تحلية المياه
TRANSCRIPT
אא
٢٥٨٢٥٨
א ٢٥٨
א א
،،אא،אW
אא א א א אאאאאא،אאאאאאא
אאאא אאאאאאאWא
אאK
אאאאאאא א ،א אא
אאאאאא،אאא א ،א אא א א אא א א א א א א א
אא،אאאא،אK
א א ?א ?? ?אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא،א ،א א אא
אאאאאK
א ؛ א אאאK
אאאא
אאאא
אא
א
א
١
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ١ -
אאאאאא Jאא J،אאאאאא
אאאאK אאאאאאאאאא،
אאאאאאK אאאאא
אK אאאInternational Desalination Association:
IDA-٢٠٠٠،١٢٠אאאאKאאא١٤٠٠٠א٣٠אK
אאאאאFאאאאאEא٥٠٪אKאאאא٢١٪
אאK אאאאאאאאאאK
אאא،אאא אאאK
אאאאאאאאFאאאEא،Fאא،אאKEא،א
אאאאאKאאאאאFאאאא
EאאאאאאFאKEאאא
٤٠٠Kאאא١٠٪אKאא٤٠אKאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٢ -
אאאאאאFאEאאאאK
אאאFאאאאא،אEאא
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאF
Eאאאא،FאKEאאאא
אאאאאKאאFאEאאאFא
KאאאאEאא אאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٣ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאW אאאW
١ J ،אאאאא ٢ J ،אא ٣ J ،אאא ٤ J ،א ٥ J אאאאK
אאאW
אא٩٠K٪
אאW אא
אאW
אאאאאK
אאW אאאאא Jאאא J
אאאאאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٤ -
אא
א٨٠٪אאאאאא،אא٩٧א٪אאאא،א٢٪
אאאאאK
אאאאW F١EאאK F٢EW FE،אא،،א
א،אאא،אאאאא،אאא،אא
אאKאאאאאאK
FE،،אאאאאאאK
אאאאK FEאאK
FEאאאK F٣E،אאאא
אאאאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٥ -
אא אאא٩٨٪א
،אאאאאאאKאKאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאאK
א١WאאK
אאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאF١KE
אאאאאאW
١ Jאא א א ،א א א א א Kא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٦ -
אאאאKאאאאאKאאא
אאאאא١٠٠א،אאא،אאW،אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאKאאKאאאא
אאאאאאא٢٠٠٣٠٠אאאK ٢ JאW
אאאאאאאאא،אK
אF١EאאאאאאאאאאאW
Jאאא،אאאאאא،אאאא،אא،
א،K Jאאאאאא،אאאאא
אאאאא،אK אאאא אאאאא
א א א F٢ E א אאאK
א א٤٠א א،אאאאF٣Eאא
אK א א א אא
א ،א א א F٤ Eא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٧ -
א،אאאאאK
W١אFאEאא ٧٠٠٠ א
١٣٠٠٠ אא ٢٥٠٠٠ אא ٣٣٦٠٠ אא ٣٣٨٠٠ אא ٣٩٤٠٠ אאא ٤٢١٠٠ אאFאE٤١٢٠٠ אאFE ٤٢٣٠٠ אא
٢אWאאאאאאW
אא אFאE א ٠٨}٦٨ 23476 אNaCl ٤٩٨١ ٤٤}١٤ אMgCl2 ٣٩١٧ ٣٦}١١ אNa2SO4 ١١٠٢ ٢٠}٣ אCaCl2 ٦٦٤ ٩٢}١ אKCl ١٩٢ ٥٦}٠ אNaHCO3 ٩٦ ٢٨}٠ אKBr ٢٦ ٠٨}٠ א HBO3 ٢٤ ٠٠٧ אSrCl2 ٣ ٠١}٠ אNaF ٣٤٤٨١ ١٠٠ אא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٨ -
٣Wאאא א Cations אא
١٠٥٥٦ Na+ א ١٢٧٢ Mg++ א ٤٠٠ Ca++ א ٣٨٠ K+ א ١٣ Sr++
١٢٦٢١ J אאW
א Anions אא ١٨٩٨٠ Cl- ٢٦٤٩ SO4
-- ١٤٠ HCO3
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٤}٢١٨٣٥ אאW ٢٦ J
٤}٣٤٤٨٢ J אא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٩ -
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٣٨٠ ٤٧٣ ٤٠٠ ١٠}١ ١٠}١ ٩٣}٠ K+
٤٠٠ ٤٩٧ ٤٧٥ ١٦}١ ١٦}١ ١٠}١ Ca++
١٢٧٢ ١٥٨٤ ١٥٥٥ ٦٩}٣ ٦٩}٣ ٦٠}٣ Mg++
١٨٩٨٠ ٢٣٥٩٠ ٢٣٥٠٠ ٠٤}٥٥ ٩٢}٥٤ ٣٧}٥٤ Cl-
٢٦٤٩ ٣٤٥٨ ٣٦٧٥ ٦٨}٧ ٠٥}٨ ٥٠}٨ SO4--
١٤٠ ١٧٣ ١٤٦ ٤١}٠ ٤٠}٠ ٣٤}٠ HCO3-
٤٢٩٥٣ ٤٢٢٢١ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ 34482 TDS
٢ J٤WW אא،אאאא
אאאא،אאא،א
א א F٥ E א א א א א א א ،אא א א،א א א
א א א א ،א אאFBrackish WaterEאאאאאא
אK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ١٠ -
٥WאאFBrackish WaterE אאFאEאK
٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ אא ١١٧٠ ٥٠٠ ٤٩٤ ٥٤٢ ٧٤ א
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١٣٦٦ ٧٠٣ ٦٠٢ ٦٩٨ ٤٠٥ א
٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ א ١א ٢٠٤٠ ٢٥٢ ٧٢ ١٠٩٠ ٥٠ א
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א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ١١ -
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א١٥٠٠ J٢٥٠٠٠אא ٢٥٠٠٠ J٥٠٠٠٠אא
FBrineE ٥٠٠٠٠א
٤ J٤אאאאאאאW אאאאא
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- ١٢ -
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אא ٤٦٥ ١١٠ אא ٣٤٠ ٩٠
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- ١٣ -
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FLE ٠.٠٥
٠.٠١
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٠.٠١
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א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ١٦ -
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א
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- ١٧ -
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אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאא
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אאא١٩٣٦אFWOLF AND MARREאאאאאK
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א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ١٨ -
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אאאא،אאאאאאאK
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אאאא،אאאאK
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- ١٩ -
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אאאאFEאאאאא،אאFאE
אאאאK
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אאאאאאאFאE،אאאאKא
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אא،אאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٢٠ -
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אאאKאאאא(multi stage flash-MSF) א
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אbrine heater אאKאאאאF٣Eאאאאtop
brine temperature (TBT )א،F٩٠ J١٢٠KEאאאאאTBT א،،אאK
אF٣EאאFאF٩٠ J١٢٠EE،אאאTBTFא
אF٩٠ J١٢٠KEאאאאאאFאsuperheated water Eא،FאE
אאFאEflashing אאFאEאF٤Eאאאא،
אאK אאאאאFאאEא،
אאFאEאFאEאF٥KEאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٢١ -
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water א،אאאאFאאEאא
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אאאאאאאKאאאאFאאא
אאאאאא،אאאEKKKKאFאאKEאא
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אאא،FEאאא(heat recovery section)،אאאheat rejection Kא
אFא cooling water E،F١EאאFא J،אאאאאאF٢KE
FאאE،F٣Eא،א(make-up water) ،אאאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٢٢ -
(pre-treatment) אא،(deaerator) KאאאאאK
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אאאF٩Eאאאאאא،אאF١٠EF٤EאאאF
אEאאKאאF١١EאאאאKK
אא(recirculation method) אאאFאאא،אאאאEא،אאאא
אאKאאאאא،(brine heater) Kאא(heat recovery section)אאא
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אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאא
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אEאF٤٦אאKE
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٢٣ -
F١Eאא٥٠٠٠٣L F–א–E
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אFE אא
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Lא
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- ٢٤ -
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א
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אאאאאא
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JאאW
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אKEW J אאFאאZEאאאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٢٥ -
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EW J אאאZאאCאאאאCא
אאא אLאאא،LאאאLאK
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אאאאFאE אאאLFLEK
אא،אאאאאGain Output (over) Ratio (G.O.R).
א( G.O.R.)ZאאFLE אאאFLE
אFEFEאא،٧ J٩Kאא٧–٩אאKא
אאאא(Flashing Range)،אאKאאF٤ J١EאW
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٢٦ -
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ZאDאא אZ z١١٠ J٢}٣٩xDz١١٠–٧}١٠١Zx٥}٩
אאאK JאW
אאאאאא(Availability Factor A.F.)אאאא،( In Service Time )
אאאא(A.F) ،אאKאאאא،אא،א
א،אא،אאאאKKKKאא٨٥٪אF١٥٪אEאא،
אאK JאW
אאאאאאאKאא،א،אאא،א
KKKKאאאאאאFא،אא،KKKEא،Fאא،א،KKKKE
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٢٧ -
אאאאאאא
אאאאא (Mature Technology)FאאE
אאאאKאאא F١٠٠٠٠٠אKEאא٥٢٥
אKאאאאאאאאאא،אאא
FאאKEאאאא٢٠Fא١٩٧٩אאKEא( Rehabilitation )
א٣٠–٤٠אFאאאאE،אאאאאאאF
אאאאאאאKEאאאא
אאKאאKאאאאאא
אאKK אאאאאא
Kאאא١٢٠،אאKאאאא
אאFאאKEאאאאאKאF١E،F٢Eאאא٧–١٠אאא
אאא٨אFאE،٤KK FEאאK אאאאאאאKאF٨E،F٩E،אאאאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٢٨ -
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אאאאא٣٣٪אאא،٢٤٪،א١٤K٪
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אאאאאאW ١ Jאא،FאE،،א
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אאאא،אאאא(TBT)،אאאאא
אאW אאאK
אאאאK אאK
אK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٢٩ -
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אאאא،אאאאאאאK
אאאאאא
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FEאאאאא אאאאאFאאא
EW אאZאאאK
FאאאCאאאCאאE FZאאCאאאCאאKE
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٣٠ -
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א٣٧٨אLאK FEאאאW
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EאBrine Concentration Ratio אzZאxDzאx
ZאFאא–אE אאCאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
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Eאאאא אאאא
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א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
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- ٣٣ -
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אאאאאאאא
אאF٧Eאאאאאאא(Brine recirculation)אW
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א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٣٤ -
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אאאאאאאאאאא
אPHK EאHeating Steam System
א،אאאא( TBT) אאKאאאאאאאFE
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאDe – superheater אאאאאFא
אאEאא Condensate אאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٣٥ -
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א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٣٦ -
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אאאאK
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- ٣٧ -
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אאKאאאFאEאאאאKא
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אאאאאאF٩EאאאאF
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- ٣٩ -
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Availability אא Reliability Kאאאא٢٠KאFאאאאEאא
אאFאאאאאאKEאאא،אאאKאאא
אאFאאאאאE،אאאאאא٧٠
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אאאאאאFאאאא٣٠KEא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٤٠ -
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אא אF٢١EאאאאK
אא ( Qin ) F٨٠٧٠Eאאאא٥א٦٥Fא٦٥א
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א،K،אאאאא
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א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٤١ -
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א(Sea water) אKאאאאאאאZאאKאF٢١EW אאאZQin Hאאאא
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אאאZאF٦٥HEאF٦٥E אאZאאF٦٠HEאאF٦٥HE
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אא(Vapor compression)
אאאאאאאF٥٠٠٠٣אKEאא١٩١٠،א١٩٢٠
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אF٢٢EאאFאEאFאEF١EאאFאאPreheater E
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- ٥٣ -
אאאאא אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאKאF٢٦E،F٢٧E
אאאאFאאאEאF٢٨Eאאאא
٢٥٠٠٣LאKאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK אאאא
אאאאאאאאאFא١٠٠٪אE
אאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאאF٣٤Eאאאאא
אאאF٦EאאאאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٥٤ -
F٦Eאאאא
אא א
אאFLE ١٠٠ J٦٠٠
אאאFLאE ٩}٠ J٥}٥
אאאFE ١٦٥–١٩٥
אFLE ٥–٣٤٠
אאאFE ٣٠–٩٥
אFLE ٣}٣–٢٠
אאFE ٣٦٥–٢٢٠٠
אאאFE ٥}١–٧}٣
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٥٥ -
א אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אא
אאFreezingאFאEאאאאאא
אאFאאEאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאF٤א J٣٥EאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאK
א٣٦אF١EאאDeaeratorאFאאEF٢E
אאRefrigeration unitאאF٣EאאFאא
אאEאאF٤EאאאאאאF٥Eאאאאא
F٦EאאאאאאאאאאאF٧Eאאאא
אאאאאאאאאF٨،٩EאאFEאאאF١٠E
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٥٦ -
אאאאFאEאאאאאאאאאEא
אאאאאאאKאא٤٠אא
אאאאאאאאאK אאא
אאאאאאאאאFאEא،
אא KאF٣٧Eאאא،א،אאאאא،
אאאאאאאאKאא،אאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאKאא
אאKאאMembrane Distillation א،אאאאFאאE
،אאF٣٨EאאאאFאאאEFאאE
אאאא،אאאאאFE
KאאאאאאאאFאL
٣EאאאאKאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٥٧ -
אאאאאאאאא،אF٣٩EF٤١E،אאK
אאFאאE אאאאאאאFאאאE
אאFאאאאEאאCo- generation אאאאאK
אאFאאאEאאאKאאאא
אא،אאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאאאF٤٢Eאאאא
אאאאאאאKאאאא
אא١٢٠אא،אאאאאFאא
אKE
אאאאאBrine HeaterאאאKאאא
אאKאF٤٣EאאאK،אאא
אאאאFאKEאאFEא،FECommon system
אאאAuxillary SystemK אאאאאאא
אאאאKא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٥٨ -
אKאאאFאאKE
KאאאW Membrane and Other Desalination Technologies
אאאאאאFאאKE
אFאEאא(Reverse Osmosis :RO) אא(Electro -dialysis ED or EDR)K
אאאאKאאK אא،אאאאא
א،אאאFאאKE אאאא،אא
אאאאאK אאאאאא
אK،אאאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٥٩ -
אא (Reverse Osmosis R.O)
١}١Wאא אאאאKאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא
א(Osmosis)KאאאאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאFאאאאאאKEא،K
אא(Reverse Osmotic Process)אאאאאאאאFאאKE
אא(Semi permeable)،א،אאאK
٢.١-אא
אאא،אאאאKאאאא
אאאאא(Softening)אאK١٩٥٢אאא
אKאאאאאFאאאאKEאא
אאאKאא(Spiral Wounded)אאאא
א(Hollow Fine Fibers)אאאאאKאאאאאאFאE
אאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٦٠ -
٣.١-אאא א،אאא
FEאאFאאEאאFאאEא،אאאאKא(Osmosis Process)K
אאאאאאאאאא JאF١E JK
אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאא(Osmotic Pressure)Kאאאאאאאא
אאאאFאאEאאאאFאאKEאאאאא
אאאאKאא(Reverse Osmosis)אאאא
אאKאאאאFאאEאא(Osmotic Pressure) א
אFF١KEE אאאאא(Total Dissolved
Solids: TDS)אאאאאKאאאאFאEא٦٠٪אא١ J١}١LאאF
א٠٧}٠EאאאאFא١٤٣٠אE JF٢KE
٥٠٠٠אאא٥٠٠٠G٠١}٠G١Z٥٠LאאFא٤}٣E،٣٢٠٠٠אאא
٣٢٠אLאאFא٢٢Eאאאאאאאאא
W
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٦١ -
אאאאאאא، ،אאאאא
،אא،אאאאאא אאאאאאאא
،אKKKKKאK אאאא(Saline Feed Water)
(Pressure Vessel)אאא(Membranes)אאאא،אא
א(Brine)KאאאאKאאאאאא
אאFאאאKEאאא٢٠א٧٠א٪אאאאאא
אא(Rject)Kאאאאאא(Permeate or Water Product) JF٣E JK
אאFאאאאאאEאאאא،Fא
אEאאאאKאאאאאאאאF،א
אאאאא،אEאאאא،אאאFאEא
א JF٤KE ٤.١- א
אא(Semi Permeable)אאKאאאFאאE
،אאFEא(Hollow Fine Fibers)–F٥E–Uא،(Spiral
Wounded Sheets)KאאאF
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٦٢ -
אEאאFאאKEאאאא١١٥אא
א(Micro Filteration)אאאKאF٦EF٧EאK
٥.١-אאא אאאאא
٠٤}٠١}٠אא٠١}٠ JF٨KE٩٠אאKאאא J٩٩٪
אאאא١٠٠٪אאאFאEFKEאאאאאאא
א(Diffusion)KאאאאאF١EאאאK
١אWאא א אא
אאא
אאאאאאK
א א
אא٣ J١١א
אאאאאאא
א
אאאאא
אאאאK א
אאאא
٥}٣ J٥}٦ א
אאאאאאא
א
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٦٣ -
١-٦.אאאאא אאאאא
אא(Micro Filtration)אאאאא(Ultra Filtration)אאא(Nano Filtration)א
אאאאKאאא(Hyper Filtration)KאF٢EאאאאKא
F٣EאאאK ٢WאאאאאK
א א אא
א אאאא
א א
א אאאא
אאא אא
FאאE
אאאאאא
אאא אאא
א אאאא
א אא
אFאE
F٥E
אאאאאאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٦٤ -
٣אWאאK א אאא
א אא
א
אא
L٢
אFÅE
א
Tubular
Poly Salfone
J
א J
١٠ J٣٠ ٥٠ J٢٠٠٠
Micro Filtrati
on (MF)
א
L
Lא
א
א
٢٠ J٧٥ 1000-10
Ultra Filtrati
on (UF)
Flat Sheet Composit
es
אאא
Arom. Polyamides
א
Polyvinyl Alcohol
Derivatives
אCa++/M
g++
٥٠ J١٥٠ ٧ J١٠٠
Nano Filtrati
on (NF)
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٦٥ -
Asymmetirie Fla
Flat
Composite
א
Asym.HFF
אCA
אאAliph.Polya
mides א
Arom.
Polyamides
Polysulfone
אpolyfuran
א
א
150-300LP
350-600 St. Br 800-
1200 Br
١ J١٥ Rever
se Osmo
sis (RO)
١-٧.אW
אאא،אאKאאא
אW
١ J אאא(Pre-traitment Pump)، ٢ J א(High Pressure Pump)، ٣ J (Membrane Assembly (Modules)، ٤ J אאא(Final) Post Treatment UnitK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٦٦ -
אF٩EאאKאאאאאא،אאא
אFא،אאאאאאאאKEאאאF
אE،אאFאEאאאאאאFאEאא(Micro Filtration)
אאK
אאאאאאאFאאEאאאאאאKא
א١٧א J٢٧FEא٤٥ J٨٠אFאאKE
אא(Pressure Vessel)،FאF١٠E
אאאא(Semi Permeable Membranes)אאאאאK
אאאKאאאא،א
אאאאKאאא(Second Stage)אF٩EKאא
Kא،אאLאאאא(Hollow Fine Fibers)Kאאאא
אאאאאאאא،אKאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא
א(Alkalinity)אאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٦٧ -
אאאאFא،אאא،א،Eא،
אאאאאאאאאא(Auxiliary Components)KאאKאאאא
אא،אאאא(Energy Recovery)אאאאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٦٨ -
١-٨.-אאא אאאאW
١K אFאE، ٢K אאFאEאאאא،א،
א(Recovery Ratio)، ٣K אאאאא،אאא
،א ٤K אא ٥K אKKKאK
אאאא
אאאאFאאאKE
٩-١.אאאאאא אאאאW
١K ،א ٢K ،אא ٣K ،אא ٤K אK
א(Brine Flow)אא،(Reject)אאא
אאאאאKאאאKאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאFאאKEא
אאKאאאאא،אאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٦٩ -
אא،אאאKאאאK،
אאאאK
אאאאFא25°CאאKEאאאאאF
אKEאאאאאKאאא(Compaction)אא،K
אאאאאאאא(Hdrolysis)Kאאא
אאאאאKאאאK ٩-١Kאאאאא
אאאאFאאBrackish waterEא،٣٦٪אאאאא
١٠٠א،א٢٥٪א٥٠٠٠אK אאאא(Availability Factor)F
אאאEאאא،٤ J٨אLFאE،אאא
אאKאא٤٠٠ J٥٠٠אFא١٠٪אEא،
Kאאאאאאא١٠٠ J١٥٠אK
אאאאאF٤EאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٧٠ -
٤Wאאא
אא ١ J ،אאא
א ٢ J אאא٣٠٠ J٥٠٠
א ٣ J אאאאא٣Lא J
אW ١ J אאW٤FE J٨FEKKL٣ ٢ J אאאW٨٠٠ J٢٤٠٠FL٣LאE ٣ J אW٧٥}٠ J٢٥}١L٣F،א
אE ٤ J W٣٦٪א١٠٠F٣LאE
٢٥٪א٥٠٠٠F٣LאE Jאאאאאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٧١ -
אF٦EF٧EאאאאאאK ٦Wאאאאא
אא א ١ JאFאEאא٣ ٢ Jאא٥א J٢٥א ٣ Jא א א א
٤ Jאא٥١٠٣Lא ٥ Jאאאא ٦ Jא
אאאא
FMSFE
١ JאFאEאא٣ ٢ Jאא٥א J٢٥א ٣ Jא א א א
٤ JאאאאW
١K אאא ٢K אאא ٣K אאאא
אאFMEE
١ JאFMVCE ٢ Jאא٥א J٢٥א ٣ Jא ٤ Jאאא ٥ JאאאאאW
J אאא Jאאא Jאאאא
אFVCE
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٧٢ -
١ Jאאאא ٢ Jאא٣٠٠ J٥٠٠א ٣ JאאF١٠٠٥١٠٣Lא
אא ٤ Jא،٢٥ J٣٥٪
אK
אאF
R.OE
٧Wאאאאאאא
אא
FROE
א
FVCE
א
FMEE
אא
FMSFE
א
٧٠٠٠٠ ٢٤٠٠٠ ٥٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠٠ א ٣Lא
א ١٠ J٧ ١٥ J١٠ אא FLE
١٢ ٨ אא ٣L٣
٤FE ٨FE
٧ J٨}١ ٩ ٤ אאL٣
٨٠٠ J١٥٠٠ ٢٤٠٠ J٣٠٠٠
٥٠٠ J٢٠٠٠
١٠٠٠ J٣٠٠٠
א ٣L
٧٥}٠ J٥}٠ ٢٥}١ J٥}٠ ١ ٥}٠ J٥}١ אאFL٣E
٦}٣ ٢ ٧}٢٥ ٦٤ אאאאא
٤٠٠٠٣LאE٪F ٤ ٩}٣ ٩}٣٥ ١}٤٨ אאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٧٣ -
אא ١٠٠٣LאE٪F
٢ JאFאאEא(Electro-Dialysis (ED/EDR)) אאאאFא
Eא،K،אאאאFEא،
אFNa+E(Cation)אאFCl-E(Anion)KאF٨Eא
אאאאK ٨Wאאאא
Cations Anionsא Sodium Na+ א Chloride Cl-
א Calcium Ca++ א
Bi-carbonate
HCO3--
א Magnesium
Mg++ א Sulfate SO4--
א Potassium
K+ אא Nitrate NO3-
٢-١ Kאאא אאאFאאEאא،א
FאEאKאאא،אאאאKאאא
אאא،אHHF J JEא،אאאK
אאאאאL Jאא–אאK
אLK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٧٤ -
٢-٢.אא אאאFאאKE
אאאאאF٢٠٠٠אEאאK
،אאאאFאאDirect Current-DC-)KEאא
אאאאKאאא(Electrode)(Electric Charge)K
אאאFEK אאאאאEHFא،F JEא،EHHF،
אF J JE JF١١E Jאא،KאאFאE،אא
אאאאאאאאאאאא(Neutralization)K
אאאאאאאאFאE JF١٢E JKא
אאא Jאאא،אאאאאא
אא JF١٣E JKאאא(Feed Water)אאא(Product Water)،
אאאא(Reject)א،Kאא،אאאאאא
א،אאאא،אאאאKאאאא
אאאא،אאאאFאKEאאאאאא
אאא،אאאאאאאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٧٥ -
،אאאאאאKאאאFEאא،FאאEאא
אKאאאאאKאאאFאאאEאאFא
אאE JF١٣EK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٧٦ -
٢-٣Kאא אאאא،אא JF١٤EW
١ J אא، ٢ J א ٣ J א ٤ J K
אאא(Rectefier)אא،،אאאאאאאאאא
א JאF١٥KE אF١٤Eא،אא
א(Membrane Stack)Kאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאא،אאאאאK
אFאE،אאאF٣٠٠٥٠٠KE
FאאEא، Jא Jא،אFאאEאא، Jא
א JKאF١٦EF١٧EאאK אאאאאאאא،
אאאאאא،אKFEאאאא،
،אאאKא אאאא
אאK אאFאEאאאא،אא
אא،אאאאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٧٧ -
אאאFאEאK
٢-٤ .אאאאאא ،אאאאא
אאאKאאא،אאאאאאKאאאאW
אא ،،אא،אאא
אאאאאא،אאאKאאא٢٧ J٤٥K
א א١}٠א،א
FEא،אאא،אאא אא K א א
אKאאא٣}٠א،אאאאא(Clean in Place (CIP))
K
K אאא אאא
אאK
K אא ،א א א א
אאאK
K אאאW
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٧٨ -
J
Jא
Jא١٠א
J١}٠א
J٣}٠א
٥-٢.אאא(Electro-Doalysis Reverse (EDR))
אאאאKאאאאאא א،
א א א א א א Kא א אאF١٥٢٠Eא،אא
א،אאאאאאא Kאא א א א K א א א
אאאאאאאKא١ J٢אKא
א ،א א א א אאFאאKEאאא
،אאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٧٩ -
٦-٢.אא אF١٨EF٢٠٠٠אE
א אא K א ،Fאא אא א Eא א K
אFאEאאKאאאא א (sand Filters)א א א אא
(Cartridge Filters)א א א אאאKא א אא א F א א١٠٪١٥٪
אKEאאאאאאאK
٧-٢.אאא אאאאW
١K א א א Fא א אE
٢K אאאא ٣K א א א א א
א ٤K אאאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٨٠ -
٩ Jאאאאא
א א
٩٠٪
٩٥٪
١٢٠٠٠א
١٠٪אF١٠אE
٥٥
٣א
١١٠
אא
אא
א
א
אא
אא
אאא
١٠ Jאאאאא
אא אא א
אאא
אאא
א
אאאאאא
אא
J
א
א
אא
אאאא
،א
א
אא אאא
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٨١ -
אאאאאאאאא
א
אא אא
א
א
א
١٠٠٠٠אא
א١٠٠٠٠א٤٠٠٠٠
א
א
٥K אאאאאאאK א א א אא ٢٠٠٠
אFאאאא١٢٠٠٠אKE א אא א א א א א K
א K אא א١٠ ٤٠٠٠א Kאא א١٠אKאF٩Eאא
אאא،אK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא
- ٨٢ -
٨-٢٢.אאאאא אF١٠EאאאאK
אאFIon ExchangeE ١ J אא
אא،א،אKאאאאFResinEא،אא،אאאאא
אאKאאאאFאResinEאאאאFCationsKEאאא
אא،אאFAnoinsE،FF١KEE אאאאאא
KאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא
K
אא
אא
א
٣
א ٢٥٨ אא א א א
- ٨٣ -
אאאא
אאאאאאא א א א אא ،א
א א א ٧٠א ٪אאאאאאא
א א א א א א א אאK
אאאאאא،אאא
אאאאאK אאאאאW
١ JאאF١٣٩٠WE
אאאא١٣٨٩אא١٩٨٣Lא
אאאאK ٢ JאאאאF١٣٩٠L١٣٩١١٣٩٤L١٣٩٥WE JאאW אאאאאאאK
אאא١٣٩٠١٨٩٢٥٣Lאא٥٠אKאאא
אK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א א
- ٨٤ -
JאאאW אאאאאKא
١٣٩٣٢٨٤٠٠٣LאאKאאא
JאאאW אאאאא
٥٥٠א٣LאKאאא١٣٩٤אאאאK
٣ JאאאאF١٣٩٥L١٣٩٦١٣٩٩L١٤٠٠E JאאW
אאאאאKא١٣٩٥א٤٧٣٣LאK
אאאאK JאאW אאאאאא
אא١٣٩٨א٣٧٩١٦٣Lא٨٥אאאאK
JאאאאאW א،אא
אא١٠٧٥א٣LאK١٣٩٨א١٤١٠אאK
JאאאW אאאKא
١٣٩٩א٤٧٣٣L،אאאאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א א
- ٨٥ -
JאאW אאאא٤٧٣٣Lא
אאKא١٣٩٩אא١٤١٣אאK
JWאאאא٤٣٠٣LאאאKאא١٣٩٩אאא
K JאאW
אאאFאאאאEאא٧٥٩٨٧٣Lאאא
א٢٥٦אאאאK JאאW
אאאאאKא٧٧٤א٣LאאאK
אאא١٣٩٩אא١٤١٤אאאK
٤ JאאאאF١٤٠٠L١٤٠١١٤٠٤L١٤٠٥WE
אאאאאאאאא
אאאא،אאW
JאאW אאאאאא
אKאאא١٤٠١Kאא٩٤٦٢٥א٣Lאאא٣٥٧אאKא
אאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א א
- ٨٦ -
JאאאW אאאאאא
אKאא١٩٠٥٥٥א٣Lאאאא٥٩٠٧אKאאאK
JאW אאאא٨٥٢٣LאאאKאא١٤٠١
א١٤٠٦אאK JאאאW אאאאאK
אא١٢٠٤٣LאאאKאאא١٤٠٢אאאK
JאאאW אאאאאא
אKאא١١٨٤٤٧א٣Lאאאא٣٦٠אKא١٤٠٢אא
אK
JאאאW אאאאאא
אKאא١٩١٧٨٠א٣Lאאאא٧١٠אKא١٤٠٢אא
אK JאאאאW
אאאאאא،١٤٠٣אאא١٠٣٢٣Lאאא
אאא١٤٠٣אאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א א
- ٨٧ -
JאאאW אאא،אאאאאאאאא
אKאא٨١٨١٨٥א٣Lאא١٢٢٥אאא١٤٠٣א
אK JאW
אאא١٩٥٢٣Lאאא١٤٠٣אאאK
٥ JאאאאאF١٤٠٥L١٤٠٦١٤٠٩L١٤١٠WE
JאאאW אאאאאאאK
אא١٩٦٨٢א٣Lאאא١١אאKא١٤٠٦אK
JאאW אאא٣٧٨٤٣Lאאא
אאא١٤٠٦אאK JאW א،א٣٨٧٠٣LאאK
א١٤٠٧אאK JאאאW אאאאאא
אKאא٨٣٤٣٢א٣Lאאאא١٠٨אKא١٤٠٩אK
JאאאW
א ٢٥٨ אא א א א
- ٨٨ -
אאאFאאאאEא،٨٣٤٣٢٣Lאא
١٠٨א،א١٤٠٩אאK JאW
אאאא٤٨٨٤٨٣Lאא،אא١٤٠٩אאK
JאאW אאאא٣٧٨٤٣LאK
١٤٠٩אאאK JאאW
אאאא٣٧٨٤٣L،א١٤١٠אאאK
٦ JאאאאF١٤١٠L١٤١١١٤١٤L١٤١٥WE JאW
אאאא٤٨٨٤٨٣L،א١٤١٤אאאK
٧ JאאאאF١٤١٥L١٤١٦١٤١٩L١٤٢٠WE JאאW
אאאאאאא،אאאאא
١٢٠٠٩٦٣Lא١٥٠אKאא١٠٦٩٠٤אא
א٢٢٧٠٠٠אאאאאאאKאא١٤٢٠K
א ٢٥٨ אא א א א
- ٨٩ -
٨ JאאאאF١٤٢٠L١٤٢١א١٤٢٤L١٤٢٥WE JאאW
אאא،אא٧٨١٨٢٣LאFאאKE
JאאאW אא،אאאאא
٣٩٠٩٠٩א٣Lאא٥٢٠אK אאאאאא١٩٤٠٠
L١٣٨٩אL١٣٩٠٢}٢L١٤١٩אL١٤٢٠٧}١٦K٪
אאאאא٢١٪אאאאא،אא
א٣٠אא٣٣LאF٨٥٥EF٥٠٠٠אEK
אא
אא
א
٤
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ٩٠ -
אאא Feed water Pre- treatment
אאאאא
א אא א feed treatment Fאא א E אא א Pre-treatment K א
אאאcorrosionאscale depositesאאאאאKאאאF،E
א א ، F ، א KKKKKKKKK Eא אאאאאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאאKאאאאאא
א1אאאאאאאאאW
Lאאscreening system LאFאאאא( Biocides K L א אא F א Anti Scalants א א Anti
FoamEK Lא אאאא אDeaerationאא،א
א Fא Eא א אEvaporatorsK
אאאW LאאScreening systemK
LאאאאK LאאאFאאאCoagulantsK
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ٩١ -
١Wאאאא LאsedimentationK
LאאאאFא_אE LאאאאאFאאאאKE Lא،אאאאאEאK
אאאאאא א אא א א א א
،א א אא אא،א אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאא،א
אאאאא،אאFאאאאEאאKא
א אא אאא אא א F٦٠٪אאאEK
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ٩٢ -
١Wאאא אא א
אאW - אFאE- א - א - א - א
אFאאE אFאאE
אאא א
אאא
אאW - אL
א - א
אW - אL
א - א - אLאL
א - אא - אK
אא
אא
אאא
אאא
אאאא
אאאאא
אא
אאא؟ א א א א K א
אאא،אK Eאא،א،אK
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ٩٣ -
Eא،אאאאאאK EאאאאאK EאFאEאאאאFא
אאKE Eא א א א ،
א ، א א א ١אא א אא א،אאאאאא٢א
אאK אאאאW
אאאאאא K א J–אא א
،א א ٣ א א ، א א א א אא
א Jא–א؛אאאאאאאEK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא٤אFאאאאאEאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא٥אאK
א٦ א א ،،א
א א א א א אאאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ٩٤ -
אTurbidiy ، א א א א K
אאKאאאא،(NTU)אK
אאאאאאאא،אFאאאEאאאאK אאSDI
אאFאאאEאאאKאאאSlit Density Index א
אאאאאאאאאא א אא K ،א א ٧ F٤٥}٠ E
Kא١}٢אא٥٠٠אאT1א
١٥אF،אאאEא٥٠٠אאאFT2 EאSDIW
SDI = ( 1- T1/T2 ) ( 100/15 ) אT2אאT1SDI=5SDIאאאא٧}٦אאאFאא
אEאאאאא،אאאאאא
אאאK אאFאEאאא
אאאאאKאW
א W א א א א א F א א E א ،אW
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ٩٥ -
אאSand ( media ) filters א א א א א א K
אאאאאא،אאאאאאFiber Glassאאא
،אא٤אאאאאאאKאאא
א Kא א אgravelאsandאאK
אאCartridge filer א א א א א Kא
אאאאFEאאא א א אא א א א Kא א
אאאאאאא٥٣FאאEאאאאאאאאF
אאאKE W
א א א א א א א אאאאאאאאKאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאאF،אאE
אK
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ٩٦ -
٢Wאא
٢Wא
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ٩٧ -
٤WאK
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ٩٨ -
٥Wאא
٦W
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ٩٩ -
٧Wאא
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ١٠٠ -
אאאא Product Water post Treatment
אאאא
אאא،אאאאאW
Eאאא EאK EאאאאK EאאאK
EאאאאpH EאK
אאאאאאאאאFאא،א،אEא
אאFאאKEאאאKאאאאא
א Jא א–אFאאא،אKא
אאאאאאאאאK א אא F א Eא א
אא،אאא ،אKאא א אאא ،א אא
אאאאK
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ١٠١ -
אא Scaled Deposits and Corrosion
א א אאאאFouling F א אאאE
אא אא א Fא ،א א ،אאאEאKאF
אאEא אא Fא אאאאEא
אאאאאאאא Kאאא ،אא א K אא
אאאאאK אאאאאאW
EFאאאEאF א א E F א אא – א
א– אא א אא Eא א א אא F א א א E
א א א א א א ،א א א K א
אאאאאK EFאאEאא
K א א א אאאK٨אא
אאאK אאאאא،אF
אא אא א،א א אאKELאא،
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ١٠٢ -
אא،אאאא Kא،א אא א אא
אK
٨WאאאאK
אאFאScaleE אאCaCO3،
אMg(OH)2אCaSO4א،אאאאK
אאאאKאאאFEאאאא
אאא،אאFאאEאאFWאאאאאא
אאא٨אאאאאאאאא،א
אאאF،אאא،Eאאאא
،אאא،א،אא،אא،אאאK
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ١٠٣ -
אא––א١٠٠ א א ٧٧א ٨٢ F
אאאEW אאא٦٠K
א٨٠ אאאאK
א ١٠٠ א אK
אאאFאE? אא א אא א
אא א א א Kא א א א
אאאאא،אאK
א א א אא א א F אאE،אא אאא
אאאאאאאאאאאKE אאאאאאאאא،אא،אאאא
א א אא ، א אא א K א،אאאאא
א ،א אא ، א א אK
א א א א א א א F א E
אאKאאF٩٦٪אEKאאאא
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ١٠٤ -
אא א א אאאאאאאא٧אK
אאאאא
אא א ،א א א، F א אEאא،א
א،אאאK אא א ،אא א א
א F Eאא א א אא Fאא،אאאE
אW אאאא Jא–אא
א א א א א א ،– א – אא אא א א
אאאKא،א،אאאאFאאאא
KEאאא אK
א א א א א אא Fאאאאאא
EFאEאFאאEאא
א א א א אFא א E ٩ K א א א אאK
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ١٠٥ -
אW אW
Eאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא–
،א E א א א א
،א א א א א א אאאFEאאאאאK
EאאFאאא،E،אאאFאאאא
אאKE Eאאא Wאא א א
אאאאאKאאאF א،אאא،אאאאא
אא אאא K אא אא א א א א א
FאEאאאאFאEאאא
א א F٧٠–٣٠ ،٩٠ J١٠ Eא א א אא Kא٢אאאאK
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ١٠٦ -
٩Wא
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ١٠٧ -
٢WאאאW א
א ٣١٦
א L٧٠L٣٠F٧٠٣٠٥}٠E
L٩٠L١٠F٩٠١٠٨}٠E אא–א
L١٠א٪
אאאא אא אא
א א F E א אK،אא،א،אא
K Z؟אאאאאא
א א א א א א،א،אא،אאאאאא
K אאאאאאא
אאא،אאKאאא א א א א ،א א א
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ١٠٨ -
٧א J٨ K א אא א KאאאאאK
אאאאאK אאאאא؟؟
אאאאאאאאKאאאאFאאאEאאא
אא،אאאאא،א F Eא א אא א א
אאKא،אאאKKKKKKKK אאאאא Kאא
א א Kא א F א E א ،אאאK ؟אאא
אאאאאF، ، KEא אא א אאא
אאאאא،אאאאאאאKא
אאאFאEאאא א א ، ،א
א א א K א א א א א א א ،
אאאאאאK א٣ א אא אא א ،א א
אאאאאFאאאEאאא٢٠٠٠אאאא٢٠٠٠אK
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ١٠٩ -
א אאא א K،אאאאא
א،KאאKאאאאאאא א
א א K א א א א אאK
٣אWאאאאאאאW א אא אאWmg/LF
E درجات فوق املعدل السائد١٠ال تزيد عن درجة احلرارة
٩-٦ pHالرقم اهلدروجيين خالية من املواد امللونة Colour اللون
٦٠ B.O.Dاملمتص األكسجني احليوي ١٠٠ C.O.Dاألكسجني املستهلك كيماويا ٢٠٠٠ T.D.Sجمموع املواد الصلبة الذائبة
٦٠ املواد العالقة Turbidity NTU 50العكارة ١ الكربيتات
١٥ Oils & Creasesالزيوت و الشحوم ٠.٥ اهليدروكربونات من أصل بترويل
٥ الفوسفات ٤٠ النيترات
١ الفيونوالت ١ الفلوريدات ٣ األلومنيوم ٣ )نيتروجني(األمونيا
٠.٠٠٥ بقالزئ ٠.٥ الرصاص
א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א
- ١١٠ -
٠.٠٥ الكادميوم ٠.٠٥ الزرنيخ ١ الكروم ١.٥ النحاس ٠.١ النيكل ١.٥ احلديد ١ املنجنيز ٥ الزنك ٠.١ الفضة ٢ باريوم ٢ كوبالت
٠.٢ املبيدات بأنواعها ٠.١ السيانيد
مايل للمجموعة القولونية يفالعدد االحت ٣سم ١٠٠
٥٠٠٠
אא
٥
א ٢٥٨ אא א א
- ١١١ -
אאא FMSFE30 °Cאאא90 °CK
אאאאאאאא4.22 kJ/(kg °C )אא2330א kJ/kg؟
אאא אאאא1000 kg א
א15000 ppmאאאאK1500 ppmאWאא30 %א ١ J ؟א ٢ J ؟אאאא ٣ J אאppm؟א
אאא FMEEEאאKאאאא
א120%אאאאא1800 kg/hrKאאאאאאאKאא
אאאאאא25א °CK אK אאא؟ - אא؟ - אאאא؟ - אא؟ - אא؟ - אא؟ -
אW Cp = 1.2 kcal/(kg °C) Hv = 540 kcal/kg
א ٢٥٨ אא א א
- ١١٢ -
אאאא אאא6000 kg/min
א95 °Cא560 kg/min Kאאא1000א kcal/kgאאאא1.5 kcal/(kg °C)W
אאאאא؟ - אאאאא؟ -
אאאא؟ -
אא؟ -
אאאאא؟ -
אאא אאאאאא1500 m3/day
،30 %2500 ppmאאאKאאK
אאאא؟ - א؟ -
- אא؟אא
- א؟אא
אאא אRO١٥٠٠אאא2500
ppmאא25000 ppmאא60 %KאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٨ אא א א
- ١١٣ -
אאא אRO4400 m3/dayאאאאא
900 ppmKאאאא2500 ppmKא50א %אK
אW א؟ - א؟ -
אא؟ -
א ٢٥٨ אא א א
- ١١٤ -
אא
١ J، Jא J،
אא
،،אא١٩٨٧
٢ Jאאאאא،،،אK
،אאא١٤١٩א
٣ Jא
א
،،،אא٢٠٠١א،KK
4- Geankoplis, C, Transport Processes and Unit Opetartions
3th edt, Printice Hall International Inc,USA, 1983
א ٢٥٨ א א א
א
.................................................................................................................................... - ١ -
אאא: .................................................................................................................. - ٣ -
אאW ................................................................................................................ - ٣ -
אאW ...................................................................................................................... - ٣ -
אאW ...................................................................................................................... - ٣ -
א٤ - ................................................................................................................ א -
א٥ - ............................................................................................................ א - - ٩ - ................................................................................. مقارنة الترآيب األيوني لمياه البحار: ٤جدول
- ٩ - ............................................................................................. :مياه مالحة من مصادر أخرى: ٤- ٢אאאאאא١٢ - .................................................................................... א -
אאא .......................................................................................... - ١٧ -
א١٩ - ............................................................................................................ א -
אא .................................................................................................... - ١٩ -
אאאאאא٢٧ - ............................................................. א -
א٣٧ - ................................................................................................................ א -
א٤٣ - ................................................................................................................. א -
א ............................................................................................................ - ٥٥ -
אא (Reverse Osmosis R.O) ............................................................................... - ٥٩ -
٤.١- א ........................................................................................................... - ٦١ -
٥.١ -אא٦٢ - .......................................................................................... א - - ٦٢ - ............................................................................................... مقارنة مواد األغشية: ١الجدول
١- ٦.אאאא٦٣ - ................................................................ א - אאא .................................................................................................. - ٦٣ -
١- ٧.אW ............................................................................................... - ٦٥ -
٩- ١.אאאאא٦٨ - .............................................................. א - א٧٠ - ....................................................................................................................... א -
Jאאאאא٧٠ - ............................................................ א - אא ...................................................................................................... - ٧٢ -
א ...................................................................................................................... - ٧٢ -
א ٢٥٨ א א א
٢- ٤ .אאאאאא ................................................... - ٧٧ -
אאאא ........................................................................................ - ٨٣ -
אא٩٠ - ........................................................................................................ א - Feed water Pre- treatment ............................................................................................... - ٩٠ -
אאאא٩٠ - ...................................................................................... א - - ٩٢ - .............................................................................. אאא؟
אאא١٠٠ - ............................................................................................. א - Product Water post Treatment ...................................................................................... - ١٠٠ -
א١٠١ - ................................................................................................................... א - Scaled Deposits and Corrosion ..................................................................................... - ١٠١ -
...................................................................................................... - ١٠٧ - - ١٠٨ - ................................................................... אאאאא؟؟
.................................................................................................................... - ١١١ -
א١١٤ - ............................................................................................................................... א -