space travel) A A A () AU (Arabian Nights) A A (genius) (Wrights) A A

26, August, 2000.

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() ( - ) GENGHIS KHAN (c. 1162 1227) (Mongol) A (petty chief) (Temujin) A A A A A A A A (Collar) A A A U A A


AU AA AA (Toghril) (Mongol tribes) A A A A AA A (military powers) A (diplomacy) ( ruthlessness) (organizational ability) A A A AAA E A (Genghis Khan) A AA A (His Hsia) A E (Chin Empire) (Pers ia) A (Centra Asia) (Khwarezm Shah Munammad) A A A A A (Afghanistan) A (Nothern India) A (Ogadai) A A A U A U (Polish) (German) (Hungarian) (Budapest) A A U A A A A (A ) A (Mangu Khan) (Kublai Khan) (Khan) A


(China) A A A (Land Empire) A (Domain) A A AA AA A (Korea) (Tibet) AA A AA A A A A (Mongol successor) A A (Batu) (The Golden Hordo) (Mongol Kingdom of Russia) A (Crimea Khanate) A A (Timur) (Tamerla ine) A A A (great-great-grandson) (Berber) A (Mogol, Mongol) (Mogol) A AA A A (A) A A A A (Megalomaniacs) A(Alexander The Great) (Genghis Khan) (Napolean Bonaparte) A (Adolf Hitler) A A U A (Idea) (Armies) U A A A O A

27, August, 2000.

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() A ( - ) ADAM SMITH (1723 1790) A A (Adam Smith) (Scotland) (Kirkcaldy) U A (Oxford) - A (Glasgow) A A A (Theory of Moral Sentiments) A A A A A (An Inquiry into The Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations) A A A A A A A A A A U A A A A UA (the Wealth of Nation) A A A A A A A A (older mercantilist theory) A A A A A A A A A (Physiocrats) A (labour) A A A A A A A (division of labour) A A A A A A A (free market) A A A A A A U


A A A AA A A AAA A A A A AA AA A AAA ( A- A- ) AA A (free competit ion) AA AA AA A (high tariff) AA (free market) A AA AA A (A) A A (laissez-faire) A AA A A A U A (monopolize business) A AA A AA A AA A AA A AA AA A (Thomas Malthus) (David Ricardo) (AA ) A (Classical Economics) A A AAA A


(The Wealth of Nations) A U (over population) U (subsistence level) A U (iron law of wages) A AA A A U(legislations) A A A A (tariffs) AA (free trade) A A AA A AA A A AA A O A A AA

2, September, 2000.

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() A ( - ) EDWARD DE VERE better known as WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1550 1604) (William Shakespeare) A A A A A (A ) A A A (Shakespeare) A (Hamlet) (Macbeth)


(King Lear) (Julius Caesar) O (Othello) AA U (Sonnet) A A AO A A A O ( ) A A A A A U AA A AA A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A U A U U AA UA U A A A A A AA A A AA A A O A A A A U (Romeo and Juliet)


A AA A A (Monalisa) A A U (Chaucer) (Virgil) (Homer) AA A AA A A A U A A (A ) A A AA AA AO U A A AA () A A (AA A U ) AUA A (Strat Ford- on- Avon) A A A


AA A A A A (the 17th Earl of Oxford) A (Edward de Vere) (Shazpere) (Shakspeyr) (Shagspere) (Shaxbere) A A (e) A A AA A (de Vere) () AU A A (folio) A A (editor) AA () A (Avon) (Stratford) A A (Jonh) A A (William) U A (Anne Hathway) () A A A A A A A A A (Sonnet) A


A A A A A A A A E A A AA A AA (monument) A (Susanna) U A () A A U (Stratford Grammar School) AA A U A A A U AA A A A A A A A AA AA A A A A (Queen Elizabeth) A AA A AA A AA


A (generation) AA (genius) A A A A AA A AA (Francis Bacon) A (Queen Elezabeth) (Ben Jonson) A (Edmund Spancer) A A AA (John Lyly) A A U A (Isaac Newton) A (A ) A AA ( ) (Galileo) A A A (Michel Angelo ) (Boccaccio ) A U (- ) A A A (Richard Burbage) (Ben Jonson) A A A A A U A A (Party) A ( ) A A A A (Stratford-on-Avon) A A


A A A A AO A A A AA A A AA A AA A AA U (diary) A AA (A ) A A A A AA A A A A A ( ) A U A A (eulogies) A (Ben Jonson)


A A A A A ( A AA ) A ( A) (Latin) (French) AA UAA (A) U () A A ( - fox hunting, falconry) (Court Life) A A A A (O Charlton Ogburn The Mysterious William Shakespeare ) A AA() A AA A A AA A


A A (Stratford-on-Avon) A A A A (Shakspere) A A (Francis Bacon) A A A (Edward de Vere) A A A A A A A A A A A A A (aristocrat) A (Earl of Oxford) A A A A ( A ) A (Norman Conquest) A A A A (French) (Latin) (Cambridge) A (Oxford) A U A (Grays Inn) U A (Edward) A A A A A A A A A A (Guardian) A A (Lord Treasurer of England) (William Cecil) A A (Privy Council) A A A A A A A OA U A A (A A A A )


A A A A A A A A (Anne Cecil) A (Kid s ister) ( Cymbeline (Posthumus Leonatus) A A A A (de Vere) U A A A (English Channel) A A A ( Hamlet ) A A A (Anne) A A A A A A A ( A U A A Alls well that ends well. (Cymbeline) A (Winters Tale) O (Orthello) A A ) U A (Tower of London) A U A ( Romeo and Juliet ) A A A A


AA A A A A A A A A AA AA A A A - (King James I) A AA A U ( A ) A A A A ( AA A A A A (taboo) ) A A A AA A A A AUA E A A A A A A A A A A A A (Hackhey) A


(A AA A ) A A (Edward de Vere) A U ( A ) AA A A AA U AA (A (taboo) ) AA (gentleman) AA A (AA ) A AAAA A ( A AA ) A () A A (taboo) AA () AA A (A A ) A A A A U


() (Sonnet) A A () A A ( ) A U A A A A A (U A U A A ) AA (Shakspere) A ( ) (hoax) ( ) A A U (hoax) A (Scandle) A ( ) A A A (fraud) A A AA (folio) A A (Ben Jonson) A ( A) A A A ( ) A


(A A ) A A ( (William Rowe) A

6, September, 2000.

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() ( - ) JOHN DALTON (1766 1844) (John Dalton) A A A A A A A (Chemistry) A A A A A A A A A (Atom) A A A (Democritus) ( - ) A A A A U A (Epicurus) ( ) (Lucretius) (De rerum matura nature On the Nature of Things) A A A (Aristotle) A (Middle Ages) A A A A U A A (A Isaac Newton A A ) A A A (Speculation) A A A (quantitative theory) A A A (Laboratory) A A A


A AA A (atoms) (molecules) (elements) (chemica l compounds) A A AAAA AAA (types of atom) U A A AAA (species) (elements) AA AAA A AA (same specie) A AA (mass) AA AAA AA (sophisticated modern experiments) U A (chemica l elements) AA A A (isotopes) AA (Chemica l Properties) A A A A AA (quantitative atomic theory) (key feature) AA (Chemical Compound) AA (U A nitrous oxide nitrogen A A oxygen A) A AA A A U (law of definite proportions) (Joseph Louis Proust) A A A A AA A AA A A UAA (relative atomic weight) AA A AA A (Chemists) A (programme) A AA A AAA (hypothesis) A AA A


A (physics) AAA (A) A A A A A (northern England) A (Eaglesfield) A A AA (precocious) A A A (tutor) A (Kendal) A (Manchester) A A (meteorology) A A AA AA (gases) AA AAA A U U A (temperature) AA ( A U Charles Law A ) U (Daltons Law) A (partia l pressure) AA A A(weight) A (A New System of Chemical Philosophy) A A A A A (Delton) A (colour blind) A A A A (Colour Blindness) A U

2, October, 2000.

*****


() A ( - ) ALEXANDER THE GREAT (356 B.C. 323 B.C.) A (Alexander the Great) A (Macedonia) (Palla) (Macedon) (Philip II) A A A A A (Greece) A A (City-States) A (federation) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (Aristotle) A (Greece) A A A A A A (Persia) A (Meditarranean) A (India) A (Persia) A A A OA A A A A A A A A A A U U A A A A A A A A A


A (Philip) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A (Asia Minor) (Syria) A (Issus) A A A A A A A (Lebanon) (Tyre) (Phoenician) U A A A A (Permanio) A A A A A A (Gaza) A (Egypt) A A (Pharaoh) (a god) A A A A (Arbela) A A A A A (Persia) A A A (Bebylon) (Persia) (Susa) (Persepolis) (Darius III) A A A A ( Darius The Great ) A A A A A (eastern Iran) A (central Asia)


A (Persian Empire) A A AA A (Afghanistan) (Hindu Kush) A A A (Western India) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (Greek Culture) U (Civilization) (barbarians) A A (barbarians) A U U U A (Graeco-Persian) A (Greek) (Macedon) A A A A A A (The Marriage of East and West) A A A A U A (Arabia) A (Persia Empire) A (Rome) (Carthage) A (Western Mediterranean) (Babylon) U A A A A A A A A


A A AU A A A O A U A AOA AA A (Legends) A A A A A AA A A (vision) AA AO A A A A A A A A AA A (Cleitus) (Napolean) (Hitler) A A A O AA U AA A AA U A AA A AUA A A (Mesopotamia) (Syria) (Judea) A (Egypt) A A AA A A A A O (Cultural influence) (one way traffic) AAA (Hellenistic Age) (A


A) A A AA (religious ideas) (Greek World) A AO (Oriental influence) A A A A A A (Egypt) A (Alexandria) A (learning and culture) A A (Heran) (Kandahar) A A O A O O A A A A O A A

3, October, 2000.

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() ( - ) NAPOLEON BONAPARTE (1769 1821) E (Napoleon Bonaparte) (Corcica) A (Ajaccio) (Napoleon Bonaparte) U A A (French) A (French Revolution) A A A A ( ) (Toulon) A (A A A A ) A A (Brigadier General) A A (Italy)


A A - AO A AA (Paris) A A A A (Lord Nelson) A (British Navy) (French Fleet) A A A A A A A A A A (Abbe Sieyes) A A (coup detat, ) A UA U (first consul) A A U (elaborate constitution) A (popular plebiscite) A A A A U A A A O A A A A A A A A A A A (French administration) U (French legal system) A U (financial structure) U (Bank of France) (University of France) A A A (Civil Code) A (Code Napoleon) (Ideals) A U A A A A A A U A (Code) U A U A


A A AU AO A A E (French Emperor) AA U (French Republicans) A A A AA A A (Amiens) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (Trafalgar) A U A A A A A A A A A (O O Austarliz A ) A A (Iberian peninsular, Spa in and Portugal) A A A (Russia) (Czar) E (Tils it) U (Grande Armee) A A A A (Moscow)


A A (Russian Army) (Russian Winter) A (rout) O (Austria) (Prussia) U A A A A (Leipzig) A A A A (Elba) A A A A A U (European Powers) A A (Waterloo) A A (south Atlantic) (St.Helena) A U A A OA (Paradox) A A A A A A (grand strategy) A A U A A U U A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (Napoleon) A A (egomaniac) (Hitler) A


A A AA A A (Nazi) (Concentration Camp) A O (short-term) A (A Napoleon Wars (French Soldiers) (German) A ) AAA A O (long-term influence) A A A AA U A A AA A AA A A (Napoleon era) (French bourgeoisie) AA A A A (French monarchy) AA A A A (ancient regime) U AA AA A A A A U A A A (Latin America) A A (Spain) A A A A A (defacto) A A (autono-my) A


A A A (USA) A A A A A (Louusiana Purchase) A EA A (near-continatal size) A A (USA) A U A A A A A A A U A A A A (Napoleon Bonaparte) U

4, October, 2000.

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() A ( - ) THOMAS EDISON (1847 1931) A A A (Thomas Alva Edison) A A (Ohio) (Milan) A (retarded) A (Electric vote-recorder) A A A A A (stock ticker system) A A A A A A (Phonograph) A A A (incandescent bulb)


A (electrical lighting system) A A A (electric arc lamp) A (bulb) A (electric power distributor) A A (New York C ity) A A A A A A (Private home) A A A AA (enormous industry) A A A A T.V A AA AA AA A (network) AA A (camera) (projector) ( A AA ) A (telegraph) A A (dictating machine) (mimeograph machine) A (battery) A A AA AO A AOA A A (New Jersy) (Menlo Park) (research laboratory) A U (prototype) A A A A (team work) A A A A AA A (G.E.C General Electric Company)


(pure scientist) A A A A (near-vacum) (electric current) AA (phenomenon) A (Edison effect) A AA A AA A (vaccum tube) A A A AO A ( ) A (New Jersey) AA (West Orange) A AA A A AA A AO AA U A (incandescent light) A A A (fluorescent light bulb) A A A U (phonograph) U A A A A AA A A A A A AA A A (Guglielmo Marconi) A (Alexander Graham Bell) A

4, October, 2000.

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() A U ( - ) ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632 1723) A ( microbes) A A U (Antony van Leeuwenhoek) (the Netherlands ) (Delft) A A A U (microscope) A A A A A A A U A (lens) A A A A A A A (A ) (microscope) A U A A A A (lens) A A A U A A A A A A A A A A A U A (semen) (muscle fibres) A (Specimens) A A A A A A A A A (The Royal Society of England) U A A ( Dutch A )


A (fellow) A A (The Academy of Sciences in Paris) A U A A A A A A (Czar of Russia, Peter the Great) A A A U A A (Spermatozoa A ) (red blood corpuscles) A A (spontaneous generation) A A (flea) A (propagate) A A A A (microbes) A A (great seminal discoverys) U A A A (an entire new world) A A A A A A A A A (animalcules) A U A A A (protozoa) A A (bacteria ) A U A (Pasteur) (microbiology) A A A ( microscope) A U A U A (microbes) U A A A (A


micro organisms) A A A A A A U A (protozoa) (bacteria) AA A U A A AA A

7, October, 2000.

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() ( - ) WILLIAM T.G. MORTON (1819 1868) (William Thomas Green Morton) A A (surgery) (anaesthesia) A A A A A A A A A A A (Massachusetts) (Charlton) A (Ba ltimore College) - (Horace Wells) A A A


A (laughing gas) A (Nitrous oxide) (Connecticut) (Hertford) A A (Boston) A AAA A A (A) A A A (Charles T.Jackson) A (ether) A (A alchemist) (Paracelsus) A A (reports) U AA (surgica l operation) A A (pet dog) A A A (Eben Frost) A A A A A A A A A (Senior Surgeon) (Dr. John C. Warren) A A U A A (Gilbert Abbot) A A (neck) A (tumor)


A AAA A A (anaesthesia) AA A A AUA A A AA AA A A A (royalty) (litigation) AA (New York) A A (dentistry) AA A A A (Horace Wells) (Charles Jackson) (Georgia) (Crawford W.Long) AA A A A AA A AA A AAA A ( ) A (ether) A A A AA A A A A A A (nausea) (inflammable) A AA A AA AA AA (-) A A A


A AA AA (Mecica l World) A A A A A AA AA A A A A A A (Gilbert Abbot) (operating table) A (Joseph Lister) U A A A A A A (A A antiseptic surgery) A A A A (antibiotics) A (antiseptic measures) A A A () A A A A

(William T. G. Morton)

A A A A Inventor and revealer of anesthetic inha lation,


By whom pain in surgery was averted and annullet; Before whom surgery was at all times agony, Since whom science has control of pain.

9, October, 2000.

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() ( - ) GUGLIELMO MARCONI (1874 1937) (Guglielmo Marconi) A (Italy) (Bologna) A AA AA (Heinrich Hertz) AA A A A A A AA A AA A U A A A AA AA (Marconigram) A (Wireless Message) AA A A A A A (New foundland) AA (S.S. Republic) A A A (Radio message) AA A A


A A AA A ( Morse code) A A A (dot-and-dash) A A (radio broadcasting) () A AA A A AAA A UA (short wave) (microwave) AA A A () AA A A A (wireless communication) AA A A A AAA (telegraph) U U (spacecraft) A A (Graham Bell) (telephone) (wireless) A A (Edison) (Marconi) A


A (Michel Faraday) (James Clark Maxwell) A O A A

5, November, 2000.

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() A ( - ) ADOLF HITLER (1889 1945) A (Adolf Hit ler) A A A A A A A A O O (Austria) (Braunau) A UA A A A U (German Army) A A A A (Munich) A A (National Socialist German Workers Party) (A Nazi Party ) A A (Munich Beer Hall Putsch) A A A


A A A A (Chanceller) AA A A AA AA (dictatorship) A AA A A A A A A AA A A A A AA (Treaty of Versailles) ( ) (Rhine land) A A ( ) O ( ) (Czechoslovakia) (International Agreement Munich Pact) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A O (Stalin) A (non-aggression) U (offensive alliance) (Poland) A U (Soviet Union)


A AA A AA AA A E (Denmark) (Norway) (Holland) (Be lgium) (Luxembourg) A A (Battle of Britain) AA (German Airforce) A A A A E (Yugoslavia) A A A A A A A (USA) A (Pearl Harbour) A U A A A A A A A A A A A A A A (Egypt) A A (El Alamein) (Stalingrad) A A A U E A A (Genocide Policy) A A A A (Jew) U A A A A (Large Concentration Camps) A A A A A


A A A AA () A (regime) A A (Russians) A A (Gypsies) A A (Death Camp) AA AA AA A AA A A A (fuel) A A AA A A (Nero) (Caligula) U A AA A U A AA A A A A AA A A A AAA AA A A A A A U ( O) AA A AA AA AA AA AO A A


A A A A O A A AAAA AA O A U A ( Charles Darwin Simon Bolivar ) AA U AA (Semite) A A A A A A A (Hitler era) AA A U AA A (Marx) (Lenin) (Stalin) AA A (National Socia lism) A A A A O (Hitler influence) A A A O A A U A AA A AA A


A A A A (Jewish State) AU AA O AA (Democracy) A A A A A O A O O A O A U A A AU A O AU

1, December, 2000.

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() ( - ) PLATO (427 B.C. 347 B.C.) (Plato) A (political philosophy) (ethical) (metaphysical) A A A A A A A A (Socrates) A A A A A A


A A A A A (Acedamy) A A A A A (Aristotle) A A A A A (theology) A A A A A A A A A (The Republic) A A (an ideal society) A A A A A A A U A (Aristocracy) U A A A A A A A A A (coopt) A A (guardidam class) A A U A A A A A - A A U A A A A A A A A A (A ) A A A A A A


A A U U AA A AA A AA AA A A A U A A A (mates in common) (Philosopher- Kings) U A A A A AA A AA A A UA AUA A A A A AA A A A A A A U A (civil government) U A A (medieval church) (elite) AA AA (A ) A A A A A A (United States) A AAA UA (American Constitutional Convention) A A (polit ical idea) A U (United States Constitution) A A A A


AA A AA A AA A A A AA (ethics) (metaphysics) A A A A A A A A (Thomas Jefferson) (Voltaire) A O O

1, December, 2000.

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() A ( - ) OLIVER CROMWELL (1599 1658) A A AA A (Oliver Cromwell) AA A AA A A A A (Hunt ingdon) A A A U (absolute monarchy) A A O U (Parliament) A A (Charles I) U AA (Scots) A A AA (arbitrary) A A A


A (Carvalry) A A A A ( ) (Marston Moor) AA ( ) (Naseby) A AA AA A (Parliamentary side) A A A A AU A AA A A (Common wealth) U (a council of State) A A (Ireland) (Scotland) A A A AA A A A A AAU (Constitution) A U A A AA A U (new constitution) A (A) A (A) A (Representative) AA ( Rump)


A U UA (Rump) A ( E ) A U A AAA A AA A AA AAA A A A (workable government) (Lord Protector) A A A A A A A A U A A (religious toleration) A ( A Edward I A A A ) A (Richard Cromwell) A (Charles II) A (hung from the gibbet) A U A U A A A U (Constitutional Monarchy) A A A A A A A A (hypocrite) A (devious)


A AA A O A A A A A A A A A A U U A AA A A AA A (French Enlightenment) (French Revolution) AU AA (obvious) A AA (Canada) O (Australia) A A A A A (John Locke) U A A A A A A A A A A A A A (Parlimentary forces) A

15, December, 2000.

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() A ( - ) ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL (1847 1922) A (Alexander Graham Bell) (Scotland) A (Edinburgh) A


A A A (vocal physiology) (Speech correction) (teaching of the deft) A A (Massachusettes) (Boston) A A A (AO A Elisha Gray A ) A (Philadelphia) A A A A (Western Union Telegraphic Company) A (The American Telephone and Telegraph Company) A A A A AT & T A (private corporation) A A ( A ) A A A A U A ( A ) A A A A A A


U A (United States Citizen) A O A A U A (Marconi) A AA AA (U U ) A A A A A A A AA A A A A A

17, December, 2000.

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() A ( - ) ALEXANDER FLEMING (1881 1955) A (Alexander Fleming) (Penicillin) (Scotland) (Loch Field) (London) (St. Marys Hospital) A (immunological research) A A A A


(wound infections) A A A AA (antiseptic) (A microbes) (cells) A (A microbes) A (Lyso zyme) A (mucus) (tears) A A A A AAA A A A (laboratory) (staphylococcus) A (mold) AA (bacteria) A AA A A A A ( pencillium notatum) A A A A A A A A U (Howard Walter Florey) A (Ernst Boris Chain) A A A AA AO A AA A AAA A (Pharmaceutical Companies)


A A A A A A A (anti-biotic) AA A (miracle-drugs) AA A A A A A (micro organism) (drug) () ganorohea () blood poisoning () syphilis () A scarlet fever () meningit is () arthritis () bronchitis () A pneumonia () A boits () A diphtheria () A A bone infections () A gangrene A A AA A A A (ill effects) A A A A A U A AA A (Florey) (Chain) AUA A A


AA A (Fleming) A A (F lorey) (Chain)

18, December, 2000.

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() ( - ) JOHN LOCKE (1632 1704) A (John Locke) A AA AA A (enlightenment) A (England) (Wrington) A (Oxford University) A A (The Royal Society) AA (Robert Boyle) A A (Issac Newton) A (Earl of Shiaftesbury) AA A A (liberal) AA AA (King Charles II) (Holland) (James II)


A A A A (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690) A A A A A A A UA (Francis Bacon) (Rene Descarte) A A A A (Bishop George Berkeley) (David Hume) A (Immanuel Kant) A A A A A (A ) A A A A (Protestant) A A A U (A ) A A A A A (Pagan) A A (Catholics) A A A A A A A A A A A A A (Two Treatises of Government, 1689) A A A A UA UA A A A A (English-speaking world) A A A A A U U A A A


AAA AA AA AA (A) A A AA U A A A AA AAA UA (Thomas Hobbes) - U AA (A) U O A A A A A U U A AA A A A A U (legis lature) U (judiciary) U (A U ) U A A U A A AA A A AA U A A A A (No taxation without representation) A A AA AA U (French


Revolution) AA (Voltaire) A A A AA (Locke)

10, January, 2000.

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() ( - ) LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770 1827) A (Ludwig van Beethoven) (Germany) (Bonn) A A A A (Vienna) A (Mozart) (Haydn) ( A ) A A A A A O A A A A A A A U A A (misanthrope) A


A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A (U ) A AU A A A A A A (symphonies) (piano sonata) (piano cnocertos) A (sonatas) A AA AA A AA A AA A (symphony) AA A A A (classical) A (romatic) A (Brahms) (Wagner) (Schubest) (Tchai Kovsky) (Berloiz) (Gustar Mahler) (Richard Strauss) A


A (Johamn Sebastian Bach) A U O A A O A A AA (Michel Angelo) UA A A A A U A A

11, January, 2000.

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() ( - ) WERNER HEISENBERG (1901 1976) A (Nobel Prize) (Werner Karl Heisenberg) A (Quantum mechanics) A A U A A A A A U A (A atom) A (subatom) A U A U (A ) A A (Newton) A A A A A A A A A


(microscope) A A A A AA (atomic dimensions) A A A A (uncertainty principle) A A A A A A (Theoritica l limits) A A (implications) AU AAA A A AA A A A AA A (predictions) A U A (radium atom) (trillion) (million) (gamma ray) A AA AA (statistical method) A A A A A A A (basic philosophy of science) AA A (Einstein) A A A A A


A (theoretical point of view) A A (relative theory) AAA (Physical world) A (basic concept) A A A A (electron microscope) (lasers) (transistors) A (nuclear physics) AA (atomic energy) AA U (astronomy) (chemistry) A (helium) A A (ferromagnetism) AAA (Germany) (University of Munich) A (theoretical physics) - A (Copenhagen) (Denmark) A (Niels Bohr) A A (quantum mechanics) A A AA A AA (Max Planck) AA (Albert Einstein) (Nie ls Bohr) (Louis de Broglie) A A O (Austrian) A (Erwin Schrodinger) A A (Englishman) A A (P.A.M Dirac) A A A A A A A A A A

18, January, 2000.

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() ( - ) LOUIS DAGUERRE (1787 1851) (Louis Jacques Mande Daquerre) U A A (Cormeilles) U A A A AAU AAOA (Diorama) A A A (Camera) (Joseph Nicephore Niepce) A A A (Daguerrotype Camera) A A AAA A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A (mementos) (souvenirs)


(cinematography) A A A A A U A A A (pinhole camera) A (camera obsura) A A (Girolamo Cardano) AA A A U A A A A (Johann Schulze) (silver salts) A A A A A A (Partner) (Niepce) (Judea) A ( asphalt) A A AA A A ( A ) A AA (plate coated with s ilver iodide) A AA A AA AA (silver iodide) A A (silver bromide) A (William Henry Fox Talbot) AU A (negative print) A (daguerreotype) AO A


A A A A A (wet-plate process) A (dry-plate process) A (modern roll film) (colour photograph) (motion picture) (polaroid photograph) (AA ) (xerography -) A A A A AA AA A A A (daguerreotype) A

18, January, 2000.

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() ( - ) SIMON BOLIVAR (1783 1830) (Simon Bolivar) A (George Washington) A ( Columbia Venezuela A Ecuador Peru Bolivia ) A A (Caracas) A

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