Content Management & Portal Management

2012 ( )

(: 2012) 1 0.92832 0.91253 0.8960 4 0.88895 0.8687 6 0.8635 7 0.8599 8 0.8593 9 0.8505 10 0.8474 4 /

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(ICTs) There is the digital divide between developed and the developing countries, and within countries between different socio-economic groups and localities.

Bridging the digital divide involves addressing wider developmental issues such as poverty reduction, literacy and education and gender equality.7 (: ITU)Broadband Internet access is perhaps the best and most important example of the digital divide.

Basic Internet connectivity offers people a window to the world but broad connectivity gives them a doorway to a better life. Effective telemedicine, e-commerce, e-banking and e-governance all depend on a high-speed, secure Internet connection. Telemedicine, for example, is becoming an increasingly important tool for bringing access to medicine to rural communities, by providing vital links to expertise around the world. But for telemedicine to work it requires access to broadband technology.

Broadband is now recognized by some as a basic human right. Yet, there is a huge divide in broadband access. In the 31 countries at the top of the listthose where broadband is most affordablea fixed broadband subscription costs less than 1 per cent of average monthly income. But for people who live in the 32 countries where broadband is least affordablemost of them UN-designated Least Developed Countriesa fixed broadband subscription costs over half of average monthly income. In 19 of those countries, a broadband connection costs more than the full average monthly income.8

In the effort to bridge the digital divide and increase citizens uptake of e-governance, and at the same time, improve government processes and systems for more efficient and effective service delivery, there are three major trends taking place.9 ( )

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/ Information, services and participation services integrated on one site or separate.

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( )Linked to citizens engagement is peoples right to information because citizens cannot participate meaningfully if they do not have access to information.

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The right to information is an important cornerstone of open data use because the latter can only take place when there is a right to access government information.

A number of governments around the world have opened previously locked-up government-held datasets, providing raw data to their citizens.

Open data offers opportunities for citizen input, feedback and transparency, which will increase the chances for success of improved public services and service uptakes under the right circumstances.

The typical characteristics of open data is that it is open for everyone to freely use, reuse and integrate various data.

Governments are collecting data and presenting data in one way that serves their need. But there are many ways that data can be interpreted and used.

Some governments are taking innovative approaches to maximizing the value of open data by encouraging people to interpret, analyse and present various visualizations of government data.17 2010(: http://haiti.openstreetmap.nl)

Examples of co-produced services come from emergency situations with crisis mapping (e.g., OpenStreetMaps Sinsai.Info). In this example, a mashup map with aggregated data enables users to view and add data on the location of collapsed buildings, hospitals, relief camps, etc. This accelerates the ability of communities of volunteers to co-produce public services, which tend to be faster and more responsive in emergency situations than those provided by government organizations alone.18

Many governments that have made data open are encouraging citizens to build apps using the data, e.g. in Australia, Singapore, UK and USA

This is the homepage of Singapores open data portal that brings together over 5,000 datasets from 50 government ministries and agencies. As you can see it gives a listing of applications developed using government data. Singapore also runs regular competition to encourage citizens to create apps using government data.

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e-Government/e-Governance can be viewed as consisting of a set of phases not entirely sequential, but relying on growing levels of capability, knowledge and infrastructure. There are a number of development/maturity models for e-government. Generally, they start with a basic web presence and move up through a number of levels (ranging from three to five stages). The United Nations and the World Bank proposes a four-stage model.22 (: 17 2004 (infoDev) 2009)

Because Iraq is considered one of the late adopters of e-governance, you have the advantage of learning from past lessons and failures and build upon and adapt the good practices from other countries.23

(Source: UN e-Government Survey 2012)2012201011 2849 361341584862635087939851128133137136167164190 According to the United Nations e-Government Survey the United Arab Emirates as the leader in e-governance in the Arab region, in 28th place. Some countries in the Arab region have made rapid progress in e-governance and there are a number of best practices within the region that Iraq can learn from in e-governance in general and more specifically in content and portal management.25 (http://www.bahrain.bh) 2007

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2010 92% 93% 70% (http://portal.www.gov.qa) :

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(http://www.egov.gov.iq) 2009

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(: 2011)2012 (: ) - (2009)20092000 ( 100 )75.857.862.60.0 ( ) 342186 (%) 7772 2012 (: ) - (2009)20092000 ( 100 )5.112.73.52.7 ( 100 )5.617.21.00.0 ( 100 )0.05.50.00.1 ( 100 ) (: 2011)

Since 2008, the United Nations e-Government Surveys have assessed governments organizational commitment to a whole-of-government approach by asking whether they have identified a government-wide CIO or similar official responsible for overseeing e-governance strategy. The number of countries publicizing such a post has steadily increased. In the 2012 Survey, 60 countries31 per cent of Member Stateswere found to have an e-governance CIO or equivalent. This is up from 32 countries in 2010 and 29 countries in 2008.

In developed countries, the CIO or equivalent is typically responsible for providing policy leadership, supporting and monitoring open government initiatives, coordinating ICT programmes and projects across government to ensure they are aligned with overall strategy, and monitoring and reporting on spending.In developing countries, the role is often described in similar terms, but with the addition of building technology competence among government officials and improving and expanding ICT infrastructure and international cooperation with donors and NGOs on e-governance initiatives. 36

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e.g. more funds, authority to work with other ministries, more skilled staff, a customer charter, improved ICT infrastructure, etc.39 ...

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This ease of collaboration is important as content development and management is no longer the sole responsibility of the content manager or webmaster. As citizens demand updated information and quick response, different personnel from different government ministries, departments and agencies need to be involved. With the emphasis on e-participation, those from the private sector and civil society, and citizens have also become involved in the content development process.43 ( ) ( ) ( ) .

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Factors to consider in managing a portal can be divided into front-end and back-end.48 . :

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75% of the worlds inhabitants now have access to a mobile phone.In Iraq, 75% of population have access to mobile phone.

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/ / ( ) .To overcome limitations of mobile devices and offer a better user experience, it is important for governments to utilize mobile-based technologies such as SMS, a separate m-governance site and/or mobile applications.

Mobile Web is a website created specifically for mobile deviceaccessible through mobile browsers, no download or installation required.

Mobile App is an application designed to run a specific mobile devicedownload and installation required.55 (GIS)

: GIS is worth special attention because it enables the visualization of data and can bring information to life.

More recently, GIS tools have been used by governments to interact with citizens and to promote accountability and transparency. For example, Seoul, Republic of Korea developed a location-based mobile application that allows users to register complaints regarding community issues that affect public safety and infrastructure. The application is designed to map the reported location and allow photos of the location to be attached and submitted via smart phone. Registered complaints are transferred to a central contact centre and then directed to the appropriate city service. Through this application, citizens can track the progress of their complaints, and SMSes are sent to users to inform them about the complaint resolution procedure.

Participatory GIS has been studied and piloted in the field of disaster management. It is essentially the use of geo-spatial technologies to promote interactive participation of stakeholders in generating, managing, analysing and communicating their knowledge.

This practice has made community knowledge, experience, perception and coping capacity more visual and accessible, contributing to a better understanding of risks. At the same time, it has helped initiate dialogue and partnership between the vulnerable communities and other actors in DRR, including government authorities, NGOs, international agencies, academia and the private sector.

In Dagupan City, Philippines, community maps have been used as input to the citys disaster information management system, resulting in a working end-to-end flood early warning system.56 / ()

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(RFID) / /GIS tools are being complemented by sensor networks.

Sensors can be embedded in or attached to objects to monitor the physical or chemical properties of objects or spaces.

They can be used to monitor land use, natural resources, pollution levels, disaster risks, energy consumption etc.

Some sensors can be located in living things, including in humans for health monitoring purposes, for example. In some cases, sensors are attached to motor vehicles to report on their status. They can also be used as activators (or actuators), that is they can cause an event to happen (such as an alarm to sound if certain environmental conditions, such as temperature, reach a certain point).57: FireWatch

Real time forest fire detection and prediction system based on Wireless Sensor Networks, Geographic Information Systems, Terrain Analysis & Digital Terrain Modelling, and Collaboration Systems with firemen and relevant authorities to reduce forest damage. (Source: http://firewatch.cs.ucy.ac.cy/)58 ()

(: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing)

Cloud computing is associated with the provision of the following services:Software as a service (SaaS) is the delivery of a web-enabled application to a user through a browser. Examples include customer relationship management systems and office applications such as Google Docs.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS), where instead of purchasing and installing servers and software, a computing platform is purchased as an outsourced service (including data centre space, servers, storage, networking and software often provided as a virtual machine environment).

Platform as a service (PaaS), is a development platform for which the development tool itself is hosted in the cloud and accessed through a browser. With PaaS, developers can build web applications without installing any tools on their computer and then deploy those applications without any specialized systems administration skills.60 .

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() . Cloud computing has several advantages. In exchange for a fee, the cloud can replace computer operating systems and applications with equivalent services located on remote servers. This can cut not only capital costs, but also the cost of purchasing applications and online services. This model also enables government to address productivity upgrades without costly investments and helps government scale up their services, including storage capacity, as it evolves.Today, cloud computing services can provide, for a fee, services such as a full IT department, including server facilities, human resources and payroll functions online, as well as sales and customer relationship services. In other words, the activities of a traditional IT department are being replaced by equivalent services offered by cloud computing service providers.61 : ( ) ( ) 10-20

Cloud computing offers many benefits, but it also is vulnerable to threats. As the uses of cloud computing increase, it is highly likely that more criminals will try to find new ways to exploit vulnerabilities in the system.

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While governments are using both proprietary software and FOSS, the latter has received a significant amount of attention in recent years due to perceived benefits in terms of costs, security and flexibility.

FOSS refers to software that is distributed under a license that is recognized either as free software by the Free Software Foundation (FSF), or Open Source Software (OSS) by the Open Source Initiative.64

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A holistic e-governance strategy or strategic framework can help governments identify gaps in technology and human capacity, in financial sustainability, and in the applications development ecosystem. Content management and portal management needs to be a part of this strategy. At the same time, in managing contents and portals, one must keep these broader e-governance issues and challenges in mind.74

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