علاقة التكلفة بالحجم بالربح
DESCRIPTION
الفصل السابع. علاقة التكلفة بالحجم بالربح. تحليل التعادل :- التأثير على الدخل نتيجة التغيرات في كل من :-. سعر بيع الوحدة حجم المبيعات او النشاط تكلفة متغيرة للوحدة تكاليف ثابتة اجمالية تشكيلة الوحدات المباعة. أساسيات العلاقة بين الحجم والربح والتكاليف. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
بالحجم التكلفة عالقة بالربح
السابع الفصل
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
على :- التأثير التعادل تحليلالتغيراتفي نتيجة الدخل
من -: كلالوحدة بيع سعر
النشاط او المبيعات حجمللوحدة متغيرة تكلفةاجمالية ثابتة تكاليف
المباعة الوحدات تشكيلة
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Total Per UnitSales (500 bikes) 250,000$ 500$ Less: variable expenses 150,000 300 Contribution margin 100,000 200$
Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income 20,000$
WIND BICYCLE CO.Contribution Income Statement
For the Month of June
الحجم بين العالقة أساسياتوالتكاليف والربح
التكاليف استبعاد بعد المتبقي المبلغ هي الربح حافةالتكاليف لمواجهة المتغيرة الثابتة
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Total Per UnitSales (500 bikes) 250,000$ 500$ Less: variable expenses 150,000 300 Contribution margin 100,000 200$
Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income 20,000$
WIND BICYCLE CO.Contribution Income Statement
For the Month of June
بين العالقة تحليل اساسياتوالحجم التكلفة
والربح
يطلق الربح حافة من الثابتة التكاليف استبعاد بعدالمتبقي علىالتشغيلي الدخل
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
الربح حافة مدخل
بيع ) سعر تباع اضافية مبيعات وحدة ريال 500كلمتغيرة تضيف ( 300وتكلفة ربح 200ريال حافة ريال
دخل تصبح وبعدها الثابتة التكاليف تغطية في تشارك
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
الربح حافة مدخل
حافة من الشركة تحقق ان يجب شهر كلثمانون وقدره مبلغ دوالر 80000الربح
التعادل لتحقيق
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
الربح حافة مدخل
باعت الشركة فقط 400لو وحدة صفر حتكون االرباح يعنى التعادل تحقق سوف
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Total Per UnitSales (401 bikes) 200,500$ 500$ Less: variable expenses 120,300 300 Contribution margin 80,200 200$
Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income 200$
WIND BICYCLE CO.Contribution Income Statement
For the Month of June
الربح حافة مدخل
الشركة صافي 401لو الشركة تحقق سوف دراجة دخل
دوالر 200تشغيلي .
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
والحجم التكلفة عالقة بيانفيشكل والربح
بيانيفيشكل والربح والحجم التكلفة بين عرضالعالقة
مفيد بيانيالتالية البيانات من ذلك نوضح : وسوف
Income 300 units
Income 400 units
Income 500 units
Sales 150,000$ 200,000$ 250,000$ Less: variable expenses 90,000 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 60,000$ 80,000$ 100,000$ Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 80,000 Net operating income (20,000)$ -$ 20,000$
Income 300 units
Income 400 units
Income 500 units
Sales 150,000$ 200,000$ 250,000$ Less: variable expenses 90,000 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 60,000$ 80,000$ 100,000$ Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 80,000 Net operating income (20,000)$ -$ 20,000$
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
- 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
بيانيا التعادل عالقة
الثابتة المصروفات
وحدات
ترا
والد
االجمالية المصروفات
المبيعات اجمالي
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
- 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
الوحدات
ترا
والد
بيانيا التعادل
التعادل نقطة
ربحال ةطق من
ارةخسال ةطق من
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
الربح حافة معدل او نسبة
التالية الربح بالمعادلة حافة نسبة تحسب
كاالتي تحسب الدراجات -: ولشركة$ 80,000$200,000
= 40%
الربح حافة اجماليالمبيعات حافة اجمالي نسبة
= الربح
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
الربح حافة نسبة
طريق عن الربح حافة نسبة حساب ويمكنالوحدة بيع وسعر للوحدة الربح حافة قيمة
الوحدة بيع قيمة = / سعر الربح حافة نسبةالوحدة ربح حافة
500/ = 200 = 40%
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
الربح حافة نسبة
بمبلغ مبيعاتها زادت اذا الشركة أن معناه هذادوالر واحد
بمبلغ تزيد ربحها حافة النسبة 0.4فان ألن دوالر40%.
بمبلغ الشركة مبيعات زادت بمبلغ فاذا الشركة مبيعات زادت دوالر دوالر 5000050000فاذاربح حافة في المتوقعة الزيادة هي ربح فما حافة في المتوقعة الزيادة هي فما
؟؟؟؟؟؟ ؟؟؟؟؟؟ الشركة الشركة
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
400 Bikes 500 BikesSales 200,000$ 250,000$ Less: variable expenses 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 80,000 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 Net operating income -$ 20,000$
400 Bikes 500 BikesSales 200,000$ 250,000$ Less: variable expenses 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 80,000 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 Net operating income -$ 20,000$
الربح حافة نسبة
المبيعات في زيادة ترتب 50000ان دوالرتحقيق عليه
الربح 20000زيادة حافة في دوالر 50000$* 40% = 20000$
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
سريعة مراجعة
يعادل الكوب بيع سعر ، شوب كوفي 1.49محلتعادل للكوب متغيرة وتكلفة أن $0.36 كما ، $تعادل الثابتة التكاليف فما . 1300???اجمالي دوالر
الربح حافة نسبة هيa. 1.319
b. 0.758c. 0.242
d. 4.139
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
سريعة مراجعة
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the CM Ratio for Coffee Klatch?
a. 1.319
b. 0.758
c. 0.242
d. 4.139
الوحدة ربح حافةالوحدة بيع حافة سعر نسبة
= الربح
=($1.49-$0.36)
$1.49
=$1.13$1.49
= 0.758
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
والتكلفة الحجم عالقة تطبيقات والربح
الحالة Per اساس Percent
Total Unit of Sales
مبيعات 250,000 500 100%
متغيرة تكلفة 150,000 300 60 %
الربح حافة 100,000 200 40 %
ثابتة تكلفة 80,000الدخل 20,000
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
وحجم الثابتة التكاليف في التغيرات المبيعات
حاليا تبيع الحديثة الدراجات بيع شركةويعتقد 500شهريا دراجة
بمبلغ االعالن موازنة زيادة ان 10000المديرعليه يترتب دوالر
الى الدراجات مبيعات حجم دراجة 540زيادة .
اقتراح على توافق هل هو السؤال؟؟؟؟ الشركة مدير
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Current Sales (500 bikes)
Projected Sales (540
bikes)
Sales 250,000$ 270,000$ Less: variable expenses 150,000 162,000 Contribution margin 100,000 108,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 90,000 Net operating income 20,000$ 18,000$
Current Sales (500 bikes)
Projected Sales (540
bikes)
Sales 250,000$ 270,000$ Less: variable expenses 150,000 162,000 Contribution margin 100,000 108,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 90,000 Net operating income 20,000$ 18,000$
الثابتة التكاليف في التغيراتالمبيعات حجم في والتغيرات
بمبلغ المبيعات الدخل 20000زادت أن اال $ انخفض
20002000بمقدار بمقدار $ $
بمبلغ المبيعات الدخل 20000زادت أن اال $ انخفض
20002000بمقدار بمقدار $ $
80,000$ + 10,000$ 90,000$ = االعالن $10,000 + $80,000 90,000$ = االعالن
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
الثابتة التكاليف في التغيراتالمبيعات وحجم
المختصر السريع المختصر الحل السريع الحل
Increase in CM (40 units X $200) 8,000$ Increase in advertising expenses 10,000 Decrease in net operating income (2,000)$
Increase in CM (40 units X $200) 8,000$ Increase in advertising expenses 10,000 Decrease in net operating income (2,000)$
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
لتحليل أخرى تطبيقات التعادل
المبيعات وحجم المتغيرة التكاليف في تغيرات242ص
وحجم الوحدة وسعربيع ثابتة تكاليف في تغيرات المبيعات
242ص
وجدم المتغيرة والتكاليف الثابتة التكاليف في تغيراتص 243المبيعات
ص البيع سعر فى 244تغيرات
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
التعادل تحليل
قيمة او لحجم التوصل يمكنباسلوبين التعادل
المعادلة -1 طريقةالربح -2 حافة طريقة
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
المعادلة طريقة
التكاليف = - ) + الثابتة التكاليف المبيعات االرباحالمتغيرة (
االرباح = + + المتغيرة التكاليف الثابتة التكاليف المبيعات
OR
صفر تعادل االرباح التعادل . عند
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
التعادل تحليل
الدراجات شركة من المعلومات هنا
Total Per Unit PercentSales (500 bikes) 250,000$ 500$ 100%Less: variable expenses 150,000 300 60%Contribution margin 100,000$ 200$ 40%
Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income 20,000$
Total Per Unit PercentSales (500 bikes) 250,000$ 500$ 100%Less: variable expenses 150,000 300 60%Contribution margin 100,000$ 200$ 40%
Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income 20,000$
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
المعادلة طريقة
كاالتي التعادل نقطة نحسب -: نحناالرباح = + + الثابتة التكاليف المتغيرة التكاليف المبيعات
500 0 + 80000س + 300س =
حيثالمباعة = الدراجات عدد س
الدراجة = الوحدة بيع 500سعر دوالر
الدراجة للوحدة المتغيرة التكلفةدوالر 300=
للشركة = االجمالية الثابتة التكاليفدوالر 80000
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
المعادلة طريقة االتية بالمعادلة التعادل نقطة -: نحسب
االرباح = + + الثابتة التكاليف المتغيرة التكاليف االرباح = + + المبيعات الثابتة التكاليف المتغيرة التكاليف المبيعات
500 0 + 80000س + 300س = 500 80000س = 300س –
200 80000س = المبيعات ) ( = /200 = وحدة 400 حجم س
80000
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
المعادلة طريقة
االتية المعادلة استخدام أيضا نستطيع نحنالتعادل لحساب
االرباح = + + الثابتة التكاليف المتغيرة التكاليف المبيعات قيمة
00 + + 8000080000ص + ص + 0.60.6ص = ص = حيثحيث
المبيعات= قيمة اجمالي المبيعات= ص قيمة اجمالي صللمبيعات = 0.6 = 0.6 المتغيرة التكاليف للمبيعات نسبة المتغيرة التكاليف نسبة
8000080000ص = ص = 0.60.6ص – ص – 8000080000ص = ص = 0.4 0.4
دد2000002000008000080000ص= ص= / /44....00 = = دوالر دوالر 200000 200000
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
المعادلة طريقة
على بالقيمة التعادل مبيعات قيمة بحساب نقوماالتي -: النحو
االرباح = + + الثابتة التكاليف المتغيرة التكاليف المبيعات0+ 80000ص + 0.6ص=
80000ص = 0.6ص – 80000ص = 0.4
التعادل ) ( = مبيعات قيمة 200000= 0.4 \ 80000ص $
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
الربح حافة طريقة
المعادلة طريقة عن تختلف الربح حافة طريقة -: كاالتي
الثابتة المصروفاتالوحدة ربح = حافة
بعدد التعادل نقطة الوحدات
الثابتة المصروفاتالربح حافة معدل نسبة
=بالقيمة التعادل نقطة
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
الربح حافة طريقة
الربح حافة بيانات باستخدام
$80,000 = 400 $200 Units
=بالوحدات التعادل نقطة
$80,000 = $200,000 .40
=بالقيمة التعادل نقطة
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the break-even sales in units?
a. 872 cups
b. 3,611 cups
c. 1,200 cups
d. 1,150 cups
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the break-even sales in units?
a. 872 cups
b. 3,611 cups
c. 1,200 cups
d. 1,150 cups
Fixed expensesUnit contribution margin
Break-even =
$1,300$1.49 per cup - $0.36 per cup
=$1,300
$1.13 per cup
= 1,150 cups
=
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the break-even sales in dollars?
a. $1,300
b. $1,715
c. $1,788
d. $3,129
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the break-even sales in dollars?
a. $1,300
b. $1,715
c. $1,788
d. $3,129
Fixed expensesCM Ratio
Break-even sales =
$1,3000.758
= $1,715
=
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Target Profit Analysis
Suppose Wind Co. wants to know how many bikes must be sold to earn a profit
of $100,000.
We can use our CVP formula to determine the sales volume needed to
achieve a target net profit figure.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The CVP Equation
Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits
$500Q = $300Q + $80,000 + $100,000
$200Q = $180,000
Q = 900 bikes
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The Contribution Margin Approach
We can determine the number of bikes that must be sold to earn a profit of $100,000 using the contribution margin approach.
Fixed expenses + Target profit Unit contribution margin
=Unit sales to attain
the target profit
$80,000 + $100,000 $200 per bike
= 900 bikes
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. How many cups of coffee would have to be sold to attain target profits of $2,500 per month?
a. 3,363 cups
b. 2,212 cups
c. 1,150 cups
d. 4,200 cups
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. How many cups of coffee would have to be sold to attain target profits of $2,500 per month?
a. 3,363 cups
b. 2,212 cups
c. 1,150 cups
d. 4,200 cups
Fixed expenses + Target profitUnit contribution margin
Unit sales to attain target profit
$1,300 + $2,500$1.49 - $0.36
=$3,800$1.13
= 3,363 cups
=
=
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The Margin of Safety
Excess of budgeted (or actual) sales over the break-even volume of sales. The
amount by which sales can drop before losses begin to be incurred.
Margin of safety = Total sales - Break-even sales
Let’s calculate the margin of safety for Wind.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The Margin of Safety
Wind has a break-even point of $200,000. If actual sales are $250,000, the margin of
safety is $50,000 or 100 bikes.
Break-even sales
400 unitsActual sales
500 unitsSales 200,000$ 250,000$ Less: variable expenses 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 80,000 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 Net operating income -$ 20,000$
Break-even sales
400 unitsActual sales
500 unitsSales 200,000$ 250,000$ Less: variable expenses 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 80,000 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 Net operating income -$ 20,000$
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The Margin of Safety
The margin of safety can be expressed as 20% of sales. So sales can decrease by 20% and firm
still breaks even.($50,000 ÷ $250,000)
Break-even sales
400 unitsActual sales
500 unitsSales 200,000$ 250,000$ Less: variable expenses 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 80,000 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 Net operating income -$ 20,000$
Break-even sales
400 unitsActual sales
500 unitsSales 200,000$ 250,000$ Less: variable expenses 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 80,000 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 Net operating income -$ 20,000$
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the margin of safety?
a. 3,250 cups
b. 950 cups
c. 1,150 cups
d. 2,100 cups
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the margin of safety?
a. 3,250 cups
b. 950 cups
c. 1,150 cups
d. 2,100 cups
Margin of safety = Total sales – Break-even sales
= 950 cups= 2,100 cups – 1,150 cups
or
950 cups2,100 cups
Margin of safety percentage = = 45%
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Cost Structure and Profit Stability
Which is better – high variable costs and low fixed costs or vice-versa
See Bogside / Sterling example on pages 249 – 250
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Operating Leverage
A measure of how sensitive net operating income is to percentage changes in sales.
With high leverage, a small percentage increase in sales can produce a much larger percentage increase in net operating income.
Contribution margin Net operating income
Degree ofoperating leverage =
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Operating Leverage
Actual sales 500 Bikes
Sales 250,000$ Less: variable expenses 150,000 Contribution margin 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net income 20,000$
Actual sales 500 Bikes
Sales 250,000$ Less: variable expenses 150,000 Contribution margin 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net income 20,000$
$100,000 $20,000
= 5
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Operating Leverage
With a operating leverage of 5, if Wind With a operating leverage of 5, if Wind increases its sales by 10%, net operating increases its sales by 10%, net operating
income would increase by 50%.income would increase by 50%.
Percent increase in sales 10%Degree of operating leverage × 5Percent increase in profits 50%
Here’s the verification!
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Operating Leverage
10% increase in sales from$250,000 to $275,000 . . .
10% increase in sales from$250,000 to $275,000 . . .
. . . results in a 50% increase inincome from $20,000 to $30,000.. . . results in a 50% increase in
income from $20,000 to $30,000.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the operating leverage?
a. 2.21
b. 0.45
c. 0.34
d. 2.92
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the operating leverage?
a. 2.21
b. 0.45
c. 0.34
d. 2.92
Contribution marginNet operating income
Operating leverage =
$2,373$1,073= = 2.21
Actual sales2,100 cups
Sales 3,129$ Less: Variable expenses 756 Contribution margin 2,373 Less: Fixed expenses 1,300 Net operating income 1,073$
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
At Coffee Klatch the average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49, the average variable expense per cup is $0.36, and the average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average.
If sales increase by 20%, by how much should net operating income increase?
a. 30.0%b. 20.0%c. 22.1%d. 44.2%
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
At Coffee Klatch the average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49, the average variable expense per cup is $0.36, and the average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average.
If sales increase by 20%, by how much should net operating income increase?
a. 30.0%b. 20.0%c. 22.1%d. 44.2%
Percent increase in sales 20.0%
× Degree of operating leverage 2.21 Percent increase in profit 44.20%
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Teaching Note: Verify increase in profit
Actual sales
Increased sales
2,100 cups 2,520 cupsSales 3,129$ 3,755$ Less: Variable expenses 756 907 Contribution margin 2,373 2,848 Less: Fixed expenses 1,300 1,300 Net operating income 1,073$ 1,548$
% change in sales 20.0%% change in net operating income 44.2%
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The Concept of Sales Mix
Sales mix is the relative proportions in which a company’s products are sold.
Different products have different selling prices, cost structures, and contribution margins.
Let’s assume Wind sells bikes and carts and see how we deal with break-even analysis.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Multi-product break-even analysis
Wind Bicycle Co. provides the following information:
Bikes Carts TotalSales 250,000$ 100% 300,000$ 100% 550,000$ 100.0%Var. exp. 150,000 60% 135,000 45% 285,000 51.8%Contrib. margin 100,000$ 40% 165,000$ 55% 265,000 48.2%
Fixed exp. 170,000 Net operating income 95,000$
Sales mix 250,000$ 45% 300,000$ 55% 550,000$ 100.0%
$265,000 $550,000
= 48.2% (rounded)
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Impact of Change in Sales Mix
See Sound Unlimited example on page 254 – 256
Sales mix is very often the reason for changes in profitability for one period to the next.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003McGraw-Hill/Irwin
End of Chapter 6