: . 20141 2

3

!

4 ()

:

Flux { [( )]}

5XX2X1VA1A2

A: , :

T, P : const6

N2N2O2

+ NH3H2O+ NH3

7N. Raoult:

N. Dalton:

N. Henry:

8 :

:

:

9

:

:

:

10

:

i11

Mol

[ *]

FLUX12 Flux :

Flux :

? 13 + Kg, molx,y,zx, z, rr,,

Fick14

Flux

T, P const

15

flux

flux

: , 16: . flux flux

flux

flux

flux

* 17

[=] m/s [=] kg m/(s m)

[=] m/s [=] J/m

D [=] m/s i [=] mol/m 18 ( ) ( ) P, T, : 19z (): :

: Avogadro ( /mol):

19 20

: :

: Boltzmann: K:

: :

21

:

: ..

:

22 Slattery -Bird

H2O + 232. Chapman - Enskog

( ) ():

:

. :

24 :

+ 1 atm

, 25 . 1atm +20C 1atm +0C

:

( )

25bars26 *

T, P T, P

:

272. SlatteryTakahashi ...

* P, T

.

284-5 < . , c DAB.T , P . .

Eyring29121 H

, 30 ( ) ( )

Nernst Einstein:

Boltzmann Re>D105

(. Streeter Phelps) L ( ) kg/m3 w ( ) m/s ( ) m2/s :kd ( ) 1/s 1/day D ( ) m2/s 106

(plug-flow). Pe=wX/D>>1 :

107 (L=f(x))

, (L=f(x)) x, . 108

(DO) (. Streeter Phelps)DO ( ) kg/m3 w ( ) m/s L ( ) kg/m3

:ka ( ) 1/s 1/day 109

: D = DOsat DO

D ( ) kg/m3 w ( ) m/s L ( ) kg/m3

:ka ( ) 1/s 1/day 110

111

L ( ) kg/m3 :kd ( ) 1/s 1/day (w=0), t, o . . , .112

: D = DOsat DO

D ( ) kg/m3 L ( ) kg/m3

:ka ( ) 1/s 1/day 113 Streeter Phelps ( , Pe>>1, )

: x=0, L(0)=L0 D(0)=D0

114 Streeter Phelps , BOD , , : BOD (L), BOD , (x) . (D) Dc, (xcr) x->. (DO C) (DOcr Ccr) (xcr) (DOsat Csat).115 Streeter Phelps xxcrDcrDOcrDOsatDO ( ) . . .116xkaD=KdLL0 Streeter Phelps (L) (x).117 Streeter Phelps :

: Dcr

118 , w, x=1400 m 20 cm/s 1200-400=800 m. k Darcy. L0=10 mg/L D0=0 mg/L L D x kd ka 0.6 2 , . 10-2 m2/s119 180 m 40 km . K=200 m/s. u . 15 km L0 15 mg/L. 2 day-1 0.6 day-1 . D0=0. Streeter Phelps .120 1 m3/s BOD 100 mg/L x=0 : , u = 0.3 m/s , = 19.05 m , = 1.05 m km, BOD . kd, 0.4 day-1 Connor-Dobbinska = 12.9 u 0.5 /1.5 ft/s ft. .121 w=0,3 m/s. 0 L0=10 ppm. kd 0,6 day-1 k=2 day-1 . 122 Streeter Phelps ( , , )

A : t=0, L(0)=L0 D(0)=D0

123 Streeter Phelps :

: