သမိုင္း - သမိုင္း၀င္ျဖစ္စဥ္...

jyifOD;vGif

yx0Dwnfae&me,fedrdwfjyifOD;vGifNrdKUe,fonf rEåav;wdkif;? jyifOD;vGif c&dkiftwGif;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ rEåav;wdkiftwGif; wnf&Sdapum rdk;enf;&yf0ef;wGif ryg0ifay/ taMumif;umrl &Srf;ukefjyifjrifY\ taemufbufpGef; a,bk,s tjrifay 3000 ausmfwGif wnf&SdNyD;? ajredrfY vGifjyifwGif wnf&SdaomaMumifY jzpfonf/jyifOD;vGifNrdKUe,fESifYqufpyfwnf&Sdaom NrdKUe,fav;ck &Sdonf/ ajrmufbufESifY ta&Suajrmufbuf wGif aemifcsdK NrdKUe,f? taemufajrmufbufwGif rwå&mNrdKUe,f? taemufbufwGif ykodrfBuD; NrdKe,f ESifY awmifbufESifY taemufbufwGif ausmufqnf NrdKUe,fwdkYESifY qufpyfwnf&Sdonf/

tus,ft0ef;jyifODvGif;NrdKUe,f\ awmifESifYajrmuf t&SnfqHk;aom tvsm;rSm 46 rdkif ? tusOf;qHHk; (twdkqHk;) tvsm; rSm 12rdkifcefY&SdNyd; ta&SUESifY taemuf tus,fqHk;rdkif 30 ESifY tusOf;qHk;rdkif 4 rdkif&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifY {&d,mtm;jzifY 763.74 pwk&ef;rdkif&Sdonf/

ajrrsufESmoGifjyifjyifOD;vGifNrdKUe,fonf &Srf;ukef;jrifY taemufbufpGef;wGif wnf&SdaomaMumifY ukef;jrifYa'o jzpfNyD; awmifukef; xlxyfaygrsm;onf/ awmifay:ajrjyefYrsm;udk tjrifYay 3000txufwGif trsm;qHk;awGY &onf/ tedrfYqHk; tydkif;onf ay 300 ESifY 1000 Mum;&Sd awmpdwfydkif;jzpfNyD; NrdKUe,f{&d,m\ 3.8 &mcdkifEIef;cefY&Sdonf/xdka'orsm;udk NrdKUe,f\ taemifajrmufbuf? taemufawmifbufESifY 'k|0wD jrpfwavSsmufESifYta&SUbufwGif tenf;i,fpDawGU&onf/ tjrifYay1000 ESifY 2000 tMum;&Sdawm a'o rSm 15.3 &mcdkifEIef;cefY&Sdonf/ NrdKUe,f\ taemufajrmufbuf? taemufawmifbuf 'k|0wD jrpf\ ajrmufbuf teD;wavSsmufESifYNrdKUe,f\ ta&SUbufwGif awGU&onf/ taemufawmifbuf ydkif;rSm tus,ffjyefYqHk;jzpfonf/

tjrifay 2000 rS 3000 Mum;a'orsm;udk NrdKUe,f\ ta&Sbuf? awmifbuf ESifY taemuf awmif buf? ta&SUajrmufbuf wdkYwGif awGU&NyD; NrdKUe,f {&d,m\ 28 &mcdkifEIef;cefY &SdNyD; 'kwd, tus,f qHk;aom tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf/ tjrifay 3000 ESifY4000 Mum;a'orSm NrdKYe,f{&d,m\ 46.7&mcdkif EIef;&SdNyd; tus,fjyefqHk; tydkif;jzpfonf/ NrdKe,f\ ajrmufbufrS tpjyKNyD; tv,fA[dk wpfckvHk;udk zHk;tkkyfxm;onf/tjrifay 4000 txufudkrl NrdKUe,f {&d,m\ 6.2 &mcdkifEIef; cefYom awGU&onf/ tjrifYqHk;tydkif; jzpfNyD; ae&moHk;ckjyefYusJ vSsuf&Sdonf/ yxrae&mrSm jyifOD;vGifNrdKU \ taemufajrmufbuf ESpfrdkif cefYtuGmwGif taemufawmifrS ta&SU ajrmufbufodkY oG,fwef; vSsuf&Sdonf/ tjriYffqHk;rSm tkyfzdk awmif (4155) jzpfonf/ 'kwd, ae&mrSm rEåav; jyifOD;vGif um;vrf;\ ta&SUbufESpfrdkif tuGm wGif&SdNyD; awmiftrnfrSm usdKif;awmif (4165) rSm tjrifqHk;jzpfonf/ wwd,ae&mrSm jyifOD;vGif\ ta&Sawmifbuf ig;rdkifcefYtuGmwGif &SdNyD; tjrifqHktydkifrSm apmfbGm;awmif (4813)jzpfonf/

a&qif;NrdKYe,ftwGif;pD;qif; aeaomacsmif;rsm;rSm ajrrsufESmjyifydkjrifonfYA[dkydkif;rS acsmif;zsm;cHNyD;ajrmuf t&yfrSty useft&yfrsufESmodkY pD;qif;Muonf/ acsmif;trsm;pkrSm NrdKUe,fta&SbufESifY awmifbuf wGif auGU0dkufpDqif;aeaom'k|0wDjrpftwGifodkY pD;qif;Muonf/awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm; rsm;jym; jcif; rdk;a&csdef 50 vufr ausmf&Sdjcif; opfawmrsm; xlxyfjcif; paomtcsufrsm;aMumifY acsmifayg rsm;onf/ wpfESpfywfvHk; a&rjywfpD;qif;aom xif&Sm;onfU acsmif;rsm;rSm "gwfawmfacsmif;? 'D; 'kwfacsmif;? ujyKacsmif;? qifjzLacsmif;? qNzdKwfacsmif;? erGef;acsmif;? idkufacsmif;ESifY *,favmif; acsmif; wdkYjzpfygonf/ jyifOD;vGifNrdKUe,ftwGif; pD;qif;aeaomacsmif;rsm;\ a&qif;yHkpHrSm qufjzm a&qif;yHkpHjzpfygonf/ pD;qifvsuf&Sdaom acsmif;rsm;ay:wGifa&wHcGefrsm; jzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf/ a&wHcGefrsm;onftedrfYtjrifY trsdK;rsdK;&Sdaomfvnf; tedrfYqHk;onf ay 20 ESifY tjrifYqHk;ay 330 xd &Sdonf/

သမငး၀ငျဖစစဥ ျပငဥးလြငရမးကေလး (mmcybermedia) မ ရကတငေပးပါသည။

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&moDOwkjyifOD;vGifNrdKUe,fonf tylydkif; ZHktwGif; usa&mufNyD; refav;NrdKUESifY vwåDwGwf wpfwef; wnf;us a&mufwnf&Sdaomfvnf; ref;av;uJodkY yljyif;acsmufaoGUaom&moDOwkr&Sday/ukef;ajrjrifyrIaMumifY ydkat;NyD; rdk;ydkrdk&&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifYat;jraom&moDOwk&SdNyD; tem;,laom awmifpcef;NrdKUjzpfonf udkyif &moDOwk cGJjcm;jcif; oabmt& oraEGydkif;pGwfpdkaom &moDOwk trsdK;tpm;(Cwa) jzpfonf/

wpfESpftwGif; tylcsdefajymif;vJrIrSm jrefrmEdkifiH \ tjcm;a'orsm; uJodkYyifjzpfonf/ Zefe0g&D v onf tat;qHk;vjzpfNyD; arvonf tyl;qHk;v jzpfonf/ Zefe0g&Dv\ ysrf;rSs tylcsdef 56.1 HF ysrf;rSstjrifYqHk; tylcsdef 71.1 HF ? ysrf;rSs tedrfYqHk;tylcsdefrSm 41.2 HF jzpfonf/ Zefe0g&Dv tat; qHk;&ufrsm;wGif tylcsdef a&cJrSwf 32 HF atmufxd usqif;wufonf/ arvwGif aepOfUysrf;rQtjrifY qHk; tylcsdef 75 HF? ysrf;rSstedrfqHk; tylcsdefonf 64.9 HF ESifY ysrf;rSstjrifYqHk; tylcsdefonf 82.2 HF jzpfonf/rdk;a&csdeftm;jzifY wpfESpfywfvHk; rdk;&TmoGef;rIonf 60 vufr cefY&SdNyd; rdk;&Gm&ufaygif; 90 0ef;usif &uf&Sdonf/ rdk;trsm;qHk;&Gmaom vrsm;rSm Mo*kwfvESifY pufwifbmvwdkY jzpfNyD; rdk;tenf; qHk;v rSm Zefe0g&Dv jzpfonf/ rdk;tonf;xef;qHk;&GmoGefpOf wpfBudrfwnf;ESifY 3.15 vufr&GmoGef; avY &Sdaomfvnf; 1973 ck?atmufwdkbmv 30&ufwGifrl wpfBudrfwnf;ESifY 4.25 vufr&GmoGef;cJYonf/

obm0aygufyifjyifOD;vGifNrdKUe,ftwGif; obm0aygufyif trsdK;tpm;rsmudk cGJjcm;aom tNrJpdrf;awm? txuf&Guf jywf a&maESm awmpdk? txuf&Gufjywfa&maESm awmajcmuf? &Gufjywfa&maESmawm? tifwdkif;awmESifYtifwdkif;csKHawm? awmifay:awmajcmufawm6rdsK; uGJjym;vsuf&Sdonf/ opfawmtrsdK;tpm;vdkuf t"Du aygufa&mufaomtyifrsm;rSm tNrJpdrf;awmwGif unif?ysOf;uwdk;? 0g;ydk; rsufqHus,f ESifY xD;0g;wdkYjzpfonf/txuf&GufjywfawmpdkwGifußGef;? ysOfuwdk;? tif? tifMuif;? axmufBuUH? opf,m? aESm? b*F? 0g;ydk;? rsuf qefus,f? 0g;jzLBuD;? wif;0g;wdkY aygufa&mufonf/

txufyga&maESmawmajcmufwGif ußGef;? ysOfuwdk;? zuf0ef;? *sD? ydawmuf? aESm? wif;0g;? oeyfcg;? rSsif0g;?0g;jzLuav;? 0g;jzLBuD;rsm;aygufa&mufonf/ atmuf&Gufjywfa&maESmawmwGif zufpdkY? zuf cg;? arsmufidk? oajy?*Hk;? oif;0if? axmufBuHU? a&ywkef; ponfwdkYaygufonf/tifwdkifawmjrifYwGif tif? opf,m? tifMuif;? opfap;? wnif? 0g;bdk;? tawmfrsm;rsm; aygufa&mufonf/ tifwdkifcsHK awmwGif tif? tifMuif;? opf,mESifY 0g;rsm;vnf; aygufa&mufonf/ awmifay: awmajcmufwGif 0ufopfcs? opft,f? nH? puyf? opfcs? rufvdef? &if;*lBuD;? zufBuHU? *Hk; wdkYaygufa&mufonf/

ajrqDvTmjyifOD;vGifNrdKUe,fonf ukefjrifhjzpfonfY tavsmuf tylydkif; ajcmufaoGYa'oESifY qufpyfaeYonfY tavsmufajrqDvGm trsdK;tpm;pHk vifpGmawGU&onf/ a&qif;ESifY&moDOwktaetxm; tvdkufawGU &aom ajrqDvGmtrsdK;tpm;rsm;rSm v,fajr0g? ajr0goJ0ef;? ajreDESifY awmifjrifYajreD? umbGefedwf? ajrrnf;rsm;[k uGJjymawG&Sd&onf/

vlOD;a&jyifOD;vGifNrdKUe,f twGif;rSdwif aexdkifolrsm;udk cGJjcm;aom NrdKUaevlOD;a&ESifY aus;vuf vlOD;a& [k cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ NrdKUay:wGif &yfuGufBuD; (21) ckcGJjcm;xmNyD; aexdkifonfU 2005 - 2006 ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& pkpkaygif; (195115) OD;jzpfonf/ vlOD;a&trsm;qkH; aexdkifaom &yfuGufrSm &yfuGufBuD; 5 jzpfonf/ NrdKYaevlOD;a&wGif usm;pkpkaygif;rSm (38361) a,mufjzpfNyD;? rOD;a&rSm( 39263) a,muf &Sdonf/aus;vufae vlOD;a&rsm;onf aus;&Gmtkyfpkaygif; (47)tkyfpk? aus;&Gmaygif; (139)&Gm wGif pkpnf; aexdkifMuonf/2005 ckESpf pm&if; t& aus;vufae vlOD;a&pkpkaygif; (117491)a,muf&SdNyD; ?usm;OD;a& (62010) a,mufESifY rOD;a&(55481)a,muf&Sdonf/ aus;vufvltrsm;pkonf pdkufysdK;a&;udk tajccHvkyfudkif Muonf/ NrdKUae vltawmfrsm;rsm;rSm 0efxrf; rsmjzpfMuonf/


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ydkYaqmifqufoG,fa&; jyifOD;vGifNrdKUonf armfawmfum;vrf; rD;&xm;vrf; ponfUjzifYt"du qufoG,fa&; vrf;aMumif;udk tmxm;ae&onf/ref;av; jyifOD;vGifNrdKU armfawmfumvrf; tvsm;rdkif(42) rdkif&Sdonf/NrdKYe,ftwGuf vdktyfaomt"du ukefypönf;rsm;udk vnf;aumif; NrdKe,ftwGif;rS wifydkYaom pdkufysdK;a&;xGuf ukef rsm;udk vnf;aumif; armfawmfum;vrf;udk toHk;jyKMuonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fbuf odkYvnf; armfawmf um;vrf;a&m rD;&xm;vrf;yg toHk;jyKqufoG,f vmEdkifonf/ jyifOD;vGifref;av;c&D;onfwif[kdif; vwfum;oif; 7oif;(158)pD;? Aifum;oif; 6oif; (103)cefY&Sdonf/ref;av; vm&Id;NrdKUrsm;odkYaeYpOf o,f,l ydkYaqmifvsuf&Sdaom armfawmfum;oif;rsm;&Sd ouJhodkYaebuf tcsdefrSefajyqGJaeaom vlpD; &xm; ukef&xm;rsm;vJ&Sdayonf/ avaMumif;c&D;twGuf ,cifu teD;pcrf;avqdyf&Sdaomfvnf; c&D;onfwifav,mOfrsm; rqif;ay? wpfcgwpf&Hta&;BuD; yk*dKvfrsm;twGuf toHk;jyKonfrS wpfyg; roHk;pGJay/

,cifujyifOD;vGifNrdKUt0ifrk'fOD;jyifOD;vGifudk ouú&mZf 1212(1850) ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaxmifcJYonf[k okaooDrsm; qdkMuonf/ xdkodkYqdk&jcif;rSmatmifajrbkHomausmufpmt&qdk&jcifjzpfonf/,if;ausmufpmrSm r[maombdw&mr ausmif;wdkuf (aps;awmifausmif;BuD)0if;? atmifajrbHkom r[mqkawmif;jynfUapwD\ awmifbufajcawmf&if;ü pdkufxlxm;í ausmufpmwdkif ESpfwdkif&SdonfU teuftaemufbuf ausmufpmjzpfonf/ESpfrsufESma&;xdk;xm;NyD; jyifOD;vGifordkif;tpESifYpyfvsOf;í ausmufpm\ rsufESmbufaMumif;a&(19-20)wGif-aumZm'D,? axmifYESpf&mrS pGef;xwpfq,f? ESpfcku,fí? wdkif;0,f|me? uarÁmZwGif? a'owpdwf pdk;rdk; Budwfonf? *kPf[dwfawmufxdef? r[m[k? redefpifjzL?armifcef;OD;ESifY rwlr,Gif;? olBuD;rif; wnfU? owif;jyefYarT;?armifarmifa'G;wdkY pka0;wdkifyif?jyiffOD;vGif[krnfwGifrnfUaqmif&Gmwnfaxmif í [kyg&Sd&m jyifOD;vGif udkouú&mZf 1212 (1850)wGif pwifay:aygufaMumif; tcdkiftrmqdkMujcif; jzpfonf/

ausmufpm a&;xdk;onfUESpfudk ausmufpm\ aMumif;a& (21) wGif jrefvsifa0g[m? ESpfaumZmum;? tXmowå? 'DG{uwnfU[k yg&SdojzifY yd#uwfocsFmenf;t& ouú&mZf 1278 (1916) ckESpf a&;xdk; aMumif;od&onf/

ouú&mZf 1212 ckESpf? jyifOD;vGif pwifwnfaxmifonfU taMumif;t&mudk ouú&mZf 1270 ck? ESpfaygif; (66) ESpfMum anmif;umrS a&;xdk;xm;ojzifY acwfNydKif r[kwfbJ aESmif;acwf a&;xdk; ausmufpmrsdK;onf cdkifvHktm;udk;avmufonfU ausmufpmrsdkK;um;r[kwfacs/ jyifOD;vGifudk atmif ajrbHkomausmufpmt& ouú&mZf1212wGif wnfaxmifaom&Gmr[kwfbJ ouú&mZf 1149(1787) rwdkifrDuwnf;u jyifOD;qdkaomemrnf&GmtrnfjzifYwnf&SdaeNyD jzpfaMumif; A'Hkrif;(bdk;awmfbk&m;) \trdefYawmfwpfckwGifawGU&onf/

ouú&mZf(1149)ck? oD;wifußGwfvqef;(13)&uf? 1787 ckESpfatmufwdkb 12&ufaeY emcHajymYBuD;\ trdefYawmfwGif atmufygtwdkif;awGU&onf/ ußGef;vSqnfajrmif; rawmfa&oGm;a&vmusOf;í qnfawmfa& atmifyifvnfuefodkYta&muf taygufenf;onf/ ajrmif;rawmfteHoHk;awmifcsí ajrmif;aygifudk rzdwfvSsH&atmiftkef;uGrf;? iSufBuD;odkuf? tkef;aMum?&ufref;&uf? om;&JaMumif? "mNydKifeufcsKdifYqifacgif;? 0uf0H? rkefawm? uif;wkef? y,fNrdKUopf? anmifeDyif? a&Gpm&H? Z&pfyifjyifOD;? vufyHaus;&Gmrsm;ESifY qnfawmifajrmif;awmf atmifyifv,fqnf a&aomufzdkY vkyfaqmif NrJaus;&Gmrsm; rnfol trIxrf;vlpk t(r)qdkcefYxm; EdI;aqmfí qnfzdkYwl;vkyfap? ouú&mZf 1149 ck? oDwif;ußGwfvqef; (13)&uf emcHajymYBuD; rSL;jyef,iftrdefYawmfwGif ykodrfBuD;NrdKUe,f? tr&yl&NrdKUe,fESifY jyifOD;vGifNrdKUe,f0if aus;&Gmrsm;udk awGU&onf/ tkef;awmf? iSufBuD;odkuf? êud? qifacgif;BuD;wdkYonf jyifOD;vGifNrdKUe,f aus;&Gmrsm;jzpfNyD ;jyifOD;vGif udkxdkpOfu jyifoD; [k a&;om;az:jycJYonf/ "m;NydKufeufcsdKifYonf ,ck "gwfawmfcsdKifYESifYqufEG,faernf[k rSefq&onf/


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,if;trdefYawmfudk axmuf&IUí jyifOD;vGifudk ouú&mZf 1149ckESpf uwnf;u jyifOD; [laom &Gm emrnfjzifY wnf&SdcJNyD; jzpfaMumif; tcdkiftrmqdkEdkifonf/ jyifOD;vGifonf jyifOD;rS qif;oufvmaom &GmtrnfjzpfNyD; jyifOD;vGif odkYrnfonf tcsdefuavsmqif;cJYaMumif;udkrl taxmuftxm; tcdkiftrm rawGU&Sd&ao;ay/

at'D(1885)ck? Edk0ifbmvwGifukef;om? qDqkH? ZD;yifBuD;? ZD;yifuav;? ydEéJyif? qifacgif;? 0uf0H? a&i,f? jyifOD;vGifaus;&Gmrsm;ESifY pyfvsOf;í t*FvdyfrSwfwrf; rsm;wGif awGU&Sd &onf/ ,if;wrf;rsm;t&jyifOD;vGif &GmrnfjzifY wnf&SdNyD; jzpfonf[k,lq&onf/

xdkYaMumifYjyifOD;vGifodkY a&GUvsm;vmyHkwGif atmifajrbHkomausmufpm wpfckwnf;om oJvGefptjzpf awG&Sd&ojzifY ouú&mZf(1212)ckESpfwGif jyifOD; rS jyifOD;vGif odkYa&GUavsm qif;ouf vmEdkifonf [k rSwf,l&ef&Sdonf/

jyifOD;vGifü a&S;vlBuD;rsm;tqdk&SdcJYonfrSm jyifOD;? jyifBuD;? jyifpmjyifoHk;jyif? wpfjyifaumif;pm;rnf[kwabmif;ay:aygufcJYzl; aMumif;rSwfom;rdygonf/ wabmift& &Srf;ESifY"Ekwdkif;&ifom;rsm; aexdkif cJYMuaom jyifOD;&Gmuav;rSm jyifOD;vGif trnfjzifY aumif;pm;aeygonf/ jyifOD;vGif trnf odkYay;cJYyHkESifY ywfowfí ausmufxuf tu©&mwifxm;aom r[maombdw&mr ausmif;wdkuf (aps;awmifausmifBuDy&0kPf twGif;&SdatmifajrbHkomausmufpm)

ျမနမာမငးလကထကကျပငဦးလြငျမနမာမငးလကထကက ျပငဦးလြငအပါအ၀င၀က၀၊ ျပငသာ(ျပငစာ)၊ ဇးပငႀကးရြာမားတြင ေအာကပါရာထးမား ေပးၿပးအဆင႔ဆင႔အပခပ၍ အခြနေငြမားေပးေဆာင ၾကရသည။ (၁) ရြာအပႀကး(၂) ရာအမမးမား(၃) ဆယအမမးမား

ထ႔ျပင ျပငဦးလြငေဒသတြင ေအာကပါေဖာျပပါ အမညမားျဖင နယခြ၍ အပခပခ ေစသည။

(၁) ျပငဦးလြင

(၂) လကာ ေျခာကရြာ (ေတာင)

(၃) လကာ ေျခာကရြာ (ေျမာက)

(၄) အနးခြန (အနးကြနး)

အခြနေတာေငြ ေကာကခရာတြင ေကးလကေတာရြာေန ေတာငသလယသမားမာ၏ လယယာကငးကၽြနးမ ထြကရေသာ သးႏမားအေပၚ ဆယခငတစခငေကာကချခငး၊ စပါးစကပး သတ႔ထမ အခြနေတအျဖစ စပါးတစရာေပၚ၌ ေငြသားႏစကပ ေကာကခေလသည။ ရြာအပမား၊ သႀကးမားက ေကးရြာလထထမ အမႈေသး၊ အမႈငယမား တငတနးသညအခါ၌ (ကြမးဘး) ဟေခၚေသာ အခြနမားက အမးမးေကာကခၾကသည။ (၁၂၁၄) ခႏစ တပါငးလဆနး (၁၁) ရကေန႔ တြင နနးတကေတာမေသာ မငးတနးမငးတရားႀကးလကထက၌ အခြနေတာေကာကခေရးစနစက (၁၂၂၉) ခႏစမ စတင၍ ေတာငသလယသမားမား၊ ဆငးရသားတ႔ ထမ အခြနေတာ အမးမးေကာာကခေစျခငး မျပေစဘ၊ ျမနမာႏငငလးတစေျပးညစြာ သတမတထားသည (သေမဓအခြနေတာ) ကသာ စညးၾကပေကာကခေစခသည။ ျပငဦးလြငေဒသတြငလညး ထအခနက သေမစအခြနေတာက ေကာကခခသည အေထာကအထားတစခက ေတြ႕ရသည။ ယခ မႏေလး-ျပငဦးလြင ကားလမး (၂၁) မငစခနးအနတြင တညရေသာ ေညာငေပါရြာဘနးႀကးေကာငးမ ပဌမဆရာေတာသည သေပါမငးဘရငႏင ငယစဥအခါက ကရငဘ၀တြင အတတကြ စာျပနခဖးသည ဆရာေတာျဖစသည။ ေညာငေပါဆရာတာဘရားသည ပထမျပနစာေမးပြ ေအာငျမငခေသာအခါ ဆရာေတာ၏ မဘသားခငးမားက သေပဓအခြနေတာ ကငးလြတခြငျပေၾကာငး ေနျပညေတာ သေမဓဌနခပအတြငး၀န ပငးၿမးစားမငး ၏ (၁၂၃၉) ခႏစ စာခၽြနေတာက ေအာကပါအတငး ထတျပနခသည။


- ၇ - - ၈ -

အထကပါ အမန႔ စခၽြနေတာက ေထာကရႈျခငးအားျဖင ျမနမာမငးမား လကထကက ျပငဦးလြငေဒသ ေကးရြာမားမာ သေမဓ အခြနေတာ ေကာကခခေၾကာငး ထငရားေလသည။

အမန႔စာခၽြနေတာ အနးကြနးရြာ (သေမဓ) အခြနေတာ အရာရတ႔ႏင ေကးရြာ စရငစသႀကးေခါငး အႀကးတ႔ မဂၤလာရာမတကဆရာတပည (၁၂၃၉) ခႏစ၊ ပဌမစာေတာျပန ရဟနးေတာရင စမၼဘ၀သ၏ အရငးျခားအစက၊ အစမတ႔ က(သေမဓ) အခြနေတာေငြမစ၍ မငးမႈခငးရတေၾကး ေငြအေသးအဖြ႕ အခြအခန႕ လပအေစအပါးမရ၊ ႏစစဥပဌမျပန မဘအစကတ႔နညးလြတၿပး မငးေစဘရား အမန႔ေတာျမတက ဦးထပထကဆငရသည အတြက မဂၤလာရာမတကဆရာေတာ တပညပဌမစာေတာျပန ရဟနးအရင စမၼာဘ၀သ မဘအစကရငးျခားမနသ အနးကၽြနးနယစရငစ (ေညာငေပါရြာ) က-င၀ အမ မသနး ဦရး ငေထြး၊ မယားမစ၊ ၎ပေထြးေတာ အစက ငခမးအ၊ ၎ ငေကာ၀၊ ၎ ငၾကတ႔က (သေမဓ) အခြနေတာေငြ အေတာငးအခမရ ရဟနးေတာ တစဘ၀ လြတၿငမးေစရမည။ ျမနမာမငးမားလကထကက ျပငဦးလြင ဟေခၚဆချခငးႏင ပတသက၍ ခရစသကရာဇ (၁၉၁၆)ခ၊ ၾသဂတလ (၁၆) ရကေန႔ထတ ေမၿမ႕ေတာငး ေကာမတလကစြစာအပ (Maymyo Town Committee HaND Book ) တြင အဂၤလပဘာသာျဖင ေအာကေဖာျပပါအတငး အဓပၸာယဖြငဆထားသညက ေတြ႕ရသည။

“Under Burmese rule it was the seat of a Ne-ok, an official corresponding to a Township Officers, and was called Pyinoolwin, which ajpparently means first open space beyond. It was so named because the dense jungle which cover the plateau falls away the town andopen apace appear” သေပါမငးလကထက ေနာကဆး ျပငဦးလြငေဒသတြင အပခပခေသာ မငးမႈထမးမားက အဂၤလပတ႔က ရာထးမား ေပးသမးသြငးခရာတြင ျပငသာ (ျပငစာ) မ ၿမ႕နယ၊ ၿမ႕သႀကးေရြဓားဆြ ဗလဦးဘးတတ အားၿမ႕အပရာထး ေပး၍လညးေကာငး၊ တြငးငယေရႊဓားဗလ ဗလငယအားၿမ႕အပရာထးေပးေသာလညး ကနးမာေရးက အေၾကာငးျပၿပး ရာထးမယခသညအတြက ရကၡာေတာ ေထာကပခသည။ ျပငဦးလြငမ ေရခမးအ ရြာသာဥယာဥအပ လကာေတာငးမး ဦးသာလႈငႏင ၀က၀မ ဦးစရြငတ႔ကလညး ၿမ႕အပရာထးမား အသးသး ေပးၿပး နယခြအပခပေစခသည။

jyifOD;vGifu oDaygrif;\ tEG,fawmfrsm;

t*FvdyfwdkUonf atmufjrefrmEdkifiHudk 1852 ckESpfwGif tNyD;tydkif odrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf txufjrefrm EdkifiHudk odrf;ydkuf&eftwGuf t*Fvdyfppfwyfonf o&ufnNrdKUü 1885 ckESpfwGif pkpnf;cJhMuonf/ t*Fvdyfppfwyfonf tajrmufrsm;ESifh ajcvsifwyfrsm;udk azmifay:wifum? xdkazmifrsm;udk rD;oabFm rsm;jzifhqGJNyD; csDwufvmMuonf/

Edk0ifbmv (14)&ufaeYwGif o&ufESifhrif;vSMum;wGif; jrefrmoabFmrsm;udk t*FvdyfwdkYbufrS {&m0wDESifhuo&if; oabFmESpfpif;rS wdkufcdkuf\/ jrefrmvufatmufwGif trIxrf;aeaom tDwm-vsHvlrdsK; udkrdkwdkonfoabFmudk pGefYcGmí xGufajy;avonf/ jrefrmoabFmudk pGefYcGmí xGufajy; avonf/

jrefrmoabFmay:rS jrpfaMumif;ydwfqdkYa&; tpDtpOfjyajryHkwpfckudk t*FvdyfwdkY &&SdoGm;onf/ xdk aMumifh t*Fvdyfrsm;onf {&m0wDjrpf&dk; rnfonfhae&mrsm;ü a&aMumif;ydwfqdkYrIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef jrefrmrsm;bufrS pdkif;jyif;xm;onfudk aumif;pGm; od&SdcGifh &&SdoGm;avonf/odkYjzifhf t*FvdyfwdkYonf rnfonfhae&mü wdkufyGJjyif;xefrnf/ rnfonfhae&mwGif wkdufyGJ jyif;xef rnfr[kwfqdkaomtcsufrsm;udkBudKwifod&Sdxm;avonf/

{&m0wDjrpfaMumif;twdkif; qefwufoGm;Muaom t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;onf rif;vSwGif jrefrmwyfrsm;ESifh tBuD;tus,f wdkufcdkufMu&\ anmifOD;wGifvnf; tenf;i,f wdkufcdkufMu&\ wkdufwdkif;yif acwfrDvufeuf udkifaqmifxm;aom t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;u ta&;omaomaMumifh a&Sodk qufvuf csDwufNrJcsDwufoGm;Muonf Edk0ifbmv (25) &ufaeYwGifjrif;jcHodkY qkdufa&mufcJhavonf Edk0ifbmv(28 &ufaeY? eHeuf (10) em&D tcsdefwGif t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;onf rEåav;odkY qdkuf a&mufvmMuNyD; y&if;'g*yfonf uif;0efrif;BuD;tm; rdrdxHvma&mufawGUqHk&ef ac:iifcJhonf/


- ၉ - - ၁၀ -

odkaomfuif;0efrif;BuD; tcsdefrDa&mufvmjcif; r&SdaomaMumifh oabFmrsm;ay:rS t*Fvdyfppfwyfrsm;onf ukefydkUqif;um bifc&mtpHktvif wD;rINyD;? eHab;0J,mrS Munfh&IaeMuonfh rEåav;NrdKUolNrdKUolrsm;Mum;rS rEåav;eef;awmfBuD;&Sd&modkU csDwufoGm;Mu\/

xdkwyfrsm;\ a&SUrSaejyD; ume,fpav'if? ume,fpav'if\ pum;jyefjzpfol rpöwme,f aumvuf ESifh {&m0wDrD;oabFmukrÜPDrS uyÜwdefarmf*efwdkY vdkufygvmMuonf/ armf*efrSm rEåav;eef;NrdKUawmftwGif;ydkif;ü rnfonfYt&mrsm;&Sdonfudk aumif;pGmodaom ae&mußGrf;usifol jzpfaom aMumiYfjzpfonf/

eef;awmfBuD;\ ta&SbufwHcg;rSaeí uif;0efri;fBuD;uum e,fpav'iftm;qD;BudKonf/uif;0efrif;BuD;u ppfwyfrsm;ukd rlum;eef;awmfodkY 0ifcGifhay;&efroifhaMumif; ajymaomaMumifh ume,fpav'ifonf AdkvfcsLyf y&if'g*yodom&ef wHcg;0wGif pmawpfapmif;a&;NyD; xm;cJh\/

jreef;jyom'fawmfBuD;twGif;odkY ume,fpav'ifESifh uif;0efrif;BuD;wdkY qdkufa&muff oGm;aom tcgü oDaygri;f(1878-1885)ESifh pkzk&m;vwfwkdUonf oD[moe&mZ yv’ifay:wGif,SOfwGJ &SdaeMuonf ukd awGY&onf/

jrefrmppfom;tcsdKUESifh 0efBuD;tcdsKUvnf;0yfNyD; cpm;aeMuonf/ zdeyfukdvnf; rcßGwf? wkyfuG&dkusdK; jcif;vnf; r&SdawmhbJ rm;rm;rwfrwfBuD; 0ifa&mufvmaom ume,fpav'ifxHwGif oDaygrif; tnHhcH&avawmhonf/

odkYaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfwyfrsm; ac:aqmif&modkY csufcsif;vdkufygEkdifjcif; rjyKbJ aemufwpfaeYrS ac:aqmifoGm;&ef pDpOfxm;avonf/

aemufwpfaeYwGif oDaygrif;tm; jrpfqdyf(a*g0defqdyf) oabFmrsm;&Sd&modkY ac:aqmifoGm;&mü yxrqHk; t*FvdyfppfAdkvffcsKyf y&if'g*yf? xdkaemuf t*Fvdyf tvHawmf? xdkYaemuf t*Fvdyf ajcvsifwyfom;rsm;? xdkYaemuf wdkif;wm;rif;BuD;? xdkYaemuf xD;jzLav;pif; pdkufaoAD&kdvSnf;ü oDaygrif;? pkzk&m;vwf? qifjzL&Siffrdzk&m;BuD;wdkYukd wifum aemufrS t*Fvdyfpyfom;rsm;u bifc&mrsm;udk wD;rIwfum aqmif,loGm;Mu\/

oDaygrif;ygaom AD&dkvSnf;tm; aoewfvSHpGyfukdif t*Fvdfyfppfom;rsm; 0ef;&Hxm;Mu\/ rEåav;rS oDaygrif;tm; ol&d,[kac:aom {&m0wD zvkyfwD;vm;ydkif oabFmay: odkYwifum &efukefokdY ac:aqmifoGm;avonf/

&efukkefodkY a&muf&Sdaeaomtcgü uefeif; (Canning) yifv,ful; oabFmwpfpif;ay: odkY wifum yxr tdE´d,jynf t'&yfNrdKUodkY aqmif,lonf/ xdkaemuf bHkabe,f &wem*D&dNrdKUwGif tus,fcsKyf jzifh xm;avonf/ 1916 ckESpfwGif &wem*D&dNrdKUü oDaygrif; ewf&GmpHNyD;aemuf pkzk&m;vwftm; &efukkefodkkY jyefvnfoGm;a&muf aexdkifcJhonf/

1287 ck? ewfawmfvqef;(10)&uf aeYwGif ewf&GmpHaomaMumifh a&Twd*HkapwDawmfawmfbuf?uefawmfrif yef;jcHtwGif;wGif oN*ØK[fcJhavonf/ 1886 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtm;NyD; tydkifodrf;NyD;aMumif; oDaygrif;\ ydkifeuftm;vHk;onf NAdwdoSsEdkifiH 0dwdk&d, bk&ifrBuD;\ ykdifeuf jzpfaMumif;? tdE´d, bk&ifcHcskKyfu tcgtm; avSsmfpGmcefYxm;aom t&m&Sdrsm;rSwpfaqihf tkyfcsKyff oGm;rnf jzpfaMumif; bk&ifcHcsKyf avhm'yfz&ifu aMunm vdkufavonf/

oDaygrif;tm; jrefrmxD;eef;rS t*FvdyfwdkY zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;ESihftwl ukef;abmif rif;qufjywfpJoGm;cJhonf/ jrefrmbk&if tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfvnf; ysufpD;aysmufuG,foGm;cJhonf/ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;vnf; qHk;&IH;oGm;cJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHESifhwuG jynfaxmifpkom; tm;vHk; wdkYvnf; NAdwdoSswdkY\ ußGefb0odkY usa&mufoGm;Mu&avawmhonf/


- ၁၁ - - ၁၂ -

oDaygrif;ewf&GmpH NyD;aemuforD;awmf(4)yg; teufwwd,orD;awmf t&Sifxdyfpkjrwfbk&m;onfjyifOD;vGifü vma&mufaexdkifcJhonf/ wwd,orD;awmfwGif wpfOD;wnf;aomorDD;jzpfol xdyfpkBuD; bk&m;ukd pwkwÅÅorD;awmf t&Sifxdyfpkjrwfbk&m;uav;ESifh OD;ukdukdEdkif\ wwd, om;awmf awmfbk&m; ESifhpkvsm;&pfywfcJhonf/ awmfbk&m;rSm,cktcg oufawmf (85) ESpf&SdNyD;? jyifOD;vGifNrdKU? opfawmvrf;? tdrftrSwf(133)? opfawmvrf;? ig;yg;oDvowfowfvGwf bHkausmif;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifwGif rdom;pkESifh twlaexdkifvsuf&Sdonf/

t*FvdyfwdkYonfjynfNrdKUukd wdkufcdkufodrf;ykdufNyD;aomtcg jrefrmheef;wGif; t&IyftaxG;rsm;ay: aygufvmonf/ yk*Hrif;\ nD0rf;uGJawmfol rif;wkefrif;om;onf ppfukd rvdkvm;oljzpfonf/ tdEd´,bk&ifcHcsKyfavmh'gv[dkZdonf uGefrdk'dkvif;vwfrS wpfqihfyk*Hrif;xHodkY t"du tcsuf 4 csuf ygawm &mZoHukd ay;ydkUaomtcgrif;wkef;rif;u xdk&mZoHukd txdkuf tavSsmufxm;cJhzl;avonf/

yk*Hrif;onft*FvdyfwdkYESifh ppfwkduf&rnfrSm ra&SmifrvTJomaom udpöwpf&yfjzpfonfh tavsmufwpfwkdif;jynfvHk; ukefqHk;onftxd tavSsmhray;bJ wkdufcdkuf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufavonf/ xdktawmtwGif; rif;wkef;rif;om;ESifh uaemifrif;om;wdkY tay:trIwpfck ay:aygufvm avonf/ yk*Hrif;om;i,f&G,fpOfu txdef;awmfjzpfaom [oFmwNrdKUpm;rd&TJ\ nDr rdbJtdrfukd "m;jywdkYu 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufMuonf/

xdk"m;jyrIwGif rif;wkef;tdrfawmfESifh uaemiftdrfawmfrsm;rS ußGefawmfrsdK;rsm; wkdufcdkuf& ygonf[k pGyfpGJNyD;vSsif rif;wkef;rif;om;\ pma&; iay? uaemifrif;om;\ pma&; iESif;? uGrf;a&awmfacgif; ia&atmifwkdYudk awmif;qkdavonf/ þodkYawmif;qkd ppfaq;NyD; vSsifrif;wkef;-uaemif nDaemif-wkdYonf olcdk;"m;jyarG;onf[k trI&Smonfukd nDawmf uaemifrif;om;u aemifawmftm; wifavSsmufavonf/

rif;wkef;-uaemifnDaemifwdkYonf om;awmforD;awmf? udk,fvkyfarmif;r? aus;awmfrsdK; ußGefawmfrsKd; taygif;wdkYukd pk&kHk;í 1852 ckESpftukefavmufwGif aejynfawmf tr&yI&rS xGufcGmí a&TbkdNrdKUodkYoGm;a&mufum ykefuefjcm;em;Muavonf/ xdkodkY rif;wkef;-uaemifnDaemifwdkY aemifawmfyk*Hrif;tm; ykefuefjcm;em;NyD; aejynfawmf tr&yI&ukd wdkufcdkuf&m 1853 ckESpfwGif atmifawmfrIavonf/

vTwfawmfü MoZmBuD;rm;aom rauG;rif;BuD;uvnf; yk*Hrif;\ t&nftcsif;ukd oabmrusojzifh rif;wkef;rif;om;tm; eef;wifvkdufavonf/ rif;wkef;rif;om;onf 1853 ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif eef;wufonf/ aemifawmfyk*Hrif;om;tm; owfjzwfjcif;rjyKbJ pnf;pdrfESifh wuGaußG;arG;apmifh a&Smufxm;onf/ yk*Hrif;onf wlawmfoDaygrif; vufxuf 1888ckESpf wGif ewf&GmpHonf/ 1868 ck? Mo*kwfvwGif jrefrmheef;awmfBuD;wGif BuD;rm;wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;zG,ff&maumif;aom ykefukefrIBuD;wpf&yf jzpfay:cJhavonf/ xdkykefuef jcm;em;rIrSmrif;wkef;rif;ESifh rif;wkef;rif;\ nDawmf uaemifrif;om;udkyg ykefuefjcm;em;jcif;jzpfavonf/

uaemifrif;om;onf rif;wkef;rif;tjzpfodkY a&muf&dSatmif OD;aqmifwdkufcdkufay;cJh ojzifh tdrfa&SU rif;om;tjzpf tyfESif;xm;jcif; cH&&kHomruao;bJ? bk&ifhwyfrawmf\ ppfaoemywd csKyftjzpf vnf; wm0ef,l&avonf/

uaemifrif;om;onf 1868 ckESpf aeY ESpfcsufwD;tcsdefeef;ajrbHkompHeef;buf vTwfawmfteD; wJBuD;wGifpHaecdkuf rif;wkef;rif;u uaemifrif;om;tm; tdrfa&SUrif;om;tjzpf ay;onfukd rauseyf aomwlawmf jrifuGef;rif;om;ESifh jrif;cHkwkdifrif;om;wdkY\ wkdufckdufrIudk&kwfw&uf cHvkduf& jcif;jzpfonf/

tdfrfa&SUpH uaemifrif;om;tm; jrifuGe;f-jrif;cHkwkdifwdkY\ vuf&kH;jzpfaom ijzLoD;u vkyfMuHowf jzwfjcif; jzpfavonf/ jrifuGef;ESihfjrif;cHkwdkifwdkYonf crn;fawmf rif;wkef;rif;tm; owfjzwf&ef tvmwGif rif;wkef;rif;onf pm;zdkaqmifrS xGufajy; vGwfajrmufoGm;avonf/


- ၁၃ - - ၁၄ -

jrifuGef;ESifh jrif;cHkwdkifwdkUonf ta&;&IH;edrhfaomtcg NAdwdoSs ydkifeuftwGif;odkYajy;í ckd0if oGm;avonf/ nDawmfjrif;cHkwkdifrif;om; iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh tedpöa&mufaomtcg aemifawmf jrifuGef;onf ta&SYUbufwpfvTm;odkY ul;í &Srf;jynfESifh u&ifeDe,fwGif ta&;&IH;edrfhí atmufjrefrmjynft*FvdyfwdkY vufxJodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg jrifuGef;rif;om;tm; zrf;qD;í tdEd´,jynfodkY ydkYvdkufavonf/

tdrfa&SUpH uaemifrif;om; vkyfMuHcH&csdefwGif uaemifrif;om;\ om;awmf vif;yifrif;om;rSm oufawmftm;jzifh ckepfom;t&G,fwGifjzpfonf/ crnf;awmfu aemifrif;om;ukd jrifuGefESifhjrif;ckH wdkYu "m;jzifhvnfyif;ukd ykdif;jzwfvkdufcsdefwGif vif;yifrif;om;u rif;om;uav;rSm ab;wGif &Sdaeojzifh uaemifrif;om;\ OD;acgif;rSm pdefem;awmif;jzifh eef;Murf;jyifwGifwpfaeYvHk; rsufawmif cwfae onfudk ukd,fwdkifawGYjrif vdkuf&avonf/

vif;yifrif;om;onf crnf;awmf vkyfMuHowf jzwfcH&yHkESifh ywfoufí wpfaeYrSrarh/xdkaMumifh jrifuGef;ESifh jrif;cHkwdkifwdkYukd jyefvnfvufpm;acs&ef touf&vmaom tcsdef1235ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfodkY xGufcGmvmNyD; 1241ckESpfwGif &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;ukd pnf;&kHodrf;oGif;EkdifcJhavonf/ xdktcsdefwGif vif;yifrif;om;\ toufrSm 22 ESpfcefYom &Sdao;onf/ rEåav;aejynfawmfrSm oDaygrif;ESifhpkzk&m;vwfwdkYudk t*FvdyfwdkY zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;NyD; jrefrm wpfEkdifiHvHk; olYußGefb0 usa&mufoGm;onfukd odaomtcg t*FvdyfwdkYudk wkdufxkwf&ef twGuf rdk;eJapmfbGm;BuD;wyfESifh ylaygif;í &Srf;jynfukd wdkufcdkufodrf;ykduf&ef ppfcsDvmaom t*FvdyfwdkY tm;&Gwf&GwfcßGHcßGH jyefvnfwdkufcdkufEdkifcJhavonf/

t*FvdyfwkdYu aemufqHk;wGif vif;yifrif;om;\ wyfukd acsrIef;Edkifjcif; rjyKEdkifojzifh&yf apmfbGm;BuD; ESihfwuG t*Fvdyft&m&Sdrsm;u rif;om;tm; acsmharmhjzm;a,mif;í txufjrefrmEdkifiH udkvnf; odrf;NyD;ygNyD? ,ck &Srf;jynfe,fukdvnf; rif;om;utyfyg[k tBudrfBudrfawif;yefí rif;om;ukd vnf;xDeef;jyefay;rnf[k vdrfvnfvSnfhywf ajymqdk&mwGif rif;om;u,HkMunfrdNyD; t*Fvdyftpdk;& ESifh rif;om;wdkYppfajyNidrf;a&; pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkcJhMuavonf/

t*FvdyfwdkYonf vif;yifrif;om;tm; atmifjrifpGm jzm;a,mif;EkdifcJhNyD;aemuf &efukefodkY ac:aqmifvmNyD; xdkrSwpfqifh tdEd´,EdkifiH b*Fvm;odkY ykdaqmifvdkufavonf/

b*Fvm;wGif ESpftwefMum aexdkifMu&aomtcg rif;om;BuD;u jrefrmEdkifiHodkU jyefcsifonf[k qdk&m? t*Fvdyftpkd;&urnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifh jyefcsifoenf;[k vdr®myg;eyfpGm ar;jref;cJh&m? ußGEkfyf\ Muif,mawmfavmif;tm; oGm;a&mufvufxyfcsifygonf[k ajymMum;onf/

t*Fvdyftpkd;&u Muif,mawmfrnfol jzpfoenf;qdk&m vif;yifrif;om;rSmrnfhodkU jyefajz&rnfrod jzpfoGm;onf; rif;om;onf rEåav;aejynfawmfrS xGufcGmvmcsdefwGif 15 ESpfom;ausmf ywf0ef;usifom &Sdao;í cspfol&nf;pm; b,frSm&Sdrnfenf;/ odkYaomf eef;wGif;wGif trsm;ajym Mum;ae Muaoma&eHomcifBuD; rif;orD; cHhnm;acsmarmaMumif; Mum;odcJh&zlonf/ olukd,fwkdif jrifawGYzl;jcif;r&Sd/

t*FvdyfwdkYonf a&eHomcifBuD;ukd&SmNyD; b*Fvm;odkYydkYcJhonf/ vif;yifrif;om;ESifh vufxyf &rnf qkdonfukdvnf; BudKwifrodcJh&? rvdrfhwpfywfac:aqmifvmojzifh rauseyfjzpfNyD; a'go xGufcJh avonf/

xdktcg vif;yifrif;om;u a&eHomcifcifBuD;tm; rdrdtaejzifh jrefrmjynfodkY jyefcsifojzifh taMumif;&Smr& jzpfaeojzifh rif;orD;\ trnfukd tvGJoHk;pm;jyKrdaMumifh awmif;yefojzifh rif;orD; vnf; auseyfum oabmwlvdkufonf/

xdkYaemuf vif;yifrif;om;ESifh a&eHomcifcifBuD;wdkY\ r*FvmyGJudkrEåav;rS pdefaA'gukd,fwkdifyg0ifaom pdefaA'gqdkif;0dkif;jzifh usif;ycJhavonf/


- ၁၅ - - ၁၆ -

vif;yifrif;om;ESifh a&eHomcifcifBuD;wdkYrSm om;orD; (6) a,muf xGef;um;cJh&mwGif

1/ vif;yifxdyfwifrBuD; 2/ vif;yifxdyfwifBuD; 3/ vif;yifxdyfwifvwf 4/ vif;yifxdyfwifrvwf5/ vif;yifxdyfwifaxG;6/ vif;yifxdyfwifraxG;

wdkY jzpfonf/

vif;yifxdyfwifrvwfrSm aemifaomtcg MopaMwvsm;EdkifiHom; jyifOD;vGif jrif;NydKifuGif; jrif;'dkifcsKyf Mr. Herbert Bellamy qkdolESifh tdrfaxmifjyKNyD; jyifOD;vGif (,ck jyifOD;vGifa*gufuGif;teD; Rase View aetdrfwGif aexdkifcJhMuonf/

1931 ckESpfwGif vi;fyifrif;om;BuD;ESifh a&eHomciffcifBuD;wdkYu toufBuD;rS uav;&onf? ewfu ay;aom uav;jzpfonf[kqkdum vi;fyifxdyfwifrvwf\orD;udk &wemewfr,f [k trnfay;cJh onf/

&wemewfr,f\ t*FvdyftrnfrSm John Rose Bellamy jzpfonf/ jyifOD;vGif pdefrdkufu,f trsdK;orD;txufwef;ausmif; (,ck txu4) ausmif;wGif txufwef;txd ynmoif Mum;cJhonf/ jrif;pD;&mwGifvnf; xl;cßGefolwpfOD;jzpfonf/

&kyf&nf&IyumrSmwifhw,f acsmarmNyD; t&yfarmif; axmifaxmifarmif;armif; xnf0gcHhnm;ojzifh jyifOD;vGifomru rif;pdk;&mZm todkif;t0ef;wGif ygxif&Sm;cJh avonf/

vif;yifrif;om;ESifh a&eHomcifcifBuD;

&wemewfr,f


- ၁၇ - - ၁၈ -

jrifpdkif;rif;om;ESifh jyifOD;vGifrS olUußGefrcHrsm;jyifOD;vGifordkif;wGif jrifpdkif;rif;om;\ olYußGefrcHaom e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pk\vIyf&Sm;rIrSm xif&Sm;cJhavonf/

jrifpdkif;rif;om;onf rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;\ rdzk&m;rsm;teufwpfyg; jzpfaom vufyefZif rdzk&m; \ om;awmfwpfyg;jzpfonf/ oDaygrif; eef;wufpOfu tjcm;aom rif;nDrif;om;rsm;udk zrf;qD;NyD; tpkvdkuf tjyHKvdkuf owfjzwfjcif; jyKvkyfpOfu yifwdrf;a&Smif ykef;atmif; aecJh&avonf/1885 ckESpf oDaygrif;tm; NAdwdos e,fcsJUorm;wdkYu zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;pOf jrif;pdkif;rif;om;\ toufrSm 17ESpfom &Sdao;onf/ oDaygrif;tm; e,fcsJU t*FvdyfwdkYu zrf;qD; ac:aqmif oGm;NyD;aemuf 0if;awmfrSL;OD;aygifESifh MoZmtmP&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;u jrifpkdif;rif;om;tm; NAdwdoSse,fcsJUqefusifa&;ESifh olYußGefrcHa&;wdkY twGuf acgif;aqmif&ef odrf;oGif;pnf;&kH;cJhavonf/xdkYaemuf taemuf0ifawmfrSL; OD;aygifonf jrifpdkif;rif;om;wyftwGuf olYußGefrcH jrefrm wyfom;aygif; 200 cefY ukd pkpnf;ay;vdkufNyD; rEåav;ta&SUbuf&Sd ZD;yifBuD;&Gm teD;wGif wyfpJGapcJhonf/ xdkae&mrSm rEåav;NrdKawmfESifh ywf0ef;usifukd tay:pD;rS jrifomaom ae&mjzpfonf omru? e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfppfwyfrsm; awmifay:odkY wufvmaomtcgtay:pD;rS wkdufcdkuf Edkifaom ae&mvnf; jzpfonf/

jrifpkdif;rif;om;\ olUußGefrcHaomwyfonf ZD;yifBuD;odkYa&muf&SdwyfrpGJrDu yifjrefrmrif; vuf atmufcH jyifOD;vGif? vusfmajcmuf&Gm (awmif)? vusfm ajcmuf&Gm (ajrmuf)? oHk;awmif? wGif;i,fESifh tkef;cGefwdkYrS e,ftkyfrsm;onf &&mvufeufrsm;ukd pGJudkifNyD; NAdwdoSse,fcsJU wyfrsm;ukdwGefvSef&ef aejynfawmfrS qifhac:ojzifh oGm;a&mufcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif vrf;c&D; wpfae&mta&mufwGif e,fcsJUwyfrsm; rEåav;ukdodrf;ydkfufNyD; oDaygbk&ifudkyg zrf;qD; ac:aqmifoGm;aMumif; owif;Mum; &ojzifh awmifay:odkY jyefqkwfcJhavonf/jrifpkdif;rif;om;onf vrf;wpf0ufrS jyefvnfqkwfcGmvm aom jyifOD;vGifrS olYußGefrcHrsm;ukd ¤if;\wyfü vma&mufylk;aygif;&eftwGuf ZD;yifBuD;pcef;odkYqifh ac: cJhonf/ aemufwGif rEåav;&Sd t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwyfxH tnhHcHcJhaom vusmfajcmuf&Gm (ajrmuf) e,ftkyf OD;vGifrSvGJí usefe,ftkyfrsm;ESifh aemufvdkufrsm;tm;vHk; jrifpdkif;rif;om;xH opömawmfcHMu avonf/

xdkpOfu jrifpkdif;rif;om;xH opömawmf cHMuaom jyifOD;vGif tygt0if e,f(6) e,frS olYußGefrcH acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm Adkvfausmfarmif (vGefaumif;&Gm)? Adkvfawmf (a&T"m;Adkvfac: Adkvfi,f\ a,mufz)? AdkvfvdIif? AdkvfrSJY (nHnif;om&Gm)? Adkvfoif (pkefaygtkdif&Gm)? Adkvfwkwf (pkef;aygtkdif&Gm)? Adkvfjr (nHHnifom&Gm) wdkY jzpfMuonf/

1886 ckpfESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif\ bHkabbm;rm; opfukr®P (The Bombay Burma trading Corporation Limited) rS rsufESmjzLt&m&Sd rpöwmuma&; (Mr. Grey) tygt0if Oa&mywkdufom; (4) OD;wdkYonf awmwGif;rS ¤if;wdkY\ tvkyfpcef;odkY tkyfjyef0if&eftoGm; ausmufqnfc&kdif? pOfhukdifteD;wGif jrifpdkif;rif;om;\ olYußGefrcHwyfom;rsm; wdkufcdkufjcif;udk cHcJhMu&mwGif wdkufyGJ rSm (4)em&DMum NyD;aemuf rpöwmfuma&; (Mr. Garay) rSty useftaygif;tyg tm;vkH; usqkH;cJhMuavonf/rpöwmuma&;udkrl jrif;pdkif;rif;om;\ tajcpdkufpcef;&Sd&m ZD;yifBuD;pcef;odkY zrf;qD;ac:aqmif vmcJhJ Mu avonf/

xdktcsdefwGif NAdwdoSswkdYonf rpöwmuma&;tm; u,fwif&efESifh jrifpdkif;rif;om;\ tajcpdkufpcef; ukd wkdufcdkufacsrIef;&eftwGuf t*FvdyfppfwyfrS [rf;&Sm;,m;wyf (Ham-shires) udk apvTwfcJhonf xdkwyfukd jrifpdkif;rif;om;wyfu awmifajc&Sd xHk;bdkrSqD;jyD; [rf&Sm;,m;wyfxHrS t*FvdyfvlrdsK;AdkvfBuD;vdGKuf (captain L.Loryd) ESifh wyfom;ESpfOD;rSm jyif;xefpGm 'Pf&m&SdcJhNyD;aemuf rEåav;odkY qkwfcGmoGm;Muavonf/ xdkokdY qkwfcGmoGm;pOf olYußGefrcHrsm;u aemufrS vdkufwkdufojzifh t*Fvdyf wyfom; trsm;tjym; xyfrH 'Pf&m&SdcJh avonf/

1886 ckkESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (10) &ufaeYwGif NAdwdoSse,fcsJUwyfrsm;onf ZD;yifBuD;pcef;ukd odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhaomfvnf; jrifpdkif;rif;om;ESifh olUußGefrcH wyfom;rsm;onf t*Fvdyfppfwyfrsm; a&mufvmjcif;rjyKrDuyif rppöwmuma&; (Mr.Gray) ukd acgif;jzwfowfcJhNyD;aemuf pcef;ukd pGefYcGm í ausmufqnf e,fbufwGif pcef;opfwpfck xyfrHwnfaxmifcJhMuonf/


- ၁၉ - - ၂၀ -

jrifpkdif;rif;om;onf ausmufqnfe,fbuf rSaeí t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwyfrsm;tm; qufvuf awmfvSef wdkufcdkufaepOf 1886 ckESpf? rwfvESifh {NyDvwGif oDaygapmfbGm;\ vufatmufcH jzpfaom abmfBudK[defESifh qrfq,fNrdKUpm;wdkY onfoDaygapmfbGm;xGm;\ apcdkif;csuft& vufeufudkif aemufvkdufwyfom;rsm;ESifhtwl jyifOD;vGifukdk wkdufcdkufodrf;ydkufNyD; wpf&GmvHk;udk rD;&IdUcJhMuonf/ (ouú&mZf1783 ckESpf? rdk;nSif;rif;w&m; BuD;vufxufwGif jyifOD;vGifudk oDaygapmfbGm;u olykdifqdkif aMumif; tBudrfBudrfta&;qkdcJhzl;onf/)

jyifODD;vGif&Gmukd oDaygapmfbGm;wyfrsm;u tMurf;zuf wkdufcdkufodrf;ydkufvdkufonf qkdaom owif;rSm ausmufqnfe,fwGif pcef;csxm;aom jrifpdkif;rif;om;\ opömawmfcH vusfm ajcmuf&Gmpm; (awmif) e,ftkyfudk opömawmfcH e,fole,fom;rsm;ukd pkpnf;apNyD; jyifOD;vGif&Gmukd jyefvnfodrf; ykduf&ef apvGTwfcJhavonf/

vusfmajcmuf&Gmpm;(awmif) e,ftkyf\ olYußGefrcHwyfzGJYonf jyifOD;vGifodkYa&muf&Sdaom tcg apwDwpfqlteD;wGif wyfpcef;csxm;onfh abmfBudK[def;\ ya'o&mZfwyfudkd 0ifa&muf wdkufckduf onf/ wdkufyGJrSmwpfaeYESifhh wpfn Mumonfftxdjyif;jyif;xefxef jzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf abmfBudK[def\ wyfckcHEdkifpGrf;r&SdawmhbJ *kwfxdyfbufodkY qkwfcGmxGufajy;cJhavonf/ xdkwdkufyJGwGif ESpfbufpvHk;rS vlaygif; (41) OD;toufqHk;&IH;cJhMu&avonf/

jyifOD;vGifrS olYußGefrcH jyifOD;vGifom;rsm;u yifvdef&GmESifh 0uf0H&GmwkdYonf abmfBudK[def;\ oDaygapmfbGm;wyfudk tultnDay;cJhojzifh &GmudkrD;&IdcJhonf/ þwdkufyGJrSm e,fcsJUtiftm;pkukd wkdufcdkufaeaom jyifOD;vGifrS olYußGefrcH rsdK;cspftiftm;pkukd ya'o&mZftiftm;pku aemufausm "m;jzifh xdk;jcif;jzpfonf/ jrifpkdif;rif;om;\ olYußGefrcHaom wyfrsm;udk t*Fvdyfppfwyfu ausmufqnf e,fwGif ppfqifa&; qifETJcJh&m vufeuftiftm;? vltiftm; r,SOfomawmhonfhtqHk; olYußGefrcH wyfrsm;NydKuGJoGm;onf/ jrifpdkif;rif;om;rSmrI &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&GmiHa'oodkY qkwfcGmNyD; aemuf iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh uHukefoGm;&Sm avawmhonf/

e,fcsJh t*Fvdufppffwyfrsm; jyifOD;vGifukd odrf;ydkufjcif;jrif;pdkif;rif;om; r&Sdawmhonfh aemuf jyifOD;vGifa'oonf olYußGefrcHwyfom;rsm;u t*Fvdyfukd qufvufNyD; ykefuefcJhonf/ NAdwdoSsppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfuvnf; jyifOD;vGifukd txifao;í rjzpf? MumvSsif olUußGefcHwyfrsm; tiftm;ydkrdk BuD;xGm;vmrnfudk pdk;&drfojzifh jyifOD;vGifudk tjrefqHk; ppfcsD wkdufcdkuf&ef ppfqifa&;wpf&yf qifETJjyifqifapcJhavonf/

1886 ckßESpf? ZGefvwGif wyfzGJUwpfzGJUvSsif wyfom;tiftm(561)OD;yg0ifaomppfyk vdyfwyfzGJU(MilitaryPloiceLevies) (2)zGJU onf MuGufezm;wGif wyfpcef;csNyD; jyifOD;vGifudk wdkufcdkufodrf; ykduf&ef jyifqifavonf/

1886ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGif ajrjyefYa'oESifhjyifOD;vGif tygt0if aawmifay:a'orsm;rS olYußGef rcHaom tiftm;pkrsm;yl;aygif;NyD; MuGufezm;wGif wyfpGJxm;aom ppfykvdyfwyfzGJUukd (3)&uf wkdifwdkif0dkif;0ef;NyD;wdkufcJhonf/ xkdwkdufyGJwGif t*Fvyfppfwyfppful a&mufvmojzihf t0dkif;cHxm; &aom ppfykvdyfwyfzGJUrSm oufom&m &&SdcJhavonf/

þwkdufyGJrSm awmifay:a'oESihf ajrjyefYa'o&Sd wdkif;&if;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI tiftm;udk NAdwdoSse,fcsJUwdkYtm; jyovdkufaom wkdkufyGJjzpfonf/ MuGufezm;wkdufyGJESifh ywfoufí ppfykvdyfwyf zGJUukd OD;aqmifwdkufcdkufcJhol 'kwd, &JAdkvf csKyfrpöwm at'Dumeef'g (Mr. A.D. Kiernandar )u atmufygtwdkif; rSwfcsufcscJhavonf/

tu,fí ppfulrsm; a&mufrvmygu olUußGefrcHaom tiftm;pkrsm;\ vufcsufaMumifh ol\ wyfom;rsm;rSm jrefrmhajray:rS vHk;0aysmufoGm;p&m&Sdonf [lí jzpfonf/

MuGufezm;wkdufyGJwGif t*Fvdyfppfwyfrsm; ta&;edrfhcJhNyD;aemufjyifOD;vGifukd wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&ef ppfqifa&;wpf&yf qifETJygawmhonf/ xdkppfqifa&;wGif AdkvfrSL;BuD;pwufrif; (Col. Stedman) OD;pD; aom trSwf (3) a*:&cg; aoewfukdifwyf&if; 3rd Gurka Rifles) ESifh trSwf (23) rS r'&yfpf ajcvSsif wyf&if;rS wyfcGJ (1) cGJUwkdYyg0ifonf/


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odkUaomftrSwf (23) rS r'&yfpfajcvSsifwyf&if;rS r'&mpDwyfom;rsm;rSm awmifay:a'o\ tat; 'Pfukd rcHEdkifojzifh ZD;yifa&mufwGif xHk;bdkodkU jyefvnfqkwfcGm oGm;Muavonf/ xdkYaemuf trSwf(23) r'&yfpfajcvsif wyf&if;tpm; AdkvfrSL;BuD;ar (Col. May) OD;pD;aom trSwf(5) bifa*g ajcvsifwyf&if; (5th Bengal Infantary) ukd tpm;xkd;cJhavonf/

xdkwyf&if; (2) &if; onf tkef;ESJawmifMum;vrf;rS csDwufvmMuonf/ olYußGefrcHwyfom;rsm;u tkef;ESJESifh ayyiftMum;wGif q;DBudKwkdufcdkufcJh&m t*FvdyfbufrSwyfom;(2) a,mufusqkH;NyD; ppfAdkvfwpfa,muf 'Pf&m &SdcJhonf/ odkU&mwGif vufeuftiftm;? vltiftm;t&mü r,SOfEdkif aomaMumifh olYußGefrcHwyfrsm; qkwfcGmay;cJh&avonf/ azmfjyyg t*Fvdyf ppfwyfrS wyf&if;ESifh twl rpöwmuefeef'g (Mr. A.D Kiernandar) onf EdkifiHa&;ESifh t&yfbufqkdif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd tjzpf vdkufygvmonf/ rpöwmuefeef'gonf ppfaMumif; wpfavSsmuf olUußGefrcHAdkvfrsm;ukd aiGESifh &mxl;ay;ípnf;&kH;&ef vdkufygvmjcif;jzpfonf/

xkdYjyif ppfaMumif;ESifhtwl rEåav;okdY xGufajy;NyD; t*FvdyfwdkYxH tnHhcHcJhol vusfmajcmuf&Gm (ajrmuf) e,ftkyf OD;vGifvnf;vkdufygvmNyD; wGif;o,folBuD;onf vrf;ckvyfwGif vma&muf yl;aygif;onf/ xdkol (2) OD;tm; e,ftkyfrsm;tjzpf cefYtyfcJhonf/ oHk;awmifrS AdkvftH? jyifomrS AdkvfwkwfBuD;wdkYrSmvnf; t*FvdyfwkdYxH opömcHojzihfe,ftkyfrsm; tjzpfcefYtyfjcif; cHcJh&avonf/

1886 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwyfrsm;onf jyifOD;vGifudk odrf;ykdufEdkifcJhMuonf/ t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwdkYonf jyifOD;vGifESifh e,frsm;ukd odrf;ydkufEdkufcJhaomfvnf; olYußGefrcHwyfrsm;\ wpfAdkvfus wpfAdkvfwyfNyD; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUukd qufvufí wkdufyGJ0ifcJhMuavonf/ ru©&m rif;om;\ om;ESpfOD;jzpfMuaom apm&efEdkifESifh acsmif;cGrif;om;wdkYonf jyifOD;vGife,fodkY 0ifa&mufvmNyD; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwkdYukd'ku©ay;cJhonf/

1887 ckESpfwGif pMumrif;om;trnfcH olYußGefcH AdkvfwpfOD; OD;aqmifaomwyfom;tiftm; (200) cefYtxd&SdNyD;vSsif wyfom; (300) txd pkpnf;Edkifonfh tiftm;pkonf jyifOD;vGifESifh ausmufqnf e,fpyf&Sd&J&ref;t&yfwGif wyfpcef;csí e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ppfyGJukd qifETJcJhonf/

pMumrif;om;\ olYußGefrcHswyfukd ESdrfeif;&eftwGuf t*Fvdyfppfwyfu ppfqifa&;wpf&yf qifETJcJh&mwGif vufr&GmwGif wkdufyGJjzpfyGm;cJh&m jyifOD;vGifrS vufaxmufaumfr&Sifem rif;BuD; t*FvdyfvlrsdK; Adkvf'g&m (Leiutenant Darrah, Asistant Commissioner at Pyinoolwin) usqHk;NyD; t*Fvdyft&m&Sd wpfOD;'Pf &m&&SdcJhavonf/

rsm;rMumrDrSmiyf t*Fvdyfppfwyfu pMumrif;om;tm; ausmufqnfe,fpyfwGif zrf;qD;&rdcJhojzihf ausmufqnfwGifyif BudKay; uGyfrsufvdkufav\/ pMumrif;om; usqHk;NyD;aemuf 1887 ckESpfwGif pMumrif;om;\vufusefolYußGefrcH wyfom;rsmudk pkpnf;NyD; jyifOD;vGifa'oü t*FvdyfwdkYtm; qufvufí 'ku©ay;avonf/ 1890 ckESpfwGif t*FvdyfwdkYu AdkvfausmfaZmwyftm; wkdufcdkuf acsrIef;&ef txl; ppfqifa&; wpf&yf qifETJcJhojzihf AdkvfausmfaZmonf &Srf;jynfe,f ajrmufykdifbuf odkY wdrf;a&SmifoGm; avawmhonf/ 1885ckESpfwGif rEåav;NrdKUudk t*FvdyfwdkY odrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf rEåav;wdkufyGJwGif usqHk;cJhaom t*Fvdyfppfonfrsm;twGuf atmufarhzG,ftxdrf;trSwf bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;wpfckk rEåav; eef;wGif; aqmufvkyf&efpDpOfcJhonf/ odk&mwGifarNrdKU bk&ifcHtdrfawmfwnf aqmufNyD; aemufbk&ifcHrsm; bk&m;0wfjyK&ef twGuftaqmuftOD; wpfckvdktyfojzifh rlvurf;av;eef; wGifwnfaqmufrnhf tpDtpOfudk y,fzsufNyD; arNrdKUbk&ifcHtdrfawmfESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifteD;wGif wnfaqmuf&ef a&G;cs,fcJhonf/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;trnfrSmAll Saints Church jzpfonf/ 1912ckESpf? pufwifbmv (3)&ufaeYwGif bk&m;&Spfcdk;ausmif;\ tkwfjrpfudk jrefrmjynfvufaxmuf bk&ifcH qm[m aA;t'rfqif(Sir. Harvey Adamson) csay;cJhonf/ jrefrmjynfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif usqHk;olrsm; twGuf atmufarhzG,f txdrf;trSwftjzpf wnfaqmufcJhonf[k t*Fvdyfvdkt"dyÜg,f&onfh urÜnf; ausmufpm a&;xdk;xm; onfudk awGU&onf/ bk&m&Sdcdk;ausmi;fyHkpHrSm vuf&majrmufNyD; urÇmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm; pdwf0ifpm;Muonf/bk&m;ausmif;yHkpHudk t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ twkdifyifcHydokumtif*sifeD,m (Mr.Seton Morris) qdkolua&;qGJcJhonf/,cktcg oefY&Sif;olaygif; bk&m;ausmif;trnfjzifh jyifOD;vGif aec&pf,mef bmom0ifrsm;u wufa&muf0wfjyKvsuf&Sdonf/ ,cif Church Road ,ckZD0u vrf; jynfolUaq;&HkBuD; teD;wGif wnf&Sdonf/


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odkUaomftrSwf (23) rS r'&yfpfajcvSsifwyf&if;rS r'&mpDwyfom;rsm;rSm awmifay:a'o\ tat; 'Pfukd rcHEdkifojzifh ZD;yifa&mufwGif xHk;bdkodkU jyefvnfqkwfcGm oGm;Muavonf/ xdkYaemuf trSwf(23) r'&yfpfajcvsif wyf&if;tpm; AdkvfrSL;BuD;ar (Col. May) OD;pD;aom trSwf(5) bifa*g ajcvsifwyf&if; (5th Bengal Infantary) ukd tpm;xkd;cJhavonf/

xdkwyf&if; (2) &if; onf tkef;ESJawmifMum;vrf;rS csDwufvmMuonf/ olYußGefrcHwyfom;rsm;u tkef;ESJESifh ayyiftMum;wGif q;DBudKwkdufcdkufcJh&m t*FvdyfbufrSwyfom;(2) a,mufusqkH;NyD; ppfAdkvfwpfa,muf 'Pf&m &SdcJhonf/ odkU&mwGif vufeuftiftm;? vltiftm;t&mü r,SOfEdkif aomaMumifh olYußGefrcHwyfrsm; qkwfcGmay;cJh&avonf/ azmfjyyg t*Fvdyf ppfwyfrS wyf&if;ESifh twl rpöwmuefeef'g (Mr. A.D Kiernandar) onf EdkifiHa&;ESifh t&yfbufqkdif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd tjzpf vdkufygvmonf/ rpöwmuefeef'gonf ppfaMumif; wpfavSsmuf olUußGefrcHAdkvfrsm;ukd aiGESifh &mxl;ay;ípnf;&kH;&ef vdkufygvmjcif;jzpfonf/

xkdYjyif ppfaMumif;ESifhtwl rEåav;okdY xGufajy;NyD; t*FvdyfwdkYxH tnHhcHcJhol vusfmajcmuf&Gm (ajrmuf) e,ftkyf OD;vGifvnf;vkdufygvmNyD; wGif;o,folBuD;onf vrf;ckvyfwGif vma&muf yl;aygif;onf/ xdkol (2) OD;tm; e,ftkyfrsm;tjzpf cefYtyfcJhonf/ oHk;awmifrS AdkvftH? jyifomrS AdkvfwkwfBuD;wdkYrSmvnf; t*FvdyfwkdYxH opömcHojzihfe,ftkyfrsm; tjzpfcefYtyfjcif; cHcJh&avonf/

1886 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwyfrsm;onf jyifOD;vGifudk odrf;ykdufEdkifcJhMuonf/ t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwdkYonf jyifOD;vGifESifh e,frsm;ukd odrf;ydkufEdkufcJhaomfvnf; olYußGefrcHwyfrsm;\ wpfAdkvfus wpfAdkvfwyfNyD; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUukd qufvufí wkdufyGJ0ifcJhMuavonf/ ru©&m rif;om;\ om;ESpfOD;jzpfMuaom apm&efEdkifESifh acsmif;cGrif;om;wdkYonf jyifOD;vGife,fodkY 0ifa&mufvmNyD; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwkdYukd'ku©ay;cJhonf/

1887 ckESpfwGif pMumrif;om;trnfcH olYußGefcH AdkvfwpfOD; OD;aqmifaomwyfom;tiftm; (200) cefYtxd&SdNyD;vSsif wyfom; (300) txd pkpnf;Edkifonfh tiftm;pkonf jyifOD;vGifESifh ausmufqnf e,fpyf&Sd&J&ref;t&yfwGif wyfpcef;csí e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ppfyGJukd qifETJcJhonf/

pMumrif;om;\ olYußGefrcHswyfukd ESdrfeif;&eftwGuf t*Fvdyfppfwyfu ppfqifa&;wpf&yf qifETJcJ&mwGif vufr&GmwGif wkdufyGJjzpfyGm;cJh&m jyifOD;vGifrS vufaxmufaumfr&Sifem rif;BuD; t*FvdyfvlrsdK; Adkvf'g&m (Leiutenant Darrah, Asistant Commissioner at Pyinoolwin) usqHk;NyD; t*Fvdyft&m&Sd wpfOD;'Pf &m&&SdcJhavonf/

rsm;rMumrDrSmiyf t*Fvdyfppfwyfu pMumrif;om;tm; ausmufqnfe,fpyfwGif zrf;qD;&rdcJhojzihf ausmufqnfwGifyif BudKay; uGyfrsufvdkufav\/ pMumrif;om; usqHk;NyD;aemuf 1887 ckESpfwGif pMumrif;om;\vufusefolYußGefrcH wyfom;rsmudk pkpnf;NyD; jyifOD;vGifa'oü t*FvdyfwdkYtm; qufvufí 'ku©ay;avonf/ 1890 ckESpfwGif t*FvdyfwdkYu AdkvfausmfaZmwyftm; wkdufcdkuf acsrIef;&ef txl; ppfqifa&; wpf&yf qifETJcJhojzihf AdkvfausmfaZmonf &Srf;jynfe,f ajrmufykdifbuf odkY wdrf;a&SmifoGm; avawmhonf/ 1885ckESpfwGif rEåav;NrdKUudk t*FvdyfwdkY odrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf rEåav;wdkufyGJwGif usqHk;cJhaom t*Fvdyfppfonfrsm;twGuf atmufarhzG,ftxdrf;trSwf bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;wpfckk rEåav; eef;wGif; aqmufvkyf&efpDpOfcJhonf/ odk&mwGifarNrdKU bk&ifcHtdrfawmfwnf aqmufNyD; aemufbk&ifcHrsm; bk&m;0wfjyK&ef twGuftaqmuftOD; wpfckvdktyfojzifh rlvurf;av;eef; wGifwnfaqmufrnhf tpDtpOfudk y,fzsufNyD; arNrdKUbk&ifcHtdrfawmfESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifteD;wGif wnfaqmuf&ef a&G;cs,fcJhonf/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;trnfrSmAll Saints Church jzpfonf/ 1912ckESpf? pufwifbmv (3)&ufaeYwGif bk&m;&Spfcdk;ausmif;\ tkwfjrpfudk jrefrmjynfvufaxmuf bk&ifcH qm[m aA;t'rfqif(Sir. Harvey Adamson) csay;cJhonf/ jrefrmjynfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif usqHk;olrsm; twGuf atmufarhzG,f txdrf;trSwftjzpf wnfaqmufcJhonf[k t*Fvdyfvdkt"dyÜg,f&onfh urÜnf; ausmufpm a&;xdk;xm; onfudk awGU&onf/ bk&m&Sdcdk;ausmi;fyHkpHrSm vuf&majrmufNyD; urÇmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm; pdwf0ifpm;Muonf/bk&m;ausmif;yHkpHudk t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ twkdifyifcHydokumtif*sifeD,m (Mr.Seton Morris) qdkolua&;qGJcJhonf/,cktcg oefY&Sif;olaygif; bk&m;ausmif;trnfjzifh jyifOD;vGif aec&pf,mef bmom0ifrsm;u wufa&muf0wfjyKvsuf&Sdonf/ ,cif Church Road ,ckZD0u vrf; jynfolUaq;&HkBuD; teD;wGif wnf&Sdonf/


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jyifOD;vGif "gwfyHku@jyifOD;vGif "gwfyHku@

မဟာအထးကသာ ဘရားၾကးအား ေမာေတာယာဥေပၚမ ေျမခၿပးေနာက

5.61997 ရကေန႔က ပထမဆး ယာယစေကာငးေပၚတြင အပေဇာခစဥ။

မဟာအထးကသာဘရားၾကး လကရေစတေတာ တညထားကးကြယသည႕ေနရာတြငေနရာတြင

မေရြးမ ဆရာေတာ က အဓဌာန ၀ငၿပးအတညၿပေပေတာမသည။

မဟာအထးကသာဘရားၾကး လကရေစတေတာ တညထားကးကြယသည႕ေနရာ အဓဌာန

၀ငၿပးအတညၿပေပေတာမသည႕ မတရာၿမ႕နယ၊မေရြးမ ဆရာေတာ ဥးပါေမာကၡ

မဟာအထးကသာဘရား ေစတေတာ စတငတညေဆာကခ႔သညျမငကြငး 23.12.1997


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2001 ခႏစကလြပလပေရေအာငေစတ(ဇနမာရေအာငဘရား) ရနကနၿမ႕မ ဦး၀ငးေဖလႈဒါနးေသာ ေၾကးဆငးတေတာ၏

လကယာဘက တေတာငဆစတြင ပားစြၿပးေနာက ေစတေတာ ဘကစဖြ႕ၿဖးေရးမားတးတကလာခ႕သည။

ေကာကေတာငရပ၊လြပလပေရးေစတ၊ျပငဦးလြင။

ေမၿမ႕ မဟာေသာဘတရာမေကာငးတကရ လြနခ႔ေသာ ႏစေပါငးတစရာခန႔က ေတြျမငရသည႔

ေအာငေျမဘသာ ေစတေတာ။

ေအာငေျမဘသာ ေစတေတာ။(2000)ခႏစ။


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ေမၿမ႕ေရာက ဗလခပေအာငဆနး

1907 ခႏစက ေမၿမရ ခငးေသနပကင တပရငး

ပငဦးလြငၿမ႕ လြပလပေရးေကာကတင (1959) အားမဖကမကေတြရစဥ။

စာေပခရးသညမား၀-ယာ

ဦးခငေမာငး၀ငး၊ရေဘာေနေအာင၊လထ ဦးလ၊ ဒဆဆာ ဦးခငေဇာ၊ ေမၿမ႕ခစေဆြ၊ဆရာဦးသခ

1899 ckESpfu arNrdKUaps;


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1995ckESpf/atmufwdkbmvwGif NrdKUraps;BuD;tm; zsufNyDaemuf awGY&yHk

rEåav; NrdKUrwl&d,mtzGJUESifYacwfNydKif arNrdKU ,k0 wl&d,m tzGJU

jyifOD;vGifNrdKU vGyfvyfa&;ausmufwdkif (1959) tm;rzsufrDuawG&pOf/

arNrdKU 1961 ck


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သမိုင္း - သမိုင္း၀င္ျဖစ္စဥ္...

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