三级考试系列复习材料三级考试系列复习材料阅读理解、简短回答应试技巧阅读理解、简短回答应试技巧• I. 阅读理解应试技巧 • 一、阅读短文的选材原则 • 二、阅读理解主要测试下述能力 • 三、考生在做阅读理解时应注意以下几个方面 • 四、解题技巧• 阅读理解中的四不要• II. 大学英语短文简答题命题倾向及应试技巧• 一、简答题与阅读理解题的异同 • 二、命题倾向剖析及应试技巧 • 三、简答题得高分基本原则 • 四、短文分析

阅读理解应试技巧阅读理解应试技巧 • 一、阅读短文的选材原则：• 题材广泛，可以包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常生活常识、科技常识等，但是所设计的背景知识应为考生所理解；• 体裁多样，可以包括记叙文、说明文、议论文等。• 文章的语言难度中等

阅读理解应试技巧阅读理解应试技巧 • 二、阅读理解主要测试下述能力：• 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；• 了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；• 既理解字面的意思，又能根据所谈材料进行一定的推理判断和推论；• 既理解个别句子的意义，又理解上下文的逻辑关系。

阅读理解应试技巧阅读理解应试技巧 • 三、考生在做阅读理解时应注意以下几个方面：• 1 、困难及原因• 在阅读理解部分，考生常会碰到两方面的困难：

– 生词较多，影响理解；– 时间太紧，来不及完成。

• 产生这种情况，有以下几方面的原因：• 词汇量太少；• 阅读速度太慢；• 知识面太狭窄；• 在难题上花费的时间过多

阅读理解应试技巧阅读理解应试技巧 • 2 、如何克服困难• 要克服以上困难，平时应做到：• 扩大阅读面，增加词汇量；• 扩大知识面；• 训练阅读速度，做到既读得快又理解内容大意。• 考试时须注意：• 碰到难题不要钻牛角尖。实在做不出时要果断舍弃，以免影响到解别的有把握的题；• 在词汇题部分可节省部分时间。因为词汇题做得出就做得出，做不出的话，即使绞尽脑汁也无济于事。这样就能余下部分时间花在阅读理解上。

阅读理解试题特点阅读理解试题特点• 1 、题材多样化• 阅读理解中的文章至少牵涉两大类：• 1 ）、人文社会方面：如文化、历史、婚姻、家庭、教育、交通、住房、环境、能源及其他社会现象。阅读此类文章的关键是抓住作者所支持或反对的观点，以及作者对文中人文社会现象的态度。• 2 ）、科技方面：如动植物、地质、海洋、遗传、语言、空间技术、医学以及其他最新科技理论与成果。阅读此类文章关键是抓住作者论述的中心以及作者对于理论或成果的评判。

阅读理解试题特点阅读理解试题特点• 2 、体裁：以说明和议论为主。• 大纲规定阅读理解部分的文章“体裁可多样化，包括记叙文、说明文和议论文等”。但纯粹的记叙文很少出现，说明文与议论文占大多数。

四、解题技巧四、解题技巧三级考试阅读理解技巧（一）三级考试阅读理解技巧（一） • 三级阅读测试一般包括 4 篇文章的阅读，每篇后有 5 道选择题。这些的类型多种多样，但归纳起来大致可分为二大类，即全域型问题（ Global Q

uestion ）和局域型问题（ Local Question ）。 Global Question 一般涉及三方面内容： Subject ， Matter, Attitude / Tone 。 Local Question 涉及： Supporting Details, Inference 以及 Vocabulary 。以下，我们将针对三、四级考试的特点、出题范畴、出题方式等，根据这些问题在考试出题中的大致排列顺序，进行有步骤、有计划的分项应试技能训练。

关于主题思想问题关于主题思想问题（（ Subject MatterSubject Matter ））

• （ 1 ） What is the main idea (subject) of this passage?（ 2 ） What does this passage mainly (primarily) concerned?（ 3 ） The main theme of this passage is _________.（ 4 ） The main point of the passage is _________.（ 5 ） Which of the following is the best title for the passage?（ 6 ） The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _____. 　　

• （ 7 ） The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is _________.

1. 1. 关于主题型关于主题型• 　

Example 1:• In today’s world most graduate students

don’t regret spending time with their studies. They are finding that things are changing very fast. New developments are occurring in all fields. For many, graduate study has become a necessary.　 What is the main idea of this short passage?

1. 1. 关于主题型关于主题型• In today’s world most graduate students

don’t regret spending time with their studies.

1. 1. 关于主题型关于主题型• Example 2:• Different language learners have different

purposes for learning a new language. Some people learn a second language in order to learn about the culture of the people who speak that language. Other language learners want to travel to other countries. They need to know the languages of those countries so that they can talk to people and understand what they say.

• Please find the topic sentence of this short passage.

1. 1. 关于主题型关于主题型• Different language learners have differe

nt purposes for learning a new language.

1. 1. 关于主题型关于主题型• Example 3:• When prices are high, producers can get

money from their products. When prices are low, consumers can get more goods for their money. These changes in the prices of goods can cause changes in production and consumption. As the prices of goods go up, producers will make more goods in order to make more money. As the prices go down, consumers will buy more goods because of the low prices.

• What does this passage mainly concerned?

1. 1. 关于主题型关于主题型• These changes in the prices of goods can

cause changes in production and consumption.

三级考试阅读理解技巧（二）三级考试阅读理解技巧（二）22 ．关于标题型．关于标题型

• Example :　 Computer is a machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions called a program. Programs usually reside within the computer and are processed by the computer electronics, and the program results are stored and used again. Computers are used to perform a wide variety of activities with reliability, accuracy and speed.

• What is the best title for this passage?

三级考试阅读理解技巧（二）三级考试阅读理解技巧（二）22 ．关于标题型．关于标题型

• An Introduction of Computer

三级考试阅读理解技巧（三）三级考试阅读理解技巧（三）3.3. 关于目的型关于目的型

• Example• Language learning begins by listening.

Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noise.

三级考试阅读理解技巧（三）三级考试阅读理解技巧（三）3.3. 关于目的型关于目的型

• The author's purpose in writing this passage is to show that children _____.A) usually obey without asking questionsB) are passive in the process of learning to speakC) are born cooperative

• D) learn to speak by listening

三级考试阅读理解技巧（三）三级考试阅读理解技巧（三）3.3. 关于目的型关于目的型

• 本段一开始就是一个主题句： Language learning begins by listening. （语言的学习始于倾听）。概括了本段的大意，由此可知 D 就是作者写本段的目的。

三级考试阅读理解技巧（四）三级考试阅读理解技巧（四）细节性问题（细节性问题（ Supporting DetailsSupporting Details ）） • (1) Which of the following is NOT true

according to the information in the passage?(2) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?(3) The author mentions all of the following except….(4) The author states that….(5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc.) ….

三级考试阅读理解技巧（四）三级考试阅读理解技巧（四）细节性问题（细节性问题（ Supporting DetailsSupporting Details ））

• Example:• The old belief that the universe never changes is

quite wrong. Even before the invention of the telescope, astronomers noticed that bright stars suddenly appear in the sky and then later disappear. These stars were called “novae” because they were thought to be new. In fact we now know that they are really old stars which are slowly dying.

• Novae were originally thought to be _______.• A) stars that appear suddenly• B) stars that exploded• C) new stars• D) dying stars

三级考试阅读理解技巧（五）三级考试阅读理解技巧（五）怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（ InferenceInference ））• Inference 类问题主要包括 Significance 和 Communicat

ion Techniques 两大类。• 1. Significance• (1) The writer implies but not directly states that __

____.(2) It can be inferred from the passage that ______.(3) The author strongly suggests that ______.(4) It can be concluded from the passage that ______.(5) The passage is intended to ______.(6) The writer indicates that _______.

怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（ InferencInferencee ））

1. Significance1. Significance• Example 1　 • In some cases, however you decide that there is nothi

ng that you can do to avoid the danger. For example, you cannot prevent an airplane crashing into your house, and you may not go and live in a desert where there are no airplanes. In this case, fear has given you its warning; you have examined it and decided on your course of action, so fear of particular danger is no longer of any use to you, and you have try to overcome it.

• Implied but not stated: __________.• A) Fear is something always helpful• B) Fear is something unprofitable• C) Fear ought to be used as a servant and guide• D) Too much fear is harmful

怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（ InferenceInference ））1. Significance1. Significance

• Example 2• It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watc

h or take part in fox hunting. But over the last couple of decades the number of people opposed to fox hunting, because they think it is brutal(残酷的 ) ， has risen sharply. Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of confrontation(冲突 ) between hunters and hunt saboteurs(阻拦者 ).sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the fox’s smell, which the dogs follow.

怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（ InferenceInference ））1. Significance1. Significance

• It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

• A. killing foxes with poison is illegal• B. limiting the fox population is

unnecessary• C. hunting foxes with dogs is considered

cruel and violent• D. fox-hunting often leads to confrontation

between the poor and the rich

怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（ InferenceInference ））1. Significance1. Significance

• 这段文字中有 because they think it is brutal(残酷的 ) 一句，因为 because 这个因果“路标”词的存在，而 brutal 就等于 cruel and violent ，所以，从四个选项中就可以毫不费力的选出毫不费力的选出正确答案 C 。

怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（怎样回答阅读理解中的推理性问题（ InferenInferencece ））

2. Communication Techniques2. Communication Techniques • (1) The fact … is mentioned by the author

to show _______.(2) The author achieves his purpose by depending mainly upon ______.

• (3) The writer talks about …in order to____.(4) In discussing…, the author _____.(5) The author's statement about … is a … for…

2. Communication Techniques2. Communication Techniques• Example:• Making something by hand has become the

expectation in many countries today – so much so that giving a homemade gift is sometimes considered extraordinary. If you receive a homemade gift you’re lucky. It may not be made perfectly, but it will show a certain quality of love. No matter what the results of the homemade gift look like, remember it’s the thought that counts.

• According to the passage, homemade gifts should be _______.

• A) very beautiful B) sent to every person• C) cherished D) expensive

怎样回答阅读理解中的词汇问题（怎样回答阅读理解中的词汇问题（ Vocabu1Vocabu1aryary ）（上））（上）

• 一般来说，在文章的阅读中解解释义的最好办法是猜测词义。猜测词义也需要一定的技巧，可以通过 :• 1) 上下文间意义的联系；• 2 ）同义关系，反义关系；• 3 ）词的定义；• 4 ）对词的解释和举例；• 5 ）构词法知识猜测词义。

三级考试阅读理解技巧（六）三级考试阅读理解技巧（六）怎样回答阅读理解中的词汇问题（怎样回答阅读理解中的词汇问题（ Vocabu1aryVocabu1ary ））（上）（上）

• 阅读理解中词汇类问题的常见提问方式有下列几种：(1) According to the author, the word "…"means _______.(2) Which of the following is nearest in meaning to "…"?(3) The term "…"in paragraph… can be best replaced by ….(4) What's the meaning of "…"in line …of paragraph….?(5) As used in the line …, the word "…"refers to_____.

1. 1. 利用上下文词语意义的互相联系猜测词义利用上下文词语意义的互相联系猜测词义• Examples:• The fishermen make their canoes from tree

trunks .They go from island to island in these light narrow boats and collect turtles' eggs.

• He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he would never give up halfway.

• He is as sly as a fox. Jogging has become very popular in some

countries. It is believed to be a good exercise for old people.

2. 2. 利用文章中词与词的同义和反义关系利用文章中词与词的同义和反义关系猜测词义猜测词义

• Examples:• If you happened to be sitting in the woods

outside the city, you might have witnessed a strange sight. You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback, saying something.

• How can you extol, or praise, such work?• Many of them agreed; however, John

dissented. In the northern regions the winters are

generally cold and humid, and the summers hot and dry.

三级考试阅读理解技巧（七）三级考试阅读理解技巧（七）怎样回答阅读理解中的词汇问题（怎样回答阅读理解中的词汇问题（ Vocabu1aryVocabu1ary ））（下）（下）3. 3. 利用文章中对词的定义猜测词义利用文章中对词的定义猜测词义

• Examples ： Such experiences are not unusual for the conchologists, people who collect shells.

• We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre.

Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.

4. 4. 利用文章中对词的举例及解释猜测词义利用文章中对词的举例及解释猜测词义• Examples:• Today young couples who are just

starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color TVs.

• Finally the enemy surrendered. They threw down their weapons and walked out of the home with their hands over their heads.

5. 5. 利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义• 1 、常用的前缀（ 1 ）表示“否定”： dis-; il-; in-; im-; ir-; non-; un-… eg. dislike, illegal, inaccuracy, impossible, irresponsible, nonstandard, unfold…（ 2 ）表示“共同”： co- eg. cooperate, coexist, coeducation…（ 3 ）表示“互相”： inter- eg. interact(互相作用 ), interconnection(相互联系 )（ 4 ）表示 “错误地”： mis- eg. misuse, misunderstand, misjudge…（ 5 ）表示“再次”： re- eg. retell, reread, rewrite, recopy…

5. 5. 利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义（ 6 ）表示“超过”、“过度”： over- eg. overeat, overwork, overload, overcharge…（ 7 ）表示“不足”、“低于”： under- eg. underestimate, underactivity( 不够活跃 ), underpay（付款不足）（ 8 ）表示“半”： semi- eg. semifinal(半决赛 ), semi-colony(半殖民地 ), semi-official(半官方的 )…（ 9 ）表示“多”： multi- eg. multi-purpose( 多用途的 ), multi-user( 多用户 ), multi-address( 多地址的 )

5. 5. 利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义• 2 、常用的后缀（ 1 ）名词后缀： a. -er; -or: worker, teacher, visitor, director… b. –ion; -tion; -ation: devotion, solution… c. –ance; -ence: disappearance, existence… d. –al: arrival, dismissal, approval… e. –age: leakage(漏 ), shortage… f. –ty, -ity: cruelty, beauty, similarity, equality...

5. 5. 利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义• 2 、常用的后缀（ 2 ）动词后缀： a. –en: shorten, lengthen, sharpen, widen… b. –ify: classify, clarify(澄清 ) c. –ze; -ise: modernize, practise, advertise… (3) 形容词后缀 : a. –able; -ible: washable, readable, acceptable, resistible( 可抵抗的 ), responsible… b. –al: editorial, musical, cultural… c. –less: limitless, regardless, fearless… d. –y: rainy, cloudy, dirty, lucky… e. –ous, -ious: advantageous, various, glorious(光荣 )…

5. 5. 利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义 • Examples :• They overestimate the interviewee's ability

and asked him many difficult questions. • Is this kind of cloth washable?• People often misspell my name.• My homework is incomplete because I

haven’t enough time.• We were told that ours was the most

spacious room in the hotel. That was why we had to pay so much for it.

四级考试阅读理解中的四不要四级考试阅读理解中的四不要（ 1 ）“指读”。即为了“集中注意力”，用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读。一遇到生词，便停顿下来，无法在通篇理解的基础上继续进行阅读。　（ 2 ）“唇读”。即有的学生在阅读中喜欢读出声来，或即使不出声，嘴唇却跟着动了，或脑子里也在想着读音，无形当中影响了大脑的思维速度。（ 3 ）“回读”。即在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时，返回句首甚至段首重读；还有相当多的学生对阅读产生心理定势，即认为自己第一遍肯定读不懂，因此反复读上多遍，浪费了很多时间。（ 4 ）“译读”。即在阅读过程中，不断地进行逐词逐句的翻译，通过译成母语来辅助理解。由于没有掌握正确的阅读方法，习惯于在不加限定的时间内，对一小块文章精雕细琢，导致了逐词阅读接受信息的习惯。

大学英语短文简答题命题倾向及应试技巧大学英语短文简答题命题倾向及应试技巧• 一、简答题与阅读理解题的异同 　　这两类题型既有相同点，又有各自的特点。相同点都是对短文材料进行阅读，并要理解内容。因此，阅读能力的培养，贵在平时。只有在阅读好，理解好短文材料基础上，才谈得上应试技巧。不同点在于，简答题主要是考查学生语言组织能力和表达能力，它要求学生用简短的词组或句子回答提问或补充完整句子，而阅读理解题是在四个选项中做出唯一正确地选择。它有三个干扰项，考生易被干扰项引入歧途。因此，简答题虽说表面上量大而且要求宽，但其实质却是降低了考试难度。因此，考生对这种题型不必担忧。只要考生掌握了下面的应试技巧，在平时稍加注意，此题得分率必将提高。

二、命题倾向剖析及应试技巧二、命题倾向剖析及应试技巧

• 简答题主要考五种题型：主旨大意题、事实细节题、推理题、作者观点和态度题、词汇和短语含义题，而以事实细节题考得最多。

11 、主旨大意题、主旨大意题 • 此类题型要求考生用最简洁而又内涵丰富的词或短语高度概括文章的中心思想。许多考生的难处是短文看懂了，中心意思也知道，就是不知该如何表达出来。此时，只要能找到主题句，通过对主题句进行 "手术 " ，就能找到最佳答案。而主题句通常都在段首或段末，有时是一疑问句或一简单句，且具有语法上的独立性。关键词有 "in short" 、 "in my opinion" 、 "that is" 、 "th

erefore" 、 "I believe/suggest/think" 、 "in fact" 等。

22 、事实细节题、事实细节题• 此类题型是简答题考查最多题型，又称为 W-questions 。此类问题通常是借助

what, who, where, when, why, which, how 等提问。应试者应学会运用快速浏览、跳读、查读等技巧，迅速确定答案在文章里的大概位置，然后细读、确定答案。一般来说，文章所含细节虽然比较零散，但大部分都能直接找到。不过，对于有些细节，必须针对所要回答的问题细心地逐个搜索。

33 、推理题、推理题• 1 ）特定细节的推断：特定细节的推断是对文章中某个具体细节进行推理、判断。该类型的问题虽然不像具体信息题那样可以直接寻找答案，但只要对文章提供的相应的具体信息进行分析便可得出答案。• 2 ）对于文章上、下篇主题的判断：考生可以根据短文提供的线索（文章的开头或结尾）推断本篇短文以前或以后要探讨的内容。

44 、作者观点、态度题、作者观点、态度题• 某些文章的作者表达自己的态度。作者的态度可能表现得明显，也可能隐藏在字里行间。在分析作者的语气、态度时，考生只要能抓住作者的一些措辞，尤是表示感情色彩的一些形容词或副词，便能推断出作者的态度是悲观还是乐观，是同情还是厌恶，是讥讽还是赞成，是肯定还是否定等。

55 、词汇和短语含义题、词汇和短语含义题• 词汇题主要是测试考生对于一些超出大纲的生词以及对一些熟悉词语的新义的理解，此题型可根据阅读理解中有关技巧进行 。

三、简答题得高分基本原则三、简答题得高分基本原则 • 以上归纳了简答命题倾向及解题技巧，考生掌握了这些知识后，还要注意以下几个方面才能得到高分。

1 、答案尽量用短语或词组，句子要简洁。 2 、尽量用短文中出现的词组或短语，句子的用词也应以短文中出现的关键词为先。若非用自己的语言组织、表达不可，则注意句子结构的精炼、完整和时态的正确。 3 、注意大小写正确及书写的工整。

四、短文分析四、短文分析• In Britain, the old Road Traffic Act restricted s

peeds to 2 m.p.h. (miles per hour) in towns and 4 m.p.h. in the country. Later Parliament increased the speed limit to 14 m.p.h. But by 1903 the development of the car industry had made it necessary to raise the limit to 20 m.p.h. By 1930, however, the law was so widely ignored that speeding restrictions were done away with altogether. For five years motorists were free to drive at whatever speeds they liked. Then in 1935 the Road Traffic Act imposed a 30 m.p.h. speed limit in built-up areas, along with the introduction of driving tests and pedestrian crossing.

四、短文分析四、短文分析• Speeding is now the most common

motoring offence in Britain. Offences for speeding fall into three classes: exceeding the limit on a restricted road, exceeding on any road the limit for the vehicle you are driving, and exceeding the 70 m.p.h. limit on any road. A restricted road is one where the street lamps are 200 yards apart, or more.

四、短文分析四、短文分析• The main controversy (争论 ) surrounding s

peeding laws is the extent of their safety value. The Ministry of Transport maintains that speed limits reduce accidents. It claims that when the 30 m.p.h. limit was introduced in 1935 there was a fall of 15 percent in fatal accidents. Likewise, when the 40 m.p.h. speed limit was imposed on a number of roads in London in the late fifties, there was a 28 percent reduction in serious accidents. There were also fewer casualties (伤亡 ) in the year after the 70 m.p.h. motorway limit was imposed in 1966.

四、短文分析四、短文分析• In America, however, it is thought that

the reduced accident figures are due rather to the increase in traffic density. This is why it has even been suggested that the present speed limits should be done away with completely, or that a guide should be given to inexperienced drivers and the speed limits made advisory, as is done in parts of the USA.

Questions:Questions:

• 1. During which period could British motorists drive without speed limits?

• 2. What measures were adopted in 1935 in addition to the speeding restrictions?

• 3. Speeding is a motoring offence a driver commits when he ______.

• 4. What is the opinion of British authorities concerning speeding laws?

• 5. What reason do Americans give for the reduction in traffic accidents?

Answers:Answers:

• 1. From 1930 to 1934. • Or: Between 1930and 1935.• 2. Driving tests and pedestrian crossings.• 3. drives too fast / exceeds the speed

limit.• 4. Speed limits reduce accidents.• 5. The increase in traffic density.