الروح و النفس و العقل و القرين

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أحمد شوقي إبراهيم

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  • e K e e gh ..YCG N QGSCGh ..Y fEGa fdG IG a J dG qcQ .. dG e ch ..dGh dGh hdG :jOe fEG OYh ,JCG M e VQCG GJ EG OY G e GPEa VQCG GJ e N iOe L

    .AL M e J HQ EGdG ,hdG Y dG FG H EG GUJh ,hdG AY f G dG Y ah..b e ahe J FM gh ,idG jGh BGdG a hdG Y AL e b qUdg g GPEa ,aGZJa G kQU d Gj CG G dG AY SG ,fGQf bW hdh

    .dGh BGdG a Y AL e d J ,QdG e YH a c .. hdG Ve a dG e ge a kb SdGh AdG e c NOhd SSCG QeCG gh ,zGhQCG { :Y Gdb ,IjL ge a GNa ..kjM SdG

    .G kHCG fdG EG OJ h ,RdG Y a J G H hda ,dG e, GMCG dh ,U dh ,fEG Y dEG j YCGh ,IH aBG jdG dhFG e jdGh G jdH U d Lh ..idG jGh BGdG a gcP AL

    . kjCGQU dHh ,GG e Gh ,dG e G H ,fEd J dG L e dGhe jb fEG dh ..jj M Ljh ,dG Y j dGh ,keh kqe fEGHEGh OBG H c c ,fdG a YGUh L fEG e dh ,FG e jbh GGg dG bf dh ..INBG a JGh fdG a fEH JG jdh ..b e

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    5mm 4 color 1996 X-Rite Incorporated 5mm 4 color 1996 X-Rite Incorporated

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    5mm 4 color 1996 X-Rite Incorporated 5mm 4 color 1996 X-Rite Incorporated

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    alroh 1/5/07 8:00 PM Page 1

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    11

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    ``fEGh Q``dGSQO eY ,Y SdGh Y edG fdG a QdG jf CfGhYGh ..dG H fQ Gebh ,aMCG e G kc QdG AY

    ..a T M G a QdG CH keRL G kOYGG J fEG EG N QJh ,G kOb Cf fEG CG QdG AY YGha TY OdG fEG EG zGjO{ Yj idg Y bh ..G dG afCG YGh ,Y Y H IhL a 1891 S IQMCG cG fC ;IhLjG KGQdG Y CG EG ..G fEGh hCG fEG H IOG G

    .aMCG Ve a QdG AY e jdG fEG N Y aG jdG jOMCG Y AdG H YGhIhL IQMCG J GP :GdAJh . kbY c hCG fEG CG EG JGTY dG e b ,ddG EG :igG bh !?hCG fEG AHCG e MCe ch , r pY HCG SG e SG TGh ,VQCG S Y kjW keR

    .dG Y f dG dS :b dG CG Y dG VQ Ijg HCG Y iQdG ihQOBG dG N{

    ,FG dhCG Y qa gPG :d b K . kYGQP S dWh dG YdG Gda ,Y dG a ,jQP h ,fj e Sa,OBG IQU Y G Nj e a .zdG MQh{ hOGa ,dG MQh Y

    zBG M j G j a.S dWh JQU Y OBG dG N{ :b dG CG dG ahY OBG N J dG CG Gh ` OB Oj dG ` zJQU Y{ ,zkYGQPOBG C ;ICGeG MQ Z a J dG Nh .Y gGSh d gQb dG IQdG:d bh VQCG g W e J dG N H ..CG d j h CG d J ..kbY G AH a oN fCGh ..fEG N a QdG f fEG ..a ,cNBG f e QJ b j CG f dh ..BG Y g e EG N QJ K,ke dP aj ,jG KGQdG Y EG .kffEG QU K ,ke Odc ,G e

    .GkHCG G e NBG f EG Qj h ,Yf e Cf EG N c CG jh12

  • K .zG ke KK f{ kYGQP S dW ,Y L a Cf fEG EGG fEG Lh ..BG S 180 `` 160 f dW QU CG EG QJLQdG dG a e QJ a S H ,d FdG IQdG g d`` dG GH `` dG a Qda ..G a iNCG TCG hCG T EG

    ..Ie Y} :OBG N Y J brpe p nrfpEG nrnN nCGnnH nh onnnN mAr nT soc n nrMnCG psdG

    mpW |:IdG[]7:iCG kHR Qa ,kLCG dG Jh ,W e N OBG a .} :J b c . SdG jTmpRn mpW rpe rognrnnN sfpEG |:adG[]11.

    }sfpEGrognrnnN.OBG H fC ; kL dG Y Oj dG |e iCG ,e CM e kU QUh L M ,keR RdG dG oJh

    } :J dG b c .Hj Oe WmCnnM rpe mnrnU rpe nnrfpEG nrnnN rnndnhmorne |:dG[]26:Qdc kU QU M ,keR dP H OBG L oJ K .

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    .dG oj e IQH OBG N QJ dG jBa zdG{.vjS GkH dH Qa ,a hdG J dG f ,OBG L jJ Hhdh ,Y j ,jQP OLCG N a QdGh ,OBG L N a QdG EGa dh , rndG dG a g QdG CG a QdG AY e f,kffEG Qa QJ K ,G e NBG f e OBG oj a ..KGQdG dGLCG QGJh ,idG d Iq ,jH KGQh IH ,kffEG N fEG ..GW KM GPEGh ..edG j EGh ,Gg ej EGh ,J iCG hO .IdG J,dG f qZ fCG Gg e a ,rndG dG H e qZ ,KGQh

    .GkHCG iNCG g J ,a dG f dG hdGh ,GkHCG j G a?jdG c a ce r nN U g fc GP

    Ggh ..LQG dG a ,N U a jdG fGG c JeGTY d fCG AdG X M , Ghd ,G aMCG a Gf

    .G a MGh f Y kL N N J dG EG ..dG QdG a.dG EG dEG fCGh ,dG fGMh Y J G a dG IMhh

    13

  • ..?GkOb fEG c g?oeh SfnCG fc IOdG H gh

    eCG YGe Y dG a ,G dG a idG G cG EGH G kc kHJ GhLh fCG ;kjM fQdc a fh .T KGQh HVe a eCG H dP ah .ifdG OdG Lh ,fEG LOdG e IOSG a dch ,fEG L EG jG L e AYCG fVGeCG d dG GfCG a , vKGQh e H ,ifdG

    .fEG a GAdG f Fg YH eCG EG J BG G dG a HCG EG

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    .jhQGO jd UeSehc G G IGf a EG ,jG KGQdG Y AY jhG G a eSehdG GSQOh ,d IG KGQdG eGY c

    .1903 S.G bG H j eSehdG OY CG dP H cGhN c jf a eSehdG OY CG GhLh IdG jdG iMEG a,Sehc 500 ghLh JdG NdG H ah ,1500 gjN eOY CG GcG 1912 S ah .keSehc 44 gOY a fQCG a eCG

    .48 ifdG OdG a eSehdGOY CG hj AdG X ,G kOb c fEG CG jhQGO jf EG G kOSGh1956 S GcG AdG CG EG .. kjCG 48 fEG N a eSehdGCG e AdG cCJ gh ..a 46 fEG N IGf a eSehdG OY CGCf fEG CGh ,G e NBG c OdG Y j G e f fEG

    14

  • Ghj QdG AY EG .G kOb N AH e Cf OdG CGh ,kffEG N AH e!LCG QJ a ,SGQO GhMh ,hdG a

    IQhdH j IQdGh dG a bdG L a HdG EG.JGKCJh JU a kHJ

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    ..d dG GSG CG ,G GSG aCGAdG a LJh ..fGG a SG Y EG AdG UJh;dG hCG dG hCG dG e ,fEG L e AYCG SG feEG dEG

    .J H AYCG f Y a dSGdH j e j a ,f jG Y f a eCGGJ dHh ,KGQdG eGY d Fa GJ gh ,KGQdG

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    h.eCGh G Hh ,gjjdG a Gfc jdG OdG e M c ,SdG H e GG eh

    } :Y J dG jh .dG Y Gpa rorpe G rhnnrYG njpsdG oorpnY rnnd nhnp pSnN kInOnpb Gofoc rond nrona pr sdG|]65 :IdG[OdG e dG ADg bh .

    .dGh BGdG a IQce dG Y MG dh a bh ,ahe} :J jnp pSnN kInOnpb Gofoc rond nronaJ dG eCG hf g OGG |

    dG CG Y j jBG a dGh .bCG hCG dG a ,IOb EG H HGfc CG H IOb N IOYEG dh ,IOdG GHCG QU EG fGHCG QU ee sSfCG Gfc kdM jOLG IOdG CG a f CG Gg e a , sSfCGJ dG e jdG OdG e FdG J EG CG ?OdG FW e b

    ?jQP d J h ,GJe b IOb IQU Y hCG IOb15

  • a ,Y fc e fEG C ; eCG Ob EG e iOdG EG;hQ a oJ h ,dG bW oj a ,OdG eCG ;ffEG fh hQh Y

    .GhdG e fC j J dG EG{ :b dG SQ CG U a e ihQh

    .zdP b jRGh IOdG fc bh .kY h kf g g .jRGh IOdG Y kjCG e U a iNCG jGhQ ahd a ,keb j hCG ,keb j Lh Y dG EG{ : dG b ?oe

    .zdP b Gfc jRGh IOdG EGh .kfe eCG Ga ,ffEG UCG e jRGh IOdG GfCG H CH dG eCGa Y ,Ohd KGQdG IdG N G kf ;e dG MdG

    .GhQCG h a Y IOdG C G kfh ;fEG L a Y ,jRG

    16

  • ?````fEG ``g ````e

    } :J b c ..dG EG dG N cCG fEGnnOBG pnH nresnc rnnd nh|:AGSEG[]70{ fCH kb fa qj Gfc ..bY M fEGh .

    bG e f c CGh ,J bG c CG AdG cG h ..zWfdP ;bdG G fCH fEG Ga qYh ,hCG jdG Y GdY ,fh d de d h ,dG bW J dG e idG MdG G g fC

    .MhQ e a f idG MdG G G fCG c ,bG} :Lh Y dG brnCG nrnHnCna pnprdG nh pVrQnCG nh pG nn sdG nnY nnfnenCG n rVnnY sfpEG

    konL keo nX nnc osfpEG o nrfpEG nnnnM nh nrpe nrn rTnCG nh nnrprnj |:GMCG[]72feCGh .qoG MdG G G g fEa ,dG feCGh dG feCG gH j H dG ,dG bW J dG YCG dd ;dSQh J dG YH

    .edG j Sj SSCG Gg Yh ,dGh dGh ,GdGh CG;dG a qbdGh ,qdG Y IQdG dG YCG ..bY M fEaEG UJ G dG Y ah .Y EG Y e fEG Y OGOj ddIc GW KM Hh ,dG dGh ,dG `ShG G`NGa c a AY Xh ,dG jOe c a SGh GN Jh ,dG aY hj kL fCG EG ,GDS c Y Gj CG j ,dG ha eY GDS fCG dG eh .Y HLEG aj fC ;MGh GDS Y HLEG

    .fEG f fEG ,fEG EG AT bCGeEGh eEG SdG EG{ :VG Gg a QHj dG dG bhcCG g f fEa ,fdG IG a gOLh Me a LeQGSCG e dG EG j h ,f c j fEa ,IG a HYCG.dGh dGh dG a IOh IQb dh ,H dG fdG IGH j bh ,M ae EG j dG IG Y CGj AL gh

    17

  • j fEG ..?c eh ?MhQh Y jCG dh ,L N QGSCH dG.z kT Y

    g e :GDdG Y j CG jdG dG AY e MCG j dd..?fEG

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    EG ,fEG g aed{ :Hc a kjCG bh .zFGH ae EGY OLe AT c ae Sa ,UGNh OGG cJ EG UJJ ,TCG e ce e qe fEG c EG ,fCG GYe ,VQCG S

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    ,J dG c ,dG BGdG fHJ GPEG fEG g e f CG h :JBc fEG qf CG h .fEG dN,iOe ,bY ,M Fc g{

    zeR a ij h ,hdG OH ` ` dN..G g d fEG EG .?fEG g jCa zfEG L g{ G

    18

  • g G fEG,IdG G ,bdG ,YGdG ,ffEG GdGjOedGJ CG d J dG OGQCG eY ,jOeqdG ffEG GdG gh .

    .dGMCGh ,fdG IG H e aGj ,iOe L a qcQ ,fdG IG aEG OY GJ a .e N idG GdG EG OY ,iOG G e GPEGhG kdN ,Rj vM ,HQ EG zhdGh dGh dG{ G fEG OYh .GJ

    .INBG IG a} :fEG Y b J dG dh :j bhmnnY rpe nnrfpEG nnnN|Y bh

    } : kjCGnCGnnHnhmpW rpe pnrfpEG nrnN|iOG G dP g fEG CG Y j EGh .Wh GJh Y e oj fEG .. :f .Wh Y e N idGGdGh AGh .AG eh ,VQCG g GJ e N idG g fEG LZH SCG Ggh .dH AG Y fBGdG jBG qY EGh .dG fjdG bh .zL{ c Mh ,f fEH fEG L Y qa .Y

    } :JmnnY rpe nnrfpEG nnnNdb dP fh .Y e fEG L N iCG |} :Jnpa soc psdG nnjrnrdG pnCrSGnh |:Sj[]18c dG jdG gCG CSGh iCG .

    } :J dbh .ampW rpe mndnoS rpe nnrfpEG nrnnN rnndnh |:eDdG[]12..W e dS e fEG L N dh :Gh

    :a fEG dG SQ Wjhz vM Y fd EG{jG .CGh .NBG fHh , fEG .fH Z fEG CG Y j jdG

    .Y vM fd,M bY iOe fCG gh ,fEG M jdG jG cP ddG Y a EG ,AdG dEG j Y M gh .dG dP a

    .idG jGh BGdG GhHJ CG H ,Ge fG ffEG GdG Y GPEG EG N ge Y fEG sj dhG ,G fEG qJ ,jOe e K fEG ..hdGh dGh dG

    .fdG JM AKCG zfEG L{ g xiOe L a qcGhCG e ,fEG M kb jGh AdG e c gP EG QOj hjBG a c .kjJ gGcP jdG idG jGh dG BGdG

    19

  • } :Lh Y dG b a ch ,gfcP dG jOMCGhnsnZ ne o nrfpEG ntjnCG njnnscnQ nA nT ne mInQ oU unCG pa (7) nndnnna nG s nna nnnnN psdG (6) ppnrdG nuHnpH|

    :QfG[.]8 - 6

    :d a fEG Wj J dG :dG jBG g fe H eh} .z!?fY Y CG qLh YN AT iCG fEG jCG j{nG s nna nnnnN psdG

    nndnnna..Yh hQh f e a jJ MCG a N idG fCG :iCG ,|} xiOe L a qcQh N d qYhnnscnQ nA nT ne mInQ oU unCG pajCG a :iCG ,|

    a dG H Y J LCGh ..a cQ LCG QU e IQU.Mh J dG e M ,idG dGh dGh IQdG

    } :J db e a zfG hQ{ a SdCG bhne mInQ oU unCG pannscnQ nA nTQdG e dG e bG IQU a ,L a qcQ iCG |

    ,dG MQ kb ha ,dGh dGh dGh dG e ,Ge fe ffEG GP e ,fEG N ge M ;G g EG GUJ

    .zfEG L{ g ,iOe L a ce ,Yh hQh f`` ffEG GdG iCG `` G fEG Y Gaj CG Ad Mh

    .dG geh ,dG geh ,hdG ge Y Gaj CG Y j

    20

  • fdG dGeCG QaCG

    hdG Y HdG

    A```edG ``jdG.hdG Y e hCG

    OYG hdG ON .jb ie

    SJoY GhQCG .gGdG

  • U22AH

  • hdG Y e hCG AedG jdG

    .H gQGSCH J dG ,edG YVG e hdG Ve GReDhGZ ,hQ fEG EG :zeG fEG Y{ Hc a jH eQf jh,a jG QdG a Cj UG MhdG YdG CG Th .EG

    .jQdG b e QY e hCG QhL CGJ EGhdHh ,SCGdG J hdG CH eDj FGdG QdG a fEG chGUM a jG Aeb eCG .MGh AT ,hdGh Gh dG CG GhYGG Y ,zfYdG dG{ j a ,a GTY S BG KK GWNGO J hdG CG hj Gfch ,GJ EG dG e JG L Y

    .a MhQ eGOe vM j G CGh ,GOG b S dCG f `` fYdG hdGh jOG ISCG AL eYhaGdG g hdG OH EG ch ,JhQP H b JG L a c ``,FdG RYEG dP EG GUh CG EG ,dG Gg a SGQOh gOLG EGah . kjCG G dG AY Mh ,jG QdG AY dEG j idG,VQCG a eGgCc ,Fg He AH AedG jG gG bdG f..VQCG Gh FfEGh iQG dH J dG ,dG aGG hCG

    .NBG dG a jL e Hh ,hdG OH gOYG dP c SSCG chOGG ,G e NGdG AYCGh G Yj Gfc :dG Y ahG jh ,aCG T Y G ;G edGh dG j K ,LdG e hj LQH MCG H dGh GG oj c ,IoG EG IOY J EG eh ,G Y QdG e Y VJh .G LdG CG gH hj Gfc ,jW jFL SGe i M ,G h ,dG

    ..IG QGSG Y QGUEG e f gh ..jh jh ij CG j GOH gOY f g ,JG L h eGgCGh HG AH chEG hdG H J MQ G CG kjCG hj Gfch .jL e Hh ,hdG

    j Y d j CG hO ,AMCG Y a J CG e kH ,NBG dG(@).

    23

    .zMhQ HJ dG{ ZGQ f QcO (@)

  • b ie OYG hdG ON

    24

    dG H hdG cedEG Y MdG (3) .ddG cQCG HQCG dBG jQM AHCG (2) .dG e Y dL IdG FQ jQhRCG (1).dG Qe H idG GdG c (6) .dYC Gk eQ dG b H dG GdG c (5) .dEG GdG (4) .GdGVb J dEG (9) .dG Qe c bGj HfCG dEG (8) .dGh dG H c j jQM dEG (7)dG dEG Ye IOdG (11) .IdG FQ eCG Nh fP c e CGJ hdG (10) .dG f j dMEG

    .jjCG H SJ hdG eeCGh IdG (12) .hdG Y Hb

  • OG{ Hc a d edG cH G jY S QcdG jjG IY Y jGhQ K g EG ziG adG GdG a

    :iOdG GQhCG Y c f hdG ON Y AedG:hCG jGhdGY aG dj eh ,G Yb aG NO Y J

    fdG c e aG j eYh .fdG e j M YdG EG UdGdG dEG jCG Y S{ :jh jQhRCG dEG Lh EG j ,abG dG

    .zdL iQC g EG H JoCG d .dG QJCG d fG :jQhRCG dEd a .Jj dG fdG dP H O qoj KbCG Gg dG e a fEGh .N jCG SdG V JQCG fEG .dEGeBG h .kffEG bCG fEGh ,dEG gj AT iCG aCG fEGh .SdG V kfP

    .dEG ...G e fCG h ,fdG JQCG fEGh .dHYj zjQhRCG dEG{ VdG j ,aG aGYG e AfG Hh

    .aG S ; kdEG HQCGh KGjQhRCG SGH INBG a G J Tf Y ,iNCG jOH ahYh .zf{h zjjEG{ dEG Nh ,TY a j gh , kjCG

    ..dG dEG zQ{ SCGj zT Y SJ{ dG dBG J fGj ah ,GG QGH dBG Jc z{ j cG g ah,G dEG zSQM{ dEG jVG e jh .dG d ;bh SWb,G ,dG H GM N jh .dGdG dEG zYe{ dEGhj YdG Mh .X fCG G JLh GPEG hdG d G ke j

    .kHQEG kHQEG fG L jd ;G kOQe HQCGh KG AadGe kaN Jj gh ,JaGYG a hdG CGj ,gdG dG Oj eYh,G eCG daCG Y d L e aG b jh ..jQhRCG

    V j CG b EG aG Sa(@)OJ ,b c idG ..b j{ :j ,MU V dG j GPEGh ..zdG dEG IM a FNCGEG dG IOH eCjh ,G Y jQhRCG qjh ,IAGdG M z{

    25

    SQoCG a SEG dSQ fch .jQOEG dG dSQ Y KQGJ MU Y G AYCG IOH OYG (@)} :J dG b CGf MU Y G AYCG IOT Yh .SEG dSH EG fnpnT nghoAnL ne GnPpEG snM

    rogoOooLnh rogoQnrHnCGnh roornS rprnnY} :J db EG |nrnnY roJrpnT npd rpgpOoopd Godnbnh |.]21 - 20 :a[

  • BG YO ,dH Ra fEG{ JG e j K ,cd G aGzIOdG M a dBG eh GhQCG e j(@).

    ,JQjd fdG IG EG IOdG M e IOdG a hdG ZQ GPEGhIQjR a zdG{ hdG ZQ GPEGh ..GM L hCG FW L NJ fEa

    gQhJh .dEG Oa zdG{ Fee(@@).

    26

    .f a eDG GhQCG J M ;RdG Y Y e J :IOdG M (@)FY Y kf ch ,dG Y jQOEG dG dSQ Y NOCG idG jdG eCG e e Gg (@@)

    .GhQCG SH GeBGh ,YGd jUe Gfc jdG gGdG

  • SJogGdG Y GhQCG

    OYG Y SDe ,dG jdG QdG a gGdG IY fcg idG ,dG dEG gGH J fch .gGH Y AdG e Mh hHjdG dG Gb g hdG ON ch .fEG a IdG hdG iCG zCG{f ,dG dG a SQf eY{ Sc Qa QDG ch .dGa ifh ,d kLEG f CG EG fJ dG ,dG FG e c Y

    .zdG SGQdG SC hCG WG dG JebCG dG SCG Y J dG ,HhQhCG a SCG EG{ T che c ,dG jdG dH fQb e GPEG hJ ,jZEG Sa

    .dG AV e ec a fH ,AdGgP fCG EG ,hdG ON IY Y SDe dG jdG dGhEG gGdG IY Uh d ..GhQCG SH OYG EG ,G a G kHSh gGH{ fbCG KK e e MGh dEH EGh ,hdG ON M,aJ dG gOLCG e J ,dG GhQCG CG GhYGh zahGUhh ,GG H J M ;G EG aj zej{ nne gaQdG Weh ,IdG dBd FdG Gh ,SG G fCH AdGUY dh ..zhdG ZQ c a J idG ,UCG g idG dGfjdG eDJh .fYdG dG a dG jG FdG gdG fjdGbQCGh fGQf T L fCGh ,dEG f ffEG hdG CH ,gdG

    .fdG iOG G edG dG a G bdG gGG e idG LdG ge ojhe eQU dSCG JG Lh ,hdG O dG dP jh .gONh hdVGYCG e AT iCG aj h ,dG de Y dGh ,dGh ,gdGfjdG Y J Oe KK gh .MhdG Ze Y FGdG fdG

    gdG(@):

    27

    .j YSEG MCGh ,Y Y QcdG :2`L fEG M (@)

  • :(GhQCG SJ) L EG L e hdG fG :hCG CGGgh ..OLdG e T QGWCG a ,fG FGO ,GhQCG CG ,hj afE G kL c AGS ,L EG L e J NCG ge EG jW a

    .G G kL hCG:LQdGh YCG jJ :fdG CGG

    .a gh LCG e dG Oe gJh ,Ic LCG a J hda.a G kT EGh ,a G kN EG Y f bj L ch

    :fG :ddG CGGC ;LCG H dfG GQhO e ,hd IQG hdG dh ghdG eCG .GNh QhTh Ye ,gf a ,dGMCG c a fdG IG

    .SCG dEG FdG zgGH{ e efG a ,hd SCGGOe ,YdGh dG J Qe ga dN gL ,gGdG f a hdGh

    .Y fh ,DhU b ,H JGh ,G EG OY GPEa ,G Y keGPEGh ,Y QU ,IOG Y hdG O GPEG :db Y fhdG fhCfCGh ,dG jdG jdG g WaCG NCG dh .gL QU H JH ,IMGh eCG a hCG MGh e a j da .hd dG G a jfEG H e dG dG jdG J c ,T CGh ,Ic OH EG j

    .Hh e c Y G e jh ,HdP eh .L EG L e Jh , ,gdG IdG a hdadG fGMH IOdG CG c{ :fhdG bh .GhQCG SH gOYG AL,fGdG QT dGh ,G EG QT , dG dSHh

    .zgdG IdG S GhQCG SJ dc ,jOdG eY SCGhEG L e bdG a LQe ,LCG a J hdG CG hj Gfchb hdG fc GPEGh .FG e ,G dG EG J M ,bQCG Le fOCG L a NOCG ,LCG MCG a dM AKCG N JQG,gjN Y c GPEa .gjN Y J ,GM L a hCG ,a fc idGEG jdG a J M ,bdGh dG a J K ..bQCG L a NOEG jdG a ia ,fOCG EG LQJ j bh .FG e YCG G

    .L Qf28

  • H CG QYG Y ,H Sjh ,fGG ej Gfc ddh.a e ,fGQf kMGhQCG

    IY a IMGdG hdG CGh ,GhQCG SH eDj idG dG chLCG e e a M b MhQ J Q ` fEG iCG ` fEG CGh ,LCG

    .b:GhQCG SJ a dDG iCGQN Oh ,WN IY fEG

    gOYG e aGj gh ,U Y e d SSCG h ,YdG dBd GkReQ UCG PJGh ,GhdG e gZh ,dG jHOYGh ..dV IY ,GhQCG SJ IY SSCa ..gJe GPEGh ,MGh fE ,MGh L a EG J hdG CG dGdN EG hdG OYh ,e N idG VQCG GJ EG OY ,GEG RdG IM a Jh ..RJ YGh M IdN ,JCG M edG a GhQCG SJ IY fcP eh .Gh dG j

    EG.hdG Y ffEG dG jQJ d?Je H FGc OLCG OdG j GP

    H ,G dG OLCG Gbj CG Gg ej M OdG GOY edPh ,AdG G a YCG EG JJ QdG T CH gOY dPh ,JeG a AdG EG OdG Y G L e J dG hdG Yj.ke G ZCG e hdG qj G M CG c ,bh bCG a ,YCGJ ,GY KK eeCG j ,G e J eY hdG CG GhYGh

    :AJ e Y iCG EG.FG Y gh ,idG dG :hCG

    EG aj N Y d ;NBG fEG L a a ,SdG Y :fdGh.L Y EG hdG e jh ,AdG a YCG e

    .L Y g :ddGhfc GhQCG SJ a gGdG IY CG Qf GG g c eh

    .LCd dh ,GhQCd jdG a dG CH eDJ

    29

  • U30AH

  • ddG dG?jb CG be hdG g

    eh ,geh hdG M?zhQ{ c e

    .hdG Y adG db e

    Y QdG H SG e If.OBG N b

    a AdG AGQBG NG.hdGh dG

    f b dG V````LEG.a hdG

    ?``````dH O``dG `````e``````````````jCGh?`````````````g

    .dGh hdG H aNG

  • U32AH

  • ?(dRCG) b CG b hdG g

    Y Y dOCGh Y dOCG gh .b dh b hdG CG T:dP

    :khCG} :AGSEG IQS a J bprenCG rpe ohtdG pob phtdG pnY nnfodnC rnj nhkpnb spEG p rprdG npe ropJhoCG ne nh uHnQ |:AGSEG[]85Gh .J dG eCG e hdG .

    } :J b c .bj Lh Y H eCGhnnQnnJ orenCG nh ornrdG ond nnCGnpndnrdG tnQ osdG |:GYCG[]54.

    d e IQ qeh ,b a .Nh dG eCG e dG a J dG hdab e eCG .HdGh HdGh AdG QL iCGQ g Ggh .Lh Y dGc Ic jBG a f EG aVCG J dG C ;b Z hdG EG

    } :db apMhoQ rpe ppa ornnf nh oorj s nS GnPpEna |:dG[]29aVCG J fEa ..JGP e hCG dG hQ e fC dh .. kjJh d kJ f EG

    f EG dG SQ VCG c .N H f EG J dG VCG dh.ziOY{ :a f EG eDGh zfY{ :a

    } .zMhQ{ :a f EG jL VCGhnnMhoQ nrndpEG nr nSrQnCna |:je[]17.c J JU e U fCG Y `J J dG EG hdG aVEa

    } :Lh Y bpMhoQ rpe ppa ornnf nh |:dG[]29g hG j Mh .:Yf J dG EG G CG Gj CG Y j G

    :hCGa .dGh ,dGh ,dGh ,IQdGh ,dc :H J USh JQbh JOGQEGh ech dG a .H UG EG U aVEG

    .b Z d jb U ,jh Lhh Hh :fdGbdGh ,zY{ dGh ,zH{ dc :Y e YCG aVEG

    EG aVEG a ,zMhQ{ hdGh ,zdSQ{ SdGh ,zdG bf{33

  • kjJh kJ J aVEG fCG EG ,fU EG eh ,dN.kJh

    GS e ch ,dG g J dGh .b dh b hda.N e

    :kfKdG SQ CG Ijg HCG Y ,HCG Y S Y dG a AL e :b e cJ eh ,FG e QJ e ,Iq OL GhQCG{zNG.

    :WdG bQeCH jJ fCG EG ,kMGhQCG fc a JG EGh GhQCG,Yf dCJ bG e f c OGaCG gf dd ;H J e dBj OGaCG H idG G GfCG a h ,d e JhGhQCG CG Y j jdG idG jGh .haj hCG ,dG H

    .b EG J G:kdK} :J bmAr nT uoc opdnN osdG |:YdG[]16c CG Qj c b .

    e.dG U e U dh ,b hda ,e dG GY: kHGQ} :jcR dG Wj J dG bkr nT onJ rnd nh ornb rpe nornnN rnb nh|

    ]9 :e[L a ce ffEG Gc zhQh Yh f{ :jcR dh ...hdGh dGh dG g Wj idGh ..Wj Mh Gh ..iOe

    } :J dd b hdG CG Y Gg anornnN rnb nh.|: keN} :J dG j dG IQS anpndnrdG unQ pspd ornrdG |:JdG[]2.

    Y Gg a .gHeh dNh HQ J dGh .dG L e GhQCGh.b hdG CG

    } :dG IQS a J dbhopn rnf nsjpEG nh oornf nsjpEG |.]5 :JdG[fEGY Gg a .ffEG Gd IGOCG EG G eh ffEG JGH HQ Wj

    .Jb bH e Lh Y d IHY hdG CG: kSOS} :J bGkQocrne kr nT ronj rnd prgsdG npe lpM p nrfpEG nnY nJnCG rng|

    :fEG[]1a ce ,dGh dGh hdG eGb ffEG GP :fEGh .34

  • j fEG d zb Z iCG{ b hdG fc dh ,iOe L:YdG bh .G kQce kT

    eH J c G ON jfEG H hdH fCa

    : kHSSQ j :Gdb dG gCG CG ,M H GY Y dG a ALa zG hCG Y iCG{ eCG Gg hCG Y dCfh ,jdG a f L dG

    :cdG a ch .AG Y TY ch .e AT j h dG c{zAT c.

    iCG N b `` eCG AH a iCG .zZ AT j h dG c{ iNCG jGhQ ah;b GhQCG CG Y Gg a .e N iCG j h ,Mh dG c `` N

    . J dG GY e c C:keKEG Soj idG G c GPEa ,fEG N b b FG

    a j dG hdG Ea , kb MdG TCG HQCG jf a G.dc b J CG H G

    : kSJ,INBG JM a eRJh ,fdG JM a fEG RJ hdG,ee eMCGh hdG U EG .ffEG GdG e CGj AL hdaEG BG M dG Uj h ,H J dG fj ,a c eCG

    .Y AT iCG ae,e a ,L Qf a q oY GPEGh ,INBG a MU e J hdGhhdG sCG Y ddG eh .jdG d j GdG EG , qJ fCG EGG kdN QdG a j adG CG ddG ?L a c GPEG MU e S

    } :J b c aGkpdnN GkQnf orpNroj onOhooM snnnj nh ond oSnQ nh nsdG prnj rne nhnpa |:AdG[]14J hdG CG Y Gg a ..fEG a OG S hdGh .

    .a G kdN QdG dG NOCG GPEG MU e:G kTYCT Ggh ..SQEGh eEGh dGh IadH UJ hdG

    } :j Lh Y da ..Gpa ronJ rnd psdG nh npJ rne npM norfnCG sa nnnj osdG35

  • npdnP pa spEG v noe mnLnCG ndpEG inrNoCG o pSroj nh n rnrdG nrnnY nnb psdG o prona npennenhosnnnj m rnpd mnjB |:edG[]42a IQcG fCG CG Y AdG QL JG .

    .SdG GhQCG J jBG:b HCG Y iQfCG IOb HCG H dGY jM e dG ah

    H S qY d ,dG SQ j :a ,d GP S a dG SQ e fSiCG{zMGdH d fPCG. :az?Id bj a ,GeJ CG NCG fEG{.a

    a ,MGQ EG H SGh ,GVa .dH S ra .dG SQ j fCG :H :a .dG e fL W bh dG SQ Sa .a dG,H j{

    z?d b e jCGa .e lef qY doCG e H H idGh :a : dG SQzAT M g qOQh ,AT M MGhQCG b dG EG{.

    Gh .eLCG e VG GhQCG CG Y jdG jG e fhG b S g G EG hdG tOQh ..dG Y G e hdG hN g

    .dG Yef e b GPEG c dG SQ CG dG a AL e ,dP Y ddGh

    :jOQ idG d G ,QdG dEGh JeCG CG H fMCG idG d G{zcH PCGh ,iL a faYh MhQ sEG.

    a J dG hdG CG Y gfcP dG IdG dOCG g e fh.dG GP e dh be fEG

    36

  • geh hdG M

    e a dP h ..IG S hdG CG AdGh jG e c cPC ;IG S d hda ..kU d dP CG if dh ..dG c.vM M c Gh ,MdG HGdG dG a G a hdG f G..jH S g EGh ,G a IG S J hdG sCG Y Gg a

    } :J db f hdG Y dG SQ OdG CS hphtdG pnY nnfodnC rnj nhkpnb spEG p rprdG npe ropJhoCG ne nh uHnQ prenCG rpe ohtdG pob |:AGSEG[]85hdG Y GDdGh .

    :Ic Lh Y j?hdG g e ``

    ?dG e M a CG ,Ie Z CG Ie hdG g ``?zb CG dRCG{ jM CG b hdG g ``

    ?J CG G e H hdG J g ``?fEG a hdG Xh e ``

    ?JhTh hdG IOS M e ``FdG GeG f qJ CG ?dG NGO j L hdG gN Y J b g CG ..?LCG H Fb VY g CG ?NCGh

    ?dG..zH a S c{ fGQf bW a e dh kL d hdG `` 1e cCH ,H J hCG ,H h fEG L NGO jOe e hda

    .G fEG GMC kJ ,dG GfCG e fH b c `` NCGh FdG GeG f hdG J h kaNG G W Y j ,H Fb N dh `` SdG

    } :b c ,N dGh .G kcroc ond nonf rnCG onfrOnQnCG GnPpEG mAr npd nod rnb nsfpEGoonna |:dG[]40.

    37

  • ATCG FM cCG Ea .OLh f ,AdG H dG Y j h} :J b c .IOLe a dP eh ,d Jgehnpe ropJhoCG ne nh

    kpnb spEG p rprdG |:AGSEG[]85.:HLEG fa z?hdG g e{ GDS Y HLEG AL ,jBG a zeCG{ d `` 2

    }uHnQ prenCG rpe ohtdG pob |:AGSEG[]85.eCGh JQbh dG Q n nH b hda .a BGdG S J dG C ;BGdG zhdG{ e OGG :AdG H bh `` 3

    } :J b c .kMhQ `jBG e cnfprenCG rpe kMhoQ nrndpEG nrnM rhnCG npdnnc nh|:iQdG[]52} :J dbh ,rpe oA nnj rne nnY pprenCG rpe phtdpH nnpFnnrdG ounoj

    ppOnpY |.]2 :dG[fCGh GhQCG BGdH CG ,hdH BGdG J a dG EG bhch F aeh ,J HH dG ae H C ;dGh

    .SQhC ;GbCG LQCG g Ggh ,BGdG dG jBG a zhdG{ c oPh

    } :BGdG Y J Y MdGh ,jBG Y HdG jBGnpe ounof nhGkQ nnN spEG nppd sdG ojpnj n nh npperDorpd lnrMnQ nh lAn pT nog ne pBGrordG |:AGSEG[]82

    } :J db EGnpe ropJhoCG ne nh uHnQ prenCG rpe ohtdG pob phtdG pnY nnfodnC rnj nhnrnnY ppH nnd opnJ n soK nrndpEG nrnM rhnCG psdpH snngrnnd nr pT rpnd nh (85) kpnb spEG p rprdGpnnnrLG ppnd rob (87) Gkpnc nrnnY nnc on rna spEG nuHnQ rpe knrMnQ spEG (86) kpc nhro ornH nnc rnd nh pprppH noJrCnj n pBGrordG Gnng prppH GoJrCnj rnCG nnY tprdG nh orfpEGonrcnCG nHnCna mnne uoc rpe pBGrordG Gnng pa pSspd nras nU rnnd nh (88) Gkp nX mrnpd

    GkQooc spEG pSsdG|.]89 - 85 :AGSEG[HdG jBG a ,dG BGdG Y jG S a zhdG{ SG AL Ggh

    } :J db Ynpe ropJhoCG nenh uHnQ prenCG rpe ohtdG pob phtdG pnY nnfodnCrnjnhkpnb spEG prprdG |]85 :AGSEG[J CG La . kjCG Y MdG jBG ah

    .BGdG J zhdG{ c J CGh ,Seh Se c jBG38

  • :J db a dP ..G kQb FG YCG zjL{ j zhdG{ `` 4}v nU onpFnnrdG nh ohtdG oonj n rnj |:CdG[]38Y jL J dG Sh .

    } :J db a c zhdG{ dGnnY (193) openCG ohtdG ppH nnnfnprnb |:AGdG[.]194 - 193

    } :db ahvjp nS Gk nnH nnd nsnnna nnMhoQ nrndpEG nr nSrQnCna |.]17 :je[fEG g G CG Gg j a ,fCG :dH L EG fEG QTCG GPEG `` 5Z Gg db CG ifh ,dP dj G QL ..?hdGh dG gh

    :JBG SCd U ( CG )jN G jG h , jN e e fEG L

    jh ..AdGh dG Y a kFGO L j fEa ,M,dG H hCG S hCG TCG hCG HSCG Z a c fEG L`` dG gdG jNh dG jG GY e `` jL L jhke j G Gh ..e Y j HK bH hdGhfEG j fEG L CG Y dO Ggh ,bdG HdG Y

    .hdGh dGh dG e G G ():f EG L AYCG e Y c jh ,Y qj fEG

    G Z Gh .Y , ,fd ,LQ ,ij ,SCGQ :aje da ,fH AYC G kje fEG j CG La .dEGEG{ :fEG Wj ,jdG idG jG a dP h ..fEd

    .z vM Y fd (`L)} :J b c ,L e H Rj M fEGnjpsdG sn nrnJ n nh

    nobnRroj rpuHnQ nrpY lAnrMnCG rnH kJG nrenCG psdG pp nS pa Gopob |]169 :GY BG[.fEG j CG La .bRj AMCG ,gOLCG Je jdG dhCa

    . G kjeb d jW N a d f jM KCG a ALh `` 6(@) :M{

    jh ,gCG j :jh ,dG a MhQ aQ ,f Y G oM GPEG

    39

    .32 U ,21`L iRGdG jdG a eEd zdG dG{ (@)

  • .u pM Zh u pM e G L .H d c fdG H J ,idhzH M e e GhQMa , sY dGh id dG aSG Lh .

    :b dG CGzdG Y gh G EG{ ,e G ,gCG iOj AT fEG e H fCG Y Gg a ,dG Y d IQb,a c idG d je G fEG CG Y dO Ggh .ddGh

    .fdG IG AKCG} :Lh Y dG b `` 7kn pVGnQ puHnQ ndpEG ppLrQG (27) ospn rordG orsdG nosjnCG nj

    (28) ks pVrne |:dG[.]28 - 27EG Lj M Ad dG jBG a Gg WoGh ,Y m VGQ HQh ,HQ Y kVGQ ,G e H J HQj fEG CG Y Gg a .bdG IdG YGdG G ffEG GdG

    .L e H vM} :J dG b `` 8(61) n oWunoj n rog nh no oSoQ orsa nnJ o rnrdG oocnnMnCG nAnL GnPpEG snM

    unrdG oogn rne psdG ndpEG GhtOoQ soK |:fCG[.]62 - 61hOhOe fCG J dG cPdd G kje dG EG OhOG j CG La .ke G c M dG EGCG Y Gg a ..vM j OhOGh ,VQCG a Xh aJ idG G

    . je fC ;L fEG,c jdG GdGh dG Y jc EG jdG BGdG a zdG{ c oP e `` 9

    } : dSQ Wj Lh Y dG b a dP hopenCG ohtdG ppH nnnfnprnb nnY (193)fh Y Y BGdH dG Y jL f iCG |

    dGh dG CG EG dG jBG QTCG dHh ..jdG JGPh ,fGLhh.d Ije zjdG GdG{ hdGh

    bh ,e Kjh ,gAHCG hCG gAHBG G a hj SdG e c `` 10VG hCG VG AfCH JG GhQCG a gJ kjM j

    hCGa j idG bdG a ,RJ M hdG CG Y Gg a ..G.VQCG GJ a kfaeh ,ke G

    b .eCG H a vM kL fc M fEG N QGWCG J dG cP `` 11} :Lh YmQGnnb pa kn rof onrnnL soK (12) mpW rpe mndn oS rpe n nrfpEG nrnnN rnnd nh

    40

  • nf r nnna ke npY nn rordG nrnnna kn roe nnnnrdG nrnnna knnnY nn rtdG nrnnN soK (13) mpnenppdnrdG o nrMnCG osdG nnQnnna nnNBG krnN onfrC nrfnCG soK krnd n nprdG|:eDdG[.]14 - 12} :b G a hdG j CG J dG OGQCG eYnnNBG krnN onfrC nrfnCG soK|

    .G L lje lr nN hdG CG Y kjCG ddG Gg ah,gh H jR Y ,e Uh iQdG U a idG jG cPh

    :b dG SQ CG Oe H dGY YeCG H a j cMCG EG{j K ,dP e e j K ,dP e Y j K ,kej HQCGTh ,bRQh ,Y cG :d jh c HQCH eDj ,ke dG

    z...hdG a j K ,S hCG.jdG jG dEG,IG S d hdG CG Y Gg a ..M L a hdG of dh,j b dG a c a ,G L Ije hdG CGhhdGh ,AT a .a hdG f b J IMh ,J AYCGh

    .NBG AT} :OBG N Y J dG bhond Gonna pMhoQ rpe ppa ornnf nh oorj s nS GnPpEna

    njppL nS |:dG[]29.AYCG jJ Y ,hdG f J dG qeh ,G AYCG J :jdGhCG Y dO Gg ah . kjJh d kJ :f EG hdG VCG K ,G

    .G g je hdG gLEG ,ddG e G QGWCH h ,Ic jY VGeC Vj G `` 12 h Ve iC VJ hdGh .NdG EG ,ddG EG ,dG

    .d ke Ije hdG CG Y Gg a ,N a QGWCHdG da ,AT a e KJ h ,G Y J hdG fc GPEGh

    d Ije jdG(@).:JBG S fh

    :f c ,zG a hdG f{ :a .fDJh cJ dG a hdG.U gc .zG a hdG of{

    .jBG jYh iMEG a dG BGdG a Jeh hdG c oP hCG c oPh

    41

    .163 U dG Gg a dG Y jdG fG (@)

  • e HQCG dhm::G a J dG hdG :hCG G

    } :J db a dP o nd G onna pMhoQ rpe ppa ornnf nh o orj s nS GnPpEnanjppL nS |:dG[ .]29dbh} :JnnnL soK (7) mpW rpe p nrfpEG nrnN nCGnnH nh

    nr sdG oond nnnL nh ppMhoQ rpe ppa nnnf nh oG s nS soK (8) mpne mAne rpe mndn oS rpe on rnfnhoo rnJ ne kpnb nInpranCG nh nQ nrHnCG nh|:IdG[.]9 - 7

    :dG Y jL J :fdG G} :Lh Y dG b a dP uoc rpe rpuHnQ prPpEpH npa ohtdG nh onpFnnrdG osnnJ

    mrenCG |:QdG[]4 .

    :BGdG hCG MdG J :ddG G} :J db a cppOnpY rpe oA nnj rne nnY pprenCG rpe phtdpH nnpFnnrdG ounoj|

    :dG[]2.

    :N a dG jBG e jBG J :HGdG G} :J db a cndpEG ngnrdnCG oonpnc nh psdG o oSnQ nnjrne orHG npY o pnrdG nsfpEG

    orpe lhoQ nh nnjrne |:AdG[]171.}oonpnc.f jJ Z e ,eCGh J dG H iCG :|}orpe lhoQ nh}h .jdGh d J f EG hdG VCG :|rpe:|o

    .e MH iCGY Y fSh ,JG dG e MQ ,dG Y Y fS aOdG de Y IgdG eCG qfh ,eCG EG J dG a ,d nCG dG

    .jBG da} c eCGrhnQdb a c :jBG K a df dG MQ :ga |

    } :JnhopanrdG o rnrdG spEG psdG p rhnQ rpe onrnj n osfpEG psdG p rhnQ rpe G onrnJ n nh|:Sj[]87.J dG MQ e GSCJ iCG .

    42

  • ?dYCGh dGbCG ajh AMCG Y JG Cj g AMCG e Jd CG Y Gg a ,gCG Y dCj JG EG ..f f

    .U.zQJ{ gY CGa , NCG b Y Qe :ihG H G b,G kN Y HCG dG iL :J G a NCG jCGQ fEG :a LQ fAa

    .CGb fG a :b dG CG SY HG YhM ,eDG NCG H LQ e e{

    zdG Y sOQh na n nY sEG ,Y qoa aj. : dG SQ b :db fCG Y dG VQ FY IdG Y ihjhe{

    zj M H fCSG EG ,Y a ,NCG b Qhj LQ e.gCG a j e j gh EG , e e e :b fCG QjO H hY Yh

    .dEG d fCGh ,f qjh ,fd fCGh .H.j h j .j e J j b a G CG Kh

    a ,LQ IRL M dG CG ,M OSEH S a OhGO HCG ihQh :b aOzCoj BG fEa ,dG NC GS{G CG Y Gg a .

    dEG OJ CG b ,dG a QhJ dG ffEG JGH j ;dG j} :dJ db da ,dGnpHnnrdG ooJrQoR snM |]2 :KdG[.

    43

  • ?hdG Y adG FCG b GPe

    :fGdG eEG bY a ,Y S fCG e ,hdG M Y J dG CG j {

    .zOLe fCG e cCH Y f h ,kHOCGY j h ,H J dG KCSG AT hdG{ :a G eEG eCGaGhh .zOLe fCG e cCH ,hdG Y dG MC Rj a .N e G kMCGY G QL bh ..Y HGh dG e FCG e c dP a

    zNCG OdH AG TG dH e d L fEG{ :hdG(@).:Gdb hdG M Y jM a G adG e c UCG dhJ dh , Z JGH Fb ,O gL H ,VY h H d fEG{

    .zLQN g h ,NGO g ,dH UN} :dG jBd a a igdG eEG eCGne nh uHnQ prenCG rpe ohtdG pob

    kpnb spEG p rprdG npe ropJhoCG |:AGSEG[]85eEG e dG jBG EG bM GQOEGh hdG ae(@@)M a e e jBG a d{ :bh

    Y j e G kc H .ae dG Y S e c d fC ;hdG.zeCG Qh ed dh ,UG UN r pY eh ,bO la rne fC

    dGdG eEG jh(@@@)AdG e Ud hdG M ae EG :dP e AH EG d e Yh f Y qojh .dG a SGdGh

    .gCG d H jdG,JGh fdH fG H CGa ,hdG M ae jW eCG.dEG dGh YW a OLGh ,J dG Y bEHh .dG GHhGOQGdG d b U ,dP d GPEa ,GS e c Y dG Jh

    44

    .jOe fGQf e g EGh ,kL d hdGh zL{ fEG hdG Y db a GhCNCG (@).dG EG dG j h ,Z hda , eCG hdG M GQOEG C ;igdG db e e f (@@)

    .zjdG Y AMEG{ e ddG AdG (@@@)

  • Y j e IdH QOCGh .GQY hCG H Y j dG ,dEGY Y iNCG G kQeCGh ,QdG QGSCGh hdG FM ch ,dH jDhQ

    .dG Yae dSH b e kja CG if adG AY db e EG dHhc H a VN e eh .eEH dP EG b kjah .hdG,Jh dG J H ,dG jH ae W e eh .CNCadG d k ,fdG dG d f OGYEGh ,dG EG dG a OLGh

    } :Lh YosdG ooounoj nh nsdG GosJG nh |:IdG[.]282QGSCG H EG QTCa igdG eCG .GdGh igdG eeEG ADg eh,hdG a dG Y eCa GdG eCGh .zddG dG M{ Hc a hdG

    .zgCG Z Y H G dG{ dP ShfEG H j dG hdG EG :igdGh GdG eeEG e c bhMhQ g H ,cQG JGPh fEG M g dG hdG g dg dG ,fdG hd e dH gh .hCG hd e Gh ,Gea ,fGG hdG ae Y BG M fY GPEGh :bh .fEG M

    YCG ffEG hdG ae Y(@).:db a G fCG dhG kMCG j h ,H dG KCSG AT hdG{

    eEG e f fCG EG ..zOLe fCG e cCH Y f h ,N e YWCG ,J dG Ea .dCG hdG Y AT ae dSH db a Ga dSd Mh ah ,dG fBGdG jBG a ,hdG QGSCG H Y

    .aG jdG jOMCG:hdG Y G QL bhTG dH e d L fEG{

    :Ic Lh e U Z b gh zNCG OdH AG:khCGcS c ` jOe fGQf bW hdG H ,IOe h , kL d hdG

    .` H a

    45

    Y qa H G hCG ,IdG Sh hdGh dG H N b igdGh GdG CG dDG ij (@).zfEG M g dG fdG hdG{`H hdG Y Yh ,zfEG H j dG hdG{ fCH dG

    .hdG Y U a iCG Y j b Ggh

  • :kfKY ,NCG OdG a AG ij c G a ij hdG GhYG,G IM S d hdG C ;NBG CN Ggh ..IG S hdG QYGjG fNCG c ,GQOEGh dGh YdG Sh ,fEG jH S g EG hdGh .ef e a fEG EG qOoJ hdG EG b idG ,idGHQCG e Rj vM c Gh ,G a f fC ,IG S J CG

    .N TCGEG j a ,dG a dY p roj ,G e c CT Ggh

    .U AT?G N b dGh hdG N g

    GdG CG Y J jdG idG jGh dG BGdG a GQTEG LJ:Lh Y dG b a dP .LCG N b N b ffEG

    }o rndCG rp porfnCG nnY rognn rTnCG nh ronsjuQoP rpgpQo oX rpe nnOBG pnH rpe ntHnQ nnNnCG rPpEG nhnppanZ Gnng rnY soc sfpEG pnenprdG n rnj GodonJ rnCG nfrp nT nnH Godnb rouHnpH |:GYCG[]172.

    :b EGh ,X j fC , kT OBG X e NCG J dG EG jBG J }rpgpQo oX rpeM e EG j G o rNnCGh .OBG jQP EG QTCG dHh |

    .bYh .QdG j gMCGh H j , kL OBG H e G dG NCG dj OBG jQP d VQCG JG ch :j bh ..H oN gOLCG J` kfCGh kMGhQCG Gfc ,Y G NC J dG H jdG EG :f ?QdGdG c GPEa ..e a a jOe jdG GdGh ` jH kJGhPCG hZ a ,QdG j `` jdG JGhP iCG `` kL OBG H MCG b Jj dG H dG GhQCGh !b e aY L Sh a VQCG Shbh ..Y G dG NCG e EGh ,AYh AMCG Gfc ,Y G NC QdG

    } :b J dG EG jmpW rpe p nrfpEG nrnN nCGnnH nh |:IdG[]7jBG :f .N J dG CG Gh ,id SCG Ggh ,dH AG Y qY dGN dG ffEG GdG a qcQ G N CG Hh .W e fEG L

    46

  • TY fEG CG Gg eh .G N b N ffEG Gda .. kS d.Je a eh ,JM fdG a

    :hCG IG.QdG j :hCG JGY gTCG CG Hh fCGh GhQCG dG MCG CG H QdG j

    .JeCG ,fCG :fdG IG.fdG IG a :fdG JG.fdG JM jf a fEd

    } :Lh Y dG b a dP hnrannrYna prnnrKG nnrnrMnCG nh prnnrKG nsnenCG nsHnQ Godnbp nS rpe mhooN ndpEG rnna npHofopHm |:aZ[]11.

    ,VG Gg a Ic be a AdGh SdGh hG NO d,jOe fCG Gj h .ffEG GdG H L H dPh .Gj hb ,jW eH gOLCG N b N dG CGh .IdN ,cQe ,YGh ,M

    .dG jBG KCG a T M fEG .OBG NN b QdG gCGh G gCG fCGh GhQCG J dG Qsb

    :J dd gJ a dG UCG e kSfCG EG jG QL }ronsjuQoP rpgpQo oX rpe nnOBG pnH rpe ntHnQ nnNnCG rPpEG nh |:GYCG[]172.

    AH jQP e NCa ,dG OBG X U e J dG EG :GdbX U eh .MH G GNOG :d a .QdG ch DdDdG e

    .HCG h QdG GNOG :a ,QdG c AGOS jQP e NCa ,idGOBG X e NCG dG EG :b dG Y LCG H Y Y SEG :bhb K ,QdG e LNCa ,YdG J CG EG jQP e j e N j

    .QdG a ADg :a iNCG bh ,G a ADg :a H b:FS Cj bh ..G GH Ic jOMCG dG a ALh

    ,QdG a Gfj CG j CG b N H Y J dG Q sb GP?G a j NBG Hh

    Y J dG Q soj CG QdG UCG fP eh ?QNG Gg c GPh?Goj CG b e ,dP

    47

  • :dP Y GG:khCG.H YCG gh ,N a J dG jJ Gg

    :kfK} :J b c zj Y dG Coj {rog nh onrnj snY onC roj nnodnC roj |:AfCG[]23oe dG J fd ,H ke AT c c d fC .

    dG gh ,dG Y vZ j e Y f CG EG ,dG jh ..iNCG H.dG hCG KDG Y ge daCG J CG j idG Lh Y

    de NO d `` YCG G dh `` FS iC G qj ke fhe H kW CGHGh ,d dG H a ,dG e kaBG a Lhh?dG bH hO b bh X GP ,dG J d JCG ..dG dP

    hCG?GDdG Gg bY fEG d jHJ CG OQCG K ,IG a LdG e e jd c GPEG :NBG ehJ d JCG ,HPh LLH eCGh ,IG EG ga ,e LLOLdG bH hO GdH fCG JNCG npd `` L Va Ggh `` LLdG..fEG c Y jh ,dP Y J fCG Th ..X fEG ?HPhb e gh `` LdG hCG dG e j Y Coj e fEG c GPEa

    } . ..?N a j Y J HQ fEG iCG C rnjCG `` e dGonrnj snY onC roj nnodnC roj rog nh |:AfCG[]23.

    OBG H GhQCG Y IOd ,QdG j jOLe FG c :fLG b,AdG e c J Y dO Ggh ..fCG e Y G NCGh , kL

    .fT :Gda ,GhTG :Fd b J dG CG,GHCG Y dh ,GhQCGh fCG Y NCG IOdG EG :f fhY e d dh ,boJ h oJ h ,edG j CoJ h ,J GHCa

    .MU Y IOdG EG ,G j} :J b cnonrnj Gofnc npH roooLrQnCG nh rpjprjnCG nh roon prdnCG rprnnY on rnJ n rnj|

    :QdG[]24.} :J b chnpH roooLrQnCG on rnJ nh rpjprjnCG nounoJ nh rppgG nranCG nnY oprnf n rnrdG

    no prnj Gofnc |:j[]65..OLCG Y dh ,GhQCG Y NCG IOdG CG dG gCG LCGh

    48

  • } :J dH fLG MGhrnH kJG nrenCG psdG pp nS pa Gopob njpsdG sn nrnJ n nhnobnRroj rpuHnQ nrpY lAnrMnCG |]169 :GY BG[.

    J H ,VQCG GH NG ;kHGJ QUh ,H b OLCG :b..Jh Jh ,Jh Jh ,HQ Y RJ M GhQCG

    } :J b QdG j Yhnfrp nT nnH Godnb rouHnpH o rndCG rp porfnCG nnY rognn rTnCG nhnppanZ Gnng rnY soc sfpEG pnenprdG n rnj GodonJ rnCG |:GYCG[]172Y ddG dP ah .

    j J dG H idG j dHh ..dGh dH fe fc GhQCG CGfEG g ffEG GdGh ..OBG H e MGh d zffEG GdG{ :g QdG

    .OGh dGh IG U d idG ,G?OSCG G of GP

    OBG H Y FG T h ..QdG j aY L Y OSCG G cdG eCGh ,HCG Q Y IOdG g Gj CH FG J dG eCG . kL

    dG dP dCa ,a j CH OSCG G J(@).M fCG YC fEG dGh :b OSCG G Y dG VQ Y qb h ..

    H Y d a ..b e j dG SQ jCGQ fCG dh ,J h JfTCG J dG Ea ..jh j fEG ..Y j :Lh dG c dW HCGdG a zfT{ :Gda ,Y IOdH FG eCG ,QdG j fCG Y

    Y} :LhnppanZ Gnng rnY soc sfpEG pnenprdG n rnj GodonJ rnCG.|dG d a .Th ah Y ej d ch ,OSCG H AL KJ dG bh ..a boCGh .dG dP j CG FG eCGh .a aG :J

    zedG j aGh IaGd J{ :OSCG d(@@)H e :Y d a ..!G HCG j a d b a

    H Yj c ,Kh SH f ,dG OSCG G f PEG aidG g G dP Ch , dG SQ d kYJG qf fEG H ,dG AGYCG

    49

    } :dJ db eh Y j bQ L e bQ U :qsdG (@)Q orne xnQ pamgh .U a iCG |.jOe U

    .dG SG gh .kT e j dh M JCG iCG :(aGh) ,dH AadG :(IaGdG) (@@)

  • ,aL a X Y FG IOT Ch ,QdG j MGhQCG c Tc fEGh ..edG j IaGH e j hCG qj S fChfCG Y J dG fTCG c HQ fCH J d JOT Oof ,f

    .QdG je Sf dh ,dG GQL Sf h ,OSCG dG Sf a

    .GQdGh IQdG Sf h dG Sf fEG .dG dG If U Y QdG H SGOBG N b

    M jH kJGP iCG .kYh kMhQh kf QdG j dG MCG b e fEG cN { :dG a dG SQ b c .OBG N b dPh ,YGh bYjj H gfh .gCGQP jQP c U e NCG `` aY j `` H OBG dGedG j GdJ CG fT .H Gdb HH dCG :fCG Y gTCGh Qdc

    .zaZ Gg Y c fEG`` ffEG kJGPh ,OBG N b fGQf kMhQ dG MCG b fEG c c GPEGhidG ,jdG idG jG OSEG U Y ddG dP a Ea `` GkL dhkMhQ dG N J da .OBG N b vf dG L dG CG fNCGdG SQ CG iedG Sh MCG eEG e a AL a .OBG N b fGQf

    :b ?dG SQ j vf oL e :S hdG H OBGh vf L{zGh(@).

    dG Ea ,dG fdG JM b ,fdG a OLhh IM d fc GPEGhe a JOhh ,fdG a JM b fdG a IM d J CH e hCG

    571 S(@@).hdGh dG M AdG AGQBG NG

    } :Lh Y dG bnpe ropJhoCG ne nh uHnQ prenCG rpe ohtdG pob phtdG pnY nnfodnC rnj nhkpnb spEG p rprdG |:AGSEG[]85.dG EG hdG QGSCG Y dG e JhCG e fEa .

    a QaCG VQJh ,a AGQBG NG c ,QeCG e eCG a dG qb GPEGh.fCT

    50

    .T H dG Y Y :iedG eEGh MCG eEG LNCG (@).71 U fGQf bW a e hdG fG (@@)

  • hdG e vc CG ,dG SdGh ,jZEG SdG H YG agL KdG CG ,NBG H YGh .NBG Y e gL ,dGh dGhGPEa ;IMGh f EG j fCG EG , fCG GH EGh jCGdGh .MGh KdG Ea ,NBG Y ke G kgL ,dGh dGh hdG e wc cG AYCG CG ch .fEG d MGh Fc g dG ,ffEG GdG a

    .G kMGh G kL qJ kL fCG EG ,J.igX NG ,eCG Gg a SdG Na

    EG :Gdbh .hdG OLh GhfCG a ,jhah cQe eCG hG eCG.INBG a Gh ,G H dG GhfCGh !NBG AT h ,G g ,fEG

    .hfCG e H YbEG fEG iCG hj kYhkej ac H se PEG ,Lh dG c dW HCG H Y eEH fcj Ggh

    :d bh dEG LCGh ,YSa?dc dCG .dH ehCG fCGh ,INBG a Gh G H dG J fCG

    ```````adG a.H :```````eEG a.WH Y NBGh M Y fMCa PEG :```````adG a.f :```````eEG a :.kHM h kH a ,eh ,M Y fCG c GPEG

    dCG .. kT J d fCGh .. kT NCG d M fCGh?dc

    ```````adG a.H :```````eEG a : kY G kRa RaCa ,M Y fCG c GPEG eCGh

    ?dc dCG ke kfGN fCG Sh```````adG a.H :```````eEG a :H fCGh ,M jCG Y G kFa fEH cCS fCa

    Gd VJh H ,M jCG Y kT J d?dc dCG .Ra iCG a d eCG h ,G

    ```````adG a.H :```````eEG a :EG H iODj d idG jdG JG ,e H a

    ..c GN EG H iODj f bdG ah ..Ra iCG.INBG a Gh G H dH e eDdh

    51

  • ..eSEG YCGh ,eEG EG OY K .YS adG aa fEG EG Gda ,fEG M EG GUh a G AdG eCG

    .Yh fh MhQh H ec ,fdG IdGj fEG a .L a hdG H EG J fEG jH EGL a hdG f dh ,FGdGh G dG e c a GhdG L edG j eYh .HQ Y eGdGh ,jdG U fEG ,fEGGdG{ dGh dGh hdG bQJh ,IdG S bQj ,fEG ajh

    .Lh Y HQ EG ,JCG M e OJh zffEGG a hdG f b V``LEG ``V``e

    c GPEG EG ,a hdG f b G VLEG MHEH AdG e MCG j .CG U Oj G QGSG

    S GPEGh ,G kH j ,MdG a hCG TCG HQCG b af H eCG .edG j j h ,SG Y j h ,Y j ,eb Y jh SG Y a ,e LCG GPEGh ,G kH a ,a hdG

    .edG j Sh ,aO?a hdG f b G VLEG uoM GPh

    e Ya a Y e fEG e ke ..S e QYH fEG fC?zdG{ g Yf npd d djh ,dP Y SdG j aCG ,VQCG

    Y kffEG S ,eGMG d g ,a hdG f b G da.za hdG J eY{ jb

    QdG M e IM eEGh ..dG VjQ e VhQ eEG dGdG IG d ,dH OG .jh M gh jT if jM fEGf h IG J a GY h ,GJ EG j a a .G a aoj.MU Y IOdG EG dG H QhO d dh ,oj h qoj dG Cg jCGQ a dG EGh ,INBG Re hCG g dG a aj dG dGhc idG G fEG gh) ffEG GdG IM gh .RdG a IG

    .RdG IH d bY h .(fdG JM AKCG dH ke52

  • d EGh .dG bh G H ffEG GdG IM fEG ?RdG g ehQb ,QdG a G hCG ,dG SJ hCG ,gOLCG jdG AGdG,ffEG GdG a J dh ,G dEG j d IdG EG ..d

    .RdG IM g dG ,gQb aAYh EG G eh ,G kOe kMhQ fEG ha ,ShdGh jPdG eCG,G Hj a dd ;gS c H Y hdG j ,fdG a djPDGh ,dG fdG GgGh bdG VjdG e dG SQh

    .gOLCG b ;kfMCG:a K fEG H gOYG a SdG

    `` 1:H Ad jae ja EG GbaG :G Z:hCG jdGOLh GhfCGh ,IOG Z AT h ,IOe fEG CG j

    .fdGh ,jOG g ADgh .hdG:fdG jdGShdc ,hdG Z AT h ,hQ fEG CG j

    .jPdGh `` 2:a K EG Gbaa :G eCG

    :hCGTCG gh .hd FGR iOe QWEG Gh ,hQ fEG EG b.jPdGh ShdH

    :fdGffEG GdG EG b a ,iCGdG a e f idG jdG ghGP a LJ a GhdG eCG ,G fEG g zhdGh dGh dG{cQh G N N VQCG a j CG J dG OGQCG h ..fGM

    . kcQe kYGh kbY G kH Qa ffEG GdG a:ddG.aGh eh zihGdG e dG{ jUG AdG e

    YGh ,hdG f b dG OLh fCGh .aOGe dGh hdG EG bc CG jCGQ a dGh ,H hdG AdG f G a CJ dG CGe Lh ,dJ dG N jOe e dGh dGh hdG ea j CG eCG dG ,ffEG GdG g ,G kMGh kFc dG Gda ,e f dh H hdG AdG e CJ da ,G

    .GHCG CGJ jH GP dGh hdGh53

  • .hdG ge j CG jj FdG c ,hdG Y SdG oS eYhCG fEdh ..G kHCG dP EG H j d fEG EG :j J dG CG YCa

    .dEG S eh ,Xh eh ,AL jCG e hdG Y CjEG MdG HGdG dG jf a G Sj fCH fNCG J dGCG fj jdG idG jGh .vjS G kH a hdG a a ,GJ dh MhQ QOJ ef AKCG a ..MhQ dEG tOoJ j eY FdGa ONh cGQOEGh Yh Sh ..fEG jH S hdG CGh ..H Je

    .NBG dGdGh hdG H aNG

    .e N g ,dG eCG e a hdG eCG .AdH IQeCG kfMCG J dG `` 1

    .V VJ a hdG eCG .zdG VGeCG{ VGeCd VJ dG `` 2.dCJh ,e ed a hdG eCG .fdG Gd J dG `` 3

    jH a hdG eCG .fEG LQOh JZQh fEG Ye Oe dG `` 4.Yhh ON Sh fEG

    } .a hdG eCG ,edG j S dG `` 5lnpgnQ rn nnc npH mrnf toc|:KdG[]38.

    54

  • HGdG dG

    QdG dG GQOEG .SGdG f Y

    `````````bOdG iDh```dG .hdH bYh

    AG``````SEG I```````e dH GdGh

    e hdGhk.

  • U56AH

  • SGG f Y QG G GQOEG

    GQd CG EG ..SGG dEG J ,SMCG e dM e fEG Qj,SGG GQb sJh ,fEG QGe JG GPEa ..gGJ G kOhM SGGYh f e f se ffEG GdG EG ..hdG GQb e EG dP j aG e j G SGM f Y QG G GQOEGh ,hQh

    hCG:dP eCG eh .hdG aT e j EGh dG (1): roH Y jDhdG ,idG AG hCG QSGSM QN g dG

    .dG (2):WdG.H hCG Y jb ,NBG T QaCGh WGN GQOEG gh (3):SGSM Y QN ,H e e jM hCG AGf S gh

    .dGgGdG J SGQO Y G dG Y a dG AY Y dhGg a HK FM EG Gj fCG EG ,QdG e G kc GhLCGh ,dG

    .VGAY dEG UJ cCG EG GUJ b MhdG SGQdG AY dhGQOEG CGh ..kfMCG bQN GQb ffEG hd CG EG GUJ a ..dG,a d j EGh ,SdG d j SGG f Y QG Ge IH g ,dY MhQ aT EG GUh hCG ,UN OGSG d cQa ,edGh G OhM Rh e ,IOd bQN ,GQOEG

    Gh edG LH Y H hCG ,Y IH kKGMCG(@).Z G GQdGh ,ddG MhdG adG e eCG dG BGdG cPh,Sj HG FGQ T dG Y j da ;AfCG b a jOdGj e a ,e VQCG e Sj b dG adG c eYHEG Jh ,dG Y j dG a c idG G Y eCG e

    .cCG hCG jCG IY f a

    57

    .zdG Yh BGdG{ Jf Y QcdG (@)

  • } :Sj dG dGh j dG Y j J dG boprdG pn nna snd nhphounoJ rnCG n rnd n oSoj njpQ opLnC ufpEG rogoHnCG nnb |:Sj[]94HEG LN M iCG .

    j dG b .a VQCG EG e e Sj INEG fc dG} ,Sj HG FGQ TC fEG :dMphounoJ rnCG n rnd;|dG sEG J d iCG

    .cCGh cCG cP .Gh,G vL H e e ,Sj dG HG FGQ T j dG YSG EGidG SGdG f Y QG G GQOEG IgX EG VGh IQTEG d

    .dY LQH hdG aT eY eCG e dG dGh ,HdG jQJh ,dG c a hf Y QN M GQOEG dH a ,dY LQH hdG aTdG Y U a e ihQh ..zdG{ dG gCG jh ,SGG

    :b fCG cQ GPEG iX AGQh e cGQC fEG dGa .OdGh cdG GCG{zS GPEGh.

    dG SQ CG iQdG U T a iQdG a a IdG c a cPh :b .YcQ h YN sY j e dGa .?g g b hJ g{

    ziX AGQh e cGQCG fEG.e g ,hjh cj gh ,X AGQh e Hd dG jDhQ EGbH GhQC d ,bQN GQb d jdG MhQ Qa ,MhdG ad

    .SdG : dG SQ bhAdG WCG .J e SCGh hJ e iQCG fEG{

    J iCG{ J CG d MhLS e ah EG HUCG HQCG Ve a e zJPJ h ,G kc dh ,kb d YCG e J d dGh .J d

    zdG EG hQC GdG EG Lh ,TdG Y AdH..SdG Gj e gh ,J d jLS AdG a FG iCGQ fEGY f :dG SQ j b :b ,Y dG VQ ir nSoCG M YhaY Y e LN GPEa ,Y iCGQ gGf fCch ,QdGh H fcJ

    : dG SQ a .G kc a ,fdG Zeh OhCGh GhRCGidGh{FG ad ,cdG ah ,iY fJ e Y ehJ d H f

    zYSh YS M j dh .bW ah ,Ta Y]iedGh e GhQ[.58

  • eDG hGO GPEG FG jDhQ feEG Y jdG idG jG Gg jhcPh hdG aTh dG AU e , dG e a j dG G YjOMCGh dG MQ a c GPEG ,eh Y c a f eCGh ..dGd cGdG fEd Hh CG H hdG aT Ea ..IdG JSh.SdG e Z ij e a ij ,dY MhQ GQb EG j CG dSdhjQSh ,jG a gh ,jQS iOf eY G H Y Y ihQ ehSdG Lh ,oH Y jQS iCGQ d ..!G jQS j :SQa OH a Qj..L X d ,G EG Cj CG jQS iOa ..G e bj CG jjEG H YSCa .Y U S d :a .dCS jQS OY h

    ..ffGh .H L X Mh ,Gch SGh WdGh QSG e c ,jQSh d Me EG

    .a G SG QhO h ,hdG aT YCG e

    59

  • hdH bYh bOdG iDhdG

    MCG(@)

    a QOJ zUCG e{ Me a Njh ,ef AKCG fEG SGM Jfg Yj fCG Y NG jdG dG e jdG ah .L oMhQ,dG ah ,G a dG FHdG LG J dBG LH

    .dGh,J G jN e IQOdG FHdG LG CG AdG cGh,fdG a Le Y YH dG a dG zdCG Le{ aEG fEG NO GPEGh ..dCG Le e SCGh UCG Le h

    .CHCGh cCG FHc Le G e X ,dG a YCG MGe:MGe N EG dG AdG sb ZedG FHdG LG J SGHh

    :hCGg ah ,IUh jS Le h ,dCG Le J.dG a j a fEG C ,dG hdG QOJ MG

    :fdGJdG jh ,jdG LG e NGJ ,kb cCG Le JdG cM eCG .L EG L e kfMCG j FdG CG EG ,dGf g{ dG MGe WCG dG e fdG MGh ,cS a

    .zd dG bdG :ddG MGcCG Le FHdG G SQ jh .kY dG OGOj a

    .fdG a 4-1 gh zdO Le{ fjh kH cCGh kYJQGh kYJG :HGdG MG.G kOY zdO Le{ a OGOJh . kY dG OGOj a :eG MGLG Jh ,ke G a dG JdG j

    cM FHdG SdG jh .jSh IU ZedG FHdGEG fEG Ojh bJ K ,GOhe FbO Jh ,jdG dGbh H eG MG EG Oj K ,dG e fdG hCG ddG MG

    .IMGdG dG a Ge N hCG HQCG GQhdG g h ..b

    60

    .dDd zdG AdG{ c fG (@)

  • G kQjh k ,vaCG dG J zjdG dG cM{ MGe AKCGh.G G YH cJ dG e goJh .Ic YH

    g zjdG dG cM{ a dG IdG CG AdG cGhgdCS MG J AKCG SdG e G kc GjCG eY fC ;MCG Me

    .IS keMCG f c d ,fjCG GP :Gdaeh ..1956 S c QcdG zjdG dG cM Me{ cGj idG fEa ;bDe Y T Mj MCG Me CG dGe Ggh ..!cG j a ,G GW j Y T dM a je Gedh ,MCG e SdG e c Yd dP d fC ;J dG MQdG dG j ,M a kfMCG j Ggh ..!dG a cj ef

    .zdG AKCG G{:d j dG dG AKCG SdG e dG ddG CG EG

    .iDh`````dGh MCG `` 1

    .bDe Y T `` 2J S AdG j ..?dG H e ATCG g c bY ehdH CG Y j .dG AKCG G hdG IQOeh fEG H bdG.BG M kT AdG Y j ,Ic G kQGSCG ,GhQCGh ,MCGh iDhdGh

    VG eR a Mh ..QdG bCG e SdG gG MCG T ddh ,d J OjEG dhjh eMCH j SdG e c GRejG dG Y SDe jha hMh ,MCG J a IjY c QU oY fC dP ;dG Y G kH ga ,MCd J Y AdG j CGjj eh ..KhCG hdH bY iDhdG CG Y eh ..MCH bYh dHQGSCG Y khCG j CG Y j HSCG Y jh ,iDhdG j CG

    .hdH J e cCG dH a ,MCG eCG ,hdGe hCG ..dG a e MCG gcCa ,bOU iDhQ MCG c dhhdG GQb H GhQCG AY qj a ,f fEG H je g dG MCG H MCd hG j da ,G GQbh

    .hdG GQb e g dG iDhdGh dG e hCG dG dH G kO kT j G e eQ c hj MCG hehMCG J a G Gg CG Kh .dGMCGh ahX NG Y ,SdG

    61

  • ,fEG c GN gj MCG ReQ d HdG dG C ;kU dHK dO AYEG QG e j dHh .JMWh ,egh ,dH j eh

    .MCG a J dG RedG dHL Y U a e ihQ a .aG jdG dG a dP cPh

    :b dG CG ,Y dG VQdG qH G kMCG j a cMCG M GPEG{zG a H.hdG e dh ,dG e gcCG MCa ,

    fEG :bh dG SQ EG AL vHGYCG CG ,OSEG H e ihQh :d dG a JCG fCGh ob SCGQ CG MH cMCG Kj {

    zee a H dG. :j dG SQ S :b IOb HCG Y e ihQh,dG e jDhdG{

    ,kKK Qj Y a ,gj kM cMCG M GPEa ,dG e Ghzj fEa ,e dH Pdh.

    : kjCG dG bhe AdG jDhdGh ,dG e dG jDhdG{zdG.

    a b dG SQ CG Ijg HCG Y ,jS H e Y e NCGh :d jMoH dU jDha :KK jDhdGh{re jJ jDhQh .dG e i n

    zf AdG uj e jDhQh ,dG. qJ e a ,dG G eCG .hdG GQb e bOdG dG jDhdG PEG

    .f fEG H j e hCG FdH dG:b dG SQ CG ` Y dG VQ ` edG H IOY Y dG ah

    zIdG e GkAL HQCGh S e AL eDG jDhQ{.a hG NG dd ;YCG adH dG dH fG IdG dG e jDhdG bh GPEG :G :H b .jdG jG Gg JIdG e AL a ,dG Z e bh GPEGh ,G Y IdG e AL ae EG M j IdG AGLCG{ :HdG HG VdG bh .RG Y

    hCGa C ;IdG AGLCG e AL jDhdG CG j CG dG OGQCG EGh .f.ze Lh e d ae

    dG CG GhcP dG gCG H CG iQdG U H iQdG a a OQhha dP H dEG MhCG K .dG b TCG S G a f EG MhCG J;GkAL HQCGh S e AL G a MdG e fh ,JM GW dG

    62

  • bOdG jDhdG J dHh .S jYh kKK IdG H TY dG C.IdG e GkAL HQCGh S e GkAL

    bh ..?d kgCG adG j a ,IdG e GkAL bOdG jDhdG fc GPEGha `` dG e a c e jDhQ e ,bOU iDhQ cG d MdG jDhQh ,Y S cCj S GH S iCGQ idG `` SdG Y

    ?dP j a . dG QX Y ic jDhQh ,dG a KdGJ dHh ,kMh J fEa .kfMCG bU EGh adG jDhQ EGjDhQ e .eDe hCG H J GPEG bOU jDhQ J fCG EG ,IdG e GkALY Sj dG j Y jhCJ c dG ,dG a dG jDhQh G

    . dG QH e fc dG ic jDhQ eh ,dG?iDhdG AKCG hd j GPe

    iQf kJ H e J fCG EG ,L MhQ QOJ j eY fEG,JG GhQCGh AMCG GhQCG HJh ,GhQCG Y a hdG Jh ,c..fEG a ,gOLCG EG dP H OJ K ,bJh e JhdG CG dG a AL a , dG SQ Y fNCG ,Z M gh

    :b ef e b GPEG c dEGh JeCG CG H fMCG idG d G{zcH PCGh iL a faYh MhQ qEG OQ idG d G .QdG.

    OoJ dG Yh ,a hdG e kdN j G C ;kJe dG aY a Jh G hdG QOJ eY iDhdG h .G EG hdG

    ..GhQCGj CG ,iOe AT iCG CG ,jdG dG a jjCG cGhYH kL CG kL VaG GPEG :bh ..OLdG Gg a AdG YHkL VaG GPEG :bh .eRdG dM a Njh ,j a edG Ea ,AdG?d j GPe .AdG e SCH dG a QS iOe Z kb CG , kjCGGQCG e CGh ..MQdG GQCG dG j e EG iCG ;idG H Oj edG EG :b

    .HSCG hCG jCG H S ,dG.vY G kJ iDhdGh MCG d J ,dG fdG G ghSCH GhQCG Y a i fCG G vL G eh .dG a i MGhQCaa dP H gOLCG EG OY GPEGh ,G kQeCG iDhdG a hdG ia ,AdG e

    63

  • iDhdG a BGQ e ,SGH jCG H ifdG dG a ij fEG Ea ,fdG.b e GhQCG Y a

    fEG dj hdG AYh ,f IgX iDhdG EG dj dG AY EGGPEGh ,dG AKCG hdG Y e IgX ,f iDhdG CG Gh ..MhQ IgX

    . kL hdGh dGh dH ,fEG gcJ ,ef e fEG bNGO GKDe f CJ ,MhQ dh ,f IgX a MCG eCG

    hCGeMCG a f fEG H qjh fEG SMCG a KDJ LQN.ef AKCG

    J dG ,MCG Y jha jH eDj dG AY e c Gjhf NBG Hh ,fEG f a KCG GKDe f MCG H EGdHh ,a f GY KMCGh fdG JM a fEH e GMCG qcJaGhO Y d jeQ jW O fCG ,MCG Y jha jf J

    .jQTdG dGa QeCG Y J dG bOdG iDhd dG AY Vj ha JK e ZdG Yh ,SdG d J fCG e ZdG Y ,G

    .dGh BGdGiDhdG EGh ,dG AY bj dG MCG EG dG BGdG QTCG dhiCG ;zMCG VCH{ MCG Uh ..hdG AY bj dG bOdGAfCG iDhQ e BGdG ca ,iDhdG eCG ,HdG edG G MCG

    .H e e c fch ,G d bOdG iDhdGh .SGhijh ,M bOdG iDhdG ij LdG CG kej Y eDG eCG JhdH NCG aCG :Lh dG c qY d a .NBG kM MCG VCG

    j} :J dG j ?eDG eCGrnd psdG nh npJ rne npM norfnCG sa nnnj osdGv noe mnLnCG ndpEG inrNoCG o pSroj nh n rnrdG nrnnY nnb psdG o prona npenne pa ronJ|

    :edG[.]42iDhQ a AdG a gh CGQ a ,c GhQCG J daHPc a gOLCG EG SQCG GPEG VQCG a gh CGQ eh ,bOU

    .zMCG VCG{iDhd gJ a ,idG jGh BGdH G SdG KCJ dhCH dG JG f fCH ,bOdG jDhdG qa ke S Ha ,MCGh

    64

  • a `` a MCG VCG eCG .Y dEG hCG MdG Jh ,dG AKCG YCG.fdG SMEG KCJ f `` jCGQ

    :T a S HG e j dDG iCGQdGh ..hdG fc dG jBG a dG :hCG

    :fdGh .dP J dG g hdG EGh ,zRdG dY{`H J.`` fH dh `` f SMEG f MCG CG

    `` dG SQ fNCG c `` dG AKCG dG QOJ hdG EGGhQCGh AMCG GhQCH J gh ,RdG Y EG Jh.dEGh MdG e QU gh ..bOdG iDhdG S Ggh ..JGa ,VQCG Y a Xh ,GhQCG Y EG hdG J GPEG eCGe eEGh ,dG e eEG fC ;HPc gcCGh ,MCG EG

    .f fEG H j

    65

  • a hdH J GGh AGSEG Ie ke hdGh H EGh

    H iSCG bh .. d J dG gGLCG Ie GGh AGSEGCG fEG j l nnM IGh . ke dGh hdGh dGh H H oYhiCG e IG Y ij idG dG J dG Ojh H ,veJ G kY H je dN a .IH JEG Y j fCG oj b ,SCG e Sd IG J dHh ,dG eGfh OLdG fGb eh ,dG SCGGhSGh dG SQ Y GVYG jdG SdG CNCG dd ;Mh J.AdG EG H LYh jSnCG fEG j a .AdG EG j CG Y a ,H iSCG idG g J dG GOeh .H iSCG dG EG b dh

    } :Lh Y dG b . dG Y VGYdnpe krnd pprnpH in rSnCG psdG nnr oSop sdG nog osfpEG npJnjBG rpe onjpopd ond rnM nrcnQnH psdG nrbnCG pp rnrdG ndpEG p GnnrdG pp rnrdG

    o pnrdG |:AGSEG[]1.} H jBG SGnnr oSJU ah JGP a e dG EG :iCG |

    c jBG g EG j idG fEG PCG j e hCG a .daCGh}nnr oS.e jJ J dG f iCG |

    b dP Hh} pprnpH in rSnCG psdGCG d c a .Lh Y dG a fEG :|d f fh d a JCG fCG YJCG{ :djh dG Y GVj:b d ?jSCG fEG b gh . Y eCG Gg EG iCG z?G kT HEG OcCGaG Ea ,dG g YdG c GPEa ,Yd J a c Ibh .H iSoCGa b ,GGh AGSEG OM j CG Hh .dc j edGh .J

    .(eR )66

  • c EGh .e jDhQ j AGSEG OM CG Y j QdG VGYGha ,Y J dG gVCG Sd U zY{ ch . ke hdGh He kjJh ,fCd kJh ,Sd kJ ,AGSEG Ie cP edGh dGh hdGh H c AGSEG CG Y J zY{ ch .edGc EGh .Y d oj h ,Y d j h ,Y hd j a , kLdh .kYh kMhQh kfh fH kL fEG e Y J zY{C ;Y QdG VYG e e a jDhQ e d ,hdH AGSEG c gh ,GhQCG Y a Jh ,L MhQ QOJ ,j M fEG

    .hd iDhdGe jDhQ c a .dG aj eCG ,e jDhQ c AGSEG CH YdG EGe MCG j a .SEG Y EG V JQG eh .cG H c eOGOjh H ,Gch Gch Gc a gTh ,AdG EG U fCG ,fE jDhQ SdGjDhQ J a ,gbj h ghj CG eCG .jDhdG J d kT SdGY b CG H dG Sd fg CG db e e jDhQ fc dh .egh jb M dG EG a .Ha SdG H qoJ :M eeCH KM GGh AGSEG Ie CG S f !fHc EGh :d j

    a hdH dh ..kYh kfh kMhQh kfH Sd Lh Y dG(@).

    67

    .zhCG AdG{ idG jdG a dG RYEG YSe (@)

  • U68AH

  • edG dG

    a e hdG ````````bW.`````fGQf

    Qf Y dG dOCG dG.

    A```````````fCG GhQCGa.`bCG ```dG

  • U70AH

  • fGQf bW a e hdG

    eGdG OdGh AedG jG cdEG f ffEG hdG CG hj kjCGe GPEG fEG CG GhYGh ..QdG efGQf c hdG L e LNdG b jG EG jh ..T dG fGQdG ddG GhgT fYdGY SCGdG a fCGh ,fEG HfGQdG ddG CG GhYGh ..h gidG fYdG dG j Qh ..SebW Sb EG ej ,h T Y c

    .fGQdG hdG71

    AedG jG dB QU SMjh ..HG GQL Y eSe

    T Y kLJ d b e vc CGSCGdG a IG fGQdG ddG

    e zQdG{ MdY e ,RGhOQGhCG ISCGzIgdG e{Ya a Xh,ze{ eFGYCG MCG jh ,Uf eMjh kHV Yd Ya CGT Y kLJ{ dY Ib

    zfGQdG ddG

  • Sj fCG HG a he dg e c Mh ,jdG,dH i oJ ddG gh ..QdGH h .IdH ioJ EGhGP fGQf dg T Y fEGgQf ddG Jh ,IOe WVGQ Y QcdG cPh .hdG eddG CG zGhQCG e J{ Hc ag Y H fGQdGgP jCG e J ,S W,Wh T Y SCGdG J gh dG fGQdG ddG tS Xh`` a hdG OLh H `` H,Y dO EG J QaCG O

    hCGMdG AL CG EG ,Y gH72

    gOGeG Mjh fGQdG ddG dMh IU d IQUSCGdG a

    fGQdG dg MJh ,HQ e ILe a fE IQUdY Ib e SCGdG a gOGeGh

    G L e fGQdG dg dMh fE IQU

  • a ,fEG L jJ e h 1939 S dc S ShdG.VdG e a H dG FGdG fGQdG ddG J

    :H a H W K e ddG J if CG G e QUh,UH K S :fdGh ,UH f f Sh ,QdG aN :hCGM ddG J Qf jh .G kQf gcCG gh UH Y f S :ddGhgh ..fEG EG OGORG c S OGOjh J dH eDG LCGGhgj fCG dG SQ Y a SdG M IgX d J Gdg CG Y dH GdSa .dG OLh a M ,VQCG Y j kX d.dG AV e ibCG fc fEG H ,fEG iCG Qf e ibCG fc ,fGQdGYCG fc MhQ CG Y , kjCG ddG dP ah .dG Qf e ibCGh

    .iNCG jH hQ iCG e fGQf} :Lh Y dG d G kJ dP j bhGkpg nT nnr nSrQnCG sfpEG tpsdG ntjnCG nj

    Gkpoe kLGn pS nh ppfrPpEpH psdG ndpEG kpYGnO nh (45) Gkjpnf nh Gk unoe nh|:GMCG[.]46 ,45GdGhdG Uh a EG e fCH GdG Uj h .j h Aj CG W e

    MGh AT AdGh Qf C . (@).fc dG fGQdG ddG J dd ,e hdG LN aJ GPEG Gh

    .dM:b ?CG H e edG j eCG J c dG SQ ShH j gQH aYCGh ,fCH c JDj aYCGh ,gH aYCG{

    zjjCG .]MCG eEG LNCG[.:Lh Y dG b a dG BGdG a AL J jdG idG jG

    }rppfnrjnCpH nh rpjprjnCG nrnH rogoQof n rnj pnperDordG nh npperDordG innJ n rnj |:jdG[]12.} :J db ahnrnH n rnj rogoQof onne GoneBG njpsdG nh spsdG osdG proj n n rnj

    mAr nT uoc nnY nsfpEG nnd r prZG nh nfnQof nnd rprJnCG nsHnQ nodonj rppfnrjnCpH nh rpjprjnCGljpnb|:jdG[]8.

    73

    .z2`L idG jdG a dG RYEG YSe{ gGHEG bT MCG QcdG (@)

  • dG hQ:c , kjT G kL d N J dGh ..dG S dh ,H dG SQe fe jdG GdGh{ .J dG N zjH GP{ TC kjOe G kQWEGGhQCG YCGh ,hQ TCG gh ,hQ d Sda .zhdGh dGh dG

    : dG hQ OLh Y ddGh .G kQf :j ef e b GPEG c fCG dG a ihQ `` 1kfMCG idG d G{

    a faYh ,MhQ qEG OQ idG d G .QdG dEGh JeCG CG HzcH PCGh ,iL.

    :b dG CG Ijg HCG Y S a OhGO HCG ihQ `` 2j MCG e e{dG Y OQCG M MhQ qY dG OQ EG , sY.z

    :hdG Y Hc a N O QcdG cPh

    dG c a AT e G dG CGH ,jdG Yh ,eCG hCG a{hdh .QdG dN dGh . dG iS e ch .QdH G CGH K ,e AT

    ,G QdG eh .QdG a ,QdG d dG b .G dG ASCG e QdG.zGh FGh ,dGh dGh SdGh TdG ,YCG CG GY dG N

    Qf c J dG N Qf hCG CG f dh ..dP a e f fh. dG

    :hdG fGQf Y dO YCG dG Qf

    fdG H YSE zSdEG jeh AG c{ a ALb :b Y dG VQ dGY H HL CG (1740) `g1162 S aG

    jATCG N b dG N AT hCG Y fNCG ,eCGh fCG HCH dG SQ : bh ,dG Aj M IQdH Qhj QdG dP a .HL j f Qf{

    T h VQCG h ,nne h ,Qf h L h ,b h d bdG dP a jzfEG h L h ,b h.jdG jG dEG ...

    dG N e hCG g dG Qf CG kjJ cj jdG jGY,idG QdG dG N e hCG EG :f SdG Y eCG j Mh .Lh

    Qf eCG .571 S e a EG GkH J j fC ,GkH dG N dh MCG ah ,N iCG N Yh ,OBG N Y G a HS a IdGHG

    74

  • :b dG CG ,dGzOBG N b HQ ij H GQf c{fffEG GP e e fEG CG Y GPEG ,jdG jG Gg a dG dGa ij h dN Gh bY M Fc gh zhdGh dGh dG{

    .eRd J dG OGQCG eYh ..J dG N e g ,ffEG GdG g,VQCG IG e aGj ,vjOe G kQWEG d L ,VQCG dG a IG

    a ffEG GdG qcQh(@)hdG a CG K dh .hdG ffEG GdG Gbh .ibCG Qf GP dG SQ hQ J CG jdG eh ,Y fGQf bWdGY H HL GhQ idG idG jGh `` K CG S c `` Qf iCG e

    . kT b j h .f zhQ{ dG N e hCG CG Y j ,Y dG VQ..Ve jM fCG H Xh ..jG Gg a a AdG H qhjG Gg H YCG j idG eCG ..fJ dOCG IY Lh fCG EG

    :JBc gh .jdG:hCG ddGH eBG IdG CG ,g H jdG IdG c a AL

    H CGQ ,Qf e N ,H M M fEG db dG CG ghdG(@@).

    gh dG SQ CG CG ,ihdG G HC jdG IdG c a ALhg HG aGhh .kfCT H CG Y j e jBGh QKBG e CGQ ,H eM

    .VG Gg a cP e YSEG H bh(@@@): dG SQ CG gh H eBG IdG fc

    .eCG g H M fEG d b M M fCG qoJj{ H Y d :db zgh H eBG{ EG :zH S H { bhN ,e oa a ,Vh M e Lh a ,z dG SH Mbh ,eCG Jdh :H bh .Gh G H e AVCG Qf eQb d AVCG Qf e Nh .AdG EG SCGQ kaGQ ,cQ Y KL

    i ropH HEG YCG jCGQ M ,bGSCGh dG(@@@@)H HCG{ aG bh ,

    75

    .dG Gg e 20 U fG (@).166 U hCG AdG g H jdG IdG c fG (@@)

    .51 U hCG AdG c H jdG IdG IU (@@@).dG GSCG e S :ioH (@@@@)

  • T fCG eCG KM b ,zUdG HCG H Y Y{ ,H zdGa fCG AT a :db ,Jdh d sdG gh H eBG IOh

    .Qf EG dG,Hb fc fCG ,Y H MdGY CG AdG Y VY VdG cPh

    dG Qb e jDhQ ,Qf e S fCG ,jj Y f M NCG fCGh(@).c fCG EG j dG IOhh M Y ,IdG c a AL e

    .eCG Jdh eY G kQf ch eCG H a gh ,G kQfdG Qf eCG CGQ ch ,JOh YS G kOLe c e iCGQ c j bh,fEG f ,?dH iJ hdG e J dG fGQdG ddGh ,Qb GhCGQ a ,e a JOh fc :j bh .IdH hCGQ fEGhj eCG g :f ..oj b gh ..? dG QH AJ dGc e dG OY e CG Y GPEG oj dh ,jOdG SdG je dG VQ Y bh ,S SM H jh ,H SM H jfc ,H Y WdGh ,H Y dG Y IQdGh ..dP Y e jQSQGbEG EG ,JSGQO e GfGh ,kjW keR hdG AY SGQO

    .gOLhh HIQb EG GUJ zdGh hdG{ j e jG dG dG ah QJ GQb gh .zH Y QHEG iCG{ QSGh WdG

    e.dG fGd bQG gGdG iCG `` LdSGQdG H BG j.hdG e Hf GQb gh

    ,fGQf jKCG dg OLh KEG ,G dG Y a AdG SG dh,fGQdG jKCG ddG gh ,H T Y fCch ,fEG H

    hdG e J fCG Y Gg a .Jah Y G QOJ(@@).WdGh ,QHEG a FdG JGQbh ,hdG Ib Y AdG H qYhH jh .X O Gg CG EG ,SOdG SG fCG ,H Y WdGhcCG H AdGh FGdG a LJ hd bQG GQdG J EG AdGWdG a FdG GQdG J CG Y j ,SdG e gZ e

    .AcdH h dH d bY QSGh

    76

    .52 U ,hCG AdG ,c H :jdG IdG IU (@).dG Gg e 71 U fGQf bW GP e hdG fG(@@)

  • ICGG a J WdG IQbh QSG SM EG jG SGQdG JhGgh .Ld g cCG QaCG IAGb Y IQdG jdh .LdG e ibCGYe IAGb SGH J Ca ,H MQh J dG M e

    .JLMGh SMEG Y qj CG j idG dG WH Se Z IQH ,dG JG e f g :WdG IgXhidG bdG f a dG NBG dSQ e c j H ,Tg WdG ,NBG h ,H aG H e NBG dEG SjBH Y G kH j b ,NBG T gP a Qhj e ,e T ae

    !eCG:Wd dG SSCG Y FM VG dG a AdG cG

    OLG FchdG LG acG g eh ,b e ahe Je cCG g dG G jN JJ ffEG dG ah .dG jG aJCJ eGhCH J G jN ch .dG H e ,N GQe IY

    .FchdG LG J SGH G e d:G M FdG ddG

    gh .dd Ie ILCH gjJ eCG ,FHc bW H bY d d fCG EG ..fE fEG e J W GdCG d ddGEa ,H fEG Iah J h e d G CG dP Y ddGh ,G FHH

    .IOLe J ddG:WGG OQGJbW GP e hdGh ,MhQ IgX WdG IgX EG

    j e H a ,gQaCG a kaGJ cCG hCG d M GPEGh ,fGQf.hNBG hCG ,NBG a j idG VG f a j dGh ..WGG OQGHbdG LJ j a ,WGG OQGJ Y J bW a WdG eCGWdG M bh .a ,NBG T hQ EG hdG e IQOdGa G L Fb jQSh ,G H Y eDG eCG e QSGh

    .b e `` fcP c `` SQa,gh H eBG Id QSG hCG oH Y dG j e Mhgh .. OdG Qf JHCG eY ,Y H MdGY CG zAdG{ Hdh

    .dG Qb j77

  • Y VGh dO a c , dG IOh Ea eCG e j eh. dG Qf OLh

    :fdG ddG

    } :J b MdG IQS hCG an nrfpEG nnnN (2) nBGrordG nsnY (1) onrMsdGnnnrdG onsnY (3)|.]4 - 1:MdG[

    j G C dP ;?zdG{ j GPh ..e AT j h MdG c} :b dd .dG Lh SonrMsdGCG dG idG jG ah .|

    c d ,QdG HM{ :Lh Y dG Y j b G k dGEG iCG zN e H dEG fG e Lh S bMC ,Y G

    .N jf}nBGrordG nsnY.d m eh .ueh .Y :GWCG KK d Y iCG :|

    cP fC ,OBG d fEG ?d G a .BGdG g dGh .dG g G} :a dP HnnnrdG onsnY (3) n nrfpEG nnnN|:ASCG Yh ,OBG N iCG

    .H c ah c, dG g ,BGdG d G CG EG ,Y MG iCG Lj hS H eCd BGdG HE , kL OY H e J dG UG idG

    .611G kQe c BGdG Y qnfh ,kSQ G k f J dG H ddQdG e gh ,fCG IQS df :dP Y lnneh .BGdG J YT H j ..HUC dG HCG `` jBG 165 e fe `` jdGgOYCa `` gd `` dG SQ j Y gYCG :d Gda ..M jdGdG T H j h ,c e NCJ ,Ie e cCG Yb dG OLh Y ddG ,MdG IQS hCG EG .M

    .vSb G kQf c EGh ,G kH j fCGh .OBG N(AGLCG N) jdG dG YSe a dG bSdG hQa .O .CG cPdG gLhCG ,fGQdG jdG GdG CG dGh BGdG a HdG e :b

    Lj CG b dJpLj CG bh ,OBG pjdG GdG a , kjCG FdG 78

  • c ,dSdG Y HSh ,GkH dG N Y HSh ,IdG Y HS} :dJ blpoe lnpcnh lQof psdG npe rocnAnL rnb|]15 :IFdG[GdG g QdGh .

    .N iCG j CG b dJ dG N dG fGQdG jdGaQ dJ dG CG Gg cDj ,fc M fGQdG jdG Gda :bha hCG cdG a ddG d e jdG SG L CH cP d,gdCH dJ dG OJ j Ggh (dG SQ e dG EG dEG ) SEG

    .Lh Y d dch jOdG H dSQ OJh} :dSQ Y dJ dbhnpndnrpd knrMnQ spEG nnr nSrQnCG ne nh|]107 :AfCG[j

    dEG IGdG dG MQ dSQh Y EGh ,dd ddH Oe dG CGT Y j SEd hCG cd dG Ea dP Y AHh ,ddG.kSQh G kH OLh Y HS dJ dG L ,dd dG MQiCG N b dJ dG N fc M jdG GdG CG Y j Ggh

    .NBG N:ddG ddG

    Ie Y ,e a MCG eEG NCG a fdG ddG j dO g.zGh hdG H OBGh{ :b ?vf oL e ,dG SQ j :b ,dGOBGh{ :b ?IdG d Lh e ,dG SQ j :b :Ijg HCG jGhQ ah`` vf c fC :f ?zkSQ L{ :j GPh ..zGh hdG HdG N eY ,e a EG kSQ j h ..jEG Yh BGdH dG Cf

    .kSQ Lh G kH:HGdG ddG

    ,g U a IdG iCGQ eY OB OdG HEG aQ :ddG dG b dd .FG ShhW c a ,g jQP a IdG J CG j ch,HQ Yh OdG aQ ,a hdG f PEG OB j CH J dG eCG

    } :Lh Y dG b .N IO MGhGknnH lpdnN ufpEG pnpFnnrpd ntHnQ nnb rPpEGnhond Gonna pMhoQ rpe ppa ornnfnh oorjsnS GnPpEna (28) morne mCnnM rpe mnrnU rpe

    79

  • nne nonj rnCG nHnCG nprHpEG spEG (30) nonrLnCG rotoc onpFnnrdG nnnna (29) njppLnSnorSnC rocnCG rnd nnb (32) njppLsdG nne nonJ snCG nnd ne oprHpEG nj nnb (31) njppLsdG

    morne mCnnM rpe mnrnU rpe onrnnN mnnpd|:dG[.]33 - 28eCG PEG OB OdG aQ S Y `` dG d `` HEG Wj J bh

    } :HQmpW rpe onrnnN nh mQnf rpe pnrnnN orpe lrnN nfnCG nnb |:GYCG[]12f ah .} :Lh Y dG b CGf dG gspEG Ghon nna nnOB Ghoo rSG pnpFnnrpd nrob rPpEG nh

    kpW nrnnN rnpd oo rSnCGnCG nnb nprHpEG |:AGSEG[]61.IO MG d .HQ Yh ,OB OdG aQ S Y HEG aCG dc e igX S Gg CG EG .W e OBG oNh ,Qf e oN fCGh .N..FG e d jHdG cCG e ch ,HQ HEG j CG G kHCG YjiCGQ fEG :aQdG bh ,H TWCGh ,fc dR kFg kS g CG H,fL a ..g U a J CG j ch ..OBG U a IdG Qf

    .c e eCG e ch ,HQ Yh:eG ddG

    } :Lh Y dG bnjppHnrdG o shnCG nfnCna lnd nh pnrMspd nnc rpEG rob |:NdG[]81.a .MdG N e hCG c G k dG CG EG d IQTEG jBG g a

    } :J b MdG IQSnBGrordG nsnY (1) onrMsdG|:MdG[.]2 ,1EG bhc EGh .G kOLe NBG N j h ..G k dG c BGdG q oY idGj dh .Y e hCG dh ,BGQ e hCG dG d ,dh MddG CG EG VGh IQTEG jBG g a EG hG b .G kdh MdG e

    .dh d j CG Y j J dG CGh ,N iCG N b Qf N} :GMCG IQS a ddG f hupsdG nnY nt noj onnpFnne nh nsdG spEG|

    :GMCG[]56Y IdG FG Y Va dG CH fJ dG jBG .Z e fC ;FdG N b dG OLh EG IQTEG Gg ah ..dGch ..OLe Z Y Gj CG FG Y Vj J dG CG G

    .kSQ G kH j h .vfh vSb G kQf M dG80

  • :SOdG ddG

    dG e gAL b fCG eDG NCGh ..zG kQf{ G k f S J dG} :J b .dG BGdG jJ b idG QdGlQof psdG npe rocnAnL rnb

    lpoe lnpc nh |:IFdG[]15.kVJh kjJ d QdG U jBG cJh .:HdG ddG

    } :Lh Y dG bln rpe npa mIn rpnc ppQof onne pVrQnCG nh pG nn sdG oQof osdGmnforjnR mncnQnoe mInn nT rpe onboj wuQoO lnc rnc nsfnCnc onLnLtdG mnLnLoR pa on rprdGprnj mQof nnY lQof lQnf o r nrnJ rnd rnd nh oA poj norjnR oOnnj mspHrnZ n nh mspbr nT n

    lpnY mAr nT uopH osdG nh pSspd nnrenCG osdG op rnj nh oA nnj rne ppQopd osdG |:QdG[]35.zQf e{ ke Qd Vh .VQCGh GhdG Qf dG CG J dG cPH H dG cCGh d dGh zIc{ kJ d Lh

    } zCc{wuQoO lnc rnc nsfnCnc|(@)} :dH Yh ..pSspd nnrenCG osdG op rnj nh|.ke d V e EGh ,dEG QdG j QdG Y jBG a cP e PEGAdG e G kc L e Ggh .. kJ dh , kJ d Lh

    } :J db e EG djpVrQnCG nh pG nn sdG oQof osdGQ ue dG CG |,J dG U e U gh ,dEG QdG C ;VQCGh GhdG

    Qf YCG g ,jBG a QdG CG Hh ..N e Ad U j CG j.zdG Qf{ gh ,N

    .zf QH VQCGh GhdG Q qf dG EG{ :j fCchQf g{ kjCG ie Qf gh .VQCGh GhdG H Q qf M Qf gh

    } :dH Y dd zjGdGoA nnj rne ppQopd osdG prnj.|:edG ddG

    } :J dbndpEG kpYGnO nh (45) Gkjpnf nh Gk unoe nh Gkpg nT nnr nSrQnCG sfpEG tpsdG ntjnCG njGkpoe kLGn pS nh ppfrPpEpH psdG|:GMCG[.]46 ,45CG EG J dG jBG

    81

    .GkN j gH eh CdG V AdG :fCc .cDdG d zCc{ (@)

  • dGC ;Qf c d Qf a ,MGh AT AdGh g ,Qf G kee GS fCH Uj h ..j h Aj CG W e GdG

    . dG EG:SdG ddG

    } :Lh Y dG b :QdG j a M erpe nnOBG pnH rpe ntHnQ nnNnCG rPpEG nhGodonJ rnCG nfrp nT nnH Godnb rouHnpH o rndCG rp porfnCG nnY rognn rTnCG nh ronsjuQoP rpgpQo oX

    nppanZ Gnng rnY soc sfpEG pnenprdG n rnj |:GYCG[]172.dG VQ SY HG Y ,L H S Y G a MCG eEG NCGh

    :b dG CG Yj `` H OBG X e G dG NCG{gTCGh ,Qdc jj H gfh ,gCGQP jQP c U e NCa `` aYc fEG edG j GdJ CG fT .H :Gdb HH dCG :fCG Y

    zaZ Gg Y.} :J jBGrpgpQo oX rpeg a zOBG X e{ :j jGh |

    } :J db .VQJ :f ?VQJronsjuQoP rpgpQo oX rpeTG H |} :J db ennOBG pnH rpeSdG GhQCG NCG CG J jBG dCGh |

    ,H c fCG G C ;OBG X cj h ,OBG H e c EG kL} :dH cP Y oSa ,X e G j GLNoCG fCGhpnH rpe

    nnOBGf idG jG cPh ,Lh e G cP dG jBa .|.NBG Lh e G

    Gdh ffEG GhPh GhQCc `` c OBG H `` kL SdG MCG J dG.QdG j `` OLCc

    GP c MCG J dG CG Y ddG dP ah ,fCG Y gTCGhK ,QdG j JeCG K ,hdG QH Ie cQe ,bY YGh ,ffEGJeCG K ,jOe G kOLCG d Lh .gQY a fdG IG a gMCG

    } :J b c .fdG anrannrYna prnnrKG nnrnrMnCG nh prnnrKG nsnenCG nsHnQ Godnbp nS rpe mhooN ndpEG rnna npHofopHm |:aZ[]11fdG IG g a fEa .

    82

  • H dG CG QdG j a M fh .Je eh ,JM TY.H OBG N eY MGhQCG

    j CG ,OBG N eY fGQf kMhQ dG MCG ,e fEG c c GPEajG U Y veh vY dP j CGh ,dH e hCG dG

    ?zGh hdG H OBGh vf L{ :idG:TdG ddG

    bh `` Qf e jh ,hdG dg g QdG e dg eDe c Lb e dP a K(@)j CG ,fEG c hQ a Fc Gg c GPEGh ``

    !?G kQf hQ iCG e YCG MhQ Jh , dG hQ a kFc dP

    83

    .dG e 71 U fG (@)

  • OBG dG hQ

    } :J bmorne mCnnM rpe mnrnU rpe GknnH lpdnN ufpEG pnpFnnrpd ntHnQ nnb rPpEGnhnjppLnS ond Gonna pMhoQ rpe ppa ornnfnh oorjsnS GnPpEna (28)|:dG[.]29 - 28

    } :J bhoorj s nS GnPpEna (71) mpW rpe Gk nnH lpdnN ufpEG pnpFnnrpd ntHnQ nnb rPpEGnjppL nS ond Gonna pMhoQ rpe ppa ornnf nh|:dG[.]72 ,71

    } :jBG a bpMhoQ rpe ppa ornnf nh.f EG hdG VCG d .|:Yf dG EG Gh

    J U gh :b Z gh ,H UG EG U aVEG (1).dGh ,dGh ,dGh ,dGh ,IQdGh ,dc H

    J aVEG gh ,fU EG eh ,dN EG aVEG (2)fc EGh zdG H{ e :Z Y G H j kjJh kJaVEG gh .J d e GhdG ch zdG bf{h .d ke c dG

    .OjEGh J g N J J dG EG} :J dbhpMhoQ rpe ppa ornnf nhY f EG OBG hQ f VCG |

    a dP jdG idG jG VhCGh .J e ITG j Ggh ,Lh : dba fh ,H dG N ,dG HCG OBG fCG da OBG JCa{

    zAT c ASCG qYh ,Fe d SCGh ,MhQ e]eh iQdG GhQ[Ghca.d J dG j OB FN HQCG

    .OBG H e dG Fd M c ,nne f e OBG a dG hdG J hEGh ,b hQ g ,f EG dG aVCG dG OBG hQ CG f CG jha j CG G Z e fC ;kjJh d kjJ f EG J dG aVCGkdNh kb j CG iCG ;Lh Y dG U e Uh ,G U OBGOBG a f J dG EG b GPEGh . kjCG OBG Yh , dG Y Ga ..ke

    84

  • e C kjCG kU d dP EG f ,VQCG a a kgCG d MhQ ea J d N d OBa .ee jh ,SG e oornj lN :(N)

    . kH H j VQCG a jQPh OBG L dG dh ,VQCGdG Y Y dG hQ

    } :J dG bnpMhoQ rpe npa nrnnna nnLrna rn nrMnCG psdG nh |:AfCG[]91.} : kjCG bhvjp nS Gk nnH nnd nsnnna nnMhoQ nrndpEG nr nSrQnCna |:je[]17.} : kjCG bhnsfpEG snrdG spEG psdG nnY GodonJ nnh ropjpO pa Gor nJ n pnprdG nrgnCG nj

    orpe lhoQnh nnjrne ndpEG ngnrdnCG oonpncnh psdG ooSnQ nnjrne orHG npY opnrdG |]171 :AdG[. oS GPa .nnG SGH e IdG a M dG c GPEG :j bh

    :Lh d dP Y GG ?zdG hQ{ G:hCGdG aVCGh J dG N hQ g ,e a f dG hdG CG

    .f EG J:fdGH cG FG FS e knne d e a f idG nnG

    g EGh ,QdGh eDG e ,AdG H a eGG LCG a GhQCGj h ,kfCT FG YCG gh ,SdG hQ gh ,f dG Y jLdG oN dHh .Y dG hQ Z N e MC hdG H J dG

    .CG hH dh ,CG MQ a YGg , kjCG CG hHh ,CG hH N a ,cCG c OBG hQ UNG CG EGidG jG a AL c `` ATCG HQCH Z Y H NG e EG aVEH

    :`` jdG.H d dG or nN `` 1

    .`` e WSh hH `` Lh Y dG b e MhQ o rnf `` 2.MhQ e a dG f d FG oOSEG `` 3

    .c ASCG J `` 4} :OBG N Y J bm nr nU rpe Gk nnH lpdnN ufpEG pnpFnnrpd ntHnQ nnb rPpEG nh

    njppL nS ond Gonna pMhoQ rpe ppa ornnf nh oorj s nS GnPpEna (28) mo rne mCnnM rpe|:dG[.]29 ,28

    85

  • } : kjCG bhnroc rnCG nrnrn rSnCG snnpH ornnN npd no rnJ rnCG nnnne ne oprHpEG nj nnbnpdnrdG npe |:U[]75.

    JQb Y jc gh `` b Z dG jh .Lh Y H OBG N J dGMCG dG e a dGh ..b OBG a f dG hdGh `` YhYCG ch , kjJh kJ f EG aVCG dd ,eCGh dG PEH g ,La

    .H FeAfCG eEG hQ Mh , kL AfCG FSh Yh OBG GhQCadG c EGh ..G FS GhQCG dch ..b c , SGheGdG a IOjR FfCG H GhQCG YCGh ,hQ Y kMhQ J

    .dGhH Y b e fcP c `` GHCG N Y lHS , kL GhQCG or nNh,Lh Y dG ij H g GhQCG c fa ..QdG j kL dG GhQCGH : kL :Gdb ?HH dCG :fCG Y gTCGh Qdc jj H gfh

    jj GdJ CG J dG a .fT :Fb FG OQh ..HQ fCG Q.aZ Gg Y c fEG edG

    dG hQ a , kL AfCG GhQCGh ,OBG H e kL dG ch.QdG j GhQCG J V e ,Y: bCG G a AfCG GhQCG

    gOLCG eCGh .HQ Y AMCG ,dG aCG Y AfCG CG a N AdG a dG SQ iCGQ GG d ah ..VQCG a gQb a adG .AdG EG aJ AfCG OLCG C .g gOLCG j h MGhQCG

    EG..dG Y Y dGh ,jQOEG dG :e KGJGhP{ kL AfCG GhQCG dG SQ sCG a bCG G a eCGch .NBG dG a IG fbh hdG OH AMCG Gfch zffEGG a kL AfCG LG dh .fdG a IG fH kM dG

    ..!NBG e a Gj h ..bCGATCG Z INEG AfCG CG , kL eDG d ,Gg Q qb J dG dhEGh zjdG jG a dG SQ fNCG c{ MGh jOh ,T JeCG

    .zdG BGdG fNCG c{ SEG dG Y jdG86

  • dG :ffEG JGhP{ kL AfCG GhQC dG SQ eeEG fchY a kL AfCd dG eeEG d ,vjQhV G keCG zhdGh dGh

    .dG Y a d eeEG J dG M CG H ,IOdG kL AfCG Y G kT G k dG L J dG EG AdG H bh

    } :J b cGkp nT pAnoDng nnY npH nrpL nh mp npH mseoCG uoc rpe nrpL GnPpEG nrnna|:AdG[]41AfCd G eeEG Hh ,dG jBG H Se :f .

    eCG Y T SdG CG J df jBG EGh ,bCG G aeCG c a j J dGh ..eCG Y T f ch .jdH eSEG:J b c G kT eCG Y e dH J dG ALh fCG e G kT

    }nrdsnf nh pAnoDng nnY Gkp nT npH nrpL nh rp porfnCG rpe rprnnY Gkp nT mseoCG uoc pa onrnf n rnj nhnpp rorpd in roH nh knrMnQ nh ikog nh mAr nT uopd kfnrpJ nnprdG nrnnY |:dG[]89.

    87

  • U88AH

  • SOdG dG

    dH hdG J

    ?IdG S hdG g

    h```dG `````````````````bY```````dH.I```````adHh

    .a GhQCG GhdG

    ?GhQCG bJ c

    H ffEG GdG IM .RdG dY a dG

  • U90AH

  • H hdG qJ

    :H dG e GfCG N hd.MdG HGdG dG jf a H J `` 1

    .IOdG H H J `` 2.dG M H J `` 3

    .G e H H J `` 4.edG j dG H H J `` 5

    :(MdG HGdG dG jf a H hdG J) :hCG dGdG BGdG a cJ h ..jdG idG jH K M gCG ,Oe HG Y iQdG LNCG idG HQCG jM a .kjJ

    :b dG SQY j K .kej HQCG eCG H a j cMCG EG{,hdG a a ke dG j K .dP e e j K .dP e

    z...S hCG Th ,Yh LCGh bRH :HQCH eDjh.jdG jG dEG.MQ TCG HQCG Yh G a J hda

    } :J b c OBG a hdG f dG BGdG cPhpnpFnnrpd ntHnQ nnb rPpEGnhrpe ppa ornnfnh oorjsnS GnPpEna (28) morne mCnnM rpe mnrnU rpe GknnH lpdnN ufpEG

    njppLnS ond Gonna pMhoQ|:edG[.]29 ,28j a ,TCG HQCG b eCGhdG f b a .jH j H hdG Jh ,hQ G afh e GPEa .YT M dh GkH j a hdG f Hh ,GkH oj d j h .edG j Sh ,Y jh SG Y j ,eCG H e

    .a hdG f b eCG H e f GPEG ,dP} :eDG IQS a J dG bhsoK (13) mpne mQGnnb pa kn rof onrnnL soK

    krnd n nprdG nf r nnna ke npY nn rordG nrnnna kn roe nnnnrdG nrnnna knnnY nn rtdG nrnnNnnNBG krnN onfrC nrfnCG soK |:eDdG[]14 ,13.

    91

  • }nnNBG krnN onfrC nrfnCG soK.zhdG f S idG G Z{ G kH QU iCG :|f Y JJ dG jdG QKBG Y ,BG EG LCG AY j h

    .G a hdGjf a ,J J G a dG Y CG LCG AY cPhY Jh ..dG Y EG hHh ,jT AH a dh ,HGdG dGY EG iCG ,FGdG dG a FGdG d gh OU THUCG cM CGh .HGdG dG H dG a J LG GhdG H d bY dP c CG if fCG EG . kjCG bdG dP a Jj dG G QGWCG e g EGh ,e keGe c EGh ,G a

    . kH H

    :(IOdG H H hdG J) :fdG dGdM a .MdG a H J e cCGh CG g hdG Je ke c e ,dG AYCG e Jh ,Jh ,Jh ,fdG aeh dG Me EG jh ,fdG a dG a fEG j eYh .b

    .zhdGh dGh dG{ bW H ffEG GdG J ,gH} :J dG bspEna (40) i nnrdG pnY nrsdG nnf nh puHnQ nnne nnN rne senCG nh

    i nhrCnrdG npg nsnrdG|:YRdG[]41 ,40Y dG fh HQ e N idG e..?idG

    .j h eCj iOe QWEG O a ,dP a d QhO .. ?G g g..dG Y bh dG g dG C .. ?dG g g

    MU eCJ Lh Y dG e fGQf e hdG .. ?hdG g ghCH dJGh ON Sh cGQOEGh Yh Sh ,jH S dh .J

    .jh MU eCj idG a :dG EG j .YCGY Y jh H f Y jh ,H L Y j fEa,ffEG GdG bdG g e JM GW fEG jh .MhHK fEG ,zhdGh dGh dG{ :iOG L a J dG YOhCG dG

    .jNCG G Y J e ch .G kHCG J e92

  • :(dG M H hdG J) :ddG dGe J fCG EG gOLCG e Ljh ,hdG dG j dG AKCGe j c eY dG SQ b c ..c iQf kJG H

    :efqOQ idG d G .QdG dEGh JeCG CG H fMCG idG d G{zcH PCGh iL a faYh .MhQ qEG.

    kH CG a cP idG jG e iQfCG IOb HCG Y dG a ALhIU YL ah Jah ,dG W H EG j h ,dG Z

    : dG SQ d a ,dGM gOQh .AT M MGhQCG b dG EG{zAT.

    g h ,NGO g .dH UN J d hdG EG{ :adG bh.zLQN

    gOjh ,UCG e a g dd .e LN a ,a hQ FdG a IM a L AYCG a ,vM kJe ke d FdGh .dG Y dG.c iQf ,H kJ hd CG EG .j bh Jh Jh eJ.zUCG G{ dM fCH dG dM jJ Y AdG UGh

    hIQOe ,G hdGh dG QOJ eY EG cCG G hCG IadG J.Ff

    :(IadG M H hdG J) :HGdG dG,e LQHh ,e H G H e J hdG EG .Y J fEG

    : db j dPh .J dG jh ,fbh j G EG{ze GbCG:K e EG fdG a Y fG L e GPEG G EG

    ..d Yj dU dhh ,H j Yh ,jQL bU?G H H hdG J g e dh

    Jh ,dG Y gh ,G M aJ hdG CG dG a OQhcG b qc dG CG e ihQh .bdG e Ia b a e. vM dSQh dG cYh e Lh g{ :d bh dG a aO b ,QHGhQCG G kOLCG J c{ :Y d a z vM HQ fYh e Lh b fEa

    : a zadh .e bCG SCH fCG e H f idGh{zGj CG hQj .

    93

  • hdH U d CG Y dP a ,dG dEG fh JG qc SdGc dG CG ih oQh .iQf ..?c dh .Je H ffEG JGhPh dG Y KCGh ..d dG jh ,Y jh dG a JG Qhj

    :b fCGzgQb a Hj IdG EG{.,b a G G e J zhdGh dGh dG{ ffEG GdG EGe J hdG CG Y J jdG jOMCGh .RdG Y a g EGhdG EG S j h ,NBG J c dj ,vNRH kJ ,Je H gH

    .G kHCG fdG a G EG OJ fCG EG ,dJ:(dG Y H hdG J) :eG dG

    EG ffEG GP tc J ,QdG a dG OLCG J dG j eY.H Jh gL

    G H G kdNh vMh zdG{ `H kbY kffEG ffEG JGH G jhY H hdG J dOh ..zdG{`H HfP e kFNh zhdG{ `Hb a dP .hdG d fdG a c idG G f g fCG ,dG

    } :Lh Y dGGofnc npH roooLrQnCG on rnJ nh rpjprjnCG nounoJ nh rppgG nranCG nnY oprnf n rnrdGno prnj |:j[]65.

    Y c :b Y dG VQ de H fCG Y ,U a e NCGh :a ,a dG SQz?VCG hQJ g{dSQh dG b b

    :b YCGj :b . odG e f poJ CG Qj j ,HQ dG W e{:a b .e G kgT EG f Y LoCG fEa :dG a .H :dGY oa b .G kOT JdG GdHh ,G kT Y dG H c:a dG Hh H soj K ,dYCH a .fG fcQC a ,a

    zVfCG c a . kSh d GoH.fh MhQ fc GPEG EG dP j h ,f Y Oj JNBG a fEa

    .Gh dG bh H Kh JG Y ,YhG gCa dd ..G gCG e c EG ,G a MU hdG aGJhfGQf bW hdG C ;hdG Qe QdG Ggh .jjCG H gQf j

    :G gCG Y dG b .Y94

  • }n rnrdG oocGn roH rppfnrjnCpH nh rpjprjnCG nrnH rogoQof n rnj pnperDordG nh npperDordG innJ n rnjopnrdG oR rnrdG nog npdnP npa njppdnN oQnrfnCG nprnJ rpe prnJ lsnL |:jdG[]12.

    hQf QdG gCa dd ,QdG gCG e c EG ,QdG a MU hdG aGJb c .W ajh ,G gCG e fjh ..Qf e j h ,d

    } :Y Jrpe rpnrnf nfho orfG GoneBG njpspd onpanordG nh nopanordG oonj n rnjGkQof G opnrdna rocnAGnQ nh GopLrQG npb rocpQof |:jdG[]13.

    95

  • ?IG S hdG g

    . :`fa dEG MdG EG ,Y d Le Lj ,Z M IG SCG `` HQCG jM a `` idG jG cP dh .idG jGh BGdG.MdG HGdG dG jf Y ,G a ,J dG eCH ,hdG j Ga hdG f c dh .gcP dG SQ C ;a T M ghS CGh ,G IM S d hdG CG Y Gg a ,ke dh ,M LhdG CH f CG EG eeCG dh .G a hdG f Y HS ,Gg IG

    .G IM S dIM e JM S SG fCG Th ,M LdG Ae a iG GG EG..ICGG IM e JM S SG bh ,M ,ICGG e jdG dch ,LdGjdG dd f J ,jdGh iG GG e xc efG GPEGh..dG a jG e kLGhRCG kLGhRCG dP H J dG ..hCG GdG{ a IG S e e ,dGh hCG G jdG IM Sh..OBG N a Hh ,IG S dG N a ..OBG f gh zhCG IMGdG

    .dG AT e dEG ,OBG jQP e Oa H dP H JGh

    96

  • IadGh H hdG bY

    a ,dG AKCG G QOJ hdG C ;hdH Kh bY d Ge d a ,vFf cJ GPEG eCG .UCG H j e d

    .cCGJGP{ SGH j fEG C ;Z e j :G AKCG fEGh ..

    .dGh dGh hdG eGb dG zffEGCGJ IadG Y C ,Z e j CG a :IadG AKCG fEG eCGeh ,a ,N e IG S a ..Yh ec a fEGh IOYCG h .dH G Y G fEG j e kdZh ..a YIadG QP HCG M :db QP CG Y MCG eEG ihQ a .gCG e j,VQCG e Ia a fCGh ,HCG eh :db ?j e :a .H

    :a .a cCa j K iY dh ,aH j hJ {ziHCGh.jGhdG dEG ...

    JGP C ;j CG IadG idG CG ;QP HCG jGhQ e f.vFf QOJ h H e dGR e jdG

    :b dG SQ CG kjCG dG ahYO IadG JM kMf EG{z...UdG Y Ub fEG :d bh H.jdG jG dEG

    } :J bhnsnrdG GooNrOG oornnY ln nS nodonj npu nW onpFnnrdG oogsa nnnJ njpsdGnonrnJ roroc npH |:dG[]32.

    GdG GJh .. ka kT G e IG S H ej FaaG L GR e iCG `` hdG eGb jdG GdGh `` H e jdGdj fhj FG ..jh jh j CG dd ;hdH keFG J eDG fEa ..J c G GNOG Y S

    .a JM AfG bh ,fdG IG a Gj gh ,G dNHb j IadG J EG eh ,j CG IadG eY fEaJ g .dCG IM fEG L a J h ,IG Y J fG M

    97

  • .edG J CG EG RdG IM EG ..INBG IG EG eH ffEG GdGIadG e bdG f d dh ,H bY d hda(@).

    : dG SQ bda J ch ,J da eJ c{zJ.

    dG e f dG CGh ,G e f dG CG jdG jG e f.G H

    EG ,G j idG ..?G f GPa ,j c fh f fhe aN b ,fEG EG OGR ch .. Y a NdG e j

    .eDd ke k d G Y C ,dGd G EG :zL hQ fEG{ Hc a Y hDhQ QcdG cPa dG G S e fEG fG O g H ,fEG IM jf,eDG fEG Iah j EGh `` RdG Y gh `` dG hdG Y EG ,fdGfEGh ..G S e fh MhQ Y GaEG j fC ;ejCG SCG e gMGH SMEG d j ,kL kM j idG FdG e j ,Jah Me Ob H M IM EG fG IH jh ..ZW IOSh ,Ic

    .edGh GY LQO M ,d IOG LQdG a ,GhQCG Y a hQ c JhiNCG GhQCG JG Qa ,fe JQG ,hdG bQ OGORG ch .J dG

    .ke UCG H

    98

    .143 U ,fdG AdG .zidG jdG a dG RYEG{ (@)

  • a GhQCG GhdG

    KoCGh ,edG j fEG SoM e dh ..dG feCG g dGhCG} :J b . q oYrnCG nrnHnCna pnprdG nh pVrQnCG nh pG nn sdG nnY nnfnenCG n rVnnY sfpEG

    konL keo nX nnc osfpEG o nrfpEG nnnnM nh nrpe nrn rTnCG nh nnrprnj |:GMCG[]72.eCG ,fEd EG dG bW J dG CG ,dG jBG e f,dG bW a ,MGh e fCG GhdG e bG bHd J bh ..hdG a j J dG CG c ..e Z a dHh;vY AcP j a ,AcP Y j e HGO jCG e X GPEGh ,fGM fCGQGdG a OG d S g :b GPEGh ..ia AcP dh ,a Y fCGhQCG fC ;NBG dG a OG d j d : f .?fEG e INBG.hdH e dGh dGh ,Jh J GhdG dh :b GPEGh .aSfh ,Id Sf e ,fGM Sf a J CG G e :f

    .dGh dH J dG SQ CG ,Y dG VQ QP HCG Y G a MCG eEG NCGh

    :a .J JT iCGQzJ a iQJ g QP HCG j{.iQOCG :b ? : bzH Sh iQj dG dh{.

    :b dG SQ CG Y dG VQ Ijg HCG Y MCG eEG NCGhCG{a JdG M ,edG j AT tc s n pd H f idGh

    zfG.} :Lh Y dG b a CdG IQS a c dG cPhkHGnnY rocnfrQnrfnCG sfpEG

    kHGnoJ oroc pnrnd nj opanrdG oonj nh oGnnj rnesnb ne oArnrdG o ornj n rnj kjpnb |:CdG[]40.} :edG j Y J b jdG IQS ahrnpoM oToMordG GnPpEGnh |]5 :jdG[.

    eh Y fEG c Sh .oJh ,bG c oS edG jfc d j K .H dG jh ,khCG GhdH JDoSh .e S

    .kHGJ a .kHGJ99

  • .OCG qne VQCG oe .edG j c GPEG :Y dG VQ Y HG bh,FdG H UdG Voj K .zG o poL iCG{ TMdGh FdGh GhdG oMhUdG e a GPEa .H AfdG IdG e A qG Id j M

    } :adG j dP Yh .kHGJ a ,kHGJ Gfc :d b .Horoc pnrnd njkHGnoJ;|eh ,G jZ Y adG e dP a .GhdG e kHGJ c iCG

    .IG

    100

  • ?GhQCG bJ c

    :JG GhQCG bJ `` 1

    bJ JG GhQCG CG zhdG{ Hc a jRG b HG eEG cPGPEG fEa .fdG a bQf CG d j e : d bh ..cGJh QhGJh

    } :J dG fCa .Gf a ba n rpa oQ ,qpenne npndhoCna n oSsdG nh nsdG ppoj rne nhnpndhoCG n onM nh nppd sdG nh pAGnn tdG nh npju udG nh nupsdG npe rprnnY osdG nnrfnCG njpsdG

    kpanQ |:AdG[]69.hj fCGh ,bRj HQ Y AMCG fCH AGdG Y J dG NCGhGgh .ah dG e H hj fCGh .N e H Gj jdH

    :LhCG KK Y AGdG GhQCG bJ Y j:hCG.bj a AMCG Gfc GPEGh .bRj HQ Y fEG

    :fdG.H Fdh ehd fGNEH GhSG:ddG. kH H j fCG ,dG a j zhj{ d

    Je H ee a iQG UY jCGQ :b H H j jM eha dGh fCG :b ?BG fCG jCGh :b .H :b .?spe b dCG :a .HL d c ,HUCG e fh fCG ,`G VjQ e VhQEGh .LCG H !g :b .?MGhQCG CG e`LCG :b .Uh

    .GhQCG bJ:AMCG GhQCGh GeCG GhQCG bJ `` 2

    HG b .bJ AMCG GhQCGh GeCG GhQCG CG Y dOCG e c g,G a J GeCGh AMCG GhQCG CG H :Y dG VQ SYEG AMCG GhQCG Sojh ,Y GeCG GhQCG dG a H dAa

    } :edG IQS a J dG fNCG c .gOLCGnpM norfnCG sa nnnj osdG101

  • npJ rne} .GhQCG iCG :g zfCG{ |nnb psdG o prona npenne pa ronJ rnd psdG nhv noe mnLnCG ndpEG inrNoCG o pSroj nh n rnrdG nrnnY |:edG[]42.

    ,G a G hQh G hQ J :J a M HCG HG Yh,LCG H EG fdG a L EG G hQ La .aQjh ,GcGa

    .a L EG LJ CG G hQ jJh:eh Iah Y fJ dG jBGh

    .G Iah g ic Iah.dG Je g iU Jeh

    .ee a G ij G CG Y ,GeCGh AMCG GhQCG AdG sO bhiDhdG a j e Ggh .G j G a ,G a

    :e bCG bOdG iDhdGh .bOdG.G a dG b a J dG j dEG `` 1

    .gZ eh gCG e JG GhQCH FdG hQ AdG `` 2.gZ eh gCG e AMCG GhQCH FdG hQ AdG `` 3

    iDhdH J ,dG jOMCG e c dG Y Kh.MCGh

    102

  • G H ffEG GdG IMRdG Y a

    dN iOe bY M Fc zdGh dGh hdG{ ffEG GdGGdG q C dU Z jh ,iOG G EG e dd ;j

    EG iOG G Ojh ,JCG M e HQ EG OJh ,cJ fEa ,ffEGa Me EG g e fdG IG CG Y ddG dP ah .JCG M e GdG

    .a e iNCG IM EG H J ,fEG jQJH iODJ Me g H ,fEd G jf d ..fdG IG ja..RdG IM EG fdG IG e j fEa ..IG e iNCG Me EGjGHh ,fdG a JM jf J dh ,fEG jf J Iada

    .HCGh fdG e d N IM gh ..INBG a JMe GPEa ,iOdG G dP a fdG a S ffEG GdG fc d..OhM Hh Ob H Y EG fGh ,ffEG GdG Q ,iOG Ge Oj fCG EG ,QaCGh ,WGYh JcGH j ,Jah H fEGhY Lh Y dG b c ..fdG a dG a fc dG ,eeG dG

    } G UCGnpndhoCG nn rS oh spEG krnf ounof n pnpd sdG GopnY nh GoneBG njpsdG nhopprnJ rpe prnJ xpZ rpe rpgpQho oU pa ne nrYnnf nh (42) nhopdnN npa rog psnrdG on rUnCG

    osdG nfGnng rnCG n rnd npnrnpd soc ne nh Gnnpd nfGnng psdG pspd ornrdG Godnb nh oQnrfnCG |:GYCG[]43 ,42.

    .fdG QGO a dG d ,Sf a fc dG OMCG J dG GRCG iCG:dG rnfhM Ggh ..ShSdGh gGdG e gjh dG J

    f e g EG ,S f RGf e dP EG eh gGdGh G C WdG e ch .fdG a dG Y fdG jdG KCJh ,fEd dGJa EG OYh INBG a e fEG J a ..QdG a fdG jdGh

    .Gh dGh G g jdGh ..jdG Y IQe jdG dG C ;dhCG103

  • c ,dG Nj dG ceCG a ,fdG IG a kjCG dP hHj ,J dG M a jG jg a fEGh `` GG Gh idGCG ,SdG e c KMh ..MC Mh Z e b a e dG j dd ,dG

    Zh GkM f a j c e MGdGvdP e HJ CG Mh ,NBG fEe MGh c fa ,idG H jdG VhdG a Ld kLh fEGY Mh Z e e c b a e dG f bh ..UNEGh G H ,MU..G a j c ke ,gdG G dP Nj dG CG dP ..NBG

    :b PEG dG SQ UhzG VjQ e VhQ ieh iQGO H e{.IjY jbh ,b IhGY LQ Hh H c fCG dG MQ NCG KMhfc dG IhGdG H ,S e NBG gMCG j h ,cG a IQeM ,NBG He Tj c gMCG C ,NBd e MGh c f a

    ..G EG MGh Y a gP CG Mh ..AdG Y H IhGdG JiCG hHh ..idG G a Ld kLh HJ a ICLG fc gh..G a ke Lh ..!!QM Y a NBG EG e c afG QT hCG OOJNBd e c QYGh ..e H dG f a e fG :NBd gMCG bhjdG L Y RdG Y GgJh ..Md IASEG e e QH e Yj CG Lh Y dG G n nYOh ..cG a dG H V gaQ dG

    .dG Y HCGh ,gGg CG H Hb.dGh Gh G Y GkQe fEG OY ,fEG Y HG e GPEG dG EG

    : dG SQ b czIdG Y dj EG Ode e e{.jdG g IdGh} :G UCG Y Lh Y dG bh(45) mooY nh msnL pa npsordG spEG

    mQo oS nnY kfG nrNpEG xpZ rpe rpgpQho oU pa ne nrYnnf nh (46) nppeBG mn npH ngooNrOGnppHnnoe|:dG[]47.

    ..dG Nj Gh .dG Y e g ,dG a Gh daCG fdG a Mh ..G UCG Sf a M h Z Nj ddd j dd ,dG Y j ,EG e dY LQO GH jdG

    .Hb a eM ,H oV Lh dG c dW HCG H Y eEG CG ihQhe WCG :b .fNCG :Gdb ?JH a e :bh aCG gh ..H EG

    104

  • HVa ,e fCG EGh ,jCGQ a jCGQ Y fCG Ea .HGT e SGh ,eW.zG Y CH j M iCG{ Y hjJ IMGh HV

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    :Lh Y dG b a dP}nobnRroj rpuHnQ nrpY lAnrMnCG rnH kJG nrenCG psdG pp nS pa Gopob njpsdG sn nrnJ n nh(169)

    l rnN snCG rpprnN rpe rppH Gonrnj rnd njpsdpH nho prn rnj nh pp rna rpe osdG oognJBG npH npMpnanofnrnj rog n nh rprnnY|]170 ,169 :GY BG[.

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    IM IM a ,d OhM IM RdG a fCGh GhQCG Iaa ,fdG a fc c iOe H Ie a ,b iCG e W

    105

  • ,e gj h eR gj M IM EG fGh ,e Jj ec jGQO Y gh .gYeh gQaCGh WGY e h

    ..fdG IG a} :Lh Y dG junnd (99) popLrQG unQ nnb o rnrdG oognnMnCG nAnL GnPpEG snM

    p rnj ndpEG lnRrnH rppFGnQ nh rpe nh nopFnb nog lnpnc nsfpEG snc orcnnJ npa kpd nU onrYnCGnonroj|:eDdG[]100 ,99.

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    ..FGQh e ihL SJ dh ..IdG e c EG ,dG IOYeYh a j a ,G kb QGO a M ,N H HdG CG KCG a ALh..HQ j :j f Wjh .dG e j K zLQG Q{ :j j

    .LJ h d oj a LdG CJ CG b Ya ,dCS e YoCG b,fdG a cQO hCG G a e ij ,RdG IM a fEG EGha a gj idG dGh G a fe hj eDGjh ea vYh G vhZ QdG Y Vj QdGh ,jh hjh

    .vf kHGY HjhH ,fEG a j dG dG a ,a T M RdG IM EG,RdG Y j M ,edG j EG a jh ,fdG IG e LhNc idG jdG j dg ..d Lh Y dG ij H G EG jh

    :Lh Y dG b da .NBG g Sj ,fdG a d j}(21) lp nT nh lpF nS nnne mrnf toc rnAnL nh (20) ppY nrdG o rnj npdnP pQ tdG pa npof nh

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