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10 20 20 20 10 20 30 15 . . : 10 30 . 10 . ( ) . : 5 10 10 . 5/2 1 5 1 5 10 5 5 5 1 . . : . . . 30 20 [footnoteRef:2] 50 [2: - (tribulus terrestris) . . . "" "" . . . : . 5 . . : 25 ( ) ( ) . : : . " " . . : "" . . . . DGEA . . : . . . . : . . . : : 1 (2 4 ) 15 . : . : . : . . . . . . - . . . . . .kharkhasak . . . . . . . . Tribulus terrestris is a flowering plant in the family Zygophyllaceae, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Old World in southern Europe, southern Asia, throughout Africa, and Australia.[2] It can thrive even in desert climates and poor soil. Like many weedy species, this plant has many common names, including bindii,[3] bullhead,[4] burra gokharu, caltrop,[1] cat's head,[1][3] devil's eyelashes,[5] devil's thorn,[1][5] devil's weed,[1] goathead,[1] puncturevine,[1] and tackweed.[6]Contents [show] Growth[edit]"Goathead" fruitThumbtack-like Tribulus terrestris nutlets are a hazard to bicycle tires.Tribulus terrestris is a taprooted herbaceous perennial plant that grows as a summer annual in colder climates. The stems radiate from the crown to a diameter of about 10 cm to over 1 m, often branching. They are usually prostrate, forming flat patches, though they may grow more upwards in shade or among taller plants. The leaves are pinnately compound with leaflets less than 6 mm (a quarter-inch) long. The flowers are 410 mm wide, with five lemon-yellow petals. A week after each flower blooms, it is followed by a fruit that easily falls apart into four or five single-seeded nutlets. The nutlets or "seeds" are hard and bear two to three sharp spines, 10 mm long and 46 mm broad point-to-point. These nutlets strikingly resemble goats' or bulls' heads; the "horns" are sharp enough to puncture bicycle tires and lawn mower tires and to cause painful injury to bare feet.[7]Tribulus terrestris nutlets in foot, Marfa, TexasEtymology[edit]The Greek word, meaning 'water-chestnut',[8] translated into Latin as tribulos. The Latin name tribulus originally meant the caltrop (a spiky weapon), but in Classical times already the word meant this plant as well.[9]Cultivation and uses[edit]The plant is widely naturalised in the Americas and also in Australia south of its native range. In some states in the United States, it is considered a noxious weed and an invasive species.[1]It has been reported that the seeds or nutlets have been used in homicidal weapons smeared with the juice of Acokanthera venenata in southern Africa.[7]Dietary supplement[edit]Some body builders use T. terrestris as post cycle therapy or "PCT".[citation needed] After they have completed an anabolic-steroid cycle, they use it under the assumption that it will restore the body's natural testosterone levels.The extract is claimed to increase the body's natural testosterone levels and thereby improve male sexual performance and help build muscle. Its purported muscle-building potential was popularized by American IFBB bodybuilding champion Jeffrey Petermann in the early 1970s. However, T. terrestris has failed to increase testosterone levels in controlled studies.[10][11][12] It has also failed to demonstrate strength-enhancing properties,[13] a finding indicating that the anabolic steroid effects of Tribulus terrestris may be untrue. Some users report an upset stomach, which can usually be counteracted by taking it with food.[citation needed]Traditional medicine[edit]In traditional Chinese medicine Tribulus terrestris is known under the name bai ji li (). According to Bensky and Clavey, 2004 (Materia medica 3rd edition, pp. 975976) Tribulus terrestris is ci ji li (). "Confusion with Astragali complanati Semen (sha yuan zi) originally known as white ji li ( bai ji li), led some writers to attribute tonifying properties to this herb..."T. terrestris has long been a constituent in tonics in Indian Ayurveda practice, where it is known by its Sanskrit name, "gokshura/ sarrata"[14] It is also used in Unani, another medical system of India.Usage in Indian Ayurveda practice[edit]Tribulus terrestris is known in Sanskrit as Goksura. The word, Gokshura, comes from two Sanskrit words: Go (cow) and Kshura (hoof). This is because the small fruits look very much like the hooves of cows, with several big thorns and lots of little spines on them. It supports overall physical, as well as sexual, strength by building all the tissues, especially shukra dhatu (reproductive tissue). It is mainly useful in kidney, bladder, urinary tract and uro-genital related conditions, where it acts as a diuretic.[15]Research in animals[edit]T. terrestris has been shown to enhance sexual behavior in an animal model.[16] It appears to do so by stimulating androgen receptors in the brain.T. terrestris is now being promoted as a booster for the purpose of increasing sex drive. Its use for this purpose originated from a Bulgarian study conducted in the 1970s, which found effects on free testosterone and luteinizing hormone in men belonging to infertile couples.[citation needed] A research review conducted in 2000 stated that the lack of data outside of this study prevents generalizing to healthy individuals [17]Animal studies in rats, rabbits and primates have demonstrated that administration of Tribulus terrestris extract can produce statistically significant increases in levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone,[18] and produces effects suggestive of aphrodisiac activity.[16] On the other hand, one recent study found that T. terrestris caused no increase in testosterone or LH in young men,[19] and another found that a commercial supplement containing androstenedione and herbal extracts, including T. terrestris, was no more effective at raising testosterone levels than androstenedione alone.[20]The active chemical in T. terrestris is likely to be protodioscin (PTN).[21] In a study with mice, T. terrestris was shown to enhance mounting activity and erection better than testosterone cypionate;[citation needed] however, testosterone cypionate is a synthetic ester of testosterone engineered for its longer activity, rather than an immediate effect. Testosterone cypionate has a half-life of 8 days and is administered every 24 weeks in humans for testosterone replacement.[22] The proerectile aphrodisiac properties were concluded to likely be due to the release of nitric oxide from the nerve endings innervating the corpus cavernosum penis.[citation needed] Also, T. terrestris was shown to have strong inhibitory activity on COX-2.[23]Eradication[edit]Typical habitat of Tribulus terrestrisWhere this is a non-indigenous species, eradication methods are often sought. There are both biological and herbicidal solutions to the problem, but none of them provide a solution that is both quick and long-lasting, because T. terrestris seeds remain viable for up to 7 years on average.Physical[edit]In smaller areas, T. terrestris is best controlled with manual removal, using a hoe to cut the plant off at its taproot. While this is effective, removing the entire plant by gripping the taproot, stem or trunk and pulling upward to remove the taproot is far more effective. This requires monitoring the area and removing the weed throughout the preseeding time (late spring and early summer in many temperate areas). This will greatly reduce the prevalence of the weed the following year. Mowing is not an effective method of eradication, because the plant grows flat against the ground.Another avenue of physical eradication is to crowd out the opportunistic weed by providing good competition from favorable plants. Aerating compacted sites and planting competitive desirable plants, including broad-leaved grasses such as St. Augustine, can reduce the affect of T. terrestris by reducing resources available to the weed.Chemical[edit]Chemical control is generally recommended for home control of T. terrestris. There are few pre-emergent herbicides that are effective. Products containing oryzalin, benefin, or trifluralin will provide partial control of germinating seeds. These must be applied prior to germination (late winter to midspring).After plants have emerged from the soil (postemergent), products containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ("2,4-D"), glyphosate, and dicamba are effective on T. terrestris. Like most postemergents, they are more effectively maintained when caught small and young. Dicamba and 2,4-D will cause harm to most broad-leaved plants, so the user should take care to avoid over-application. They can be applied to lawns without injuring the desired grass. Glyphosate will kill or injure most plants, so it should only be used as a spot treatment or on solid stands of the weed.A product from DuPont called Pastora is highly effective but expensive and not for lawn use.Biological[edit]Two weevils, Microlarinus lareynii and M. lypriformis, native to India, France, and Italy, were introduced into the United States as biocontrol agents in 1961. Both species of weevils are available for purchase from biological suppliers, but purchase and release is not often recommended because weevils collected from other areas may not survive at the purchaser's location.Microlarinus lareynii is a seed weevil that deposits its eggs in the young burr or flower bud. The larvae feed on and destroy the seeds before they pupate, emerge, disperse, and start the cycle over again. Its life cycle time is 19 to 24 days. Microlarinus lypriformis is a stem weevil that has a similar life cycle, excepting the location of the eggs, which includes the undersides of stems, branches, and the root crown. The larvae tunnel in the pith where they feed and pupate. Adults of both species overwinter in plant debris. Although the stem weevil is slightly more effective than the seed weevil when each is used alone, the weevils are most effective if used together and the T. terrestris plant is moisture-stressed.Phytochemistry[edit]Two alkaloids that seem to cause limb paresis (staggers) in sheep that eat Tribulus terrestulis are the beta-carboline alkaloids harman (harmane) and norharman (norharmane).[24] The alkaloid content of dried foliage is about 44 mg/kg.[24]References[edit]^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Tribulus terrestris information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-18.Jump up ^ "Zygophyllaceae". Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. Retrieved 2010-03-13.^ Jump up to: a b "Caltrop - Tribulus terrestris". Weeds Australia. National Weeds Management Facilitator. Retrieved 2009-03-10.Jump up ^ USDA PLANTS database^ Jump up to: a b Hyde, M.A. & Wursten, B. (2011). Flora of MozambiqueJump up ^ North Dakota Department of Agriculture (no date). "Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris)". Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.^ Jump up to: a b Tribulus terrestris in BoDD Botanical Dermatology DatabaseJump up ^ "Greek Word Study Tool: ". perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 11 August 2012.Jump up ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin DictionaryJump up ^ Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Reifenrath TA, Uhl NL, Parsons KA, Sharp RL, King DS (2000). "Effects of anabolic precursors on serum testosterone concentrations and adaptations to resistance training in young men". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10 (3): 34059. PMID 10997957.Jump up ^ Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Martini ER, Kohut ML, Franke WD, Jackson DA, King DS (2001). "Endocrine and lipid responses to chronic androstenediol-herbal supplementation in 30 to 58 year old men". J Am Coll Nutr 20 (5): 5208. PMID 11601567.Jump up ^ Neychev VK, & Mitev VI. (2005). "The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence the androgen production in young men". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101 (13): 31923. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.017. PMID 15994038.Jump up ^ Rogerson S, Riches CJ, Jennings C, Weatherby RP, Meir RA, Marshall-Gradisnik SM. (2007). "The Effect of Five Weeks of Tribulus terrestris Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Body Composition During Preseason Training in Elite Rugby League Players". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 21 (2): 34853. doi:10.1519/R-18395.1. PMID 17530942.Jump up ^ (2001). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Department of Indian System of Medicine & Homoeopathy. Vol 1, Part 1: 260.Jump up ^ National R & D Facility for Rasayana^ Jump up to: a b Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG, Prasad RN. (2002). "Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats". Life Sciences 71 (12): 138596. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01858-1. PMID 12127159.Jump up ^ Bucci LR (2000). "Selected herbals and human exercise performance". The American journal of clinical nutrition 72 (2 Suppl): 624S36S. PMID 10919969.Jump up ^ Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP (Jan 2008). "The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunctionan evaluation using primates, rabbit and rat". Phytomedicine 15 (12): 4454. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.011. PMID 18068966.Jump up ^ Neychev VK, Mitev VI (Oct 2005). "The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence the androgen production in young men". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101 (13): 31923. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.017. PMID 15994038.Jump up ^ Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Reifenrath TA, et al. (Sep 2000). "Effects of anabolic precursors on serum testosterone concentrations and adaptations to resistance training in young men". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10 (3): 34059. PMID 10997957.Jump up ^ Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP, Prasad RN (2003). "Sexual effects of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) extract (protodioscin): an evaluation using a rat model". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 9 (2): 25765. doi:10.1089/10755530360623374. PMID 12804079.Jump up ^ "National Institutes of Health". Retrieved April 24, 2010Jump up ^ Hong CH, Hur SK, Oh OJ, Kim SS, Nam KA, Lee SK (2002). "Evaluation of natural products on inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cultured mouse macrophage cells". J. Ethnopharmacol 83 (12): 153159. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00205-2. PMID 12413723.^ Jump up to: a b Bourke CA, Stevens GR, Carrigan MJ (Jul 1992). "Locomotor effects in sheep of alkaloids identified in Australian Tribulus terrestris". Australian Veterinary Journal 69 (7): 163165. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07502.x. PMID 1445080.External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tribulus terrestris.Germplasm Resources Information Network: Tribulus terrestrisFlora Europaea: native distribution in EuropePage on T. terrestris at the Global Compendium of WeedsPage from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's PLANTS databaseTribulus terrestris List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Databases)Tribulus terrestris in West African plants A Photo Guide.Categories: TribulusBodybuilding supplementsInvasive plant speciesMedicinal plantsPlants used in AyurvedaPlants used in traditional Chinese medicinePlants described in 1753]

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20 20 25 20 10 10 10 . 10 20 20 20 10 5 5 5 20 5 5/2 250 . 10 30 20 20 15 [footnoteRef:11] 30 [11: - ( : Cnicus) . . . 28-24 % . . ( : Cnicus benedictus) (Asteraceae) (Asterales) . . . . . Cnicus benedictus (St. Benedict's thistle, blessed thistle, holy thistle or spotted thistle), is a thistle-like plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the Mediterranean region, from Portugal north to southern France and east to Iran. It is known in other parts of the world, including parts of North America, as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It is the sole species in the monotypic genus Cnicus.Contents [show] Growth[edit]It is an annual plant growing to 60 cm tall, with leathery, hairy leaves up to 30 cm long and 8 cm broad, with small spines on the margins. The flowers are yellow, produced in a dense flowerhead (capitulum) 3-4 cm diameter, surrounded by numerous spiny basal bracts.The related genus Notobasis is included in Cnicus by some botanists; it differs in slender, much spinier leaves, and purple flowers.Medicinal uses[edit]It has sometimes been used as a galactogogue to promote lactation. The crude extracts contain about 0.2% cnicin. It is recommended for use by public health nurses in Ontario, Canada, as well as by the Canadian Breastfeeding Foundation[2] along with fenugreek to increase lactation in nursing mothers. It is also a component in some bitters formulas.Edibility[edit]These thistles are not considered edible, unlike Cirsium, Arctium and Onopordum species; the leaves are considered unpalatable if not bitter.19th century illustrationReferences[edit]Jump up ^ "The Plant List".Jump up ^ Newman, Jack. "Herbs for Increasing Milk Supply". Canadian Breastfeeding Foundation. Retrieved 2010-05-16.Jepson Manual TreatmentUSDA Plants ProfileGRIN Species ProfileExternal links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cnicus benedictus.Cnicus Benedictus.Blessed ThistleSpotted thistle entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms This article incorporates public domain material from the U.S. National Cancer Institute document "Dictionary of Cancer Terms".Stub iconThis Cynareae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Stub iconThis Medicinal plants-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Categories: CynareaeMedicinal plants of AsiaMedicinal plants of EuropeAsteraceae generaMonotypic plant generaCynareae stubsMedicinal plant stubs Adi lopatikan (lat. Cnicus benedictus)[1] - lopatikan cinsin aid bitki nv.[2]Mnb[redakt]Jump up Nurddin liyev. Azrbaycann drman bitkilri v fitoterapiya. Bak, Elm, 1998.Jump up Elad Qurbanov. Ali bitkilrin sistematikas, Bak, 2009. evketibostan (Osmanlca ) ya da bostanotu, evketotu, mbarekdikeni, akkz (Cnicus benedictus), papatyagiller familyasndan, Batda Portekiz'in kuzeyinden Fransa'nn gneyine, Douda ran'n dousuna kadar Akdeniz Havzasnda yetien ve yemei yaplan, 60 cm boyunda bir yllk dikenli bir bitki. Toprakst[1] kesimleri krpeyken kesilip toplanan bitki, iyice soyulup dikenlerinden arndldktan sonra sebze olarak tketilmek zere Ege ve Akdeniz blgesindeki pazarlarda satlmaktadr.nsan besini olarak kullanm[deitir | kayna deitir]Ege Blgesinde sklkla tketilen yabani bitkilerden[2] olan evketibostan ya da askalivrus/askolibrus (, ) Girit mutfanda ve Girit'ten bat Anadoluya g eden Girit Trkleri tarafndan kemikli kuzu etiyle piirilerek (evketibostan yemei) ya da halama salata (evketibostan salatas) olarak tketilir. Girit'in da kylerinde bundan farkl olarak hl arapsayla veya enginarla birlikte de piirilmektedir.[3]Varyeteleri[deitir | kayna deitir]Trkiye'de 2 varyetesi bulunur:[4]Cnicus benedictus var. benedictusCnicus benedictus var. kotschyiKaynaka[deitir | kayna deitir]^ http://www.tarim.gov.tr/GKGM_Belgeler/G%C4%B1da%20ve%20Yem%20Hizmetleri/Konular/Bitki_Listesi_%2028.02.2013.xls^ zgl zdestan ve Ali ren (2008). Ege Blgesinde Sklkla Tketilen Baz Otlarn Nitrat ve Nitrit eriklerinin Saptanmas. Trkiye 10. Gda Kongresi; 21-23 Mays 2008, Erzurum^ zlemaki'nin Yaz Gnl: Mbadelenin ardndan zmir'de yaayan Girit mutfa. 5 Haziran 2012^ http://www.vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/flora/azortandir/cnicusbebe/index.htmKategoriler: Papatyagiller cinsleriGirit mutfa]

7 .

. 1 - . 2 - . 3 - . 4 - . 5 - . 6 - ( ) . 7 - . 8 - . 9 - ( )10 - . 11 - 12 - 13 - . :1 - . 2 - . 3 - . 4 - . 5 - . 6 - . 7 - . 8 - : . ( ) () . : : . ( ) . . . . . 5/2 . . 5/2 5/2 5/2 . : 1 2 10 . ( ) 10 5 5 10 5 5 5 [footnoteRef:12] 5 [12: - .[ / ] () . . ( ) ( ) ( ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

5 5 250 . . ( ) . . : . : () . . . : . : . : . : 5 . . - . ( ) () [footnoteRef:13] . [13: - .[ / ] () . . ( ) ( ) ( ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

10 10 10 5 20 . . : . . : 5 . . : 5/2 5/2 5/2 5/2 5/2 5/2 . ( ) 25 25 25 . . : . 15 20 15 5 . : 5 5 5 5 . . . . . . . : 10 5 10 10 ( ). . 5 2 . 5 50 . . . : - . . ( ) . : . ( ) 24 . . . 1 - . . 2 - . : 5 5 5 5 . . 15 10 10 15 15 7 . /[footnoteRef:14] - 15 [14: - (Otitis) . ) ) .]

10 15 10 10 10 . . () 5/2 10 5 ( ). (5 ) 5 4 . : 15 15 10 10 5 . ( 2 ) [footnoteRef:15] [15: - . [ / ] () . ( ) ( ) .]

. 1 05/0 . . : . : 5 5 5 5 250 . 5 . . . . . : 5/2 5/2 5/2

. 1 2 . . . : 5 . . 1 - . 2 - . 3 - . 4 - . 5 - . 6 - . 7 - . 10 . . . - . . . . . : . . . 5 5 5 5 . : 25 10 10 5 : . . . . . 10 25 5 25 10 . : . 5 50 . 50 100 . : 5 5 5 . . . : 25 25 5 10 5 . / [footnoteRef:16] . [16: - . [ ] ( ) . ( ) . . ( ) . . ( ) . . ( ) . .]

. . : 10 5 5 5 40 3 . . : . . : 5 5 5 20 20 20 . : . 5/2 5/2 5 . : 25 . . : 5 10 5 15 . : 5 5 5/2 . : 10 10 10 5 10 5 5 7 . 10 5 5 / 10 10 ( ): . : [footnoteRef:17] . . . . ( ). [17: - . [ / ] () . ( ). . ( ) . . . . ( ) . . ( ) . .]

: . () : 10 . : 5 5/2 10 10 5 5/2 5/2 5 . . : 5 50 . : 10 20 10 20 5 . . 2 20 . : 10 15 15 5 10 5 250 . . ( 10 3 ) . . . . . . . . : . : . . : . : . : : . . ( ) . . 5 5 5 5 . 10 10 2 5 5 5 5 . . . . . : 10 10 5 . . . 5 5 5 10 5 4 . . . 5 5 10 5 10 5 5 5 5 1 .

. . 10 5 5 . : 10 10 15 10 5 5 . 25 20 10 5 5 5 5 . . : 30 . . 10 . : 5 10 25 . 250 . : 5 5 20 20 250 . (10 ) . 10 20 20 5 5 . 10 10 20 . 5 10 5 5 5 5 25 25 . ( ) . ( ) . . ( ) . . . : :1- / 2- 3- () 4- . : . . : . 10 30 . 45 . . . . : . . . . . () . . 2 . . . . . . . . : 10 10 5 5 200 . ( . 15 - 10 250 ) . 5 . 2 2 . 30 . ( : 100 250 200 2 ) 20 50 15 15 15 20 10 10 15 15 5 15 15 20 20 20 . . : 10 10 10 . 5 250 . : . : 15 10 20 250 . . . . . ( ) : ( ) . : 25 5 15 15 15 //[footnoteRef:18] 10 [18: - . [ / ] ( ) . () . . ( ). . : . . . : . : .: .: .: . . . . : . : . ( ) . : . . ( ) . : . . . . . . . () . () . . ( 2 144-145). : . ( 259). . . . . . .]

10 5 10 15 10 200 15 . : 10 10 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 250 250 . . : 10 . () . . . . . : . 15 5 15 10 5 5/2 . . : 5 5 5 10 10 10 5 5 20 3 . . : . : ( ) 10 10 15 10 250 . . () 15 5 15 5 5 5 5 . ( ) . 10 15 15 15 40 . . . . : 5/2 5 10 . 10 10 5 5 20 5 5 5 5 10 5 . ( ) 10 () 10 . ( ) 5 5 5 5 () 5 5 5 (2 ) ( ) 20 5 5 . 10 ( ) ( ) 10 5/7 5/2 . 5 10 5 5 10 5 ( ) 5 5 10 5 ( ) . : . . . . 10 . 15 25 20 10 . . 10 5 10 10 20 20 250 . : 10 20 15 15 250 . . . . . : 5 10 5 . 10 . . ( : ) . 5 5 5/2 10 5 10 / 5 5 5 10 5 5 20 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 3 . . 5 5 5 5 10 5 10 5 5 5/2 5 250 . 10 10 10 . 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5/2 5 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 250 . . 15 15 5/2 250 . : . : . 10 . : 15 10 15 5 . 2 5 5 . ( ) . : . . ( ) . : . : . : 10 15 200 2 . : . ( ) . 10 5 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 15 . . . 10 15 . 10 . . . . 10 10 10 5 5 5 10 10 . . 5 5 5 10 10 5/2 . . . 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 . 5 5 . : 5 5 10 5 . : 5 5/2 10 () ( ) . : . . . : . 10 10 10 20 10 . . . . . . . : 5 5 10 10 . . 200 100 250 250 . 10 15 5 5 5 . / . 10 6 . () . : . 15 5 10 5 5 5 10 5 5 10 10 5 10 5 15 15 . - - - 10 10 2 2 . . . . 5 5 . . : 5 // . ( ) . 10 : . : . : . 10 10 5

5/2 10 . : 5 5 5 5 5 10 5 10 . . : . . . 5 . . 2 50 10 . . 5 10 10 250 . 10 10 5 10 10 250 . 5 5 5 5 ( ) 200 . 5 . : 5 5 10 . . . : 5 10 5 10 5 5 250 . 15 24 . 5 10 5 250 5 5 5 5 2 250 3 . . 5 5 5 5 . 10 5 10 5 10 . 5 10 10 5 . . . : . : 5 5 5 5 5 200 . 10 . () . : 10 ( ) 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 200 . : 5 5 5 5 15 5 10 5 . : 5 5 5 5 5 250 . : 5 5 5 5 5 5 . . : 10 5 10 . . 5 5 5 5 10 : 5 5 5 5 5 . 25 2 24 . : . : 5 2 10 5 . 10 5 5 5 . 10 5 2 1 . 5 5 5 5 5 10 5 . 5 5 5 ( ) . (10 ) 10 . 5 5 5 5 5/2 . 10 . . 5 5 5 10 5 5 5 5/2 . . 5 5 5 5 5/2 5 5 5 10 . 24 . : 10 5 5 15 15 5 5 . 45 . (1200 - 130 ) . . . . . : 5 5 5 10 10 10 5 5 10 5 5 . 25 . 5 . : 5 5 5 5 10 10 5 5 10 5 10 . 10 5 5 5 5 15 10 5 5 5 5 . . : . . 200 15 20 40 . 5 10 10 10 10 40 200 100 25 25 . 25 25 25 15 10 2 ( ) ( ) . . : 10 10 10 10 10 5 15 5 10 10 . . . : 20 10 5 10 5 5 . . . 15 20 5 10 2 2 . 10 5 5 5 5 5 . 5 10 10 10 15 10 5 10 5 . 5 5 . ( ). . . ( ) . . 1 - . 2 - . ( ). : . : . . . : . : 5 10 . 5 10 5 5 5 . . 5 10 10 : 10 5 10 5 5 10 10 250 . : 10 15 10 . . : 200 200 100 10 . 20 5 . : . : : : 5 . : : . : . . . ( ) . . : . . . . 10 7 . () () . 5 5 . . : 10 5 5 20 ( ) . () . . 10 . () ( ) . . 5 . 5 ( ) 5 10 . : 15 5 10 250 . . . () . : 5 10 5 5 5 5 . ( ). . . : . 5 . . 1- 2 3 4 ( 15 50 100 ) . () 10 10 15 5 10 5 5 12 . 15 5 20 6 . : 5 . : . . : ( ) 5 10 10 5 15 15 5 10 100 100 15 5 100 15 . 5 10 5 20 5 5 7 . : 10 7 . . . 10 50 . . : 25 10 5 15 30 30 10 5 10 6 . ( ) ( ) . : 10 .): 20 5 . 100 10 10 10 20 10 15 5 5 . 10 5 5 . . . . . 10 . 5 5 . (10 20 ). ( 5 5 ). . 10 . : 5 10 15 100 . 20 5 5 5 5 5 . (5 ) ( 7 ) ( ) . 5 5 . : 20 5 5 5 ( 5 .) : 20 10 5 5 10 ( ) () ( ) . ( . : ( ) . . - 5 5 10 10 5 20 20 10 5 5 ( ) 10 . . 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 . 5 5 10 . . 10 10 5 5 5 . . . . . 5 10 5 ( ) 5 15 5 5 5 5 () 5 . . 5 5 5 10 5 5 5 10 10 5 5 . . 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 5 10 10 . . 10 5 5 10 5 5 10 10 10 10 5 5 10 2 . 10 10 5 15 5 250 . 200 200 250 250 10 20 10 . 15 10 10 15 10 100 25 . 5 . . . 15 10 10 5 5 5 10 5 5 10 . 15 10 10 10 250 . : 10 10 5 10 20 20 5 10 2 3 . 20 20 10 . . . 10 10 10 10 5 10 . 10 20 . 10 20 10 . 10 10 5 5 5 10 . : 20 15 . 5 . () ( 5 ) 5 2 ( ) . 5 5 5 5 . 5 . ( ) . 10 10 5 5 . ( ) . 5 100 3 . 5 5 10 5 5 5 5/2 5 . 5 5/2 . . ( ) - . . : . :: 5 5 5 10 10 10 5 5 5 10 5 . : 10 5 5 25 1 . : 5 5 5 5 5 . : 5 5 5 10 . 25 5 5 . . . : 10 5 5 10 . . 200 15 20 25 . . : 5 5 10 20 10 5 5 . : 5 5 5 5 5 . 5 5 5 5 10 5 . 5 5 10 5 5 . . . . . 10 10 5 . . 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 . : 5 5 10 10 5 5 5 10 5 5 . : 5 5 5 5 5 5 15