. .

: + : +

: info@grc.ae :www.grc.ae

Gulf Research Center

187 Oud Metha Tower, 11th Floor,

303 Sheikh Rashid Road,

P. O. Box 80758,

Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Tel.: +971 4 324 7770

Fax: +971 4 324 7771

E-mail: info@grc.ae

Website: www.grc.ae

, :

The Political Economy of International Relations

" " :

.

, . .

.

,

, .

First Published in English in the United States of America by Princeton University Press, 1987 as:

The Political Economy of International Relations.

Author: Robert Gilpin

English edition Princeton University Press 1987

All rights reserved.

First Arabic edition Published in the United Arab Emirates by Gulf Research Center, 2004.

This edition translated and published by arrangement with Princeton University Press.

Arabic edition Gulf Research Center 2004

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrival system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISBN 9948400178

.

, , ,

,

,

.

. .

....................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................

.....................................................................................

........................................................................................... .....................................................................................................

........................................................................................ ............................................................................ ...........................................................................................................

.......................................................................

................................................................................................. ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................... ............................................................................... ...............................................................................................

.............................................................................. ................................................................................................

.......................................................................... .............................................................................................................

...........................................................................

....................................................................... ............................................................................................ ......................................................................................... ............................................................................................

................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ........................................................................... ..................................................................................

....................................................................... ............................................................................... ...........................................................................................................

.......................................................................................

.....................................................................................() ............................................................................................... ..........................................................() () ................................................() .............................................................................( )

....................................................................................... ...........................................................................................

............................................................................................. .....................................................................................

......................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................

.....................................................................................

..................................................................................................... ................................................................................. ................................................................................... ........................................................................... ..................................................................................................

................................................................................... .................................................................................... .............................................................................................. ............................................................................................... .................................................................................................. ............................................................................................

................................................................................... .......................................................................... ......................................................................... ...........................................................................................................

................................................................

................................................................................ ........................................................................

..............................................................() ..................................................................... ................................................................................ ...........................................................................................................

............................................................................

........................................................................ ..................................................................... ................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ................................................................................................

............................................................................. ................................................................................

............................................................................................. .................................................................................. ............................................................................... .......................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................

..........................................................................

............................................................................ .................................................................................( ) .................................................................................( ) .................................................................................( ) .............................................................................. ........................................................................ .................................................................................. ................................................................... )IEBIHCIN(

...........................................................................................................

.............................................................................

..................................................................... ................................................................................. ......................................................................................... .......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................

...........................................................................

.......................................................................................... ........................................................................................ ..............................................................................................

.................................................................................................. ....................................................................... ............................................. , :

.................................................................................. ....................................................................................... ................................................................................................. ...........................................................................................................

.................................................................................................... ...............................................................

..............................................................: .............................................................. .................................................... .................................( ) :

, ,

. ,

, , .

, , ,

. . /

" " ]2791 ,scitiloP dlroW dna snoitaleR lanoitansnarT[

. )eyN hpesoJ( )enahoeK treboR( , ,

. , ,

, . ,

, ( ) ,

. .

, ,

.

,

.

. : ,

, ,

, .

)rraC .H .E( . .

. , .

, .

,

,

. , ,

, . . .

.

. )nehoC .J nimajneB( .

)nosnarB mailliW( )reniV bocaJ( )tsiL hcirdeirF(

, (effildnoC .B .J ). . )regrebeldniK selrahC( )namhcsriH treblA(

, )loohcS nosliW wordooW( . )nonreV dnomyaR( ,

. , ,

. lanoitanitluM eht dna rewoP .S.U( " "

)noitaroproC .

: , .

.

dloraH( , . )tuorpS

, raW( " " ,

. )scitiloP dlroW ni egnahC dna , ( )

, . ,

) , , (

, . . ,

. , . ,

, , , , .

, . , ,

. ,

, . .

. .

. ,

. .

. .

. .

. , ,

. , , ,

. , ( )

, , , . ()

. "" ,

, .

(.) , ( )

. ,

lanoitanretnI( . . )atagiN( )napaJ fO ytisrevinU

)ayosoH orihihC( . )otasayiM negieS(

-napaJ(. )margorP thgirbluF( , )noissimmoC lanoitacudE setatS detinU

, , . )knaB omotimuS( .

bocaJ( , , ": , , )reniV

. "

, , . , ,, . . , , , ,

, .

. , , . ,

, . , .

, , . ,

. ,

. . .

/ /

.

, , )sdooW notterB(.

, , ,

, . ,

? ? . .

, , , ,

. , .

. , ,

.

. .

,

, .

. , ,

, , . , ,

. .

.

. ( ) ,

. ,

. .

) , (

. )21 -01 .pp ,7391 ,resuaH(. ,

, , )33 .p ,9391 ,nnoB(

, . .

. .

,

. , , , , ,

.

. , .

. , )rednihcaM droflaH(

" .)242 .p ]4091[ 2691 rednikcaM( "

.

, , : .

.

. ,

. " "

; . ,

. , , ,

. .

. () ,

.

, . .

. . )iebihciN( ()

. ( ) )ztlaW htenneK( ( ) " )napaJ yevruS(, , / ()

. " )ukokieB( )nohiN( : )iebihciN(

. , , % ,

, . ()

, , .

, , , .

.

, . ,

, ,

" . , "

.

., , " ( )

)ytinummoC citnaltA eht ni yciloP cimonocE :ecnednepedretnI fo scimonocE ehT( " : . ,

, , "" .

.

. , .

. , .

. . ,

. ( ) .

. ,

. .

. ,

, . .

, . ,

. ,

, , .

ymonocE lacitiloP fo erutaN ehT

" "" "" . " " , "

, , , .

. "" "" .

.)sepyT laedI( )rebeW xaM( ( htimS madA), " "

, . " " omurB) ( snwoD ynohtnA ) ( rekceB yrraG)

, ( yerF . , ( ) ledom rotca lanoitar eht

. . ,

.

:

, (., ezooT)

, .

, .

, " , .

" .

.

, .

, .

, ) evi t car e t ni( ; . ) l ac i l cyc (

. : ( )" " ,

(. ) ( l egeH egroeG) "" ( ( )mol dni L s el rahC) .

( ual B r et eP) . ""

( regrebeldniKselrahC) , "", "" ( ) sualK( "" ""( ))niwdlaB divaD( ( )

( ))nosmailliW revilO( . "" ""( ))rronK )ecnarcesoR drahciR( , "(seihcrareih) " "" (. ytilairotirret )"" ""( )

. ( ( )r egr ebel dni K s el rahC)

, . .

, .

, . , .

, , ,

. .pp ,6491 ,slliM dna hterG(

. )28-181 .

, . , .

:

.

; . .

, . .

, , , .

. , . ()

, . . . ,

. ,

.()

? . ( )

? . , , .

, ( ) )rebeW xaM( ( ) .(

": ,

(. 34. p , 5791 , ni pl iG )". , "" ""

. . , .

. , , .

ymonocE lacitiloP fo seussI ehT

.( )

, .

, -49 .pp ,5891, r enor bl i eH( )

59 .

, , ,

(. )( )yelaS eneguE ( )

:

. , , .

( ) . . ()

, .

. .

? ?

? .

,

. . ,

. ( )

. , .

. , . )9791( z t l a W )2891 ( s i d d a G .

.

,

. ,

, . ( )

, , .

.

.

. ?

, ? sseni sub ) ,

( sel cyc

. ,

. ; ,

.

:

? , ?

. ?

. .

. ,

? ? ?

. ? ?

. , . " " . ,

, .

. .

. , ,

,

. . .

, , , . .

. , , ,

?

tekraM eht fo ecnatropmI ehT

;

lraK( . : )iynaloP

. [ ] " .

. . ""

) , ) t ekram gni t al uge r - f l e s( .) 03. p , 7591 , iynal oP(". (

:

, .

, , , . ) gi arC nodroG( .

.)601 -501 . pp , 2891, gi arC(

. (. r enor bl ieH 5891,)

. .

. , ,

. ,

. .

, , .

, . , , (. 2891 , l ieNcM)

, . .

. , ": ) slwaR nhoJ(

(. slwaR )172 .p ,1791 ". .

, . "" "" , , .

, . . ,

. , .

, , . ,

. % , .

? ?

. .()

.

.;

. ( wotsoR )5791 ,( sneddiG )5891 , , ( eporhtdloG )31 .hc,4891, ( )

:

.

.

. .

. .()

". , ": , .)6911 .p ,5891 ,repooC(

)eyN hpesoJ( )enahoeK t reboR( , t rebl A( ( )

. ( ))namhc i r i H .

, . . . "" " "

.

. ( )0021-6911 .pp ,5891 repooC ( )

, .

.

tekraM a fo secneuqesnoC cimonocE ehT

, . ;

(. effildnoC 103 .p ,0591,) ". ": ":

, ( t onruoC )". , . )9911 .p ,5891 ,repooC(

. .

. , .

. . ,

, , .

;

:

, . ;

, . (. , )

.

( ) . ": .

, , , . .

, (. 51-41.p ,8791 ,ybelppA )

, . .

. .

: , . . . . . . .

.

. .

) . (

; ; .

, .

(. 803.p ,3591 ,stenzuK)

(. 803.p ,5691 ,nosnhoJ) , ;

. . )]9771[ ,71.p ,2391 ,htimS(

.

. .

. (. 711.p ,5891 ,renorblieH) " ":

(.491.p ,7891 ,eporhtdloG). ,

. "( ) "

:

( ) ; .

. , , ; ,

, .

.)2791 , namde i r F(

. " " .

: ) , , ) el acs f o seimonoce(

, , ( ". "

., . ,

. .

, .

. .

sesnopseR lacitiloP dna stceffE tekraM

. , ,

. ,

, , ( elttiL 2.hc ,2891 ,) )nosleumaS luaP( .

, " ": ". , ":

)odr aciR di vaD( " ":

. .

. .

. ,

. ,

.

:

. .

. ? ,

, .

. , . .

. , .

, (. i ynaloP 7591,)

.

. . ; ,

. , ,

(.)2591 ,yertwaH

; . .

": . "

.)61.p,5491 ,namhcsriH( .

. , .

. , , , .

, . , .

.

, ,

. .

.

. ,

:

, , . ,

, , . ,

. .

. . ,

. ,

, , , .

.

ymonocE lacitiloP fo seigoloedI eerhT

, ) "" .

. (701 .p ,5891 ,renorblieH) (

.

. , .

, . , .

: ?

? ? .

,

.

:

, .

. .

. "" "" ""

( nhuK samohT) , , (. 2691 ,nhuK)

.

. , ""

. ( "" ) ,

.

. , , ( htimS madA)

, , .

. ,

.

. . ,

evitcepsreP larebiL ehT

. () .

. , :

(. 7791,molbdniL) ,

, , . .

, .

, , , , .

. "" ( )

luaP) , . , , (namdeirF notliM) ( nosleumaS .

:

. , ,

. .

.

.

" , . . "

( 5491 ,drofdaR .A .R) . . , . fo noitazinagrO cimonocE ehT )" "

, ( pmaC .W.o.P a . ()

.

. , .

. .

.

. ( elyoD leahciM) ()

/ , , , . /

. , ,

(. 8791,ikswogoR) ,

.

. , , . )1791 ,htroN dna sivaD(

, . ." " , .

) , (

, "" . .

(.5691,noslO) ( 5691,lemuaB )" " )"" (. 6 .p ,6791 ,rekceB)

( , ;

. ; ( )

:

, . .

, . .

" (. 72.p ,0891 ,nosleumaS)

. ; " ,

.

(. 211 .p ,0591 ,ffildnoC) ,

, . . .

.() , ,

. ,

, .

, . ( odraciR divaD) ( )

, . , .

, .

. , .

TIM " . )07 .p ,3691 ,niwdlaB dna reieM( , , . "

, , .

; ,

, . .

. .

, , "" , .

. , , . ,(siweL ruhtrA)

. ""

, .

:

. , .

. . ,

.)9691 ,skciH(

. ,.

, . . "", ,

, .

evitcepsreP tsilanoitaN ehT

, , , , , , : .

. .

. .

.

, . , . () ""

. "" . )thcahcS ramlajH(

(. 9691 ,namhcsriH) ,

, . , ( reniV bocaJ)

: ( )

: . . . ,

.)682.p ,8591 ,reniV(

( tsiL) , )tsiL hcirdeirF( ( )

. )73-432 .pp ,5791 ,nipliG( , . .

:

" " , (.01.p ,4491 ,rronK) ,

, , . . )2591 ,yertwaH(

. ,

: , ,

. ) (. 6591 ,streboR) " "

. ( , "", (. 4891 ,neS)

, . ( ) , , . .

. , , "(: notlimaH rednaxelA)

. )981 .p ,1791 ,wotsoR(

, , . .

, , , .

. ,

; . , , .

. . , . ,

, .

, . .

, .

, , , , .

. , .

, , , .

:

, . , .

" " , , . " " ,

.

. ,

. .

.

evitcepsreP tsixraM ehT

, , . () ( slegnE hcirdeirF) ( xraM lraK)

. , ,

, .

.

. , ( )

. , ( nietsnreB drawdE)

; (ykstuaK lraK) , , .

, . .

, (renorblieH treboR) .

;

, . ; .

; .

. " " ;

(.12 -02 .pp ,0891 ,renorblieH) .

. . .

, .

:

, . .

( ) ( yaS) , ,

.)2791 ,llewoS( . ( yaS)

( senyeK dranyaM nhoJ), .

( ) ""

. . ( )

( ) , .

. , .

. , ,

. , .

, .

, . )0401 -79 .pp ,]8481[ 0791 ,lliM( .

, .

. , .

.

(. ) , .

. .

, , .

, , . ()

.

( gnidrefliH floduR) , ,

" . , ( ) , . )11.p,0891,nosleumaS( " , , ,

. ,

:

. )grubmexuL asoR(

. , ( )""

. ( sisehtnys ) ,

.

, .

. , , ,

. . , , .

. . , ,

, , , .

, . , , ,

, .

.

, (. " ")

, . . ,

. ,

.

, (" " )

:" " , ( )

;

, . .

, " " .

:

? (.911.p ,]7191[ 9391 ,nineL)

, , , . ,

,

. , , , .

. . , .

.

. , ,

. ,

, . .

, .

.

, .

.

, . . ;

. ,

, . .

.

. .

, ,

. , .

. , , ,

; . .

,

:

, ,

, .

, .

sevitcepsreP eht fo euqitircA

, . ( )

. ,

. .

. ;

. ,

, . ,

, , . . ()

. " "

, , . . ,

, . , ,

. , . ,

.)77 -672 .pp ,8791 ,gualB(

,a4891 ,enahoeK( , , , , . )64 -14 .pp

, . . , .

, (. 1891 ,nipliG)

. , ,

.

. ( 717.p ,8791 ,gualB) ( )

:

,

, , . , . , ,

. , . ,

, , .

. .

. . ,

. .

msilarebiL cimonocE fo msicitirC

. ;

, , .

." , " , ,

, (htimS madA) , .

; , . .

, . , ,

" " , , .

. , .

. , ()rraC .H .E . . , .

" ) . )44.p ,}9391{ 1591 ,rraC( "

, , , ( . ,

, .

; , , .

, (. I .hc ,7791 ,rensoP) .

:

. , .

, ,. ,

.

, ; . ;

"" .

; , , (. 9791 ,frodnerhaD)

, "" .

. , .

. ,

. ,

, . (. 05 -04 .pp ,7791 ,molbdniL) ,

) , " , . (. . "

(. ) , ,

, .

.

, .

.

, , " " .

. , (. 7591 ,iynaloP) ,

, (. 1791 ,relhceaB)

. , .

.

:

msilanoitaN cimonocE fo msicitirC

.

, ;

, . . ,

, .

.

. , .

(. 432 .p ,c5891 ,egnartS)

, .

. . ,

, ;

, (. III.p ,0891 ,ircuohC) (.}9391{ 1591 ,rraC) , (rraC)

. ,

, ) , ,

. (. ,

. , , .

;

, . .

, . .

. ,

, , . ( )

, . ( )

.

:

( , ) , .

.()

. ,

.

. , , ,

. . ,

. , .

, ""

,. ,b8791 ,regrebeldniK)

, , (. 83 -91 .pp

, . ( )

( b4891 ,yerF) . .

, , .

.

. ()

,

. , . .

. ,

. . ,

. , .

(. , ) " "

. ,

. )7791( llawnroC ( )

:

yroehT tsixraM fo msicitirC

, .

, .

,nehoC ) . () (94.p ,7791

.

namreG ehT )" " .

,slegnE dna xraM) , (ygoloedI , (. }6481{ 7491

. .

, .

. ,

. ( C2891 ,rensarK) ( )

. . ,

.

. , .

, .

.

, , .

( ) .

. , . ,

.

, .

, (. 111 .p ,}8481{ 0791,lliM )" "( lliM trautS nhoJ)

. ,

:

. , , , ,

.() .

, . hplaR) ,

, ( yertwaH , (. 2591,yertwaH),

, , , (.1591 ,reniV)

. ;

, .

) . , . (

, . ; () .

, , ,

, (stenzuK nomiS) .

. ( 8691 ,seliW) ( )

" , (. 533.p ,6691 ,stenzuK )"

(. 5891 ,nospiL) , . ,

.

. ,

, . ,

.

. , ,

. , ,

. ,

. )81 -711 .pp ,2591 ,yertwaH( .

, ( nehoC .J nimajneB) .

:

; ,

, . )3791 ,nehoC( , . ( raW reoB)

, . , , )" " ( , , ,

, , (. 46 .p ,}7191{ 9391 ,nineL) ,

, , , . () .

ymonocE tekraM dlroW a ot segnellahC eerhT

. . .

.

)5391 yelatS eneguE(. )}0391{ 4691( sieF trebreH( ( )

htworG nevenU fo ssecorP ehT

. , ,

.

, . .

. , .

. "" ,

.

, .

. .

,nipliG) " " , . (1891

.

:

, " " , nredoM" .

"htworG cimonocE

(.6691 ,stenzuK) " .

,stenzuK) " ,

(. 443.p ,6691 .

" , ,

, (. 543.p ,6691 ,stenzuK) ." ,

. , . ,

, " , (. )"

. " ,

(. 543.p ,6691 ,stenzuK )" .

. , ,

. , , , "

(. )" .

yciloP ngieroF dna seimonocE tekraM

, .

( retepmuhcS hpesoJ), . " "

(. 1591 ,retepmuhcS) . ()

.

)llegnA namroN( , . , (0191/ noisullI taerG ehT " "

, , .

.

( 3891 elyoD leahciM) ( )

.

:

" " ( ueiuqsetnoM) ( nedboC drahciR) )thgiB nhoJ(

,

. ,

. , , . ,

. ;

. ;

. , , . ,

.

.

. , . .

;

, . .

(. 1691 ,ustamakA),

, . ,

, (. 75-65.pp ,9691 ,skciH) , .

. . ,

.

.

.

,0591 ,effildnoC) , . (. 725.p

.

:

msilatipaC erafleW fo ecnatropmI

. .

, , .

: ,

, , , ,

. "" . ;

(.36 -26 .pp }7191{ 9391 ,nineL) ,

. ,

, .

,

" " .

:

( ) ( )

( )

, .

(. 0591 ,retepmuhcS)

, (. )()

. ,

.

( )

, , (. 4891 ,yonraC)

, .

:

, . , .

dlroW tsilatipaC lanoitanretnI erafleW-noN a ni msilatipaC erafleW

,

, .

, , .

, .

, .

. )8791 ,ssuarK(

.

; , .

;

. .

.

" ; )093.p. ,}9581{ 7791 ,xraM(

, . .

, .

, .

. , , . ,

( ) , (namhcsriH treblA ) , ,

, , (. namhcsriH) , , , " "

.,

:

, , .

, (. legeH)

.

. ,

. , . ,

, ,

. ( grubmexuL asoR)

; ,

"", ( ) . () . , , (msilairepmI)

, , .

.

. ( }9791{ saessuoR) ( )

, , , . . ,

. ,

, .

, , .

( 3391 ,senyeK) . ,

, , . .

.

, ? : ?

? ?

, .

.

:

ehT( ( repooC drahciR) , (. ) )8191 ecnednepedretnI fo scimonocE

, ,

, ,

. , ,

. ,

"" . , ,

, , " " .

" ? , "

?

.

, , ;

. " "

; ,

; , , .

; .

:

ymonocE lacitiloP lanoitanretnI eht fo scimanyD ehT

,

(. ) , ,

.()

, .

. , ,

, . /, ,

. , .

. ( otsefinaM tsinummoC) ( )

ymonocE lacitiloP lanoitanretnI eht fo seiroehT yraropmetnoC

.

, "" .

(. SWM), , .

, , .( ) .

ymonocE lauD eht fo yroehT ehT

()() , :

.

"ynomegeH" . " " ( ) ( )

. "" , . . ( 9691 skciH) , ( )

:

.

. . ,

" " , , .

( ), .

, .

. :

, , , (. 0591 ,retepmuhcS)

, ;

.

. , .

.

; , . ,

metsyS dlroW nredoM eht fo yroehT ehT

" " "

.()(093.p ,b4791 ,nietsrellaW) .

) "" . "" . (

, "" .

.() ,

, , . )2891 ,telahciM(

, . ,

; , , .

. 9691 ) ,knarF rednuG erdnA(( a4791 ,nietsrellaW launammE) ( 7691 ,naraB luaP) ( ) . ( 0891 rewerB) ( )

:

, , ,

. ,

. ,

. .

(.1891 ,xoC) , .

. ,

. , ,

, .()

,

)nenhT nov hcirnieH nnahoJ( / ( ) . ( 701.p ,4891 ,hcsreiG)

. ,

, .

, (knarF rednuG erdnA) . . " "

, . :

.

(. 9 .p ,9691 ,knarF) . ,

.

, , . .

. ( a4791 ,nietsrellaW leunammE)

, , , .

.

, . .

:

, . .

. ,

. , , .

.

, , : .

, . , . ,

( knarF rednuG erdnA) . ": , , (naraB luaP)

.(851.p ,0891 ,rewerB) ) "

, , .

. , ,nietsrellaW) " "

, (lopcokS adehT) (. 093 .p ,b47991 , , :

(.8701 .p ,7791 ,lopcokS)

: . , , :

, , . ,

" " " " (.561 .p ,0891 ,rewerB)

"" "" , .

, "" , .

.() ,

. .

, (. 8701 .p ,7791 ,lopcokS)

.

. "" "" "" "" ( )

. ( b6891 ,yrubnekI) ( 1891 ,grebloZ) ( 3.hc ,8791 ,rensarK) .

:

ytilibatS cinomegeH fo yroehT ehT

) ( regrebeldniK selrahC) , ("" ""

, , (enahoeK treboR) . . ,

(. 231 .p ,0891,enahoeK)

. , , ""

. , . . , ,

. , .

, (eigguR nhoJ) , , (. 283 .p ,2891 ,eigguR)

. )6791 ,nietsneztaK(

, , " ", .

(. 483 .p ,2891 ,eigguR)

, ; , , .

. ), , .((3.hc,1891,nipliG)

,hcilhorF( ;

, . )1791 ,gnuoY dna remiehneppO " " ,

(. 54-44.pp ,a4891 ,enahoeK) ,(icsmarG oinotnA) ,

, . , .

. .

, , .

, . , , ,

,b8791 ,regrebeldniK) , (. 5.hc

. . , (FMI) ( TTAG)

:

. .() ,

, ,noslO) ,

", (5691 . . 342 .p ,1891 ,regrebeldniK( )"

, ""

. ( ) . ,

.()

. (. 2891 ,sivreJ)

.

. , ()

, . .

( TTAG) " " () " " , . , .

.

, .

" " . , (. 7.hc ,b4891 ,yerF) ""

, . ,

. ,

" . (. 581.p ,a2891 ,rensarK )"

(. 453.p ,a2891 ,enahoeK)

, ( sdooW notterB) .

.

, , " , , , ,

,regrebeldniK )" . (. 742.p ,1891

, . )02 ,71.pp ,6791 ,nosnhoJ .H(

:

" , , " , ,

, . )742.p ,1891 ,regrebeldniK( ,

.() ,

, .

. ;

.(), ,

" , . , , , (. 23.p ,a4891 ,enahoeK )"

. , , ,

. , , , )61.p ,5491 ,namhcsriH(

, , ,

. ( a4891) ( ) .(reklaW treboR) ( )

. , ,

.() .()

" "" . "

, .(), .

. , , , ,

" (. 842.p ,1891 ,regrebeldniK )"

, .

.

.pp ,5891 ,repooC( . "" . ( )

. )0021-6911. )llahsraM derflA( , . ( )

(. 011.p ,0891 ,ircuohC) . , ( )

)5891 ,ttohcS dna reuabfuH( ( 5891 ,niwdlaB divaD) (. 4891 ,nipliG) .

:

(. 2591 ,yertwaH) / ,

, . ,

, (. 331.p ,b8791 ,siweL)

.()

, , .

. ,

. .

, . ,

.

(. 152.p ,1891 ,regrebeldniK) , . ,

( )

. ( 7.hc ,2691 ,regrebeldniK) ( )

(. 1.hc ,3891 ,.la te eyO) , . (. 1891 ,nipliG)

, . :

.

. , . ,

; . ;

(. 4.hc ,1891 ,nipliG ) ) , ( )

) , ,1891 ,regrebeldniK), (

, , (. 25-152.pp . , .

. , .

, ? ?

:

? .

, , , ,

,enahoeK) (. 34-243 .pp ,6791 ,rensarK) , . , ( a4891

" , . )0891 ,saaH( ;

, [ ]

. ,regrebeldniK )", ;

, (. 8.p ,6891 , , .

. ,

, , , .

. , ,

.

, .

, , . " "

, . , , , , "

" , (. 9-8.pp ,6891,regrebeldniK) .

. .

egnahC larutcurtS fo ymonocE lacitiloP ehT

, .

, . , , . ,

( ( )frodnerhaD flaR) , . , , ," "

, , , . " "

. . " "

lraK) . ,

:

( iynaloP , , ,

. )7591 ,iynaloP( .

, .

, ; .

. , , ,

. , "" ,

. .

" "" (. 201.p ,2891 ,llewtraH ni detouq ,lahcraM)

. , , .

, , , . " " .

?

.

, , , , " . ,

. " ,

, . nosleN(

, .)2891 ,retniW dna.

.

. .

, .

.

, .

. ( , , )

:

, . .

. " ,(wotsoR retlaW)

, ; ,2891 ,noremaC .R )",

, , (. 92.p . )29.p ,2891 ,llewtraH( ""

.() " "

(. 31.p ,4891 ,ezooT)

, , . .

. . ,

. .

.

. ( 7491 ,porhtroN) ( 1891 ,htroN) ( )

. ()

, .

, , .

.,

, . ,

, . , ,

( )"" "" , . ,, .

. ,

. .

. ,

( a4781 ,nietsrellaW) ( 1791 ,relhceaB naeJ) () , .

, . .

:

. ; ,

, , . . ,

,dralliD) , (. 7691

" ; , "

, , (. a8791 ,siweL) .

, , ,

.

(. ) .

. , (a8791) ,

. .

, , (. 17-071.pp,0891 ,rewerB)

. .

, , , ,

. .()

.

. ,

, . .

.

. .

. , , , ,

. .

. ( 9791 ,leduarB) ( )

:

. : " "

, (. 0891 ,enahoeK) ; , ""

, , . ) (.

) . (

, (. 03-921 .pp ,1891,nipliG)

" "( eigguR) , , (404 ,283 .pp ,2891)

, . , ,

. .

. .

, .

" " .

" " " " " . " ) , . "

" , " (. "

, .

, , , ,

" " (. 5891 ,eraebynoC)

. ( )

; ,

. .

. . ; , ,

. "", . ,

:

. .

, .

, (. 285.p ,5891 ,ladinS) . ,

. ,

.() . ,

. , (912.p ,0591 ,effildnoC nhoJ)

. " , , " ,

, . , , .

. , " " .

; ()

..... ....., . , .

.

. (.99-891 .pp ,a2891 ,rensarK)

, , .

, , , .

. ,

, (. 6691 ,resuahkceZ dna noslO)

( ) . , , (. 542.p ,5891 ,eraebynoC)

. , " ,

(. 542.p ,1891 ,regrebeldniK) ,

" . )2891 ,gnuoY( . )47.p ,5891 ,eraebynoC( "

,

, . leffildnoc,

.

:

, .

. (. 4891 ,nietS)

. , ( sdooW notterB)

, , .

.

.

. ; , ,

, . , ,

, , , . ,

. .

, (. 652 .p ,c5891 ,egnartS )

, .

, , .

(. 604.p ,5891 ,eraebynoC )" "

. , , " , , , "

, (. 4891 ,eraebynoC) " " ; ,

. .

.

. . "

" )813.p ,6791 ,renserK( " (. 37.p ,5791 ,nipliG )"[ ]

, [(a4891] )" " . )483.p ,2891 ,eigguR(

" , , . , , ,

:

(. 252 .p ,1891 )" ) , ,

. ( ( )

. , , .()

(. 4891 ,ekaL) , , ,

(. 3.hc ,a4891 ,enahoeK)

. , .

.

egnahC larutcurtS fo smsinahceM ehT

, ( iynaloP lraK) ( rebeW xaM) ( )

, .

. ( awoG ennaoJ) ( )

, : ,

. , .

. , ,

, .

.

, . , , " "

. .

.)1891 ,nipliG(

, , .

;

. , ,

.

:

.

. ,

. . , ,

; ; , .

. .

seimonocE lanoitaN gnoma htworG nevenU

.() ( ) ( ) , ,

. .

, (.2791 ,namdeirF)

. " " ( ladryM rannuG) ,

(.2791 ,nipliG) ( ) ( )

: "" ( namhcsriH treblA) ( hsawkcab) , .

; (namhcsriH )"" ( ladryM )"" , .()

, () . ( emuH divaD) .

, , ,

, .

. , . ,

, .

.

, , . .,

. )1791( ladryM )8591( namhcsiH () ( emuH) (. 8691 ,nosnhoJ .H) , ( )

. , , (. 285.p ,7591 ,siweL)

:

, , .

, . , , .

(. 2691 ,norknehcsreG) , , : " " . ,

.() ,

, . , .

, , , , .

.

, ,

, . ,. (07.p ,2591 ,yertwaH)

, , .

, . ()

. ( alleT iD) . ( llieNcM mailliW),

. .

. ,

. .

. ,

. , ,

. " " . ,

. " " ,

. ,

, , .

:

. ( ),

, , .

.

, . .

: , . ,

. , , .

.

srotceS gnidaeL fo enilceD dna esiR ehT

; , , . ,

, hpesoJ) .

. )0591 ,retepmuhcS(" " ( retepmuhcS

S .()" "

( 0391) , (evruc scitsigol) .

; , .

, . .

(. 9791 ,htruK) ,

, . , .

,, "" . )5.p ,6691 ,stenzuK(

. ;

. ,

, . . " "

. (. I .hc ,0391) , ()

.

:

, , ,

, . . ,

, .

, , .

. ( ) .

. , , ,

. , ,

. .

. .

, . , ,

, . .

.

, , . " " " " , ,

.()" " , " "

, , (. 1691 ,retepmuhcS)

. , .

. .

, , .

, , .

, .

. " " ( 32-22.pp ,5891 ,tixiD) ()

:

htworG cimonocE fo snoitairaV mreT-gnoL

. , .

. .

. .

( )nihctiK) , ( )stenzuK) , ( ( )ralguJ), ( , .()( ( )

, .

.

. . . ( ffeitardnoK .D.N)

" " . , .

. ( 91.p ,b8791 ,siweL) ()

.()

, .

, . , .

. .

. .

.

,

. , .()

"" , , ,

. () , , . ( 3891 ,njiuD naV)

. . ( 8791 ,iksledoM) ( )

:

, (. . ) , " "

.()

, ( ) (. 27.p ,2891 ,nosidaM)

, , , .

; , , , .

. ,

. ,

. .

, . , ,

.

(.8691 ,nipliG) ( 5891 ,yveL) ()

, "" ,

. .

, . .

, .

, .

, , ,

. .

. , .

.

. ,

, . (. (. )51.p ,4891 ,siweL)

:

; ( ) , () , ( )

.

??

, : ) , (siweL ruhtrA .W) :

. , (, , )3891 ,nwoeKcM( . (.

,

. , .

. , . ,

, , .

: , . , , ,

. , , , , , :

, ( ) , .

.C .A) . . .

, ", (uogiP (. 93.p ,7391 ,kralC .G )

, , , ; .

.

:

(swaL nroC) . .

. , .

. , ,

. ,

, .

.

, ,

. ;

. , . ,

,

. .

.() , . ,

. ) , .( )( ,

. ,

, . , .

, " " , .

. " " .

( ) ( )

. ,

. .

. ( 4691 ,nesnaH) () . ( 5891 ,nietsdloG auhsoJ) ()

:

. . , , .

, ;

. .

( ) .

,

, . "" , . .

. ,

; .() . ( )

. , .

. ( 8791 ,wotsoR) ()

, . .

. ,

, (. 5891 ,nietsdloG auhsoJ)

. , , ( lleskciW tunK)

.

, . , .

.

. , , ,

, . . ,

.

, . , .

:

. .

.

( ) , , .

. ( ) " ( )

.() , " (. )

(. ) ,

, .

. .

, .

. ,

. , .

. ()

, .

, .

. , ,

( ) , . .

.

, .

, (3891( )kathcsirF .R oidualC) . ( grebnesoR nahtaN) , .

, . , , . " "

, , , .

, .

. ,

.

:

. , .

, .

. , , . , .

. , .

, . .

. . ,

. ,

, . .

.

.

. , , . , .

. , (kcotsneeB leahciM)

, , (. 3891 ,kcotsneeB) ,

. . ,

. . . ,

; ,

, . . ,

, . .

tcilfnoC cimonocE dna egnahC larutcurtS

. .

,

:

, .() , ( neS matuaG) , .

(. 4891 ,neS) ,

, , .

. " ,. , (. 51.p ,4891 ,neS ) " , .

.

. , .

, .

, .

(. 975.p ,7591 ,siweL) .

. ( 21.hc ,b4891 ,niwdlaB .R) ()

.

": , ,

(. 285.p ,7591 ,siweL )" .()

, .

" ,.()

(.851.p ,4891 ,neS )" ,

, .

, . )85-751.pp ,4891 ,neS( . ,

.() ,

. ( 3891 ,kcotsneeB) () . ( 7591 ,siweL) ( 9691 ,skciH) ( 1691 ,ustamakA) () ( 3891 ,gnoL drawdE dna yehwoC reteP) ( )

. ,

:

, ,

. ,

, (. 57-47.pp ,5791 ,nipliG) " , ( snerroT treboR)

. (882.p ,1281 ,snerroT) " , .()" "

.

, (. 17-072 .pp ,2591 ,namhcsriH).

, , ,

, . (. , )

, , :

.

, , . " " ( ) , , .

. ,

.

, .

. . (. 5391 ,rehsiF )" "

. , , ,

(. 5891 ,yrrebnekI) ( noxiN) ,

(. 3891 ,awoG ) , , .

; dna htworG )" " .

. " ( 3191-0781 ,snoitautculF , (. 3391 ,b8791 )"

.() , .

, . .

, , ; (nosleumaS-replotS)

. ( noslO rucnaM) ()

:

(. 263.p ,4891 ,nampleH) , , ,

, . , .

. "( 7.hc ,2691) ,

. "

. ; .

, , .

. ,

; ,

. ,

,noslO) ; (. 2891

. ,

.

.

. .

, , .

. ,

, . , .

. : ,

, . , , . .

.

,

. , .

:

. .

:

? ?

? . ,

srettaM yenoM lanoitanretnI

. () ,

, .

. .

. , )noisserpeD taerG( " ", ,

. , .

, .

, )1791( egnartS nasuS, )7791( nehoC ( )

, (. )" ": )gieM semaJ .A( . .

:

, : . )82.p ,7791 nehoC(

( ) , , .

, : . / ,

.() .

; .

, ,

. ,

. , .

. , . ,

. , ( )

= ; = : = , ,

. ( , ))ellahP tniaS( ;

. . ,

. , .

. , , .

. , .

.

() yenoM eicepS fo arE ehT

) ( , .

. " " ) t acuD( ,, ) sudi l oS(

. )6591 ,allopiC( ,

. . ()

.)842.p ,1891, regrebeldniK( , ( )

:

, , .

. ,

. ; . ,

. .

, .

. . ,

,

. .

.

( ) , .

. .

.

)emuH( .

.

, .

.

. .

,

, . )8 .hc ,3891 ,nosmailliW( ,

.

, . .

:

yenoM lacitiloP fo arE ehT

, . )7691 ,noskciD( ,

, , . )79-39 .pp ,9691 ,skciH(

, .() .

. ,

.

.

. .

.

( )

(.)4.hc ,8791,enaeD

. .

, ) : (

.)702.p ,3891 ,llemmacS(

() () )4191-0781( dradnatS dloG lacissalC ehT

, , .

" ,

. )97.p,7791,nehoC( )emuH( ( )

. : )nehoC .J nimajneB( .

: . .)77.p ,7791 ,nehoC(

. .

:

. (. )

. . () ,

, .

. . . , ,

.

. , .

, , , . .

. .

.

.effildnoC( )21.hc ,0591 , ( )

, , , .

, . " " .

.

. .)693.p ,2891 ,eigguR(

. ,.

. .

.

; .

.

. ,( , ) ,

, , , . ,

.

:

" , )effildnoC .B .J( . . , ,0591 ,effildnoC( "

tiderC( " . )563.p (. ,) )erutcurtsrepuS

, (. ,)

. ,

, . ,

.() .

, )eriaf zessial( .

)siweL ruhtrA( . . , : ,

. .

.

., ( )