(Pathogenic microorganism)(pathogen)()(infection)

1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

()()

1.

2. a b() c() ()

1. (opportunistic pathogen)

pathogenicity 1(invasiveness)

1 Vibrio Shigella ddysenteriae Streptococcus haemolyticus

2 hyaluronidase:spreading factor,Streptococcus()Staphylococcus() Clostridium

(streptokinase)fibrinolysin,Streptococcus haemolyticus()lecithinase:C.perfringens

3abcd

2(toxin) 1exotoxin

toxoidantitoxin 0.3-0.4%

(tetanospamin)(tetanolysin)

2endotoxin (LPS)

*1mg22000100%1mg1001mg1000

LPS*

limulus assaylimulus amoebocyte lysate test,LAL test 335Limulus polyphemus()Tachypleustridentatus()100300mLlectinG LPS)

2. cytocidal infection steady state infection integrated infection

3. (1)(2)

(3) (4)

4. A

5

Mary Malone71500

1 2 3 1complement system 2interferonIFN 3lysozyme 1phagocytes 2natural killer cellsNK

(non specific immunity) (innate immunity)

112

2 1 23

3

1.complement system

----

LPS

2.interferonIFN abg

3.lysozyme 14.7KD

(-lysin) C

1.(phagocytes)

2

3.(Natural killer cells, NK) NKNK(perforin)(TNF)NKNK

inflammatory 5-

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1 . 2.(immene system) 1(antigen ,Ag ) 2antibody AbB 1T 2T 3

T 1T 2CD8T 3CD4T

1.specific immunity ,

2.(immune system)1A.1.a.bone marrow(multipotential stem cell),:(myeloid stem cell),;,,()TB,

b.(ThymusThymus gland):,,,T.T (Thymosin)(Thymopoietin).c.(bursa of Fabricius),,,.B,.

B.(peripheral immune organ) .TB,,,,.

2) (multipotential stem cell,-hemopoietic stem cell).,5TB

(immunologically competent cell):,,,,TB.,.

B BB B

TT

TTB

TTBT

TT

BT

3:BTBCRTCR

:()()(),

1.AntigenAg: immunogenicity immunoreactivity: reactinogenicity complete antigen immunogen incomplete antigen hapten

antign determinantepitope

2.antibody Abantiantibody

IgGIgAIgMIgDIgE

Y

IgGIgAIgMIgDIgE

Fab

IgGIgDIgEY IgAIgAIgA IgM5Y

B TB

T

B

BBBmIgB T T

1T TCD5BITITITIAg LPSBTIAgBBmIgBTIAgBIgMBmIgAg

2T TCD5B2TDBmIgTDMHCBTHTHMHC+CD40LBCD40TCD40BTCK

3 primary responseTDsecondary responseIgMIgG

T

1T a. b. TCR

2CD8T TTCTLTcMHCCD8TCTLpeforinC9CTL

3CD4T TTMHCCD4TTDAPCMHCTc

1 2 3 4B 1 2. 3

1 2 1 2 3 4

hypersensitivity

1 2 3 4B

1 transplantation antigen,TAg,histocompatibility antigen,HAg2 3

1 2

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4

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.

1896Widal1900LandsteinerABO1930

1897Kmus

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()()