أصول أساطير الإسلام من الكتب المسيحية الملفقة...
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ابوكريفا العهد الجديد- المسيحية- نقد الإسلام- مصادر الإسلام- الإلحادTRANSCRIPT
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OOOrrriiigggiiinnnsss ooofff IIIssslllaaammm BBBeeellliiieeefffsss &&& LLLeeegggeeennndddsss fffrrrooommm NNNeeewww TTTeeessstttaaammmeeennnttt AAApppooocccrrryyyppphhhaaa aaannnddd HHHeeerrreeesssiiieeesss IIInnn JJJeeesssuuusss,,, AAAnnntttiii CCChhhrrriiisssttt,,, AAAsssccceeennnsssiiiooonnn ooofff MMMooohhhaaammmmmmaaaddd,,, aaannnddd SSSooommmeee EEEsssccchhhaaatttooolllooogggyyy::: DDDaaayyy ooofff JJJuuudddgggmmmeeennnttt,,, HHHeeellllll,,, aaannnddd PPPaaarrraaadddiiissseee,,, RRReeessseeeaaarrrccchhheeesss bbbyyy TTThhheee FFFooollllllooowwwiiinnnggg AAAttthhheeeiiisssttt aaannnddd CCChhhrrriiissstttiiiaaannn RRReeellliiigggiiiooonnnsss CCCooommmpppaaarrreee SSSccciiieeennntttiiissstttsss::: CCClllaaaiiirrr TTTiiisssdddaaallllll,,, AAAttthhheeeiiisssmmm GGGuuuiiidddeee,,, SSSaaawwwwwwaaahhh (((MMMaaaiiikkkeeelll SSSaaa'''eeeeeeddd))),,, AAAlll GGGhhhaaarrreeeeeebbb AAAlll MMMaaannnsssyyy,,, NNNaaabbbiiilll FFFaaayyyyyyaaaddd,,,IIIbbbnnn AAAlll---MMMoookkkaaafffaaa'''aaa,,, EEEzzzzzzaaattt AAAnnndddrrreeewwwsss,,, aaannnddd AAArrraaabbbiiiccc VVVooollltttaaaiiirrreee,,, HHHaaaiiirrraaannn,,, EEEdddiiittteeeddd bbbuuu LLLooouuuaaaiii AAAssshhhrrryyy
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. All rights of the arabic version and the translations to english and frinsh are reseved for the authors.
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RRRiiiccchhhaaarrrddd DDDaaawwwkkkiiinnnsss,,, CCChhhrrriiissstttoooppphhheeerrr HHHiiitttccchhheeennnsss,,, SSSaaammm HHHaaarrrrrriiisss,,, JJJooonnnaaattthhhaaannn MMMiiilllllleeerrr,,, DDDaaavvviiiddd MMMiiillllllsss,,, JJJoooaaannn KKKooonnnnnneeerrr,,, VVViiiccctttooorrr JJJ... SSSttteeennngggeeerrr,,, KKKaaarrreeennn AAArrrmmmssstttrrrooonnnggg,,, DDDaaannniiieeelll CCC... DDDaaannneeetttttt,,, CCCaaarrrlll SSSaaagggaaannn,,, MMMiiiccchhheeelll OOOnnnfffrrraaayyy,,, MMMiiiccchhhaaalll MMMaaarrrtttiiinnn,,, WWWiiillllll DDDuuurrraaannnttt,,, AAAnnntttooonnniiiooo BBBaaarrrbbbaaadddiiillllllaaa,,, DDDiiieeegggooo RRRooommmeeerrrooo,,, aaannnddd ttthhheee rrruuussssssiiiaaannn aaarrraaabbbiiisssttt pppoooeeettt GGGeeeooorrrgggyyy VVVaaasssiiillliiieeevvv fffooorrr hhhiiisss bbbeeeaaauuutttiiifffuuulll AAArrraaabbbiiiccc aaattthhheeeiiisssttt pppoooeeetttrrryyy
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BBBiiibbbllliiiooogggrrraaappphhhyyy fffooorrr mmmooorrreee rrreeeaaadddiiinnngggsss
The Apocryphal New Testament, M.R. James Translation and Notes, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924
Ante Nicen Fathers 8 & 9
Ante Nicen Fathers 1 & 2
The Nag Hammadi Library, James M Robinson general editor
www.interfaith.org
http://fam-faerch.dk
www.newadvent.org
www.tertullian.org
www.gnosis.org
www.earlychristianwritings.com
The Gelasian Decree
The Muratorian canon
http://en.wikipedia.org K.Sanadiki, Legends and Narratives of Islam, Kasi publications , Chicaco , 2000 The Uncanonical gospels and other writings in the original languges, by The Rev. Dr Giles, part 1, London, D. NUTT, 270 Strand, 1852.
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tnematseT weN
noitalsnarT ilA fusuY - naruQ ehT
nahK nishuM .M yb detalsnarT_yrahkoB lA fo hihaS
iuqiddiS dimaH ludbA yb detalsnarT_melsoM fo hihaS
labnuH nbI demhA fo dunsoM
doowaD ibA fo nanuS
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egduB sillaW _sdog snaitpygE __ _ _
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gro.yrotsihcitpoc.www
gro.enilnoxodohtro.bew//:ptth
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early Christian Writings
The numbers on the left are for an estimated range of dating.
30-60 Passion Narrative
40-80 Lost Sayings Gospel Q
50-60 1 Thessalonians
50-60 Philippians
50-60 Galatians
50-60 1 Corinthians
50-60 2 Corinthians
50-60 Romans
50-60 Philemon
50-80 Colossians
50-90 Signs Gospel
50-95 Book of Hebrews
50-120 Didache
50-140 Gospel of Thomas
50-140 Oxyrhynchus 1224 Gospel
50-200 Sophia of Jesus Christ
65-80 Gospel of Mark
70-100 Epistle of James
70-120 Egerton Gospel
70-160 Gospel of Peter
70-160 Secret Mark
70-200 Fayyum Fragment
70-200 Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
73-200 Mara Bar Serapion
80-100 2 Thessalonians
80-100 Ephesians
80-100 Gospel of Matthew
80-110 1 Peter
80-120 Epistle of Barnabas
80-130 Gospel of Luke
80-130 Acts of the Apostles
80-140 1 Clement
80-150 Gospel of the Egyptians
80-150 Gospel of the Hebrews
80-250 Christian Sibyllines
90-95 Apocalypse of John
90-120 Gospel of John
90-120 1 John
90-120 2 John
90-120 3 John
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90-120 Epistle of Jude
93 Flavius Josephus
100-150 1 Timothy
100-150 2 Timothy
100-150 Titus
100-150 Apocalypse of Peter
100-150 Secret Book of James
100-150 Preaching of Peter
100-160 Gospel of the Ebionites
100-160 Gospel of the Nazoreans
100-160 Shepherd of Hermas
100-160 2 Peter
100-200 Odes of Solomon
101-220 Book of Elchasai
105-115 Ignatius of Antioch
110-140 Polycarp to the Philippians
110-140 Papias
110-160 Oxyrhynchus 840 Gospel
110-160 Traditions of Matthias
111-112 Pliny the Younger
115 Suetonius
115 Tacitus
120-130 Quadratus of Athens
120-130 Apology of Aristides
120-140 Basilides
120-140 Naassene Fragment
120-160 Valentinus
120-180 Apocryphon of John
120-180 Gospel of Mary
120-180 Dialogue of the Savior
120-180 Gospel of the Savior
120-180 2nd Apocalypse of James
120-180 Trimorphic Protennoia
130-140 Marcion
130-150 Aristo of Pella
130-160 Epiphanes On Righteousness
130-160 Ophite Diagrams
130-160 2 Clement
130-170 Gospel of Judas
130-200 Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus
140-150 Epistula Apostolorum
140-160 Ptolemy
140-160 Isidore
140-170 Fronto
140-170 Infancy Gospel of James
140-170 Infancy Gospel of Thomas
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140-180 Gospel of Truth
150-160 Martyrdom of Polycarp
150-160 Justin Martyr
150-180 Excerpts of Theodotus
150-180 Heracleon
150-200 Ascension of Isaiah
150-200 Acts of Peter
150-200 Acts of John
150-200 Acts of Paul
150-200 Acts of Andrew
150-225 Acts of Peter and the Twelve
150-225 Book of Thomas the Contender
150-250 Fifth and Sixth Books of Esra
150-300 Authoritative Teaching
150-300 Coptic Apocalypse of Paul
150-300 Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth
150-300 Melchizedek
150-400 Acts of Pilate
150-400 Anti-Marcionite Prologues
160-170 Tatian's Address to the Greeks
160-180 Claudius Apollinaris
160-180 Apelles
160-180 Julius Cassianus
160-250 Octavius of Minucius Felix
161-180 Acts of Carpus
165-175 Melito of Sardis
165-175 Hegesippus
165-175 Dionysius of Corinth
165-175 Lucian of Samosata
167 Marcus Aurelius
170-175 Diatessaron
170-200 Dura-Europos Gospel Harmony
170-200 Muratorian Canon
170-200 Treatise on the Resurrection
170-220 Letter of Peter to Philip
175-180 Athenagoras of Athens
175-185 Irenaeus of Lyons
175-185 Rhodon
175-185 Theophilus of Caesarea
175-190 Galen
178 Celsus
178 Letter from Vienna and Lyons
180 Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs
180-185 Theophilus of Antioch
180-185 Acts of Apollonius
180-220 Bardesanes
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180-220 Kerygmata Petrou
180-230 Hippolytus of Rome
180-250 1st Apocalypse of James
180-250 Gospel of Philip
182-202 Clement of Alexandria
185-195 Maximus of Jerusalem
185-195 Polycrates of Ephesus
188-217 Talmud
189-199 Victor I
190-210 Pantaenus
193 Anonymous Anti-Montanist
193-216 Inscription of Abercius
197-220 Tertullian
200-210 Serapion of Antioch
200-210 Apollonius
200-220 Caius
200-220 Philostratus
200-225 Acts of Thomas
200-250 Didascalia
200-250 Books of Jeu
200-300 Pistis Sophia
200-300 Coptic Apocalypse of Peter
203 Acts of Perpetua and Felicitas
203-250 Origen
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nedE fo skoob nettogrof eht dna elbib eht fo skoob tsol ehT yam gnitnirp ht01 , ynapmoc gnihsilbup dlrow eht : yb dehsilbuP
lmth.samohtycnafni/moc.sgnitirwnaitsirhcylrae.www//:ptth
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: ytirutam ni dna doohdlihc ni elpoep eht ot kaeps llahs eH
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yenruoj fo tros tahW ?enod dna nees dah yeht tahW ,gniriuqni meht ot emac secnirp dna sgnik rieht nruter rieht nO 4 yraM .tS hcihw htolc gnilddaws eht decudorp yeht tuB 5 ?daor eht no dah yeht ynapmoc tahW ?dah yeht nruter dna edam ,yrtnuoc rieht fo motsuc eht ot gnidrocca ,gnivah dnA 6 .tsaef a tpek yeht foerehw tnuocca no ,meht ot nevig dah saw erif eht nehw dnA 8 .ti tpek dna ,ti koot erif eht ,ti otni htolc gnilddaws eht gnitsac dnA 7 .ti deppihsrow yeht ,erif a ssik ot nageb yeht nehT 9 .ti dehcuot ton dah erif eht fi sa hcum sa ,truhnu htolc gnilddaws eht htrof koot yeht ,tuo tup gnisirprus yllaer si ti dna ,hturt detbuodnu na ylniatrec si sihT gniyas ,seye rieht dna sdaeh rieht nopu ti tup dna ,ti rieht gnoma pu ti dial tcepser tsetaerg eht htiw dna ,ti koot yeht nehT 01 .ti emusnoc dna ,ti nrub ton dluoc erif eht taht .serusaert
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: " ohw ,mih sediseb eno yna ereht si ron ;doG ylurt si ohw ,rehtih emoc si doG nwonknu ehT ,meht derewsna lodi ehT 11 sih ta dna ,delbmert yrtnuoc siht mih fo emaf eht tA 21 .doG fo noS eht ylurt si eh rof pihsrow enivid fo yhtrow si sih fo ssentaerg eht yb dethgirffa era sevlesruo ew dna ;noitanretsnoc dna noitommoc tneserp eht rednu si ti gnimoc nar ,srehto sediseb tpygE fo stnatibahni eht lla llaf sih ta dna ,nwod llef lodi siht tnatsni emas eht ta dnA 31 .rewoprehtegot
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slatrom ekil kool ton od yeht rof ,sdoG era yob taht dna ,yraM dna hpesoJ tbuod tuohtiW dias erofereht elpoep ehT
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lliw doG droL ehT ,mih ot dias ehs ,meht wehs did rebbor siht hcihw ssendnik eht was yraM .tS ydaL eht nehW 5 sih ot dias dna derewsna suseJ droL eht nehT 6 .snis yht fo nodrap eeht tnarg dna ,dnah thgir sih ot eeht eviecer llahs seveiht owt eseht dnA 7 ;melasureJ ta em yficurc lliw sweJ eht ,rehtom O ,deripxe era sraey ytriht nehW ,rehtom emit taht morf dna ,tfel ym no suhcamuD dna ,dnah thgir ym no sutiT ,ssorc eht nopu emit emas eht ta em htiw eb esidarap otni em erofeb og llahs sutiT
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: " si maslab a dnA 11 ;taoc sih dehsaw yraM .tS hcihw ni ,htrof gnirps ot llew a desuac suseJ droL eht aerataM ni dnA 01 yeht ecnehT 21 .suseJ droL eht morf ereht nwod nar hcihw taews eht morf yrtnuoc taht ni ,sworg ro ,decudorp ynam yrev did suseJ droL eht dnA 31 .tpygE ni sraey eerht edoba dna ,hoarahP was dna ,sihpmeM ot dedeecorp .noitcefreP fo lepsoG eht ni ron ycnafnI eht fo lepsoG eht ni dnuof eb ot rehtien era hcihw ,tpygE ni selcarim
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nos reh fo ydob eht dehsaw dah ehs hcihw htiw retaw eht fo elttil a reh evag ehs ,yrots reh draeh dah yraM .tS nehW 21 eht fo shtolc gnilddaws eht fo eno reh evag ehs esiwekiL 31 .rethguad reh fo ydob eht nopu ti ruop reh edab dna ,suseJ tnes ehs dna ;mih tsees uoht sa netfo sa ymene eniht ot ti wehs dna htolc gnilddaws siht ekaT ,dias dna ,suseJ droL .ecaep ni yawa meht
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dna daeh sih nopu derettacs saw dna htrof tnew erif ,suseJ droL eht fo htolc gnilddaws eht was nogard eht sa noos sa 81 eelf I llahs rehtihW ,yraM fo nos uoht ,suseJ ,eeht htiw od ot I evah tahW ,eciov duol a htiw tuo deirc eh taht os ;seye gnas dna ,elbuort siht morf dereviled saw ehs dnA 02 .lrig eht tfel dna dethgirffa hcum kcab werd eh oS 91 ?eeht morf .elcarim eht fo gnikrow eht ta tneserp erew ohw lla reh htiw dna ,doG ot sknaht dna sesiarp
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eht tuoba snoinapmoc sih syob rehto htiw yad niatrec a no saw eh ,ega fo sraey neves saw suseJ droL eht nehw dnA 1 3 ,serugif rehto dna ,sdrib ,nexo sessa ,yleman sepahs lareves otni yalc edam ,yalp ta erew yeht nehw ohW 2 .ega emas dnammoc lliw I ,syob eht ot dias suseJ droL eht nehT 4 .tser eht deecxe ot gniruovaedne dna krow sih fo gnitsaob hcaE yeht ,nruter ot neht dednammoc eh nehw dna devom yeht yletaidemmi dnA 5 .klaw ot edam evah I hcihw serugif eseht eh nehw dna ,ylf did ,ylf ot dednammoc eh nehw hcihw ,sworraps dna sdrib fo erugif eht edam osla dah eH 6 .denruter htgnel ta nehW 7 .knird dna tae did yeht knird dna taem meht evag eh fi dna ;llits dnats did ,llits dnats ot dednammoc
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eht rof ,nerdlihc deeh ekaT ,meht ot dias srehtaf rieht ,stnerap rieht ot sgniht eseht detaler dna ,yawa tnew syob eht .mih htiw yalp reven htrofecneh morf dna ,mih diova dna nuhs ;rerecros a si eh rof ,ynapmoc sih fo erutuf
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revir eht fo tuo retaw werd yeht dna revir a yb syob emos htiw saw suseJ droL eht yad rehtona no niagA 61 decalp dna ,sworraps evlewt edam dah suseJ droL eht tuB 71 .sloop hsif elttil edam dna ,slennahc elttil yb a inanaH fo nos eht dna ,yad htabbaS eht saw ti tuB 81 .edis a no eerht edis hcae no loop sih tuoba meht eht no yalc fo serugif ekam suht ey oD ,dias dna ,sgniht eseht gnikam meht was dna ,yb emac weJ sih deppalc suseJ droL eht nehw tuB 91 .sloop hsif rieht nwod ekorb dna ,meht ot nar eh dnA ?htabbaS inanaH fo nos eht htgnel tA 02 .gniprihc yawa delf yeht ,edam dah eh hcihw sworraps eht revo sdnah 12 ,mih ot dias suseJ droL eht dna ,yawa dehsinav retaw eht ,ti yortsed ot suseJ fo loop-hsif eht ot gnimoc .deid yob eht yltneserp dna ;hsinav efil yht llahs os ,dehsinav sah retaw siht sa rennam ekil nI
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slepsoG lahpyrcopa eht fo emos ni dnuof si sdrib yalc eht fo elcarim sihT . slepsoG lacinonac eht ni era daed eht gnisiar dna srepel eht dna dnilb eht gniruc fo esohT
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drah os nar ohw ,yob a tem eh ,hpesoJ htiw gnineve eht ni emoh gnimoc saw suseJ droL eht nehw ,emit rehtonA 22 uoht tlahs os ,nwod em nworht tsah uoht sA ,dias suseJ droL eht mohw oT 32 ;nwod mih werht eh taht ,mih tsniaga .deid dna nwod llef yob eht tnemom taht dnA 42 .esir reve ron ,llaf
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Gnosticism I INTRODUCTION Gnosticism, esoteric religious movement that flourished during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD and presented a major challenge to orthodox Christianity. Most Gnostic sects professed Christianity, but their beliefs sharply diverged from those of the majority of Christians in the early Church. The term Gnosticism is derived from the Greek word gnosis
) revealed knowledge). To its adherents Gnosticism promised a secret knowledge of the divine realm. Sparks or seeds of the Divine Being fell from this transcendent realm into the material universe, which is wholly evil, and were imprisoned in human bodies. Reawakened by knowledge, the divine element in humanity can return to its proper home in the transcendent spiritual realm . II ORIGINS Gnostic texts reveal nothing about the history of the various sects or about the lives of their most prominent teachers. Consequently, the history of the movement must be inferred from the traditions reflected in the texts and from anti-Gnostic writings. The question of whether Gnosticism first developed as a distinct non-Christian doctrine has not been resolved, but pagan Gnostic sects did exist. Gnostic mythology may have been derived from Jewish sectarian speculation centred in Syria and Palestine during the late 1st century AD which in turn was probably influenced by Persian dualistic religions, especially Zoroastrianism. By the 2nd century, Christian Gnostic teachers had synthesized this mythology with Platonic metaphysical speculation and with certain heretical Christian traditions. The most prominent Christian Gnostics were Valentinus and his disciple Ptolemaeus, who during the 2nd century were influential in the Roman Church. Christian Gnostics, while continuing to participate in the larger Christian community, apparently also gathered in small groups to follow their secret teachings and rituals . During the 2nd century another strain of Gnosticism emerged in eastern Syria, stressing an ascetic interpretation of Jesus's teachings. Later in the century Gnosticism appeared in Egypt, and the emergence of monasticism there may be linked with the influence of the Syrian ascetic sects .
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III MYTHOLOGY To explain the origin of the material universe, the Gnostics developed a complicated mythology. From the original unknowable God, a series of lesser divinities was generated by emanation. The last of these, Sophia (wisdom ( conceived a desire to know the unknowable Supreme Being. Out of this illegitimate desire was produced a deformed, evil god, or demiurge, who created the universe. The divine sparks that dwell in humanity fell into this universe or else were sent there by the supreme God in order to redeem humanity. The Gnostics identified the evil god with the God of the Old Testament, which they interpreted as an account of this god's efforts to keep humanity immersed in ignorance and the material world and to punish their attempts to acquire knowledge. It was in this light that they understood the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise, the flood, and the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah . IV GNOSTICISM AND CHRISTIANITY Although most Gnostics considered themselves Christians, some sects assimilated only minor Christian elements into a body of non-Christian Gnostic texts. The Christian Gnostics refused to identify the God of the New Testament, the father of Jesus, with the God of the Old Testament, and they developed an unorthodox interpretation of Jesus's ministry. The Gnostics wrote apocryphal Gospels (such as the Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of Mary) to substantiate their claim that the risen Jesus told his disciples the true, Gnostic interpretation of his teachings: Christ, the divine spirit inhabited the body of the man Jesus and did not die on the cross but ascended to the divine realm from which he had come. The Gnostics thus rejected the atoning suffering and death of Christ and the Resurrection of the body. They also rejected other literal and traditional interpretations of the Gospels . V RITES Some Gnostic sects rejected all sacraments; others observed baptism and the Eucharist, interpreting them as signs of the awakening of gnosis. Other Gnostic rites were intended to facilitate the ascent of the divine element of the human soul to the spiritual realm .Hymns and magic formulae were recited to help achieve a vision of God; other formulas were recited at death to ward off the demons who might capture the ascending spirit and imprison it again in a body. In the Valentinian sect a special rite called the bridal chamber, celebrated the reunion of the lost spirit with its heavenly counterpart . VI ETHICS The ethical teachings of the Gnostics ranged from asceticism to libertinism .The doctrine that the body and the material world are evil led some sects to renounce even marriage and procreation. Other Gnostics held that because their souls were completely alien to this world it did not matter what they did in it. Gnostics generally rejected the moral commandments of the Old Testament, regarding them as part of the evil god's effort to entrap humanity . VII SOURCES Much scholarly knowledge of Gnosticism comes from anti-Gnostic Christian texts of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, which provide the only extensive quotations in the Greek of the original Gnostic texts. Most surviving Gnostic texts are in Coptic, into which they had been translated when Gnosticism spread to Egypt in the late 2nd and the rd centuries. In 1945 an Egyptian peasant found codices containing more than 50 Coptic Gnostic writings near Naj Hammadi. It has been determined that these codices were copied in the 4th century in the monasteries of the region. It is not known whether the monks were Gnostics, or were attracted by the ascetic nature of the writings, or had assembled the writings as a study in heresy . VIII LATER HISTORY By the 3rd century Gnosticism began to succumb to orthodox Christian opposition and persecution. Partly in reaction to the Gnostic heresy, the Church strengthened its organization by centralizing authority in the office of bishop, which made its effort to suppress the poorly organized Gnostics more effective. Furthermore, as orthodox Christian theology and philosophy developed, the primarily mythological Gnostic teachings began to seem bizarre and crude. Both Christian theologians and the 3rd-century Neoplatonist philosopher Plotinus attacked the Gnostic view that the material world is essentially evil. Christians defended their identification of the God of the New Testament with the God of Judaism and their belief that the New Testament is the only true revealed knowledge .The development of Christian mysticism and asceticism satisfied some of the impulses that had produced Gnosticism, and many Gnostics were converted to orthodox beliefs. By the end of the rd century Gnosticism as a distinct movement seems to have largely disappeared . IX SURVIVALS One small non-Christian Gnostic sect the Mandaeans, still exists in Iraq and Iran although it is not certain that it began as part of the original Gnostic movement. Although the ancient sects did not survive, aspects of the Gnostic world view have periodically reappeared in many forms: the ancient dualistic religion called Manichaeism and the related medieval heresies of the Albigenses, Bogomils, and Paulicians; the medieval Jewish mystical philosophy known as Kabbalah; the metaphysical speculation surrounding the alchemy of the Renaissance; 19th-century theosophy; 20th-century existentialism and nihilism; and the writings of the 20th-century Swiss psychologist Carl Jung. The essence of
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(from Greek dokein " to seem"), Christian heresy and one of the earliest Christian sectarian doctrines, affirming that Christ did not have a real or natural body during his life on earth but only an apparent or phantom one. Though its incipient forms are alluded to in the New Testament, such as in the Letters of John (e.g., 1 John 4:1-3; 2 John 7 ( Docetism became more fully developed as an important doctrinal position of Gnosticism, a religious dualist system of belief arising in the nd century AD which held that matter was evil and the spirit good and claimed that salvation was attained only through esoteric knowledge, or gnosis. The heresy developed from speculations about the imperfection or essential impurity of matter. More thoroughgoing Docetists asserted that Christ was born without any participation of matter and that all the acts and sufferings of his life, including the Crucifixion, were mere appearances. They consequently denied Christ's Resurrection and Ascension into heaven. Milder Docetists attributed to Christ an ethereal and heavenly body but disagreed on the degree to which it shared the real actions and sufferings of Christ. Docetism was attacked by all opponents of Gnosticism, especially by Bishop Ignatius of Antioch in the 2nd century . __
American Heritage Dictionary :
Docetism n. An opinion especially associated with the Gnostics that Jesus had no human body and only appeared to have died on the cross. [Probably from Late Greek Doktai espousers of Docetism, from Greek dokein, to seem .See dek- below.] --Docetist n .
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Docetism Docetism is a heresy concerning the person of Jesus Christ. The word is derived from the Greek dokeo, meaning "to seem" or "to appear." According to Docetism, the eternal Son of God did not really become human or suffer on the cross; he only appeared to do so. The heresy arose in a Hellenistic milieu and was based on a Dualism which held that the material world is either unreal or positively evil. Tendencies to spiritualize Christ by denying his real humanity were already present in New Testament times. The Johannine Epistles addressed the problem several times (1 John 4:2-3; 2 John 7). Docetic teachings were also advanced by the 2d-century proponents of Gnosticism and were combatted by the 2d-century church fathers, especially by Ignatius of Antioch and Irenaeus. The fathers based their defense of the true Incarnation of the Son of God on the Old Testament doctrine of creation, according to which the material world is neither unreal nor evil but basically good .
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From Ignatius of Antioch, in the 2nd century, through to the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Christian thinkers wrestled with the logical problems presented to the Greek mind by the christological thinking of the New Testament: if the Son is God, yet distinct from the Father, how can God be called one? If Jesus is divine, how can he also be human? The nd-century Docetists (Greek, dokein,to seem ( maintained that the humanity of Jesus was apparent rather than real, for in Greek thought the deity was held incapable of change or suffering. Against them, Ignatius insisted on the reality of Jesus 'flesh. The outcome was the addition to the creed of the words born of the Virgin Mary to safeguard Jesus' humanity .
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and those who differ therein are full of doubts, with no (certain (knowledge, but only conjecture to follow, for of a surety they killed him not. Nay, Allah raised him up unto Himself; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise
: The end of the life of Jesus on earth is as much involved in mystery as his birth , and indeed the greater part of his private life , except the three main years of his ministry. It is not profitable to discuss the many doubts and conjectures among the early Christians sects and among Moslem theologians . The orthodox Christian churches make it a cardinal point of their doctrine that his life was taken on the cross , that he died and was buried , that on the third day he rose in the body with his wounds intact , and walked about and conversed , and ate with his disciples , and was afterwards taken up bodily to heaven. This is necessary for the theological doctrine of blood sacrifice , and vicarious atonement for sins , which is rejected by islam. But some of the early Christian sects did not believe that Christ was killed on the cross. The Basilidans believed that someone else was substituted for him. The Docetae held that Christ never had a real physical or natural body, but only an apparent or phantom body, and that his Crucifixion was only apparent, not real. The Marcionite Gospel (about A. D.138 (denied that Jesus was born, and merely said that he appeared in human form . The Gospel of st .Barnabas supported the theory of substitution on the cross. The Quranic teaching is that Christ was not crucified nor killed by the Jews notwithstanding certain apparent circumstances which produced that illusion in the' minds of some of his enemies: that disputations, doubts, and conjectures on such matters are vain; and that he was taken up to Allah (see next verse and note)
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the gospel of the ebionites The Gospel of the Ebionites is known only by the quotations from Epiphanius in these passages of his Panarion: 30.13.1-8, 30.14.5, 30.16.4-5, and 30.22.4. The following selection is excerpted from Montague Rhode James in The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1924), pp. 8-10. All our knowledge of this is derived from Epiphanius, and he uses very confusing language about it (as about many other things). The passages are as follows: And they (the Ebionites) receive the Gospel according to Matthew. For this they too, like the followers of Cerinthus and Merinthus, use to the exclusion of others. And they call it according to the Hebrews, as the truth is, that Matthew alone of New Testament writers made his exposition and preaching of the Gospel in Hebrew and in Hebrew letters. Epiphanius goes on to say that he had heard of Hebrew versions of John and Acts kept privately in the treasuries (Geniza?) at Tiberias, and continues: In the Gospel they have, called according to Matthew, but not wholly complete, but falsified and mutilated (they call it the Hebrew Gospel), it is contained that 'There was a certain man named Jesus, and he was about thirty years old, who chose us. And coming unto Capernaum he entered into the house of Simon who was surnamed Peter, and opened his mouth and said: As I