yxAB

1terrain surveying R=10

3(photographic surveying)

4(engineering surveying)

5(mapping)

terrain surveying 1 2

1( Geoidal surface) 29% 71%

2(ellipsoid of revolution) PP IAG-75

1.(L,B)

L (longitude) B (latitude)

2

3xy

---1980108553432417.2m19421954

(1) (height),HAHB(tide gauge station)(height datum)

(2) 1) 1956195419561950~1956772.289m1956 56

2) 1985801953~19772572.260m1985 8585560.029m20051098844.43m 8534

R10km

S=3.16kms:s=1:12194000S=10kms:s=1:1217700S=20kms:s=1:304400

P=10=0.05 P=100=0.51 P=400=2.03 P=2500=12.71

S=10kmh=7.8m S=100mh=0.78mm

17

GPS

1 2 GPS 4cm/

(GIS) , : ////; : /////, (), GIS, , , GIS,(GIS), , , , GIS, , , GIS GIS

GIS1:1001:251:51:251:51:11:4001:1001:251:51:1

XY1:4001:1001:251:51:1

1:4001:1001:251:51:1 1:4001:1001:251:51:1

DEM DEM1:1001:251:51:1

GPS

2.1 . . 1. , 2. 3. 4.

. 1. 0~360 1 A 2 Am 3 = -3, = +2,=12030AAm 2. 180 3. BC = AB + 180 BC = AB+ 180.

2.2.1

0 ~ 360 0 ~ + 90 0 ~ 90 1. = b a 1 2 3

2. . (1 ) hh1 VV1 2 ZZ1 HH1 3 HH1 VV1 3.

2. 1) DJ6, 2) DJ5 3) DJ2 4) DJ1 1. : 2. 1 1 P20 2-17 3.

1. 2. 1. 0 180

: = Lb La = Lb La = + / 2 180n 1 / n nn P232-12. P242c2c = 180

. 90 0 = 90 L 270 = R 270 () 90 270 x,

90 x

L =90 L x (1) 270 x R =R 270 + x (2)

(1),(2) 90 L x R 270 + x = 0

1. (1),(2) 2. (3)LR . 10 ) 1. 2. 3. P28.

229ON

1:AB

AB90C

1Aa2Bb3Bb4Aa

O

OA 0 00 18B 50 25 36 50 25 18A180 00 00B230 25 00 50 25 00 50 25 09A 90 00 24B140 25 36 50 25 12A270 00 18B320 25 24 50 25 06 50 25 09 50 25 09

1Aa2BCDbc d3Aa4Aa5DCBd c b6Aa

1cm1478mm3-3

D=d+f+s

D=ct+Q QQ0D=ct

1 NONMOMt=tcos S= ct= ct cos D=S cos =ct cos2

2h+L=i+hh=h+i-L h=Dtan h= Dtan +i-LHB=HA+h=HA+ Dtan +i-L

1 i; 2) 3D=ct cos2 h= Dtan +i-L HB=HA+h=HA+ Dtan +i-L

=- =90- D=ct cos2 h= Dtan +i-L HB=HA+h=HA+ Dtan +i-L

Sheet1

_____ A ____ ____

____ 46.54m 1.42m ____

(m)(m)(m)

B2.0012.5021.5011.00183 1164911.298.657.74

Sheet2

Sheet3

1 2 33m

4-1 a-- b--HA+a=HB+bhAB= HB - HA = a-b

4-2

hA1=a1-b1,h12=a2-b2,h2B=a3-b3hAB=hA1+h12+h2B=a- b1,2

4-3 123

1100m3m3mm5mm10m

2

3

412=1-213=5-614=12-1315=14+159=4+K -710=3+K -811=10-916=3-417=8-711=16-17100

1fh

20 mm)S

2fh =h-h

1212

1 2 i

3

1systematic error 2accident error 3.gross error

:162, Li=Ai+Bi+Ci,X=180,162 1620.2 ,, , i=X-Li (i=1,2,,n)

1234

Sheet1

()

0.0~0.2212142

0.2~0.4191938

0.4~0.6151227

0.6~0.891120

0.8~1.09817

10.~1.25611

1.2~1.4134

1.4~1.6123

1.6000

8082162

Sheet2

Sheet3

53 arithmetical mean L

n Xmost probable value

1m12

2

2lml/SS1=1km m1=10cm k=1/10000 S2=10kmm2= 10cm k=1/1000003 Admissible Error 3250.3 1.2.1

55 Law of Error Propagation 56

Li(i=1,2,,n)Pimii

61 1ABCD

61

612

10km2

62

123

112345

2110 000 101.51/3000

368

464

1 2n n 2180 6lZ 62 n2180 360

2 3 1

41 2

5 12312

65

GPS7-1 GPSGPS( 21320200km1/11h58min 4 GPS1 2 P30m) C/A300m,20 24m)

1531CSOC26h2GPS3GPS10cm(s)

GPS11 12GPS2GPSGPSGPSGPSTrimble Leica Ashtech Novatel Sokkia

7-2 GPS =t.c -t-c-= ct+t-(T+t)-trop-iontrop---ion --t tropion

GPS4

GPSL1L2 GPSL1L2 =/2=N0+Ni+i/2)10-3 123123

7-3 GPS1234 561 27C/A1m,P0.3 8,9WGS-84

81 dD : :

: : : 0.1mm , 0.1mmMM

11000

h: (d):(i): h

:

1.h 2.3. 4. 5.

1/21/4

82 1 2 3 1 2 -- -- -- --

8-31234DSM

8-4 (XYH33571--- 2--- 3--- ---

8-5 1y=f(x)y=g(x)y=f(x)y=g(x)

2 3

8-6 1DEM2DEM TIN3TIN

TINTINPi,j

TIN12

6

91

91 :()

O

1

(2)3

X

Y

L06n3 3m

75o

81o

87o

93o

78o

84o

3o

90o

6o

96o

XYO X500YO

92 50cm50cm40cm40cm40cm50cm()81363.015.0 863

1 1:1001:100422ABV180660126022601:100

B3031L114281:1001:100H50 1:2501:201:101:501:201:101:100

1:1003241:501:100ABCD1:50B3031L114281:50H50A

1:100140361:20n61:1001236B3031L114281:20H50131:10030201441:101:10012144B3031L114281:20H5049

31:51:11:51:11:101:10151041:51:10ABCDB3031L114281:5H5049B1:57.5541:2.51:51234B3031L114281:2.5H5049B41:10345230641:11:101264B3031L114281:1H504932

41:51:11:1152.511541:51:1abcd1:5H5049(32)c

199119911:1001:100 1:1001:50001:500000101:100

1 1:1001:1001:1006460761276882441:100J501:100H50

11:100

1:5000001:50001:100891:10001:100

1:50001:500000

LWBN1:100

1 1:501:1002241:501:5032L1173345B3922301:50J50B001002 21:251:10044161:251:251301L1173345B3922301:20J50C00300341:101:10012121441:101:103020L1173345B3922301:10J500D008008

51:51:10024245761:51:51510L1173345B3922301:5J50E01701661:2.51:100484823041:2.51:2.57305L1173345B3922301:2.5J50F04200271:11:100969692161:11:1345230L1173345B3922301:1J50G09300481:50001:100192192368641:50001:5000152.5115L1173345B3922301:5000J50M192192

1p(1415,21478)2pmn3pmpn4Xp=1415+pmM Yp=21478+pnM9-3

1kmn 2mkmn3 Hp=Hm+hmk/mn

1AB 2

1AB 2A 3AB1AB 2

1 2 3 41 5

11-1 1 GPS RTK 23()

GPS RTK

GPS RTK

10-2

10-2

1 2

1.2.

() 1.().: 1Aa 2b 3Bb 4B

() A30.173mBB30.654m 1 2A

2.

1

2

12

1

4132X1=30.0Y1=20.00X2=30.0Y2=100.0X3=78.00Y3=100.0X4=78.00Y4=20.001AB 214233 1234OMNAB

2(1) D

(2)

JKMNOLabcdp

A132.436m120.372mB(120.336m106.563m)P136.447m102.954m12ABABP

10-3 1234

12-1 1 2 1 2 3 4

312ab

34

1

N1S1N2S2

212

12312

12-2 1231123212

3(11232

13-1 1

2 20~50m5~20m

13-1YZ

YZ

YZ