אאא J

אאאא

0

אא:

EFאאא

אאאא

אאא

אאא J

אאאא

1

،אאא،א

W، אאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאWאאKאא

א אא א א ،אאאאאאאא،א

א אא א אא ،אאא אאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאאא،אא

Kא א א ?א א א FE ??אאאאאאאא?

Kאאאאאא אאאאאא

א،אאאא،אKאאאאא

אאא؛אKא

אאאא

אאא J

אאאא

2

א א א

١

א ٢ ٣

אאWאא٧ א

אאWאאאא ٩

אאWאא١٠ א

אאWאאא ١٤

אאWאא١٧ א

אאאWאא٢٠ א

אאWאא٢٣ א

אאWאאא٢٤ א

אאWאאאאא ٢٩

אאWאאאא٣٢ א

אאWא٣٥ א

אאWאא٣٧ א

אאWאאא ٣٨

אאWאאא ٤٢

אאWאאא ٤٦

אאWאאאא ٤٩

אאWאא J ٥١ א٥٤א

אאא J

אאאא

3

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אא(Routine tests)K אאאאאאא

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאא

،אאאאאאא אא א א אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אאאאאא

JאאאאאאאאKא

JאאאאFKEא

JWא אKאא

אאאKא

אא אאאאאKאא

אאKאא

،אאאאאא.

אאא J

אאאא

4

JWא אאאאאא

א אא א אKא

Kאאא

אKאא

Jאאאאאאאאא،אKא

JKאאא Jאאאא

אKאא אאא:

אאאK אאKאאאא

אאאא א אא א א א

K

אאKאא

א א א א א אאאאאא

אאK אאאאW

א א א א א،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאK

אאא J

אאאא

5

אא אאאאאאKאאא،אא

א،א ،א א א א א א אא אא א ،

Kאאאא،אאא

אא ،אא،א،א

א،אאאא KאאK

אאאא،אא א Kא

א א א ،א א(Name plate) K א אאאKאא

א א אאא א א א אא،א

،אאאאאאKאאאאKא

אאא Kאא א א א א א Kא א

א א א א א א Kאא

א אאאא אא،אא

EFא אאאא،א

אא،א،א

אאא J

אאאא

6

،אאא،K

אא אא א אא א Kא א אא א

Kא

EF

אאא J

אאאא

7

אאא

אא

אאא J

אאאא

8

Wאאאאא

אאW،אאאאאא

א.

אאאW

١K א א אאKא

٢K א Kאא אא Kא

٣K אאאאאא.

.

אאא J

אאאא

9

אאא

אאאאWאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

א א א א אאא ، Kא،

א א אאאא

،א א אאאאא K ،אא

אא א א אא K א א אא א ،

Kאא

אאא J

אאאא

10

אאWאאא No-load test of a separately-excited DC generator

אאW

١K אאאאאאא אEo K

٢K אאאאאא א K

٣K אאאאאא אK

٤K אאאאאEoאIfאאK

Wאא

١KK٢KK

٣KKא٤K F voltmeterKE

٤KFאTachometerKE٦K FAmmeterE.

Wא

אאא J

אאאא

11

Wאאא

אאW J

١. Fאא١KE ٢. אאאאK

1000 rpm Kאאאא .٣ ٤. אIfאאא

אF١ J١E،אאאאאאEoאKא

٥. Kאאאא EoאאאאאIfאאא .٦

אnK

Wא

)(AI f

)(vE

0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0 If (A)

Eo (v)

r.p.m 1000n

)١-١جدول (

אאא J

אאאא

12

אאW

١K אאאא0.3 A K ٢K אאאא

אF١ J٢Eאאאאא Eo אK ٣K אאא nאאאא Eo

א. If

Wא

)(rpmn

)(vEo

١٦٠٠ 1200 900 600 300 n (r.p.m)

Eo (v)

F١-٢E

A0.3If

אאא J

אאאא

13

Wאאאאא

١ J אאאאאאKאאאKא

٢ J אאK

٣ J ؟אאאאאאאאא

٤ J ؟אאא

٥ J א א אא א אא؟

٦ J ؟אאאא

٧ J אאאאאא؟

אאא J

אאאא

14

Wאאאאא

Load characteristics of a separately excited DC generator

אאW אאאא،אא

אאאאאK

Wאא ١. K٢KKא ٣KKא٤KKאא ٥K K٦KK ٧ JKאKEF

Wאאאאא VL= IL× RL IL=VL÷ RL

Wא

אF٢E

אאא J

אאאא

15

F٢J١E

Wאאא

١ JFא١אKE ١K Kאאאא ٢K אn ١٥٠٠אאאIf 0.3

A. ٣K אRL אILא

A2 אVL אV1אF٢ J١EK ٤K אא IL אVL

Wא

٢0% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% RL

IL(A) VL(v)

A0.3If r.p.m 1400n

אאא J

אאאא

16

Wאאאאא

K אאא؟א

K א؟ א אא א א

؟

K ؟אאאאאאאא

K ؟אא

אאא J

אאאא

17

אאאWאא Characteristics of DC shunt generator

אא

אאאאאאאא אאאא،א א אא אאFאאF

Eאאא

אאW ١K K٥ JK ٢K אK٦ JK ٣K ٧ JFKE ٤.אK

א

אF٣E

אאא J

אאאא

18

Wאא

אא Fאא٣EK

W J ١. אnאאאF٣ J١EK ٢. אRLאVL

א אILFאאא٣ J١WE

W J ١K אNאאאF٣ J١EK

٢. אRLאVLא אILאאאF٣ J٢EW

40% 60% 80% 100% RL% IL(A)

VL(v)

40% 60% 80% 100% RL% IL(A)

VL(v)

r.p.m 1200n

LLffLf

aa

RIRIVV

RI

LVE

)١-٣جدول (

r.p.m 1500n

אאא J

אאאא

19

Wא

١ J אאאKEאאאF

٢ J Kאאאאאאא

٣ J אאK

Wאאאאא iK אאאאאא

iiK ؟אאאאא

iiiK ؟אאאא

ivK ؟אאאאא

vK אא אאאאא ؟

אאא J

אאאא

20

Wאאאאאא

Load characteristics of compound generator

אא אאאאאאא

א،אאKא אא

Fאא٤KE

אF٤E

אאא،אאאאRfmא،א

אא(Power supply)KאאאאKאSKא،

אאאRfg אKאא

אאא J

אאאא

21

אאSא،אאא

Kא

אאאF٤ J١E٢٥Kאא٪

אאאאאאאאKא

Kאאא

F٤ J١E

0 IL(A)

VL(v)

١ J אאאאאאא(D1-D2) K ٢ J Fאאא٤ J٢KE

٣ J Kאאאאא

٤ J Kאא

٥ J Kא

F٤ J٢E

0 IL(A)

VL(v)

Wאאאאא K אRfgאאאא

א؟

K אRfgאאאא א؟

K ؟אאאא

K אאאאא אא אא؟

אאא J

אאאא

22

אא

אא

אאא J

אאאא

23

אאWאאא

אאWאאאאאא ،

אאאאK

אאאW ١K אאאאאא

٢K אאאאK

٣K אKאאאאא

٤K אאאאאא

٥K אאאאאKא

٦K אאאא

אאא J

אאאא

24

אאא Wאאאאאא

Speed characteristic of a separately excited DC motor

אא - אאאאK

Jא،אאאאאKאא،א

Jאאאאא.

א אאאאא

אאKאאאא

אא،אאא،Kאאאא،אא

אאא١٠٠אKאא٪אאאאאא

Kאא

אאWא PL=VLIL W

Torque, TL=PL/ω N.m

ω=2π n/60 rad/sec.

nאא אTLKאאא

אאא J

אאאא

25

Wא

אF٥E אאW

W ١. אאאF٥EK

٢. אIf0.3 AאאאאאאT= 0 N.m K

٣. אVinאn

אF٥ J١EW

Vin (v) 60 100 130 150 170 n(r.p.m)

Ia(A)

W ١. אIf0.3 AאVin = 120 vK

N.m 0T A andIf

3.0

)١-٥جدول (

אאא J

אאאא

26

٢. אTאnאF٥ J٢EK

T(N.m) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

n(r.p.m)

Ia(A)

W ١. אVin = 120 vبت ثאאאאא

אT= 0 N.m K

٢. אIf אn אFא٥ J٣EW

א

١ J אאאאאאאKא

If (A) 0.1 0.١٥ 0.٢ 0.25 0.3

n(r.p.m)

Ia(A)

)(rpmn

)(vVin

)(rpmn

)(AIf

V 1Vin and AIf 203.0

V 1Vin and N.m 0T 20

)٣-٥جدول (

)٢-٥جدول (

אאא J

אאאא

27

٢ J א؟Kאאאאא

٣ J א ، א ،א אKא

٤ J אFאאאאאKאאאא،Eא

٥ J K

אאאWאא iK אאאאאאא

א؟

iiK ؟אאאאאאאא

iiiK אאאאאאא؟א

ivK ؟אאאאאאאא

)(rpmn

).( mnT

אאא J

אאאא

28

vK אאאאאא אאא؟

viK א א א א א אאאא،א؟

אאאאאKאא

אאK

Kאאאא

אאא J

אאאא

29

Wאאאאאאא Speed-torque characteristic of a DC shunt motor

אא

-אVin)(FאTאEאאKאא،אא،אא

אאW ١KK٢KK

٣KKא٤KKא

٥KKא٦Kא .

Wא

אF٦E Wאא J

W J ١ J Fא٦KE

٢ J אאאאאא T= 0 N.m .

אאא J

אאאא

30

٣ J אVin אnאIaFא٦ J١WE J

W ١- אVin=120 V ٢- אTא nאIa

אF٦ J٢EW

١ J אאאאאא

Kאא

140 120 100 80 60 Vin(V) n(r.p.m)

Ia(A)

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 T(N.m) n(r.p.m)

Ia(A)

)(rpmn

)(vVin

)(rpmn

).( mnT

N.m 0 T

V 120Vin

)٣-٥جدول (

)١-٦جدول (

אאא J

אאאא

31

٢ J אאאEאFK

אאאWאא K אאאאאא

אא؟

K ؟אאאאא

K ؟אאאא

K ؟אאאאאא

K אא א ٥אא٪؟٢٠٪

אאא J

אאאא

32

Wאאאאאאא Speed-torque characteristic of a DC series motor

אא -אVin)(FאTאE

Kאא،אא،אאאא אאW

١KK٢KK

٣KKא٤KKא

٥KKא٦Kא .

Wא

אF٧E

אאא J

אאאא

33

אאW W

١ J אF٧KE ٢ J Kאא

٣ J אאאאאא

T= 0 N.m

٤ J אא Vinאn

אF٧ J١EW

: -

١ - ثبت جھد المصدر بVin=100 V .

وفي كل مرة سجل قيمة الواقع على المحرك من خالل جھاز العزم Tالعزم قيم قم بتغييرثم - ٢ :)٢-٧(وذلك حسب الجدول Nالسرعة

Wא אאT)EאFIaEאא(n)K

100 80 60 40 20 Vin(V) n(r.p.m)

Ia(A)

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 T(N.m) n(r.p.m)

Ia(A)

N.m 0T

V inV 100

)٢-٧جدول (

)١-٧جدول (

אאא J

אאאא

34

١ J אאKא

٢ J אאאאאאאא א ، א (Dead load) K؟

אאאאK

Wאאאאא K א א א א א

؟אא

אאא؟

)(rpmn

AIa

)(rpmn

).( mnT

אאא J

אאאא

35

אא

אא

אאא J

אאאא

36

Wאאאא

אאWאאאאא،אאא

Kאאאאאאא

אאאW ١K אKאאאאא

٢K אKאאא

٣K אKא

٤K אKאא

٥K אאאא

٦K אאא–

אאא J

אאאא

37

אא אאWאאא

Testing of Transformers

אא אא אאא אאאאאא،א א

א א Kא א א ،א אא א א ،אא א א ،

אאK א א א K

(Step-up) (Step-down)א א א א ،،אאאא،אא

Kאא ،אאא

אא א Kאאאא א א א א

א א Kא א א א K א א

אאאאאאאאאאKאאא

א אא א א KאK

אאא J

אאאא

38

אאאאאW

Open-circuit test of single-phase transformer

אאW

אאאא(Ro ,Xo)אאאא،אאא،K

אאא.

אאW ١KK٢אKK

٣אKFאwattmeterEK٤KKא

٥KKא٦Kא .

אאWא W

P10KאאאאW V10אאאאW I10KאאאאW

10θKאאאאW IcKאאW ImKאאW RcKאאW

XmKאאW WאRcXmאאא

mm

cc

m

c

I

VX

I

VR

II

II

IV

P

10

10

1010

1010

1010

10110

sin

cos

cos

אאא J

אאאא

39

Wאאאא

אF٨E אאW

١ J Kא ٢ J אאאאאאא

Kאאאאא

٣ J אאאאאF٨ J١EK

٤ J Kאא

٥ J אRo, XoKאא

٦ J א א א א P1oא ، I1o א א ،V2o،אcosoאאאV10K

Wא -

אאא J

אאאא

40

)(AI1o

)(10 vV

٧ J Kאאא

٨- Kאאא

100% 80% 60% 40% 20%

V10 rated (V)

P1o(W) I1o(A) V2o(V) cosφo=P1o/V10I1o Ia=I1o cosφo Im=I1o sinφo Ro=V10/Ia Xo=V10/Im

a=V10/V20

)(1 wP O

vV10

)١-٨جدول (

אאא J

אאאא

41

OC

os

)(10 AIL

אאWאאא K Wאאאאא

١E אאא

٢E א

٣E א

K ؟אאאא

אאא J

אאאא

42

אאWאאא

Short-circuit test of single-phase transformer אא

א אא א (Req,Xeq) א אאא،אאא،K

אאאو.אאא ، א אא א א א

אאאאא،אאא.

Wאא Fאאא١١א،E

א ، אKאאאאא

Wאא

W

ZeqאWאאK ReqאאWKא XeqKאאאW

Wאאאא

)(

)(

22

2.

.

.

.

eqeqeq

cs

cseq

cs

cseq

RZX

I

PR

I

VZ

אאא J

אאאא

43

Wא

אF٩E

אא ١ J Kא ٢ J אאאאאאא

K

٣ J א،אאאאאאFאאאא٩ J١،Eא

אא

٤ J Kאאאאאא

٥ J Kאאאאאא،אאאא

٦ J Kאאא

٧ J Kאאא

٨- אאאאKאאא

אאא J

אאאא

44

100% 80% 60% 40% 20%

Isc(A)

Vsc(V)

Psc(W)

Req=Psc/I2sc(Ω)

Zeq=Vsc/Isc(Ω)

Xeq=√Z2sc-R

2sc(Ω)

cosφsc=Psc/(VscIsc)

)(AIsc

)(vscV

scC

os

)(vscV

)(wPsc

vVsc

)١-٩جدول (

אאא J

אאאא

45

Wאאאאא K ؟אאאאא

K א؟אאא

K אKאאאא

אאא J

אאאא

46

אאWאאא

Load test of single-phase transformer

אא

אאאא،אאKאא

Wאא Fא א ١٢אא،E

،אאאאאאאאKא

Wאאא

Wא

100

cos

1

2

21

.

2222

P

P

PPPP

PP

PP

IVP

cucor

cscu

ocor

אF١٠E

אאא J

אאאא

47

אא

١ J Kאאא

٢ J אאאאKאאא

٣ J Kאאאא،אא

٤ J א א א ،א א אא0.8אK

٥ J אאאאKא

٦ J Kא

)(AIL

)(vVL

40% 50% 60% 80% 100% RL % 220 220 220 220 220 V1(V)

I1(A) P1(W) V2(V) I2(A) P2=V2I2(W) Cosφ1=P1/(P2/P1) η=P2/P1

1

Cos

)١-١٠جدول (

אאא J

אאאא

48

)(AIL

Wאאאאא

K ؟אאאא

K ؟אא

K אא؟

אאא J

אאאא

49

אא :אאאא

Parallel operation of single-phase transformers

אאW

אאאאא.

Wאא אאאא

Fאא١٣אE.

אF١١E Wאא

١ J Kאאאאאא

٢ J Fאא١٣אאאES1 אS2FKE

٣ J אאאאV1, V2, VK

אאא J

אאאא

50

٤ J אאאאאV1

אV2K

٥ J אאVאאV1אאV2אאאS1

אאאאאS2K

٦ J אאVאאV1אאV2 א א א א א

אאab’אba’K

٧ J א אV אאV1אאV2א

א S1 א אא אאS2K

٨ J אאאאאאאאA1, A2, AאאאאאאKK

٩ J Kאאאאאאא

١٠ J א٩אאאאKא

١١ J Kא

אאא J

אאאא

51

P10אאאאWPLK

V10אאאאWVLK

I10KאאאאW

I20KאאאW

:aא

IphאW

ILאW

VLאW

VphאW

ηאW

RVאW

Cosφ2אאW

אאWאא J Three-phase transformer connection Y-Δ Open-circuit test of

אאW

אא JאאאאאאאאאאאK

Wאא

١ J א .٣ JFאWattmeter E

٢ J )Voltmeter( ٤ Jאא )Ammeter(

אאWא

phphpht cosIV3P

OR phLLt cosIV3P

Cosφ2=P2 /√3VL2IL2

intPPout

1002

220

%

V

VVVR

Δ Connection VL = Vph and phL II 3 .

Υ Connection phL VV 3 and IL = Iph.

אאא J

אאאא

52

אF١٢E אאW

١K Kא ٢K אאאאאאא

אאאאאאK

٣K אאאאאF١٢ J١EK

٤K אאא

٥. Kאא

Wאא

אאא J

אאאא

53

F١٢ J١E

100% 80% 60% V1rated (V) P10 (W) I10 (A) VL10 (V) Vph10 (V) VL20 (V) a=V1/V2

VR%

אאא J

אאאא

54

אא

אא א אאאאK KאאLL

D.c. Machines and Synchronous Machines U.a.bakshi M.V.Bakshi

DC Machines and Transformers K.M. Kumar Electrical Machines and Transformers –

Principles and Applications.Peter F Ryff

Electric Power Transformer Engineering, Second Edition James H . Harlow