第七部分

实地勘

验

Legal Justifications For Keeping Others Out Of Your Scene

• Only authorized persons should enter scene 合法授权的侦查员

• Justifications for denying access:– PC 30.05 Criminal Trespass– PC 37.09 Tampering with evidence– CCP 49.22 Sealing premises of deceased

What is a Crime Scene Search?现场的搜查

It is a planned and coordinated “legal” search of the crime scene to locate physical evidence, suspects, or witnesses to the crime.为追寻物证、犯罪嫌疑人或证人，对犯罪现场进行合法搜查，这是一项有计划的、需要精诚合作的刑事司法活动。

Crime Scene SearchLegal considerations

法律因素• Justifications for conducting a warrant less

search at a crime scene 搜查令– Existence of exigent circumstances 特殊情形存在– A need to prevent immediate loss or destruction防止损失或毁坏的扩大– Search of property within immediate control立即控制搜寻财物– A search made by consent of involved parties经相对人同意而进行的搜索

VITAL ELEMENTS OF A CONSENT TO SEARCH合意搜查的要件

THE CONSENT MUST BE GIVEN BY A PERSON WHO HAS CAPACITY OR AUTHORITY TO WAIVE THEIR FOURTH AMMENDMENT RIGHT

必须由有能力或权力的人，才能放弃宪法赋予的第四项权利；

THE CONSENT MUST BE GIVEN FREELY & VOLUNTARILY合意必须自由和自愿地作出；

CONSENT TO CONTINUE THE SEARCH CAN BE WITHDRAWN AT ANY TIME该合意可由权利人在任何时候撤销；

What are your Crime Scene Search Objectives?

现场搜查的目标• Determine if a crime has been committed 所犯何罪• Determine where the crime was committed

(primary and secondary scenes ）何处犯罪• Determine who committed the crime 何人犯罪• Determine how the crime was committed (MO) 如何

犯罪• Determine why the crime was committed 为何犯罪• Determine when the crime was committed 何时犯罪

Procedure for a Crime Scene Search现场搜查的程序

• Consider type of crime, locale, and size of area犯罪类型、划定范围

• Assign one person to be in charge of search 确定负责人

• Make search personnel aware of specifics (what are you looking for) 目标确定

• Make assignments in writing if necessary (some police are a little on the slow side) 记录人员

• Determine search method 方法路径• Consider personnel and equipment needed 人

员设备• Critical-ensure safety of personnel conducting

search 确保搜查人员的安全

Approach Scene现场搜查的方法

• Look for discarded evidence 寻找散落的证据• Make pertinent notes 记录指纹• Realize need to treat site as a scene 认识到

定位现场的必要• Safety and rescue take priority 控制犯罪现场• When re-entering scene, use same path 重

新进入现场时，使用同一路线

Initiate Preliminary Survey初步查验

A walk through by officer in charge 检控官的步行察看

• Preliminary Photos are taken

概貌照相• Organize search priorities and procedures

组织搜查• Determine personnel and equipment make assignments

配备方案的人员和设备• Protect transient physical evidence

保护提取的物证• Make extensive notes• 扩展记录

SEARCHING THE SCENE

现场搜查Determine the Search Method

选择搜查方法

CRIME SCENE SEARCH PROCEEDURES犯罪现场搜查的方法

STRIP (LINE) SEARCH线性搜索法：A. AMONG THE MOST EFFECTIVE FOR OUTDOOR SEARCHES适用于大部分的室外现场；B. STAKES AND LINES ARE USEFUL IN SETTING UP LANES IN WHICH TO NARROW FIELD OF SEARCH在对犯罪现场进行分区并细化现场的过程中，划线是可行的；C. NATURAL LANDMARKS MAY BE USED AS

BOUNDARIES OR LANE MARKERS. 自然的地标能作为现场边界或现场分区的标界使用。

Crime Scene Search MethodsStrip Search 单向推进搜索

CRIME SCENE SEARCH PROCEEDURES

GRID SEARCH交叉搜索

A. SIMILAR TO STRIP (LINE), EXCEPT ALL FOUR COMPASS DIRECTIONS ARE SEARCHED.与单向推进搜索基本相同，但它是从四个方向进行现场搜索，

EXAMPLE: SEARCH NORTH TO SOUTH THEN EAST TO WEST.

Crime Scene Search MethodsGrid Search 交叉搜索

CRIME SCENE SEARCH PROCEEDURES

SPIRAL SEARCH螺旋式搜索

A. THIS TYPE OF SEARCH IS USEFUL WHEN AN ITEM IS MISSING FROM THE CENTER AND THE SEARCH MUST BE CONDUCTED RAPIDLY.当物品从中心现场遗失时，该方法非常有效，它必须快速进行；

B. THE SEARCH MAY BEGIN IN THE INSIDE OR THE OUTSIDE AS THE CIRCUMSTANCES DICTATE.该种搜索方式对室内现场和室外现场都适用。

Crime Scene Search MethodsSpiral Search 螺旋式搜索

CRIME SCENE SEARCH PROCEEDURES

QUADRANT OR ZONE SEARCH 分片分段搜索

A. THIS TYPE OF SEARCH IS EFFECTIVE FOR INDOORAND OUTDOOR SCENES THAT HAVE REGULARPATTERNS OR DEFINED BORDERS.

对于室内现场和那些有形状或有固定边界的现场特有效；

B. PERMITS DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEARCHES IN DIFFERENT SECTORS.在不同的区域内，允许使用不同的具体方法。

EXAMPLE: BUILDINGS INTO ROOMS

Excellent for searching vehicles

Crime Scene Search MethodsQuadrant or Zone Search